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Wang X, Li W, Song L, Xie Z, Liu J, Zhao Y, Peng Y. Impact of dietary restriction on development, mating, and reproduction in the natural predator Pardosa pseudoannulata. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39371013 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485324000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Dietary restriction-influenced biological performance is found in many animal species. Pardosa pseudoannulata is a dominant spider species in agricultural fields and is important for controlling pests. In this study, three groups - a control group (CK group), a re-feeding group (RF group), and a dietary restriction group (RT group) - were used to explore development, mating, reproduction, and the expression levels of Vg (vitellogenin) and VgR (vitellogenin receptor) genes in the spider. The findings indicated that when subjected to dietary restriction, the carapace size, weight of the spiderlings, and weight of the adults exhibited a decrease. Furthermore, the preoviposition period and egg stage were observed to be prolonged, while the number of spiderlings decreased. It was also observed that re-feeding reduced cannibalism rates and extended the preoviposition period. Dietary restriction also affected the expression of the Vg-3 gene in the spider. These results will contribute to the understanding of the impact of dietary restriction in predators of pest control, as well as provide a theoretical foundation for the artificial rearing and utilisation of the dominant spider in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuojun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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2
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Kamdem MM, Otomo PV. Developmental performance of Eristalis tenax larvae (Diptera: Syrphidae): Influence of growth media and yeast addition during captive rearing. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:503-513. [PMID: 36958945 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
In holometabolous insects, life-history characteristics can vary in response to diet. The main aim of this contribution was to examine which diet best promotes larval development and survival of the aquatic saprophagous hoverfly Eristalis tenax L. (Diptera: Syrphidae). This study was motivated by a need to optimize techniques for rearing these insects in captivity. We studied how adding yeast to several rearing media based on animal droppings or decaying plant material affected development and survival in captive larvae, and whether these effects could be optimized depending on the amount of yeast and the rearing medium. In addition, premature exit of larvae was examined in two medium volumes to investigate differences in pupation. Larvae in yeast supplemented rabbit growth medium pupated and emerged faster than those in horse and antelope growth media. A high number of adult females emerged when compared to males, and both seemed to have a shorter developmental period in yeast supplemented growth media. Pupal survival was significantly greater in a mixture of droppings and plant organic matter, and a high medium volume of 140 ml (p < 0.05). Between 10% and 17% of larvae prematurely exited the aquatic medium in high (140) and low (70 ml) medium volumes, respectively. These results provide additional information that may be crucial for the successful mass rearing of E. tenax in captivity, and suggest that apart from the addition of yeast, growth medium quality and volume may be limiting factors for the production of large colonies of adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Mathurin Kamdem
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
| | - Patricks Voua Otomo
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
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3
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Sanghvi K, Iglesias‐Carrasco M, Zajitschek F, Kruuk LEB, Head ML. Effects of developmental and adult environments on ageing. Evolution 2022; 76:1868-1882. [PMID: 35819127 PMCID: PMC9543291 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Developmental and adult environments can interact in complex ways to influence the fitness of individuals. Most studies investigating effects of the environment on fitness focus on environments experienced and traits expressed at a single point in an organism's life. However, environments vary with time, so the effects of the environments that organisms experience at different ages may interact to affect how traits change throughout life. Here, we test whether thermal stress experienced during development leads individuals to cope better with thermal stress as adults. We manipulated temperature during both development and adulthood and measured a range of life-history traits, including senescence, in male and female seed beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus). We found that thermal stress during development reduced adult reproductive performance of females. In contrast, life span and age-dependent mortality were affected more by adult than developmental environments, with high adult temperatures decreasing longevity and increasing age-dependent mortality. Aside from an interaction between developmental and adult environments to affect age-dependent changes in male weight, we did not find any evidence of a beneficial acclimation response to developmental thermal stress. Overall, our results show that effects of developmental and adult environments can be both sex and trait specific, and that a full understanding of how environments interact to affect fitness and ageing requires the integrated study of conditions experienced during different stages of ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krish Sanghvi
- Reserach School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | | | - Felix Zajitschek
- School of Biology Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Loeske E. B. Kruuk
- Reserach School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Megan L. Head
- Reserach School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
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O. Silva-Júnior A, Seiter M, F.A. Lira A, Pontes WJT. Effects of nutritional stress on reproductive output in the scorpion Tityus pusillus Pocock, 1893 (Scorpiones, Buthidae). INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2022.2082330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Seiter
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Unit Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Zoological Department III, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - André F.A. Lira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociência Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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5
