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Han X, Wang Z, Cao H, Liu W, Sun L, Xiao Q. Dietary human milk oligosaccharides reduce allergic airway inflammation by modulating SCFAs level and ILC2 activity. Immunology 2024; 173:562-574. [PMID: 39108003 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play a crucial role in the progression of asthma, yet the regulatory mechanisms modulating ILC2 responses in asthma remain underexplored. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), vital non-nutritive components of breast milk, are known to significantly shape immune system development and influence the incidence of allergic diseases. However, their impact on ILC2-driven asthma is not fully understood. Our research reveals that dietary HMOs act as potent inhibitors of ILC2 responses and allergic airway inflammation. Treatment with 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL) significantly reduced ILC2-related airway inflammation induced by papain or Alternaria alternata in mice, evidenced by decreased eosinophil (EOS) infiltration and lower IL-5 and IL-13 levels in BALF. Notably, while ILC2 expresses HMO receptors, HMO did not act directly on ILC2 but potentially modulated their activity through alterations in gut microbiota derived SCFAs. HMO treatments alleviated airway inflammation in SCFA-dependent manners, with SCFA depletion or receptor blocking reversing these beneficial effects. This study reveals the potential of dietary HMOs in managing asthma through modulation of ILC2 activity and the gut-lung axis, proposing a new therapeutic avenue that utilises the immunomodulatory capacities of nutritional components to combat respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongjie Wang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Hongchuan Cao
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- The Affiliated Junior Secondary School of Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, China
| | - Lijie Sun
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
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2
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Wahab S, Almaghaslah D, Mahmood SE, Ahmad MF, Alsayegh AA, Abu Haddash YM, Rahman MA, Ahamd I, Ahmad W, Khalid M, Usmani S, Ahmad MP, Hani U. Pharmacological Efficacy of Probiotics in Respiratory Viral Infections: A Comprehensive Review. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1292. [PMID: 36013241 PMCID: PMC9409792 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mortality and morbidity from influenza and other respiratory viruses are significant causes of concern worldwide. Infections in the respiratory tract are often underappreciated because they tend to be mild and incapacitated. On the other hand, these infections are regarded as a common concern in clinical practice. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, albeit this is becoming more challenging since many of the more prevalent infection causes have acquired a wide range of antimicrobial resistance. Resistance to frontline treatment medications is constantly rising, necessitating the development of new antiviral agents. Probiotics are one of several medications explored to treat respiratory viral infection (RVI). As a result, certain probiotics effectively prevent gastrointestinal dysbiosis and decrease the likelihood of secondary infections. Various probiotic bacterias and their metabolites have shown immunomodulating and antiviral properties. Unfortunately, the mechanisms by which probiotics are effective in the fight against viral infections are sometimes unclear. This comprehensive review has addressed probiotic strains, dosage regimens, production procedures, delivery systems, and pre-clinical and clinical research. In particular, novel probiotics' fight against RVIs is the impetus for this study. Finally, this review may explore the potential of probiotic bacterias and their metabolites to treat RVIs. It is expected that probiotic-based antiviral research would be benefitted from this review's findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Esam Mahmood
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Faruque Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A. Alsayegh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya M. Abu Haddash
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Akhlaquer Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Ahamd
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Safaa, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shazia Usmani
- Herbal Bioactive Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Parwez Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Maldives National University, Male 20402, Maldives
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
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Wongkaew M, Tangjaidee P, Leksawasdi N, Jantanasakulwong K, Rachtanapun P, Seesuriyachan P, Phimolsiripol Y, Chaiyaso T, Ruksiriwanich W, Jantrawut P, Sommano SR. Mango Pectic Oligosaccharides: A Novel Prebiotic for Functional Food. Front Nutr 2022; 9:798543. [PMID: 35399687 PMCID: PMC8987974 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.798543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are functional food ingredients that assist probiotic growth and render many other health benefits. Mango peel is the biomass of the processing industry and has recently been value-added as a dietary fiber pectin. Besides its general use as a food additive, mango peel pectin (MPP) is partially hydrolyzed by pectinase to obtain pectic oligosaccharides (POSs) that have recently gained attention as novel prebiotic products and in medical research. This review describes probiotic candidates responsible for the digestion of pectin derivatives and the advantages of POSs as functional additives and their current best retrieval options. Mango pectic oligosaccharide (MPOS) recovery from low methoxyl MPP from mango with prebiotic performance both in vivo and in vitro environments is discussed. Current research gaps and potential developments in the field are also explored. The overall worthiness of this article is the potential use of the cheap-green food processing bioresource for high-value components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaiporn Wongkaew
- Program in Food Production and Innovation, College of Integrated Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pipat Tangjaidee
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Phisit Seesuriyachan
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Chaiyaso
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Szklany K, Engen PA, Naqib A, Green SJ, Keshavarzian A, Lopez Rincon A, Siebrand CJ, Diks MAP, van de Kaa M, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ, Kraneveld AD. Dietary Supplementation throughout Life with Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides and/or n-3 Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Healthy Mice Modulates the Gut-Immune System-Brain Axis. Nutrients 2021; 14:173. [PMID: 35011046 PMCID: PMC8746884 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition and activity of the intestinal microbial community structures can be beneficially modulated by nutritional components such as non-digestible oligosaccharides and omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). These components affect immune function, brain development and behaviour. We investigated the additive effect of a dietary combination of scGOS:lcFOS and n-3 PUFAs on caecal content microbial community structures and development of the immune system, brain and behaviour from day of birth to early adulthood in healthy mice. Male BALB/cByJ mice received a control or enriched diet with a combination of scGOS:lcFOS (9:1) and 6% tuna oil (n-3 PUFAs) or individually scGOS:lcFOS (9:1) or 6% tuna oil (n-3 PUFAs). Behaviour, caecal content microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acid levels, brain monoamine levels, enterochromaffin cells and immune parameters in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleen were assessed. Caecal content microbial community structures displayed differences between the control and dietary groups, and between the dietary groups. Compared to control diet, the scGOS:lcFOS and combination diets increased caecal saccharolytic fermentation activity. The diets enhanced the number of enterochromaffin cells. The combination diet had no effects on the immune cells. Although the dietary effect on behaviour was limited, serotonin and serotonin metabolite levels in the amygdala were increased in the combination diet group. The combination and individual interventions affected caecal content microbial profiles, but had limited effects on behaviour and the immune system. No apparent additive effect was observed when scGOS:lcFOS and n-3 PUFAs were combined. The results suggest that scGOS:lcFOS and n-3 PUFAs together create a balance-the best of both in a healthy host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Szklany
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.S.); (A.L.R.); (C.J.S.); (M.A.P.D.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (L.M.J.K.)
| | - Phillip A. Engen
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60602, USA; (P.A.E.); (A.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Ankur Naqib
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60602, USA; (P.A.E.); (A.N.); (A.K.)
| | - Stefan J. Green
- Genomics and Microbiome Core Facility, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60602, USA;
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60602, USA; (P.A.E.); (A.N.); (A.K.)
- Department of Medicine & Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60602, USA
| | - Alejandro Lopez Rincon
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.S.); (A.L.R.); (C.J.S.); (M.A.P.D.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (L.M.J.K.)
- Department of Data Science, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia J. Siebrand
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.S.); (A.L.R.); (C.J.S.); (M.A.P.D.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (L.M.J.K.)
| | - Mara A. P. Diks
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.S.); (A.L.R.); (C.J.S.); (M.A.P.D.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (L.M.J.K.)
| | - Melanie van de Kaa
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.S.); (A.L.R.); (C.J.S.); (M.A.P.D.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (L.M.J.K.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.S.); (A.L.R.); (C.J.S.); (M.A.P.D.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (L.M.J.K.)
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Nutricia Danone Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leon M. J. Knippels
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.S.); (A.L.R.); (C.J.S.); (M.A.P.D.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (L.M.J.K.)
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Nutricia Danone Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.S.); (A.L.R.); (C.J.S.); (M.A.P.D.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (L.M.J.K.)