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Poças GM, Crosbie AE, Mirth CK. When does diet matter? The roles of larval and adult nutrition in regulating adult size traits in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 139:104051. [PMID: 32229143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adult body size is determined by the quality and quantity of nutrients available to animals. In insects, nutrition affects adult size primarily during the nymphal or larval stages. However, measures of adult size like body weight are likely to also change with adult nutrition. In this study, we sought to explore the roles of nutrition throughout the life cycle on adult body weight and the size of two appendages, the wing and the femur, in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We manipulated nutrition in two ways: by varying the protein to carbohydrate content of the diet, called macronutrient restriction, and by changing the caloric density of the diet, termed caloric restriction. We employed a fully factorial design to manipulate both the larval and adult diets for both diet types. We found that manipulating the larval diet had greater impacts on all measures of adult size. Further, macronutrient restriction was more detrimental to adult size than caloric restriction. For adult body weight, a rich adult diet mitigated the negative effects of poor larval nutrition for both types of diets. In contrast, small wing and femur size caused by poor larval diet could not be increased with the adult diet. Taken together, these results suggest that appendage size is fixed by the larval diet, while those related to body composition remain sensitive to adult diet. Further, our studies provide a foundation for understanding how the nutritional environment of juveniles affects how adults respond to diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo M Poças
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Alexander E Crosbie
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christen K Mirth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Acclimation Effects of Natural Daily Temperature Variation on Longevity, Fecundity, and Thermal Tolerance of the Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040309. [PMID: 35447751 PMCID: PMC9025151 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Diurnal, monthly, or seasonal temperatures can fluctuate substantially. Daily temperature amplitudes (DTAs) can significantly impact the traits of insects but there is limited evidence from the natural environment. Therefore, we studied the acclimation effects of DTA on the longevity, total fecundity, early fecundity, and thermal tolerance of adult diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella) under environmental conditions. The longevity, total fecundity, early fecundity, and heat thermal tolerance of adults significantly changed under different DTAs. These findings highlight the effects of DTA on the acclimation response in the P.xylostella phenotype, and DTA should be incorporated into prediction models for assessing insect populations and the effects of climate change. Abstract Daily temperature amplitudes (DTAs) significantly affect the ecological and physiological traits of insects. Most studies in this field are based on laboratory experiments, while there is limited research on the effects of changes in DTA on insect phenotypic plasticity under natural conditions. Therefore, we studied the acclimation effects of DTA on the longevity, total fecundity, early fecundity, and the thermal tolerance of adult diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella L.) under naturally occurring environmental conditions. As DTAs increased, male longevity and total fecundity decreased, and early fecundity increased. An increase in DTA was significantly associated with the increased heat coma temperature (CTmax) of both males and females, but had no significant effect on their cold coma temperature (CTmin). Our findings highlight the effects of DTA on the acclimation response of P. xylostella and emphasize the importance of considering DTA in predicting models for assessing insect populations and the effects of climate change.
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Paul SC, Singh P, Dennis AB, Müller C. Intergenerational Effects of Early Life Starvation on Life-History, Consumption, and Transcriptome of a Holometabolous Insect. Am Nat 2022; 199:E229-E243. [DOI: 10.1086/719397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Xing K, Sun D, Zhao F. Within- and Trans-Generational Life History Responses to Diurnal Temperature Amplitudes of the Pupal Stage in the Diamondback Moth. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:888-897. [PMID: 33974683 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal temperature fluctuations in nature can have a significant effect on many ectodermic traits. However, studies on the effects of diurnal temperature fluctuations on organisms, especially the effects on specific life stages, are still limited. We examined the immediate effects of the same average temperature (25°C) and different temperature amplitudes (±4, ±6, ±8, ±10, ±12°C) on the development and survival of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). We also assessed carry-over effects on adult longevity, reproduction, development, and survival of offspring across generations. The effect of moderate temperature amplitudes was similar to that of constant temperature. Wide temperature amplitudes inhibited the development of pupae, reduced total reproduction, lowered intrinsic rates of population growth, and slowed the development and survival of eggs on the first day, but the proportion of females ovipositing on the first three days increased. Insects coped with the adverse effects of wide temperature amplitudes by laying eggs as soon as possible. Our results confirmed that a logistic model based on daily average temperature cannot predict development rates under wide temperature amplitudes. These findings highlight the effect of environmental temperature fluctuations at the pupal stage on the development and oviposition patterns of P. xylostella and should be fully considered when predicting field occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xing
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- Shanxi Shouyang Dryland Agroecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shouyang 031700, China
| | - Dongbao Sun
- Shanxi Shouyang Dryland Agroecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shouyang 031700, China
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- Shanxi Shouyang Dryland Agroecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shouyang 031700, China
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Raczyński M, Stoks R, Johansson F, Sniegula S. Size‐mediated priority effects are trait‐dependent and consistent across latitudes in a damselfly. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Raczyński
- Dept of Ecosystem Conservation, Inst. of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow Poland
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Univ. of Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Frank Johansson
- Dept of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala Univ. Uppsala Sweden
| | - Szymon Sniegula
- Dept of Ecosystem Conservation, Inst. of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow Poland
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Nebel C, Amar A, Hegemann A, Isaksson C, Sumasgutner P. Parental morph combination does not influence innate immune function in nestlings of a colour-polymorphic African raptor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11053. [PMID: 34040034 PMCID: PMC8155141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditions experienced during early life can have long-term individual consequences by influencing dispersal, survival, recruitment and productivity. Resource allocation during development can have strong carry-over effects onto these key parameters and is directly determined by the quality of parental care. In the black sparrowhawk (Accipiter melanoleucus), a colour-polymorphic raptor, parental morphs influence nestling somatic growth and survival, with pairs consisting of different colour morphs ('mixed-morph pairs') producing offspring with lower body mass indices, but higher local apparent survival rates. Resource allocation theory could explain this relationship, with nestlings of mixed-morph pairs trading off a more effective innate immune system against somatic growth. We quantified several innate immune parameters of nestlings (hemagglutination, hemolysis, bacteria-killing capacity and haptoglobin concentration) and triggered an immune response by injecting lipopolysaccharides. Although we found that nestlings with lower body mass index had higher local survival rates, we found no support for the proposed hypothesis: neither baseline immune function nor the induced immune response of nestlings was associated with parental morph combination. Our results suggest that these immune parameters are unlikely to be involved in providing a selective advantage for the different colour morphs' offspring, and thus innate immunity does not appear to be traded off against a greater allocation of resources to somatic growth. Alternative hypotheses explaining the mechanism of a low nestling body mass index leading to subsequent higher local survival could be related to the post-fledgling dependency period or differences in dispersal patterns for the offspring from different morph combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Nebel
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Arjun Amar
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arne Hegemann
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Petra Sumasgutner
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Konrad Lorenz Research Centre (KLF), Core Facility for Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Antipredator behaviour affected by prey condition, food availability and pH-mediated info-disruption. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Burraco P, Laurila A, Orizaola G. Limits to compensatory responses to altered phenology in amphibian larvae. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Burraco
- Inst. of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Univ. of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology, Dept. Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala Univ. Uppsala Sweden
| | - Germán Orizaola
- Animal Ecology, Dept. Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala Univ. Uppsala Sweden
- IMIB‐Biodiversity Research Inst., Univ. Oviedo‐CSIC‐Principado Asturias Mieres‐Asturias Spain
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13
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Klepsatel P, Knoblochová D, Girish TN, Dircksen H, Gáliková M. The influence of developmental diet on reproduction and metabolism in Drosophila. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:93. [PMID: 32727355 PMCID: PMC7392729 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The adaptive significance of phenotypic changes elicited by environmental conditions experienced early in life has long attracted attention in evolutionary biology. In this study, we used Drosophila melanogaster to test whether the developmental diet produces phenotypes better adapted to cope with similar nutritional conditions later in life. To discriminate among competing hypotheses on the underlying nature of developmental plasticity, we employed a full factorial design with several developmental and adult diets. Specifically, we examined the effects of early- and late-life diets (by varying their yeast and sugar contents) on reproductive fitness and on the amount of energy reserves (fat and glycogen) in two wild-caught populations. Results We found that individuals that had developed on either low-yeast or high-sugar diet showed decreased reproductive performance regardless of their adult nutritional environment. The lower reproductive fitness might be caused by smaller body size and reduced ovariole number. Overall, these results are consistent with the silver spoon concept, which posits that development in a suboptimal environment negatively affects fitness-associated traits. On the other hand, the higher amount of energy reserves (fat) in individuals that had developed in a suboptimal environment might represent either an adaptive response or a side-effect of compensatory feeding. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the observed differences in the adult physiology induced by early-life diet likely result from inevitable and general effects of nutrition on the development of reproductive and metabolic organs, rather than from adaptive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Klepsatel
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Diana Knoblochová
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Thirnahalli Nagaraj Girish
- Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, 515134, India
| | - Heinrich Dircksen
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18B, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina Gáliková
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06, Bratislava, Slovakia
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14
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Paul SC, Putra R, Müller C. Early life starvation has stronger intra-generational than transgenerational effects on key life-history traits and consumption measures in a sawfly. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226519. [PMID: 31856200 PMCID: PMC6922382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resource availability during development shapes not only adult phenotype but also the phenotype of subsequent offspring. When resources are absent and periods of starvation occur in early life, such developmental stress often influences key life-history traits in a way that benefits individuals and their offspring when facing further bouts of starvation. Here we investigated the impacts of different starvation regimes during larval development on life-history traits and measures of consumption in the turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). We then assessed whether offspring of starved and non-starved parents differed in their own life-history if reared in conditions that either matched that of their parents or were a mismatch. Early life starvation effects were more pronounced within than across generations in A. rosae, with negative impacts on adult body mass and increases in developmental time, but no effects on adult longevity in either generation. We found some evidence of higher growth rates in larvae having experienced starvation, although this did not ameliorate the overall negative effect of larval starvation on adult size. However, further work is necessary to disentangle the effects of larval size and instar from those of starvation treatment. Finally, we found weak evidence for transgenerational effects on larval growth, with intra-generational larval starvation experience being more decisive for life-history traits. Our study demonstrates that intra-generational effects of starvation are stronger than transgenerational effects on life-history traits and consumption measures in A. rosae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocky Putra
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Müller
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- * E-mail:
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15