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Potential Roles of Modified Pectin Targeting Galectin-3 against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2. J 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/j4040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified pectin (MP) is a bioactive complex polysaccharide that is broken down into smaller fragments of units and used as an oral dietary supplement for cell proliferation. MP is safe and non-toxic with promising therapeutic properties with regard to targeting galectin-3 (GAL-3) toward the prevention and inhibition of viral infections through the modulation of the immune response and anti-inflammatory cytokine effects. This effect of MP as a GAL-3 antagonism, which has shown benefits in preclinical and clinical models, may be of relevance to the progression of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in coronavirus disease 2019 patients. The outbreak of emerging infectious diseases continues to pose a threat to human health. Further to the circulation of multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2, an effective and alternative therapeutic approach to combat it has become pertinent. The use of MP as a GAL-3 inhibitor could serve as an antiviral agent blocking against the SARS-CoV-2-binding spike protein. This review highlights the potential effects of MP in viral infections, its proposed role as a GAL-3 inhibitor, and the associated function concerning a SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Fanfaret IS, Boda D, Ion LM, Hosseyni D, Leru P, Ali S, Corcea S, Bumbacea R. Probiotics and prebiotics in atopic dermatitis: Pros and cons (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1376. [PMID: 34650624 PMCID: PMC8506923 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) represents a chronic inflammatory skin condition in which the skin barrier is impaired; thus, the permeability is increased. Hence, there is a greater risk of allergic sensitization, as well as a higher pH and lower protection against resident microbes. Since this condition is currently increasing among children, it requires further study, as little is known regarding the pathogenesis that makes the skin prone to chronic relapsing inflammation. Trying to standardize the data regarding the use of prebiotics and probiotics in AD, we encountered tremendous variability in the literature data. Literature abounds in conflicting data: studies regarding prophylactic and therapeutic applications, different types of strains and dosages, applications in young children up to 5 years of age and above, usage of probiotics alone, prebiotics alone or synbiotics combined. There are also conflicting data regarding the outcome of these studies; some confirming a positive effect of prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics and some showing no efficacy at all. The articles were divided into those assessing probiotics or prebiotics alone and a combination of the two, with studies showing a positive effect and studies proving no efficacy at all. We tried to critically analyze those articles showing weak and strong points. In summary, the most studied probiotics were the strains of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. The Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index was used to measure the efficacy of the treatment. Most studies compared their results with a placebo group and the efficacy when seen in moderate to severe forms of AD in patients with other allergic diseases present. However, the results are difficult to interpret, as in many studies the authors suggest that the disease may have a tendency to improve in time in some groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Boda
- Dermatology Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Pediatrics Department, 'Ponderas' Academic Hospital, 014142 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Mihaela Ion
- Pediatrics Department, 'Ponderas' Academic Hospital, 014142 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Hosseyni
- Public Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, ECPE, PPCR Program, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Poliana Leru
- Internal Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Selda Ali
- Allergy Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Allergy Department, 'Dr. Carol Davila' Clinical Nephrology Hospital, 010731 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sabina Corcea
- Allergy Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana Bumbacea
- Allergy Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Allergy Department, 'Dr. Carol Davila' Clinical Nephrology Hospital, 010731 Bucharest, Romania
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Kong C, Faas MM, de Vos P, Akkerman R. Impact of dietary fibers in infant formulas on gut microbiota and the intestinal immune barrier. Food Funct 2021; 11:9445-9467. [PMID: 33150902 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01700k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is the gold standard for the nutrition of infants. An important component of HM is human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs), which play an important role in gut microbiota colonization and gut immune barrier establishment, and thereby contribute to the maturation of the immune system in early life. Guiding these processes is important as disturbances have life-long health effects and can lead to the development of allergic diseases. Unfortunately, not all infants can be exclusively fed with HM. These infants are routinely fed with infant formulas that contain hMO analogs and other non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) to mimic the effects of hMOs. Currently, the hMO analogs 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), and pectins are added to infant formulas; however, these NDCs cannot mimic all hMO functions and therefore new NDCs and NDC mixtures need to become available for specific groups of neonates like preterm and disease-prone neonates. In this review, we discuss human data on the beneficial effects of infant formula supplements such as the specific hMO analog 2'-FL and NDCs as well as their mechanism of effects like stimulation of microbiota development, maturation of different parts of the gut immune barrier and anti-pathogenic effects. Insights into the structure-specific mechanisms by which hMOs and NDCs exert their beneficial functions might contribute to the development of new tailored NDCs and NDC mixtures. We also describe the needs for new in vitro systems that can be used for research on hMOs and NDCs. The current data suggest that "tailored infant formulas" for infants of different ages and healthy statuses are needed to ensure a healthy development of the microbiota and the gut immune system of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Kong
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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A Fermented Milk Matrix Containing Postbiotics Supports Th1- and Th17-Type Immunity In Vitro and Modulates the Influenza-Specific Vaccination Response In Vivo in Association with Altered Serum Galectin Ratios. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030254. [PMID: 33805597 PMCID: PMC7998404 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During a specific milk fermentation process with Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065 (LactofidusTM), postbiotics with possible immunomodulatory properties are produced. We investigated the effects of this fermentation product (FP) in vitro using a model that allows crosstalk between intestinal epithelial (IEC) and immune cells. IECs were exposed to FP and αCD3/CD28-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells after which the mediator secretion was measured. Additionally, using a murine influenza vaccination model, immune development was assessed. Mice were fed an AIN93G diet containing FP or lactose as control. Vaccine-specific immunity was measured as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and correlated to intestinal and systemic immunomodulation levels. In vitro, exposure to FP enhanced IFNγ, TNFα and IL-17A concentrations. Moreover, IEC-derived galectin-3/galectin-9 and galectin-4/galectin-9 ratios were increased. In vivo, dietary intervention with FP increased vaccine-specific DTH responses as compared to the lactose-receiving group. Although no effects on humoral immunity and vaccine-specific T-cell responses were detected, an enhanced systemic serum galectin-3/galectin-9 and galectin-4/galectin-9 ratio correlated with a shift in RORγ (Th17) mRNA expression over regulatory TGFβ1 in the ileum. This was also positively correlated with the increased DTH response. These results indicate that FP can enhance epithelial galectin-3 and -4 over galectin-9 release, and boost adaptive immunity by promoting Th1- and Th17-type cytokines under inflammatory conditions in vitro. Similar variations in galectin and immune balance were observed in the vaccination model, where FP improved the influenza-specific DTH response.
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9
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Akatsu H. Exploring the Effect of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Postbiotics in Strengthening Immune Activity in the Elderly. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:136. [PMID: 33567790 PMCID: PMC7915329 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the easiest way to stimulate the immune system to confer protection from disease. However, the inefficacy of vaccination in the elderly, especially those under nutritional control such as individuals receiving artificial nutrition after cerebral infarction or during dementia, has led to the search for an adjuvant to augment the acquired immune response in this population. The cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the host immune system is gaining attention as a potential adjuvant for vaccines. Probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, which are commonly used to modulate gut health, may enhance the immune response and the effectiveness of vaccination in the elderly. This review summarizes the use of these gut modulators as adjuvants to boost both the innate and acquired immune responses in the elderly under nutritional control. Although the clinical evidence on this topic is limited and the initial findings await clarification through future studies with large sample sizes and proper study designs, they highlight the necessity for additional research in this field, especially in light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which is disproportionately affecting the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Department of Community-Based Medical Education, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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10
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Yan X, Yan J, Xiang Q, Wang F, Dai H, Huang K, Fang L, Yao H, Wang L, Zhang W. Fructooligosaccharides protect against OVA-induced food allergy in mice by regulating the Th17/Treg cell balance using tryptophan metabolites. Food Funct 2021; 12:3191-3205. [PMID: 33735338 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03371e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) can change gut microbiota composition and play a protective role in food allergy (FA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Yan
- Department of Pediatrics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Jingbin Yan
- Department of Ultrasonography
- Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Qiangwei Xiang
- Department of Pediatrics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Fanyan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Huan Dai
- Department of Pediatrics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Kaiyu Huang
- Department of Pediatrics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Lingjuan Fang
- Department of Pediatrics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Hao Yao
- Department of Pediatrics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Lingya Wang
- Department of Pediatrics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
| | - Weixi Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
- China
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11