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Burraco P, Valdés AE, Orizaola G. Metabolic costs of altered growth trajectories across life transitions in amphibians. J Anim Ecol 2019; 89:855-866. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Burraco
- Animal Ecology Department of Ecology and Genetics Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
- Ecology, Evolution, and Development Group Doñana Biological Station (EBD‐CSIC) Sevilla Spain
| | - Ana Elisa Valdés
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Germán Orizaola
- Animal Ecology Department of Ecology and Genetics Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
- UMIB‐Research Unit of Biodiversity (Univ. Oviedo‐CSIC‐Princip. Asturias) Mieres Spain
- Zoology Unit Department Biology Organisms and Systems University of Oviedo Oviedo Spain
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16
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Chen C, Yang H, Xue F, Xia Q. Geographical variation in life-history traits suggests an environmental-dependent trade-off between juvenile growth rate and adult lifespan in a moth. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 109:626-632. [PMID: 30670111 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485318001001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Life-history theory predicts a trade-off between the juvenile growth rate and adult traits related to survival. However, this hypothesized negative correlation is difficult to test robustly because many trade-offs are mild, and environmental variables, such as changes in nutrient availability, can ameliorate the trade-off or make it more pronounced. Thus, it is reasonable to expect that the expression of the trade-off can be condition-dependent. In the present study, we first examined the pre-adult life-history traits of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, collected from northern, central, and southern China at different temperatures. We found that the northern China population has a significantly shorter pre-adult developmental time and higher growth rate than the southern China population as a result of adaptation to the decreased seasonal length. Then, we tested for a trade-off between the juvenile growth rate and adult lifespan in different temperature and nutrient conditions. We found a negative relationship between juvenile growth rate and adult lifespan under starvation or desiccation conditions; however, a continuous supply of sugar can diminish or obviate the apparent negative relationship, in which the adult lifespan did not show a significant difference in most of the comparisons. These results suggested a resource-mediated trade-off may exist between juvenile growth rate and adult lifespan. However, the adult size may have some positive effect on the lifespan under starvation and desiccation conditions, which may affect the expression of trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chen
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330308, Jiangxi Province, China
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, FL, USA
| | - H Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330308, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - F Xue
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330308, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Q Xia
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, FL, USA
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17
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Biological parameters, life table and thermal requirements of Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Heteroptera: Thaumastocoridae) at different temperatures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10174. [PMID: 31308394 PMCID: PMC6629624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature affects the development, population dynamics, reproduction and population size of insects. Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero et Dellape (Heteroptera: Thaumastocoridae) is a eucalyptus pest. The objective of this study was to determine biological and life table parameters of T. peregrinus on Eucalyptus benthamii at five temperatures (18 °C; 22 °C; 25 °C; 27 °C and 30 °C) with a relative humidity (RH) of 70 ± 10% and photoperiod of 12 hours. The duration of each instar and the longevity of this insect were inversely proportional to the temperature, regardless of sex. The nymph stage of T. peregrinus was 36.4 days at 18 °C and 16.1 days at 30 °C. The pre-oviposition period was 5.1 days at 30 °C and 13.1 days at 18 °C and that of oviposition was 7.6 days at 30 °C and 51.2 days at 22 °C. The generation time (T) of T. peregrinus was 27.11 days at 22 °C and 8.22 days at 30 °C. Lower temperatures reduced the development and increased the life stage duration of T. peregrinus. Optimum temperatures for T. peregrinus development and reproduction were 18 and 25 °C, respectively.
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Steele T, Bjørnson S. Effects of microsporidiosis and food availability on the two-spotted lady beetle, Adalia bipunctata L., and convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 161:7-13. [PMID: 30580010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two species of microsporidia have been described from lady beetles that are commercially available for biological control: Nosema adaliae from the two-spotted lady beetle, Adalia bipunctata L., and Tubulinosema hippodamiae from the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville. These pathogens delay larval development under controlled conditions, but little is known regarding the effects that microsporidia cause when their hosts are subjected to stressful conditions that are often experienced in nature. In this study, the combined effects of microsporidiosis (N. adaliae on A. bipunctata and T. hippodamiae on H. convergens) and irregular food availability were observed on host fitness (larval development and mortality, sex ratios, and adult morphometrics). For each beetle species, 24 h-old larvae were provided either an uninfected or microsporidia-infected conspecific egg. After the egg was eaten, some larvae were provided an abundance of aphids daily, whereas others were provided aphids on an irregular basis. Development was delayed significantly for larvae that consumed a microsporidia-infected egg, and for those fed irregularly. For A. bipunctata, a significant interaction was observed between infection status and food availability. This suggests that N. adaliae-infected A. bipunctata larvae that have an irregular supply of aphids undergo further developmental delays than those with a generous food supply. This interaction was not observed for T. hippodamiae-infected H. convergens. For both species, larval mortality and sex ratios did not differ significantly, regardless of infection status or food availability. Adults that were fed daily as larvae were significantly larger than those fed irregularly. However, the elytra of N. adaliae-infected A. bipunctata were significantly larger than the elytra of their uninfected cohorts, and T. hippodamiae-infected H. convergens had wider pronota and head capsules than uninfected H. convergens. Because N. adaliae and T. hippodamiae prolong larval development of their respective hosts under controlled conditions, one would expect these pathogens to cause more profound effects when their hosts experience stressful conditions. The results from this study indicate that this was the case for A. bipunctata, but not for H. convergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Steele
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada.
| | - S Bjørnson
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada
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Chaudhary DD, Mishra G. Influence of food availability on mate-guarding behaviour of ladybirds. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 108:800-806. [PMID: 29415777 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485318000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A recent study on ladybird, Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) demonstrates that males perform post-copulatory mate guarding in the form of prolonged mating durations. We investigated whether food resource fluctuation affects pre- and post-copulatory behaviour of M. sexmaculatus. It has not been studied before in ladybirds. For this, adults were subjected to prey resource fluctuations sequentially at three levels: post-emergence (Poe; 10 days), pre-mating (Prm; 24 h) and post-mating (Pom; 5 days; only female). The food resource conditions at each level could be any one of scarce, optimal or abundant. Pre-copulatory and post-copulatory behaviour, and reproductive output were assessed. Post-emergence and pre-mating nutrient conditions significantly influenced the pre-copulatory behaviour. Males reared on scarce post-emergence conditions were found to require significantly higher number of mating attempts to establish mating unlike males in the other two food conditions. Under scarce post-emergence and pre-mating conditions, time to commencement of mating and latent period were high but opposite result was obtained for mate-guarding duration. Fecundity and per cent egg viability were more influenced by post-mating conditions, with scarce conditions stopping oviposition regardless of pre-mating and post-emergence conditions. Present results indicate that pre- and post-copulatory behaviour of ladybird is plastic in nature in response to food resource fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Chaudhary
- Department of Zoology,Indira Gandhi National Tribal University,Amarkantak,Madhya Pradesh-484887,India
| | - G Mishra
- Department of Zoology,Ladybird Research Laboratory,University of Lucknow,Lucknow,Uttar Pradesh-226007,India
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Cao JY, Xing K, Liu HP, Zhao F. Effects of developmental acclimation on fitness costs differ between two aphid species. J Therm Biol 2018; 78:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Milosavljevic I, Amrich R, Strode V, Hoddle MS. Modeling the Phenology of Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in Urban Southern California: Effects of Environment, Habitat, and Natural Enemies. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:233-243. [PMID: 29373671 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Modeling can be used to characterize the effects of environmental drivers and biotic factors on the phenology of arthropod pests. From a biological control perspective, population dynamics models may provide insights as to when the most vulnerable pest life stages are available for natural enemies to attack. Analyses presented here used temperature and habitat dependent, instar-specific, discrete models to investigate the population dynamics of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae). This pest is the target of a classical biological control program with the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). The population trends of D. citri eggs, nymphs, and adults, citrus flush growth patterns, and T. radiata activity were monitored monthly on orange and lemon trees at 10 urban sites in southern California for a 2-yr period. Cumulative D. citri egg, nymph, and adult days recorded at each site, were regressed against accumulated degree-days (DDs) to model the population dynamics of each development stage in relation to temperature. Using a biofix point of 1 January, the model predicted that 10% and 90% of eggs were laid by 198 and 2,255 DD, respectively. Populations of small and large D. citri nymphs increased slowly with 90% of the population recorded by 2,389 and 2,436 DD, respectively. D. citri adults were present year round with 10 and 90% of the population recorded by 95 and 2,687 DD, respectively. The potential implications of using DD models for optimizing inoculative releases of natural enemies, such as T. radiata into citrus habitat infested with D. citri, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Amrich
- Department of Entomology, University of California
| | | | - Mark S Hoddle
- Department of Entomology, University of California
- Center of Invasive Species Research, University of California
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Verheggen FJ, Vogel H, Vilcinskas A. Behavioral and Immunological Features Promoting the Invasive Performance of the Harlequin Ladybird Harmonia axyridis. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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23
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Balashov SV, Ryzhkova MV, Lopatina EB. The influence of temperature transfers on subsequent growth of the European peacock butterfly Inachis io (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093017050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schimmel BCJ, Ataide LMS, Chafi R, Villarroel CA, Alba JM, Schuurink RC, Kant MR. Overcompensation of herbivore reproduction through hyper-suppression of plant defenses in response to competition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1688-1701. [PMID: 28386959 PMCID: PMC5434804 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Spider mites are destructive arthropod pests on many crops. The generalist herbivorous mite Tetranychus urticae induces defenses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and this constrains its fitness. By contrast, the Solanaceae-specialist Tetranychus evansi maintains a high reproductive performance by suppressing tomato defenses. Tetranychus evansi outcompetes T. urticae when infesting the same plant, but it is unknown whether this is facilitated by the defenses of the plant. We assessed the extent to which a secondary infestation by a competitor affects local plant defense responses (phytohormones and defense genes), mite gene expression and mite performance. We observed that T. evansi switches to hyper-suppression of defenses after its tomato host is also invaded by its natural competitor T. urticae. Jasmonate (JA) and salicylate (SA) defenses were suppressed more strongly, albeit only locally at the feeding site of T. evansi, upon introduction of T. urticae to the infested leaflet. The hyper-suppression of defenses coincided with increased expression of T. evansi genes coding for salivary defense-suppressing effector proteins and was paralleled by an increased reproductive performance. Together, these observations suggest that T. evansi overcompensates its reproduction through hyper-suppression of plant defenses in response to nearby competitors. We hypothesize that the competitor-induced overcompensation promotes competitive population growth of T. evansi on tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardus C. J. Schimmel