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Szari S, Quinn JA. Supporting a Healthy Microbiome for the Primary Prevention of Eczema. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 57:286-293. [PMID: 31309394 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Eczema is increasing worldwide with associated increases in health costs and decreases in quality of life. There are many factors that are speculated to interact in the development of eczema including genetics and environmental exposures. Prevention of the development of eczema may prevent the further development of food allergies and asthma. This concept has prompted a variety of research into the area of primary prevention of eczema in infants. This exploration includes a growing body of research examining infants supplemented with probiotics, prebiotics, or both (synbiotics) often compared with their breastfed counterparts. The goal of this paper is to examine the evidence for manipulating the microbiome in the prevention of eczema. Several strains of probiotics, compositions of prebiotics, and varied combinations of both are commercially available. Evidence supports altering the microbiome in infants at high risk of atopy who are not able to breastfeed with Lactobacillus strains when given both prenatally followed by prolonged use (greater than 6 months) postnatally for the primary prevention of eczema. Prebiotics have also been shown beneficial for primary prevention of eczema in formula-fed infants with prolonged use greater than 6 months. These findings are in keeping with the World Allergy Organization (WAO) recommendations that support interventions to manipulate the microbiome with both probiotics and prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Szari
- Department of Allergy-Immunology, Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - James A Quinn
- Department of Allergy-Immunology, Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, TX, USA
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12
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Janbazacyabar H, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Verheijden KA, Leusink-Muis T, van Helvoort A, Garssen J, Folkerts G, Braber S. Non-digestible oligosaccharides partially prevent the development of LPS-induced lung emphysema in mice. PHARMANUTRITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2019.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Rogier R, Ederveen THA, Wopereis H, Hartog A, Boekhorst J, van Hijum SAFT, Knol J, Garssen J, Walgreen B, Helsen MM, van der Kraan PM, van Lent PLEM, van de Loo FAJ, Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, Koenders MI. Supplementation of diet with non-digestible oligosaccharides alters the intestinal microbiota, but not arthritis development, in IL-1 receptor antagonist deficient mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219366. [PMID: 31283798 PMCID: PMC6613703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome is perturbed in patients with new-onset and chronic autoimmune inflammatory arthritis. Recent studies in mouse models suggest that development and progression of autoimmune arthritis is highly affected by the intestinal microbiome. This makes modulation of the intestinal microbiota an interesting novel approach to suppress inflammatory arthritis. Prebiotics, defined as non-digestible carbohydrates that selectively stimulate the growth and activity of beneficial microorganisms, provide a relatively non-invasive approach to modulate the intestinal microbiota. The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic potential of dietary supplementation with a prebiotic mixture of 90% short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and 10% long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS) in experimental arthritis in mice. We here show that dietary supplementation with scGOS/lcFOS has a pronounced effect on the composition of the fecal microbiota. Interestingly, the genera Enterococcus and Clostridium were markedly decreased by scGOS/lcFOS dietary supplementation. In contrast, the family Lachnospiraceae and the genus Lactobacillus, both associated with healthy microbiota, increased in mice receiving scGOS/lcFOS diet. However, the scGOS/lcFOS induced alterations of the intestinal microbiota did not induce significant effects on the intestinal and systemic T helper cell subsets and were not sufficient to reproducibly suppress arthritis in mice. As expected, we did observe a significant increase in the bone mineral density in mice upon dietary supplementation with scGOS/lcFOS for 8 weeks. Altogether, this study suggests that dietary scGOS/lcFOS supplementation is able to promote presumably healthy gut microbiota and improve bone mineral density, but not inflammation, in arthritis-prone mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rogier
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H. A. Ederveen
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Wopereis
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Hartog
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- NIZO food research, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Boekhorst
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- NIZO food research, Ede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Knol
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marije I. Koenders
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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14
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Xiao L, Engen PA, Leusink-Muis T, van Ark I, Stahl B, Overbeek SA, Garssen J, Naqib A, Green SJ, Keshavarzian A, Folkerts G, van't Land B. The Combination of 2'-Fucosyllactose with Short-Chain Galacto-Oligosaccharides and Long-Chain Fructo-Oligosaccharides that Enhance Influenza Vaccine Responses Is Associated with Mucosal Immune Regulation in Mice. J Nutr 2019; 149:856-869. [PMID: 31050747 PMCID: PMC6499104 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A critical role for host-microbe interactions and establishment of vaccine responses has been postulated. Human milk oligosaccharides, of which 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) is the most prevalent, are known to alter host-associated microbial communities and play a critical role in the immunologic development of breastfed infants. OBJECTIVES Dietary supplementation with a combination of 2'FL and prebiotic short-chain (sc) galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and long-chain (lc) fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) was employed to examine human milk oligosaccharide effects on immune responsiveness, within a murine influenza vaccination model. METHODS Female mice (6 wk old, C57Bl/6JOlaHsd) were fed either control diet (CON) or scGOS/lcFOS/2'FL-containing diet (GF2F) for 45 d. After starting dietary intervention (day 14), mice received a primary influenza vaccination (day 0) followed by a booster vaccination (day 21), after which ear challenges were conducted to measure vaccine-specific delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, fecal and cecal microbial community structure, short-chain fatty acids, host intestinal gene expression and cellular responses in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were also measured. RESULTS Relative to CON, mice fed the GF2F diet had increased influenza vaccine-specific DTH responses (79.3%; P < 0.01), higher levels of both IgG1 (3.2-fold; P < 0.05) and IgG2a (1.2-fold; P < 0.05) in serum, and greater percentages of activated B cells (0.3%; P < 0.05), regulatory T cells (1.64%; P < 0.05), and T-helper 1 cells (2.2%; P < 0.05) in their MLNs. GF2F-fed mice had elevated cecal butyric (P < 0.05) and propionic (P < 0.05) acid levels relative to CON, which correlated to DTH responses (R2 = 0.22; P = 0.05 and R2 = 0.39; P < 0.01, respectively). Specific fecal microbial taxa altered in GF2F diet fed mice relative to CON were significantly correlated with the DTH response and IgG2a level increases. CONCLUSIONS Dietary GF2F improved influenza vaccine-specific T-helper 1 responses and B cell activation in MLNs and enhanced systemic IgG1 and IgG2a concentrations in mice. These immunologic changes are correlated with microbial community structure and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Phillip A Engen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Thea Leusink-Muis
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van Ark
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Departments of Immunology/Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Overbeek
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Departments of Immunology/Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Departments of Immunology/Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ankur Naqib
- Sequencing Core, Research Resources Center,University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Stefan J Green
- Sequencing Core, Research Resources Center,University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Belinda van't Land
- Danone Nutricia Research, Departments of Immunology/Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, The Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Azagra-Boronat I, Massot-Cladera M, Knipping K, Van't Land B, Stahl B, Garssen J, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Franch À, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ. Supplementation With 2'-FL and scGOS/lcFOS Ameliorates Rotavirus-Induced Diarrhea in Suckling Rats. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:372. [PMID: 30406046 PMCID: PMC6205980 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is considered to be the most common cause of gastroenteritis among infants aged less than 5 years old. Human milk bioactive compounds have the ability to modulate the diarrheic process caused by several intestinal pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the potential protective role of a specific human milk oligosaccharide, 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), a mixture of the prebiotic short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides 9:1 (GOS/FOS) and their combination (2′-FL+GOS/FOS) on RV-induced diarrhea in suckling rats. The nutritional intervention was performed from the second to the sixteenth day of life by oral gavage and on day 5 an RV strain was orally administered to induce infection. Fecal samples were scored daily to assess the clinical pattern of severity, incidence and duration of diarrhea. Blood and tissues were obtained at day 8 and 16 in order to evaluate the effects on the epithelial barrier and the mucosal and systemic immune responses. In the assessment of severity, incidence and duration of diarrhea, both 2′-FL and GOS/FOS displayed a beneficial effect in terms of amelioration. However, the mechanisms involved seemed to differ: 2′-FL displayed a direct ability to promote intestinal maturation and to enhance neonatal immune responses, while GOS/FOS induced an intestinal trophic effect and an RV-blocking action. The combination of 2′-FL and GOS/FOS showed additive effects in some variables. Therefore, it could be a good strategy to add these compounds in combination to infant formulas, to protect against human RV-induced diarrhea in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karen Knipping
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Belinda Van't Land
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Garssen
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maria José Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Franch