- Department of Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942401090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Livia M. S. Ataide
- Department of Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942401090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of EntomologyFederal University of ViçosaCEP 36570‐000ViçosaBrazil
| | - Rachid Chafi
- Department of Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942401090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Carlos A. Villarroel
- Department of Plant PhysiologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942151090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Juan M. Alba
- Department of Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942401090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Schuurink
- Department of Plant PhysiologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942151090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Department of Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942401090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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Zhao F, Hoffmann AA, Xing K, Ma CS. Life stages of an aphid living under similar thermal conditions differ in thermal performance. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 99:1-7. [PMID: 28283383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heat responses can vary ontogenetically in many insects with complex life cycles, reflecting differences in thermal environments they experience. Such variation has rarely been considered in insects that develop incrementally and experience common microclimates across stages. To test if there is a low level of ontogenetic variation for heat responses in one such species, the English grain aphid Sitobion avenae, basal tolerance [upper lethal temperature (ULT50) and maximum critical temperature (CTmax)], hardening capacity (CTmax) and hardening costs (adult longevity and fecundity) were measured across five stages (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th-instar nymphs and newly moulted adults). We found large tolerance differences among stages of this global pest species, and a tendency for the stage with lower heat tolerance to show a stronger hardening response. There were also substantial reproductive costs of hardening responses, with the level of stress experienced, and not the proximity of the exposed stage to the reproductive adult stage, influencing the magnitude of this cost. Hence hardening in this aphid may counter inherently low tolerance levels of some life stages but at a cost to adult longevity and fecundity. Our findings highlight the significance of ontogenetic variation in predicting responses of a species to climate change, even in species without a complex life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 81 Longcheng Street, CN-030031 Taiyuan, PR China; Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, CN-100193 Beijing, PR China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Pest and Disease Vector Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Kun Xing
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 81 Longcheng Street, CN-030031 Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Chun-Sen Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, CN-100193 Beijing, PR China.
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Almeida de Carvalho MJ, Mirth CK. Food intake and food choice are altered by the developmental transition at critical weight in Drosophila melanogaster. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Horváthová T, Antoł A, Czarnoleski M, Kozłowski J, Bauchinger U. An evolutionary solution of terrestrial isopods to cope with low atmospheric oxygen levels. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:1563-1567. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.156661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of current terrestrial life was founded by major waves of land invasion coinciding with high atmospheric oxygen content. These waves were followed by periods with substantially reduced oxygen concentration and accompanied by evolution of novel traits. Reproduction and development are limiting factors for evolutionary water-land transitions, and brood care has likely facilitated land invasion. Peracarid crustaceans provide parental care for their offspring by brooding the early stages within the motherly pouch, marsupium. Terrestrial isopod progeny begins ontogenetic development within the marsupium in water, but conclude development within the marsupium in air. Our results for progeny growth until hatching from the marsupium provide evidence for the limiting effects of oxygen concentration and for a potentially adaptive solution. Inclusion of air within the marsupium compensates for initially constrained growth in water through catch-up growth, and it may explain how terrestrial isopods adapted to short- and long-term changes in oxygen concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terézia Horváthová
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Antoł
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Kozłowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ulf Bauchinger
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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28
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Tawes BR, Kelly CD. Sex-specific catch-up growth in the Texas field cricket, Gryllus texensis. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R. Tawes
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; 251 Bessey Hall Ames IA USA
| | - Clint D. Kelly
- Département des Sciences Biologiques; Université du Québec à Montréal; CP-8888 succursale centre-ville Montréal QC Canada H3C 3P8
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Vincenzi S, Hatch S, Merkling T, Kitaysky AS. Carry-over effects of food supplementation on recruitment and breeding performance of long-lived seabirds. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20150762. [PMID: 26180065 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of food to wild animals is extensively applied as a conservation tool to increase local production of young. However, in long-lived migratory animals, the carry-over effects of food supplementation early in life on the subsequent recruitment of individuals into natal populations and their lifetime reproductive success are largely unknown. We examine how experimental food supplementation early in life affects: (i) recruitment as breeders of kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla born in a colony on Middleton Island (Alaska) between 1996 and 2006 (n = 1629) that bred in the same colony through 2013 (n = 235); and (ii) breeding success of individuals that have completed their life cycle at the colony (n = 56). Birds were raised in nests that were either supplemented with food (Fed) or unsupplemented (Unfed). Fledging success was higher in Fed compared with Unfed nests. After accounting for hatching rank, growth and oceanic conditions at fledging, Fed fledglings had a lower probability of recruiting as breeders in the Middleton colony than Unfed birds. The per-nest contribution of breeders was still significantly higher for Fed nests because of their higher productivity. Lifetime reproductive success of a subset of kittiwakes that thus far had completed their life cycle was not affected by the food supplementation during development. Our results cast light on the carry-over effects of early food conditions on the vital rates of long-lived animals and support food supplementation as an effective conservation strategy for long-lived seabirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vincenzi