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Verheijden KAT, Braber S, Leusink-Muis T, Jeurink PV, Thijssen S, Kraneveld AD, Garssen J, Folkerts G, Willemsen LEM. The Combination Therapy of Dietary Galacto-Oligosaccharides With Budesonide Reduces Pulmonary Th2 Driving Mediators and Mast Cell Degranulation in a Murine Model of House Dust Mite Induced Asthma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2419. [PMID: 30405619 PMCID: PMC6207001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dietary non-digestible galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) suppress allergic responses in mice sensitized and challenged with house dust mite (HDM). Budesonide is the standard therapy for allergic asthma in humans but is not always completely effective. Aim: To compare the efficacy of budesonide or different doses of GOS alone or with a combination therapy of budesonide and GOS on HDM-allergic responses in mice. Methods:BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with HDM, while fed a control diet or a diet supplemented with 1 or 2.5 w/w% GOS, and either or not oropharyngeally instilled with budesonide. Systemic and local inflammatory markers, such as mucosal mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) in serum, pulmonary CCL17, CCL22, and IL-33 concentrations and inflammatory cell influx in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined. Results: Budesonide or GOS alone suppressed the number of eosinophils in the BALF of HDM allergic mice whereas budesonide either or not combined with GOS lowered both eosinophil and lymphocyte numbers in the BALF of HDM-allergic mice. Both 1 w/w% and 2.5 w/w% GOS and/or budesonide suppressed serum mMCP-1 concentrations. However, budesonide nor GOS alone was capable of reducing Th2 driving chemokines CCL17, CCL22 and IL-33 protein levels in supernatants of lung homogenates of HDM allergic mice, whereas the combination therapy did. Moreover, IL-13 concentrations were only significantly suppressed in mice treated with budesonide while fed GOS. A similar tendency was observed for the frequency of GATA3+CD4+ Th2 and CD4+RORγt+ Th17 cells in the lungs of the allergic mice. Conclusion: Dietary intervention using GOS may be a novel way to further improve the efficacy of anti-inflammatory drug therapy in allergic asthma by lowering Th2 driving mediators and mast cell degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A T Verheijden
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thea Leusink-Muis
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Suzan Thijssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Nutricia Research, Immunology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Linette E M Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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17
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Nawaz A, Bakhsh Javaid A, Irshad S, Hoseinifar SH, Xiong H. The functionality of prebiotics as immunostimulant: Evidences from trials on terrestrial and aquatic animals. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 76:272-278. [PMID: 29510254 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The gut immune system is, the main option for maintaining host's health, affected by numerous factors comprising dietary constituents and commensal bacteria. These dietary components that affect the intestinal immunity and considered as an alternative of antibiotics are called immunosaccharides. Fructooligosaccharide (FOS), Galactooligosaccharide (GOS), inulin, dietary carbohydrates, and xylooligosaccharide (XOS) are among the most studied prebiotics in human as well as in aquaculture. Although prebiotics and probiotics have revealed potential as treatment for numerous illnesses in both human and fish, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism behind direct and indirect effect on the intestinal immune response will help more and perhaps extra effective therapy intended for ailments. This review covers the most newly deep-rooted scientific outcomes about the direct and indirect mechanism through which these dietetic strategies can affect intestinal immunity of terrestrial and aquatic animals. Prebiotics exert an influence on gut immune system via the increase in lysozyme and phagocytic activity, macrophage activation and stimulation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Furthermore, these functional molecules also enhance epithelial barrier function, beneficial gut microbial population, and production of intermediate metabolites for example short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that assist in balancing the immune system. Moreover, emphasis will be sited on the relationship among food/feed, the microbiota, and the gut immune system. In conclusion, further studies are nonetheless essential to confirm the direct effect of prebiotics on immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Nawaz
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Allah Bakhsh Javaid
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sana Irshad
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hanguo Xiong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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18
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Pretorius R, Prescott SL, Palmer DJ. Taking a prebiotic approach to early immunomodulation for allergy prevention. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 14:43-51. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2018.1411191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan L. Prescott
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Origins Project, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
- The in-FLAME Global Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, USA
| | - Debra J. Palmer
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Origins Project, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
- The in-FLAME Global Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, USA
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19
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Effect of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Immune Response to Influenza Vaccination in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111175. [PMID: 29077061 PMCID: PMC5707647 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of probiotics and prebiotics on the immune response to influenza vaccination in adults. We conducted a literature search of Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Airiti Library, and PerioPath Index to Taiwan Periodical Literature in Taiwan. Databases were searched from inception to July 2017. We used the Cochrane Review risk of bias assessment tool to assess randomized controlled trial (RCT) quality. A total of 20 RCTs comprising 1979 adults were included in our systematic review. Nine RCTs including 623 participants had sufficient data to be pooled in a meta-analysis. Participants who took probiotics or prebiotics showed significant improvements in the H1N1 strain seroprotection rate (with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.83 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.19–2.82, p = 0.006, I2 = 0%), the H3N2 strain seroprotection rate (OR = 2.85, 95% CI = 1.59–5.10, p < 0.001, I2 = 0%), and the B strain seroconversion rate (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.38–3.21, p < 0.001, I2 = 0%). This meta-analysis suggested that probiotics and prebiotics are effective in elevating immunogenicity by influencing seroconversion and seroprotection rates in adults inoculated with influenza vaccines.
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20
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Vogt LM, Elderman ME, Borghuis T, de Haan BJ, Faas MM, de Vos P. Chain length-dependent effects of inulin-type fructan dietary fiber on human systemic immune responses against hepatitis-B. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28586162 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE In vivo studies demonstrating that only specific dietary-fibers contribute to immunity are still inconclusive, as measuring immune effects in healthy humans remains difficult. We applied a relatively inefficacious vaccination-challenge to study chain length-dependent effects of inulin-type fructan (ITF) dietary fibers on human immunity. METHODS AND RESULTS ITFs with two different 'degree of polymerization-' (DP)-profiles were tested in vitro for effects on PBMC-cytokines and TLR2 activation. In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial, 40 healthy volunteers (18-29 years) were divided into three groups and supplemented from day 1 to day 14 with DP10-60 ITF, DP2-25 ITF (both n = 13), or fructose placebo (n = 14), 8 g/day. On day 7, all volunteers were vaccinated against hepatitis B. Anti-HbsAg-titer development and lymphocyte subsets were studied. In vitro, DP10-60 ITFs stimulated a Th1-like cytokine profile and stimulated TLR2 more strongly than DP2-25 ITFs. In vivo, DP10-60 increased anti-HBsAg titers, Th1-cells, and transitional B-cells. Both ITFs increased CD45ROhi CTLs at day 35, and CD161+ cytokine producing NK-cells at day 21 and 35. CONCLUSION Support of immunity is determined by the chain length of ITFs. Only long-chain ITFs support immunity against pathogenic hepB-epitopes introduced by vaccination. Our findings demonstrate that specific dietary fibers need to be selected for immunity support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie M Vogt
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marlies E Elderman
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Borghuis
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart J de Haan
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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21
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Nallagatla H, Hemalatha R, Kondapalli NB, Mohammed S. Impact of a novel synbiotic supplementation during gestation and lactation on immune responses in the Swiss albino mice offspring. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2453-2459. [PMID: 27696418 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prebiotics from various regularly consumed cereals and novel substrates are currently being utilised as functional foods. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of synbiotic, formulated with prebiotic extracted from natural resources like green gram (Vigna radiata) along with probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in modulating immune responses in the offspring when supplemented during gestation and lactation. RESULTS Synbiotic supplementation was effective in improving cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity among F0 dams. Among F1 pups (F1 Syn + and F1 Syn-), synbiotic supplementation showed significantly heightened (P < 0.05) splenocyte proliferation, increased interleukin-10, interferon gamma and interleukin-17 responses, leucocyte phagocytic ability and increased secretory-immunoglobulin A. However, four-fold increase in IgG titres to Hepatitis-B vaccine was observed only in those mice that were supplemented with synbiotic postweaning (F1 Syn+). CONCLUSION Synbiotic supplementation to pregnant dams affected the offspring's cellular and mucosal immunity favorably. However, IgG response to Hepatitis-B vaccine was influenced positively only when the supplementation was extended to the offsprings in the post weaning period. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himaja Nallagatla
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - Rajkumar Hemalatha
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - Narendra Babu Kondapalli
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - Shujauddin Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India
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22
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A fermented milk concentrate and a combination of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides/long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides/pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides protect suckling rats from rotavirus gastroenteritis. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:209-217. [PMID: 28166850 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516004566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human milk contains bioactive compounds that confer a protective role against gastrointestinal infections. In order to find supplements for an infant formula able to mimic these benefits of breast-feeding, two different concepts were tested. The products consisted of the following: (1) a Bifidobacterium breve- and Streptococcus thermophilus-fermented formula and (2) a combination of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides/long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides with pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides. A rotavirus infection suckling rat model was used to evaluate improvements in the infectious process and in the immune response of supplemented animals. Both nutritional concepts caused amelioration of the clinical symptoms, even though this was sometimes hidden by softer stool consistency in the supplemented groups. Both products also showed certain modulation of immune response, which seemed to be enhanced earlier and was accompanied by a faster resolution of the process. The viral shedding and the in vitro blocking assay suggest that these products are able to bind the viral particles, which can result in a milder infection. In conclusion, both concepts evaluated in this study showed interesting protective properties against rotavirus infection, which deserve to be investigated further.