- Center for Stock Assessment Research, University of California Santa Cruz, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, Milan 20133, Italy Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 902 North Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Scott Hatch
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA Institute for Seabird Research and Conservation, 12850 Mountain Place, Anchorage, AK 99516, USA
| | - Thomas Merkling
- EDB (Laboratoire Evolution and Diversité Biologique), CNRS, UPS, ENFA, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France UMR5174, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Alexander S Kitaysky
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 902 North Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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Ingels B, Van Hassel P, Van Leeuwen T, De Clercq P. Feeding History Affects Intraguild Interactions between Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Episyrphus balteatus (Diptera: Syrphidae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128518. [PMID: 26030267 PMCID: PMC4452584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While the effect of several factors such as predator and prey size, morphology and developmental stage on intraguild predation (IGP) is widely investigated, little is known about the influence of diet on the occurrence and outcome of IGP. In the present study, the effect of the diet experienced during larval development on IGP between the ladybird Harmonia axyridis and the syrphid Episyrphus balteatus is investigated. Four diets were tested for H. axyridis: eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella, pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, in an ad libitum amount, pea aphids in a limited amount, and honey bee pollen. For E. balteatus only the two aphid diets were tested. First, experiments were performed to determine the quality of the various diets for development of both predators. Second, IGP experiments between H. axyridis and E. balteatus were performed both in Petri dishes and on potted pepper plants. The diet of both species influenced the incidence of IGP between H. axyridis and E. balteatus both in Petri dishes and on potted plants. In general, smaller larvae of H. axyridis (those fed on poor or restricted diet) fed more on hoverflies than large (well-nourished) ladybird larvae. Further, poorly nourished (smaller) larvae of E. balteatus were more susceptible to predation than well-fed (larger) hoverfly larvae. The observed effects were not only due to the lower fitness of larvae of both predators reared on an inferior quality diet but also to changes in predator behaviour. The results from this study show that IGP interactions are influenced by a multitude of factors, including feeding history of the organisms involved, and emphasize the importance of taking these factors into account in order to fully understand the ecological relevance of IGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Ingels
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Hassel
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick De Clercq
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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31
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Ab Ghani NI, Merilä J. Cross-generational costs of compensatory growth in nine-spined sticklebacks. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Izza Ab Ghani
- Dept of Biosciences; PO Box 65, FI-00014 University of Helsinki Finland
- Dept of Biology, Faculty of Science; Univ. of Putra Malaysia; 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Juha Merilä
- Dept of Biosciences; PO Box 65, FI-00014 University of Helsinki Finland
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Kleinteich A, Wilder SM, Schneider JM. Contributions of juvenile and adult diet to the lifetime reproductive success and lifespan of a spider. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kleinteich
- Zoological Inst. and Museum, Univ. of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3 DE-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Shawn M. Wilder
- School of Biological Sciences and the Charles Perkins Centre, The Univ. of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Jutta M. Schneider
- Zoological Inst. and Museum, Univ. of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3 DE-20146 Hamburg Germany
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Therry L, Nilsson-Örtman V, Bonte D, Stoks R. Rapid evolution of larval life history, adult immune function and flight muscles in a poleward-moving damselfly. J Evol Biol 2013; 27:141-52. [PMID: 24313892 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although a growing number of studies have documented the evolution of adult dispersal-related traits at the range edge of poleward-expanding species, we know little about evolutionary changes in immune function or traits expressed by nondispersing larvae. We investigated differentiation in larval (growth and development) and adult traits (immune function and flight-related traits) between replicated core and edge populations of the poleward-moving damselfly Coenagrion scitulum. These traits were measured on individuals reared in a common garden experiment at two different food levels, as allocation trade-offs may be easier to detect under energy shortage. Edge individuals had a faster larval life history (growth and development rates), a higher adult immune function and a nearly significant higher relative flight muscle mass. Most of the differentiation between core and edge populations remained and edge populations had a higher relative flight muscle mass when corrected for latitude-specific thermal regimes, and hence could likely be attributed to the range expansion process per se. We here for the first time document a higher immune function in individuals at the expansion front of a poleward-expanding species and documented the rarely investigated evolution of faster life histories during range expansion. The rapid multivariate evolution in these ecological relevant traits between edge and core populations is expected to translate into changed ecological interactions and therefore has the potential to generate novel eco-evolutionary dynamics at the expansion front.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Therry