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23
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Ackerman DL, Craft KM, Townsend SD. Infant food applications of complex carbohydrates: Structure, synthesis, and function. Carbohydr Res 2017; 437:16-27. [PMID: 27883906 PMCID: PMC6172010 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Professional health bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) recommend breast milk as the sole source of food during the first year of life. This position recognizes human milk as being uniquely suited for infant nutrition. Nonetheless, most neonates in the West are fed alternatives by 6 months of age. Although inferior to human milk in most aspects, infant formulas are able to promote effective growth and development. However, while breast-fed infants feature a microbiota dominated by bifidobacteria, the bacterial flora of formula-fed infants is usually heterogeneous with comparatively lower levels of bifidobacteria. Thus, the objective of any infant food manufacturer is to prepare a product that results in a formula-fed infant developing a breast-fed infant-like microbiota. The goal of this focused review is to discuss the structure, synthesis, and function of carbohydrate additives that play a role in governing the composition of the infant microbiome and have other health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy L Ackerman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Kelly M Craft
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Steven D Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States; Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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24
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Yang J, Ding C, Dai X, Lv T, Xie T, Zhang T, Gao W, Gong J, Zhu W, Li N, Li J. Soluble Dietary Fiber Ameliorates Radiation-Induced Intestinal Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Fibrosis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 41:1399-1410. [PMID: 27660288 DOI: 10.1177/0148607116671101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chao Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xujie Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Tengfei Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Tingbing Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Tenghui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jieshou Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
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25
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Rigo-Adrover M, Saldaña-Ruíz S, van Limpt K, Knipping K, Garssen J, Knol J, Franch A, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ. A combination of scGOS/lcFOS with Bifidobacterium breve M-16V protects suckling rats from rotavirus gastroenteritis. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1657-1670. [PMID: 27112962 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rotavirus (RV) is the leading cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children, and although more standardized studies are needed, there is evidence that probiotics can help to fight against RV and other infectious and intestinal pathologies. On the other hand, the effects of prebiotics have not been properly addressed in the context of an RV infection. The aim of this study was to demonstrate a protective role for a specific scGOS/lcFOS 9:1 prebiotic mixture (PRE) separately, the probiotic Bifidobacterium breve M-16V (PRO) separately and the combination of the prebiotic mixture and the probiotic (synbiotic, SYN) in a suckling rat RV infection model. METHODS The animals received the intervention from the 3rd to the 21st day of life by oral gavage. On day 7, RV was orally administered. Clinical parameters and immune response were evaluated. RESULTS The intervention with the PRO reduced the incidence, severity and duration of the diarrhoea (p < 0.05). The PRE and SYN products improved clinical parameters as well, but a change in stool consistency induced by the PRE intervention hindered the observation of this effect. Both the PRE and the SYN, but not the PRO, significantly reduced viral shedding. All interventions modulated the specific antibody response in serum and intestinal washes at day 14 and 21 of life. CONCLUSIONS A daily supplement of a scGOS/lcFOS 9:1 prebiotic mixture, Bifidobacterium breve M-16V or a combination of both is highly effective in modulating RV-induced diarrhoea in this preclinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rigo-Adrover
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Saldaña-Ruíz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - K Knipping
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Garssen
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Knol
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Franch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Castell
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F J Pérez-Cano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Dion C, Chappuis E, Ripoll C. Does larch arabinogalactan enhance immune function? A review of mechanistic and clinical trials. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:28. [PMID: 27073407 PMCID: PMC4828828 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The common cold is a viral infection with important economic burdens in Western countries. The research and development of nutritional solutions to reduce the incidence and severity of colds today is a major focus of interest, and larch arabinogalactan seems to be a promising supportive agent. Arabinogalactan has been consumed by humans for thousands of years and is found in a variety of common vegetables as well as in medicinal herbs. The major commercial sources of this long, densely branched, high-molecular-weight polysaccharide are North American larch trees. The aim of this article is to review the immunomodulatory effects of larch arabinogalactan derived from Larix laricina and Larix occidentalis (North American Larix species) and more specifically its role in the resistance to common cold infections. In cell and animal models, larch arabinogalactan is capable of enhancing natural killer cells and macrophages as well as the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In humans a clinical study demonstrated that larch arabinogalactan increased the body’s potential to defend against common cold infection. Larch arabinogalactan decreased the incidence of cold episodes by 23 %. Improvements of serum antigen-specific IgG and IgE response to Streptococcus pneumoniae and tetanus vaccination suggesting a B cell dependent mechanism have been reported in vaccination studies with larch arabinogalactan, while the absence of response following influenza vaccination suggests the involvement of a T cell dependent mechanism. These observations suggest a role for larch arabinogalactan in the improvement of cold infections, although the mode of action remains to be further explored. Different hypotheses can be envisaged as larch arabinogalactan can possibly act indirectly through microbiota-dependent mechanisms and/or have a direct effect on the immune system via the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Dion
- Naturalpha SAS, Parc Eurasanté, 885 avenue Eugène Avinée, 59120 Loos, France
| | - Eric Chappuis
- Naturalpha SAS, Parc Eurasanté, 885 avenue Eugène Avinée, 59120 Loos, France
| | - Christophe Ripoll
- Naturalpha SAS, Parc Eurasanté, 885 avenue Eugène Avinée, 59120 Loos, France
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27
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Bouchaud G, Castan L, Chesné J, Braza F, Aubert P, Neunlist M, Magnan A, Bodinier M. Maternal exposure to GOS/inulin mixture prevents food allergies and promotes tolerance in offspring in mice. Allergy 2016; 71:68-76. [PMID: 26424001 DOI: 10.1111/all.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergies affect 4-8% of children and are constantly on the rise, thus making allergies a timely issue. Most importantly, prevention strategies are nonexistent, and current therapeutic strategies have limited efficacy and need to be improved. One alternative to prevent or reduce allergies, particularly during infancy, could consist of modulating maternal immunity and microbiota using nondigestible food ingredients, such as prebiotics. For this purpose, we studied the preventive effects of prebiotics in Balb/c mothers during pregnancy and breastfeeding on food allergy development in offspring mice. METHODS After weaning, the offspring from mothers that were exposed to GOS/inulin mixture or fed a control diet were intraperitoneally sensitized to wheat proteins to induce a systemic allergic response and orally exposed to the same allergen. Immunological, physiological, and microbial parameters were analyzed. RESULTS GOS/inulin mixture diet modified the microbiota of mothers and their offspring. Offspring from mothers that received GOS/inulin prebiotics were protected against food allergies and displayed lower clinical scores, specifically of IgE and histamine levels, compared to offspring from mothers fed a control diet. Moreover, GOS/inulin supplementation for the mother resulted in stronger intestinal permeability in the offspring. Enhancement of the regulatory response to allergic inflammation and changes in the Th2/Th1 balance toward a dampened Th2 response were observed in mice from GOS/inulin mixture-exposed mothers. CONCLUSION The treatment of pregnant and lactating mice with nondigestible GOS/inulin prebiotics promotes a long-term protective effect against food allergies in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Castan
- UR1268 BIA; INRA; Nantes France
- UMR1087; l'institut du thorax; INSERM; Nantes France
- UMR6291; CNRS; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - J. Chesné
- UR1268 BIA; INRA; Nantes France
- UMR1087; l'institut du thorax; INSERM; Nantes France
- UMR6291; CNRS; Nantes France
- UMR913; Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD); Faculté de Médecine; INSERM; Nantes France
| | - F. Braza
- UR1268 BIA; INRA; Nantes France
- UMR1087; l'institut du thorax; INSERM; Nantes France
- UMR6291; CNRS; Nantes France
- UMR913; Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD); Faculté de Médecine; INSERM; Nantes France
| | - P. Aubert
- UMR6291; CNRS; Nantes France
- UMR913; Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD); Faculté de Médecine; INSERM; Nantes France
- DHU2020 médecine personnalisée des maladies chroniques; Nantes France
| | - M. Neunlist
- UMR6291; CNRS; Nantes France
- UMR913; Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD); Faculté de Médecine; INSERM; Nantes France
- DHU2020 médecine personnalisée des maladies chroniques; Nantes France
| | - A. Magnan
- UMR1087; l'institut du thorax; INSERM; Nantes France
- UMR6291; CNRS; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
- l'institut du thorax; Service de Pneumologie; CHU de Nantes; Nantes France
- DHU2020 médecine personnalisée des maladies chroniques; Nantes France
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28
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Grüber C, van Stuivenberg M, Mosca F, Moro G, Chirico G, Braegger CP, Riedler J, Yavuz Y, Boehm G, Wahn U. Immunoactive prebiotics transiently prevent occurrence of early atopic dermatitis among low-atopy-risk infants. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1696-1698.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bernard H, Desseyn JL, Gottrand F, Stahl B, Bartke N, Husson MO. Pectin-Derived Acidic Oligosaccharides Improve the Outcome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection in C57BL/6 Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139686. [PMID: 26599638 PMCID: PMC4658080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The administration of prebiotics as oligosaccharides (OS), by acting on intestinal microbiota, could modulate the immune and inflammatory response and represent a new strategy to improve the outcome of bacterial infection. The aim of this study was to determine whether pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (pAOS) could modulate the outcome of pulmonary P. aeruginosa (PA) infection in C57BL/6 mice, which develop a Th1 response to PA lung infection. Mice were randomized for 5 weeks to consume a control or a 5% pAOS diet and chronically infected by PA. Resistance to a second PA infection was also analyzed by reinfecting the surviving mice 2 weeks after the first infection. Compared with control mice, mice fed pAOS had reduced mortality (P<0.05). This improvement correlated with a better control of the inflammatory response with a lower neutrophil count on day 1 (P<0.05), a sustained neutrophil and macrophage recruitment on days 2 and 3 (P<0.01) a greater and sustained IL-10 release in lung (P<0.05) and a reduction of the Th1 response and M1 activation with a lower IFN-γ/IL-4 (P<0.01) and nos2/arg1 (P<0.05) ratios. These results coincided with a modulation of the intestinal microbiota as shown by an increased butyric acid concentration in feces (P<0.05). Moreover, pAOS decreased the bacterial load (P<0.01) in mice reinfected 2 weeks after the first infection, suggesting that pAOS could reduce pulmonary exacerbations. In conclusion, pAOS improved the outcome of PA infection in C57BL/6 mice by modulating the intestinal microbiota and the inflammatory and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Bernard
- LIRIC UMR 995 Inserm; Université de Lille; CHRU de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, Place de Verdun, F-59045, Lille cedex, France
| | - Jean-Luc Desseyn
- LIRIC UMR 995 Inserm; Université de Lille; CHRU de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, Place de Verdun, F-59045, Lille cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- LIRIC UMR 995 Inserm; Université de Lille; CHRU de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, Place de Verdun, F-59045, Lille cedex, France
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nana Bartke
- Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Odile Husson
- LIRIC UMR 995 Inserm; Université de Lille; CHRU de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, Place de Verdun, F-59045, Lille cedex, France
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Response on Pneumococcal Vaccine in Preterm Infants After Neutral and Acidic Oligosaccharides Supplementation. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:976-82. [PMID: 26153784 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supplementation of oligosaccharides in premature infants was shown to influence the immune system. We determined the effect of combined short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS), long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS) and pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (pAOS) on antibody concentrations after pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in very preterm infants. METHODS Very preterm infants with gestational age <32 weeks and/or birth weight <1500 g were randomized to receive enteral supplementation with scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS or placebo between days 3 and 30 of life. Blood samples were collected at birth, 5 and 12 months of age and compared with term samples from a Dutch cross-sectional population-based serosurveillance study. IgG antibody levels to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides were determined by multiplex immunoassay. RESULTS In total, 113 preterm infants were included with similar baseline and nutritional characteristics in both groups. After 3 primary pneumococcal vaccinations, the scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS-group had lower GMC antibody concentrations (µg/mL; serotype 4: 1.53, 6B:0.25, 9V: 1.19, 14: 2.39, 18C: 1.88, 19F: 7.42, 23F: 0.72) than the placebo group (serotype 4: 3.29, 6B: 0.79, 9V:2.64, 14: 4.52, 18C: 3.13, 19F: 14.64, 23F: 1.88; all P < 0.05), but comparable with those in the term control group (serotype 4: 0.97, 6B: 0.32, 9V: 1.67, 14: 3.24, 18C: 2.03, 19F: 5.06, 23F: 0.59; all P > 0.05). After the booster vaccination at 11 months, antibody levels were no longer different between the two preterm groups. CONCLUSION Enteral supplementation of scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS has a regulatory effect on the response to conjugated polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine with normalization of the enhanced responses in preterm infants toward levels similar to healthy term infants.
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Krishna G, Divyashri G, Prapulla SG, Muralidhara. A Combination Supplement of Fructo- and Xylo-Oligosaccharides Significantly Abrogates Oxidative Impairments and Neurotoxicity in Maternal/Fetal Milieu Following Gestational Exposure to Acrylamide in Rat. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1904-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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32
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Nagafuchi S, Yamaji T, Kawashima A, Saito Y, Takahashi T, Yamamoto T, Maruyama M, Akatsu H. Effects of a Formula Containing Two Types of Prebiotics, Bifidogenic Growth Stimulator and Galacto-oligosaccharide, and Fermented Milk Products on Intestinal Microbiota and Antibody Response to Influenza Vaccine in Elderly Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:351-65. [PMID: 26096655 PMCID: PMC4491666 DOI: 10.3390/ph8020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of a formula containing two different prebiotics (bifidogenic growth stimulator and galacto-oligosaccharide) and fermented milk products on intestinal microbiota and antibody responses to an influenza vaccine in enterally fed elderly in-patients. Patients were administered either formula containing prebiotics and fermented milk products (group F: n = 12, 79.9 ± 9.5 years old) or standard formula (group C: n = 12, 80.7 ± 10.1 years old) via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy during a 14-week intervention period. Subjects were immunized with an influenza vaccine (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B) at week 4 of the intervention. Blood biochemical indices, intestinal bacteria populations and antibody titers were analyzed. Bifidobacterium counts increased significantly in group F compared with group C. The enhanced antibody titers against A/H1N1 were maintained in group F for a longer period compared with group C. The titers against A/H3N2 were unchanged between both groups, and those against B were significantly lower in group F than in group C, although few subjects had seroprotective titers against A/H3N2 and B. These results suggest that administration of the formula containing prebiotics and fermented milk products may maintain antibody titers for longer periods through the improvement of intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Nagafuchi
- Food Science Research Labs., R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan.
| | - Taketo Yamaji
- Food Science Research Labs., R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Kawashima
- Food Science Research Labs., R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan.
| | - Yukiko Saito
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8124, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Takahashi
- Food Science Research Labs., R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0862, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Yamamoto
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8124, Japan.
| | - Mitsuo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanism of Aging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8522, Japan.
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8124, Japan.
- Department of Mechanism of Aging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi 474-8522, Japan.
- Department of Medicine for Aging in Place and Community-Based Medical Education, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan.
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van Stuijvenberg M, Stam J, Grüber C, Mosca F, Arslanoglu S, Chirico G, Braegger CP, Riedler J, Boehm G, Sauer PJJ. Similar Occurrence of Febrile Episodes Reported in Non-Atopic Children at Three to Five Years of Age after Prebiotics Supplemented Infant Formula. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129927. [PMID: 26076141 PMCID: PMC4468127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a follow up study of a multicenter randomised placebo-controlled trial in seven centres in five West European countries. The RCT assessed the effect of infant formula supplemented with a mixture of prebiotics (with neutral short-chain and long-chain oligosaccharides and pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides) during infancy in term-born children (n=1130). In the follow-up study 672 children (60% of the study population) participated: 232 (56%) from the prebiotics group (PG), 243 (58%) from the control group (CG), and 197 (66%) from the non-randomised breast-fed group (BG). The primary outcome was the occurrence of febrile episodes at three to five years of age prospectively documented by the parents: in the PG 1.17 (interquartile range 0.50-2.08) episodes per year versus 1.20 (0.52-2.57) in the CG; and 1.48 (0.65-2.60) in the BG. This specific prebiotics mixture given during infancy in healthy non-atopic subjects does not decrease febrile episodes and therefore seems not to prevent infection between their third and fifth birthday.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margriet van Stuijvenberg
- Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, UMC Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - José Stam
- Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, UMC Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Grüber
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabio Mosca
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sertac Arslanoglu
- Centre for Infant Nutrition, Macedonio Melloni Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Christian P. Braegger
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University Children’s Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Pieter J. J. Sauer
- Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, UMC Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Verheijden KA, Braber S, Leusink-Muis T, Thijssen S, Boon L, Kraneveld AD, Garssen J, Folkerts G, Willemsen LE. Regulatory T Cell Depletion Abolishes the Protective Effect of Dietary Galacto-Oligosaccharides on Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation in House Dust Mite-Induced Asthma in Mice. J Nutr 2015; 146:831-837. [PMID: 26962188 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.224402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a murine model for house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma, dietary galacto-oligosaccharides have been shown to suppress allergic symptoms. Previously, CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) induced by nondigestible oligosaccharides were found to protect against allergy development. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to examine the effect of anti-CD25-induced Treg depletion in a murine HDM-induced asthma model and to study the contribution of Tregs in the protective effect of dietary intervention with galacto-oligosaccharides. METHODS Male BALB/c mice (aged 6-8 wk) were intranasally sensitized and challenged with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or HDM. Two weeks before sensitization and throughout the whole experiment, mice were fed a control or 1% w/w galacto-oligosaccharide diet. Tregs were depleted by anti-mouse CD25 antibody (intraperitoneally injected). On day 14, T helper cell subtypes in lung and spleen were analyzed and cytokines were measured. Leukocyte subtypes were analyzed in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and interleukin (IL)-33 and chemokines were measured in lung homogenate supernatants. RESULTS Anti-CD25 treatment depleted CD25+ Forkhead box P3+ Tregs in the lung and spleen of control and HDM-allergic mice (P < 0.0001) by >70% while increasing the percentage of activated T helper cells (P < 0.05) and type 2 T helper cells (P < 0.05). This was associated with increased IL-10, IL-4, and IL-13 concentrations in supernatants of ex vivo restimulated lung cells (P < 0.01). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid leukocyte numbers and percentages of eosinophils and lymphocytes were greater in HDM-allergic mice compared with PBS mice (P < 0.01) but remained unaffected by the anti-CD25 treatment. Galacto-oligosaccharides decreased airway eosinophilia compared with HDM-allergic mice fed the control diet (from 47.8% ± 6.7% to 26.6% ± 8.5%, P < 0.01). This protective effect was lost in anti-CD25-treated mice (P < 0.05). In lung homogenates of HDM-allergic mice, IL-33 was increased compared with PBS mice (from 2.8 ± 0.3 to 5.4 ± 0.6 ng protein/mg, P < 0.01). Galacto-oligosaccharides abrogated the increase in IL-33 compared with HDM-allergic mice fed the control diet (3.0 ± 0.6 ng protein/mg, P < 0.05), which was abolished by the anti-CD25 treatment (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Treg depletion enhances pulmonary type 2 T helper cell frequency and cytokine release in HDM-induced asthma in mice. Galacto-oligosaccharides decreased airway eosinophilia and IL-33 concentrations in the lung, which was abrogated by Treg depletion. This indicates that galacto-oligosaccharides have a beneficial effect in the prevention of HDM-induced allergic asthma by supporting pulmonary Treg function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim At Verheijden
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Division of Veterinary Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thea Leusink-Muis
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan Thijssen
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Louis Boon
- EPIRUS Biopharmaceuticals Netherlands BV, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Nutricia Research, Immunology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Linette Em Willemsen
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Structural analyses and immunomodulatory properties of fructo-oligosaccharides from onion (Allium cepa). Carbohydr Polym 2015; 117:115-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Morel FB, Oozeer R, Piloquet H, Moyon T, Pagniez A, Knol J, Darmaun D, Michel C. Preweaning modulation of intestinal microbiota by oligosaccharides or amoxicillin can contribute to programming of adult microbiota in rats. Nutrition 2015; 31:515-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Babbar N, Dejonghe W, Gatti M, Sforza S, Elst K. Pectic oligosaccharides from agricultural by-products: production, characterization and health benefits. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:594-606. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.996732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Babbar
- Separation & Conversion Technology, VITO-Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang, Mol, Belgium and
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, Parma, Italy
| | - Winnie Dejonghe
- Separation & Conversion Technology, VITO-Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang, Mol, Belgium and
| | - Monica Gatti
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Sforza
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, Parma, Italy
| | - Kathy Elst
- Separation & Conversion Technology, VITO-Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang, Mol, Belgium and
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Kerperien J, Jeurink PV, Wehkamp T, van der Veer A, van de Kant HJG, Hofman GA, van Esch ECAM, Garssen J, Willemsen LEM, Knippels LMJ. Non-digestible oligosaccharides modulate intestinal immune activation and suppress cow's milk allergic symptoms. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2014; 25:747-54. [PMID: 25410019 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cow's milk allergy is a common food allergy in childhood and no effective preventive or curative treatment is available. This study aimed at comparing single short-chain galacto- (scGOS), long-chain fructo- (lcFOS) or pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (pAOS) and/or mixtures of scGOS/lcFOS (GF) or scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS (GFA) to prevent or treat food allergy. METHODS In the preventive protocol, C3H/HeOuJ mice were fed diets containing single oligosaccharides or mixtures GF or GFA throughout the study protocol. In the treatment protocol, GF or GFA was provided for 4 wk starting after the last sensitization. The allergic skin response and anaphylaxis scores were determined, after oral challenge whey-specific immunoglobulins were measured, and qPCR for T-cell markers and Foxp3 counts using immunohistochemistry were performed on the small intestine and colon. RESULTS Only in the preventive setting, the GF or GFA mixture, but not the single oligosaccharides, reduced the allergic skin response and whey-IgG(1) levels in whey-sensitized mice, compared to the control diet. Both GF and GFA increased the number of Foxp3+ cells in the proximal small intestine of whey - compared to sham-sensitized mice. Expression of Th2 and Th17 mRNA markers increased in the middle part of the small intestine of whey-sensitized mice, which was prevented by GF. By contrast, GFA enhanced Tbet (Th1), IL-10 and TGF-β mRNA expression compared to GF which was maintained in the distal small intestine and/or colon. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with scGOS/lcFOS or scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS during sensitization, both effectively reduce allergic symptoms but differentially affect mucosal immune activation in whey-sensitized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kerperien
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hartog A, Belle FN, Bastiaans J, de Graaff P, Garssen J, Harthoorn LF, Vos AP. A potential role for regulatory T-cells in the amelioration of DSS induced colitis by dietary non-digestible polysaccharides. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 26:227-33. [PMID: 25498760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are chronic relapsing inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. The interaction between a disturbed microbial composition, the intestinal mucosal barrier and the mucosal immune system plays an important role in IBD and its chronicity. It has been indicated that due to the altered microbial composition the balance between T regulatory cells (Treg) and T helper cells (Th) 17 is disturbed, leading to an inflammatory state. The present study shows that oral intake of a specific multi fibre mix (MF), designed to match the fibre content of a healthy diet, counteracts IBD-like intestinal inflammation and weight loss in dextran sodium sulphate treated mice. This reduction in inflammation might be brought about, at least in part, by the MF-induced decrease in inflammatory cytokines, increase in IL-10 and the relative increase in Treg cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Moreover, the Treg percentage in the MLN correlates with the percentage of tolerogenic lamina propria derived CD103+RALDH+dendritic cells in the MLN, suggesting that these play a role in the observed effects. In children with CD exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is a widely used safe and effective therapy. Optimizing enteral nutritional concepts with the tested fibre mix, know to modulate the gut microbiota composition, SCFA production and inflammatory status (as indicated by the present study) could possibly further improve efficacy in inducing remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Hartog
- Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3583 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Fabiën N Belle
- Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3583 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Bastiaans
- Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3583 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Garssen
- Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3583 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arjan P Vos
- Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3583 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Vendrig JC, Coffeng LE, Fink-Gremmels J. Effects of orally administered galacto-oligosaccharides on immunological parameters in foals: a pilot study. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:278. [PMID: 25407340 PMCID: PMC4241218 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the first phase of life, in which the immune system is primed and the bacterial colonization of epithelial surfaces takes place, foals are highly susceptible to bacterial infections. Next to strategies to optimize maternally acquired immunity in individual foals, current research explores other options to modulate immune responses in foals. During the past decades, oligosaccharide supplements were developed to mimic beneficial properties of the oligosaccharides, which are present in colostrum and milk. In human infants and laboratory animal species, dietary supplementation with galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) has been shown to result in prebiotic and immunomodulating effects, with long-term beneficial consequences for both defensive and allergic immune responses. As yet, no studies are published concerning the in vivo effects of GOS in horses. The current study was designed as a pilot study to investigate the effects of an orally applied, commercially available GOS product in a group of pony foals. The treatment and the control group consisted of six and four foals, respectively. Foals were treated during the first four weeks of life and subsequently followed up for another ten weeks. Results In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from GOS-treated foals at day 28, a standardized lipopolysaccharide challenge resulted in significantly lower relative mRNA expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ and interleukin-6 compared with PBMCs of control foals. In the 98-day period of investigation, no significant effects of the GOS supplement were observed on clinical and blood parameters for immunity and general health in these foals. Conclusions Based on these first results, we can conclude that this dose regimen of GOS was well accepted by the foals and did not result in any detectable undesirable side effects. More clinical trials are required to confirm the attenuating effects of GOS treatment on equine pro-inflammatory immune responses and to implement this into practice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-014-0278-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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He Y, Liu S, Leone S, Newburg DS. Human colostrum oligosaccharides modulate major immunologic pathways of immature human intestine. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1326-39. [PMID: 24691111 PMCID: PMC4183735 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immature neonatal intestinal immune system hyperreacts to newly colonizing unfamiliar bacteria. The hypothesis that human milk oligosaccharides from colostrum (cHMOSs) can directly modulate the signaling pathways of the immature mucosa was tested. Modulation of cytokine immune signaling by HMOSs was measured ex vivo in intact immature (fetal) human intestinal mucosa. From the genes whose transcription was modulated by cHMOSs, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified networks controlling immune cell communication, intestinal mucosal immune system differentiation, and homeostasis. cHMOSs attenuate pathogen-associated molecular pattern-stimulated acute phase inflammatory cytokine protein levels (interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/2 and IL-1β), while elevating cytokines involved in tissue repair and homeostasis. In all, 3'-, 4-, and 6'-galactosyllactoses of cHMOSs account for specific immunomodulation of polyinosinic:polycytodylic acid-induced IL-8 levels. cHMOSs attenuate mucosal responses to surface inflammatory stimuli during early development, while enhancing signals that support maturation of the intestinal mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- YingYing He
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA-02467
| | - ShuBai Liu
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA-02115
| | - Serena Leone
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA-02467
| | - David S. Newburg
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA-02467
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Vogt L, Meyer D, Pullens G, Faas M, Smelt M, Venema K, Ramasamy U, Schols HA, De Vos P. Immunological Properties of Inulin-Type Fructans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 55:414-36. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.656772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bryk G, Coronel MZ, Pellegrini G, Mandalunis P, Rio ME, de Portela MLPM, Zeni SN. Effect of a combination GOS/FOS® prebiotic mixture and interaction with calcium intake on mineral absorption and bone parameters in growing rats. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:913-23. [PMID: 25241022 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0768-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Increasing calcium intake is the most effective strategy for avoiding Ca deficit. However, if intake remains inadequate, improving Ca absorption becomes an important tool to optimize Ca homeostasis and bone health. PURPOSE The effect of a mixture of GOS/FOS(®) 9:1 added to a normal- or low-Ca diets on Ca absorption and bone mineralization, density and structure was investigated, in a model of growing rats. Several colonic parameters to help support the findings were also evaluated. RESULTS Weanling Wistar rats received one of the four experimental AIN-93G diets: C5: 0.5% Ca; C3: 0.3% Ca; P5: 0.5% Ca + 5.3% GOS/FOS(®); P3: 0.3% Ca + 5.3% GOS/FOS(®) until 50 days (T = 50). At T = 50, lactobacillus and cecum weights were higher, whereas cecum pH was lower in P5 and P3 versus C5 and C3 (p < 0.001). At T = 50, fecal Ca, Mg and P were lower and their absorptions (mg/dL) were higher in P5 and P3 versus C5 and C3, respectively (p < 0.05). Ca, Mg and P absorption % was higher in P5 and P3 versus C5 and C3 (p < 0.001). Femur Ca and P content, bone mineral content, trabecular bone mineral density, tibia length, bone volume, osteoblast surface, stiffness and elastic modulus were higher in P5 and P3 versus C5 and C3 (p < 0.05). Despite the lower Ca content, P3 group reached similar values than C5 in all these latter parameters. CONCLUSIONS Supplementing diets with the GOS/FOS(®) mixture increased bone mineralization, density and structure due to an increase in Ca, P and Mg absorptions. Thus, this prebiotic mixture may help to improve bone development in a period of high calcium requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Bryk
- General and Oral Biochemistry Department, School of Dentistry, Buenos Aires University (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of growing-up milk (GUM) with added short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS)/long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS) (9:1) (Immunofortis) and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) on the occurrence of infections in healthy children attending day care centres. METHODS In a randomised double-blind controlled, parallel, multicountry intervention study, 767 healthy children, ages 11 to 29 months, received GUM with scGOS/lcFOS/LCPUFAs (the active group, n = 388), GUM without scGOS/lcFOS/LCPUFAs (the control group, n = 379), or cow's milk (n = 37) for 52 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the number of episodes of upper respiratory tract infections or gastrointestinal infections based on a combination of subject's illness symptoms reported by the parents during the intervention period. RESULTS Children in the active group compared with the control group had a decreased risk of developing at least 1 infection (299/388 [77%] vs 313/379 [83%], respectively, relative risk 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87-1.00; logistic regression P = 0.03). There was a trend toward a reduction (P = 0.07) in the total number of infections in the active group, which was significant when confirmed by one of the investigators (268/388 [69%] vs 293/379 [77%], respectively, relative risk 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.97; P = 0.004, post hoc). More infectious episodes were observed in the cow's milk group, when compared with both GUM groups (34/37 [92%] vs 612/767 [80%], respectively, relative risk 1.15, 95% CI 1.04-1.28). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study in children to show a reduced risk of infection following consumption of GUM supplemented with scGOS/lcFOS/n-3 LCPUFAs. The borderline statistical significance justifies a new study to confirm this finding.
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Sagar S, Vos AP, Morgan ME, Garssen J, Georgiou NA, Boon L, Kraneveld AD, Folkerts G. The combination of Bifidobacterium breve with non-digestible oligosaccharides suppresses airway inflammation in a murine model for chronic asthma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:573-83. [PMID: 24440361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been a growing interest in the use of interventions that target the intestinal microbiota as a treatment approach for asthma. This study is aimed at exploring the therapeutic effects of long-term treatment with a combination of Bifidobacterium breve with non-digestible oligosaccharides on airway inflammation and remodeling. A murine ovalbumin-induced chronic asthma model was used. Pulmonary airway inflammation; mRNA expression of pattern recognition receptors, Th-specific cytokines and transcription factors in lung tissue; expression of Foxp3 in blood Th cells; in vitro T cell activation; mast cell degranulation; and airway remodeling were examined. The combination of B. breve with non-digestible oligosaccharides suppressed pulmonary airway inflammation; reduced T cell activation and mast cell degranulation; modulated expression of pattern recognition receptors, cytokines and transcription factors; and reduced airway remodeling. The treatment induced regulatory T cell responses, as shown by increased Il10 and Foxp3 transcription in lung tissue, and augmented Foxp3 protein expression in blood CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells. This specific combination of beneficial bacteria with non-digestible oligosaccharides has strong anti-inflammatory properties, possibly via the induction of a regulatory T cell response, resulting in reduced airway remodeling and, therefore, may be beneficial in the treatment of chronic inflammation in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seil Sagar
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Arjan P Vos
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mary E Morgan
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niki A Georgiou
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bonnin E, Garnier C, Ralet MC. Pectin-modifying enzymes and pectin-derived materials: applications and impacts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:519-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Alterations in regulatory T cells induced by specific oligosaccharides improve vaccine responsiveness in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75148. [PMID: 24073243 PMCID: PMC3779252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccinations are generally performed to protect naïve individuals with or without suppressed immune responsiveness. In a mouse model for Influenza vaccinations the specific alterations of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in the immune modulation induced by orally supplied oligosaccharides containing scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS was assessed. This dietary intervention increased vaccine specific DTH responses. In addition, a significant increased percentage of T-bet+ (Th1) activated CD69+CD4+ T cells (p<0.001) and reduced percentage of Gata-3+ (Th2) activated CD69+CD4+T cells (p<0.001) was detected in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of mice receiving scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS compared to control mice. Although no difference in the number or percentage of Tregs (CD4+Foxp3+) could be determined after scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS intervention, the percentage of CXCR3 + /T-bet+ (Th1-Tregs) was significantly reduced (p<0.05) in mice receiving scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS as compared to mice receiving placebo diets. Moreover, although no absolute difference in suppressive capacity could be detected, an alteration in cytokine profile suggests a regulatory T cell shift towards a reducing Th1 suppression profile, supporting an improved vaccination response.
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Jeurink PV, van Esch BCAM, Rijnierse A, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ. Mechanisms underlying immune effects of dietary oligosaccharides. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:572S-7S. [PMID: 23824724 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.038596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The WHO refers to human milk as the nutritional gold standard for term infants. Human milk contains many immunomodulatory compounds, including oligosaccharides. Human-milk oligosaccharides can serve as prebiotics because the nondigestible oligosaccharides present in human milk show a clear bifidogenic effect on the gut microbiota. Dietary oligosaccharide structures that have prebiotic effects similar to human-milk oligosaccharides include galacto-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides, and pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides. Both animal studies and human clinical trials showed that dietary intervention with these dietary oligosaccharides in early life could lead to the prevention of atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and allergic asthma. The immune-modulating effects of these oligosaccharides are likely assisted via alteration of the intestinal microbiota or in a microbiota-independent manner by direct interaction on immune cells or both. In this review, an overview of the prebiotic role of dietary oligosaccharides on the microbiota and the microbiota-independent immune modulation by these prebiotics is provided. In addition, recent publications that report on the pathways by which the oligosaccharides might exert their direct immunomodulatory effect are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prescilla V Jeurink
- Danone Research-Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Immunology Platform, Wageningen, Netherlands.
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Oozeer R, van Limpt K, Ludwig T, Ben Amor K, Martin R, Wind RD, Boehm G, Knol J. Intestinal microbiology in early life: specific prebiotics can have similar functionalities as human-milk oligosaccharides. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:561S-71S. [PMID: 23824728 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.038893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is generally accepted as the best nutrition for newborns and has been shown to support the optimal growth and development of infants. On the basis of scientific insights from human-milk research, a specific mixture of nondigestible oligosaccharides has been developed, with the aim to improve the intestinal microbiota in early life. The mixture has been extensively studied and has been shown to be safe and to have potential health benefits that are similar to those of human milk. The specific mixture of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides has been found to affect the development of early microbiota and to increase the Bifidobacterium amounts as observed in human-milk-fed infants. The resulting gut ecophysiology is characterized by high concentrations of lactate, a slightly acidic pH, and specific short-chain fatty acid profiles, which are high in acetate and low in butyrate and propionate. Here, we have summarized the main findings of dietary interventions with these specific oligosaccharides on the gut microbiota in early life. The gut ecophysiology in early life may have consequences for the metabolic, immunologic, and even neurologic development of the child because reports increasingly substantiate the important function of gut microbes in human health. This review highlights major findings in the field of early gut colonization and the potential impact of early nutrition in healthy growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raish Oozeer
- Danone Research-Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands.
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