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Nilsson-Örtman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D Bonte
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - R Stoks
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Marcil-Ferland D, Festa-Bianchet M, Martin AM, Pelletier F. Despite catch-up, prolonged growth has detrimental fitness consequences in a long-lived vertebrate. Am Nat 2013; 182:775-85. [PMID: 24231538 DOI: 10.1086/673534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Individuals experiencing poor growth early in life may later make up their size deficit. Compensatory growth or growth prolongation may lead to such catch-up, involving different life-history trade-offs under natural conditions. Frequent recaptures and detailed monitoring of animals surviving to asymptotic size are required to compare growth tactics and their fitness consequences. No study to date has obtained such detailed information for wild animals. We used repeated mass measurements (mean 11.6/animal) spanning the lifetime of 104 bighorn ewes (Ovis canadensis) to quantify growth tactics and identify the determinants and life-history costs of these tactics. Growth prolongation, not compensatory growth, led to partial catch-up: mass difference at age 7 was reduced to 4%, for two groups that differed by nearly 20% as yearlings. Ewes that had been light as yearlings prolonged their growth regardless of density or age of primiparity. Growth prolongation did not affect fecundity or longevity. Ewes that experienced poor early growth prolonged growth at the expense of reproductive fitness, weaning a smaller proportion of their lambs. By tracking multiyear growth patterns and comparing events at different life-history stages, we quantified a trade-off between growth and reproduction that would be overlooked if only the adult phenotype was considered. Compensatory growth in long-lived animals appears unlikely when early growth restrictions are mostly density dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Marcil-Ferland
- Département de biologie et Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
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35
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Lee KP, Kwon ST, Roh C. Caterpillars use developmental plasticity and diet choice to overcome the early life experience of nutritional imbalance. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Direct and trans-generational responses to food deprivation during development in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. Oecologia 2012; 171:93-104. [PMID: 22814878 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Life history characteristics and resulting fitness consequences manifest not only in an individual experiencing environmental conditions but also in its offspring via trans-generational effects. We conducted a set of experiments to assess the direct and trans-generational effects of food deprivation in the Glanville fritillary butterfly Melitaea cinxia. Food availability was manipulated during the final stages of larval development and performance was assessed during two generations. Direct responses to food deprivation were relatively minor. Food-deprived individuals compensated, via increased development time, to reach a similar mass as adults from the control group. Delayed costs of compensatory growth were observed, as food-deprived individuals had either reduced fecundity or lifespan depending on the type of feeding treatment they had experienced (intermittent vs. continuous). Female food deprivation did not directly affect her offspring's developmental trajectory, but the way the offspring coped with food deprivation. Offspring of mothers from control or intermittent starvation treatments reached the size of those in the control group via increased development time when being starved. In contrast, offspring of mothers that had experienced 2 days of continuous food deprivation grew even larger than control animals, when deprived of food themselves. Offspring of food-deprived Glanville fritillary initially showed poor immune response to parasitism, but not later on in development.
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Itonaga K, Jones SM, Wapstra E. Do gravid females become selfish? Female allocation of energy during gestation. Physiol Biochem Zool 2012; 85:231-42. [PMID: 22494979 DOI: 10.1086/665567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Net energy availability depends on plasma corticosterone concentrations, food availability, and their interaction. Limited net energy availability requires energy trade-offs between self-maintenance and reproduction. This is important in matrotrophic viviparous animals because they provide large amounts of energy for embryos, as well as self-maintenance, for the extended period of time during gestation. In addition, gravid females may transmit environmental information to the embryos in order to adjust offspring phenotype. We investigated effects of variation in maternal plasma corticosterone concentration and maternal food availability (2 × 2 factorial design) during gestation on offspring phenotype in a matrotrophic viviparous lizard (Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii). Subsequently, we tested preadaptation of offspring phenotype to their postnatal environment by measuring risk-averse behavior and growth rate using reciprocal transplant experiments. We found that maternal net energy availability affected postpartum maternal body condition, offspring snout-vent length, offspring mass, offspring performance ability, and offspring fat reserves. Females treated with corticosterone allocated large amounts of energy to their own body condition, and their embryos allocated more energy to energy reserves than somatic growth. Further, offspring from females in high plasma corticosterone concentration showed compensatory growth. These findings suggest that while females may be selfish when gestation conditions are stressful, the embryos may adjust their phenotype to cope with the postnatal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Itonaga
- School of Zoology, Private Bag 05, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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Hector KL, Nakagawa S. Quantitative analysis of compensatory and catch-up growth in diverse taxa. J Anim Ecol 2012; 81:583-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kahn AT, Livingston JD, Jennions MD. Do females preferentially associate with males given a better start in life? Biol Lett 2012; 8:362-4. [PMID: 22237504 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A poor start in life owing to a restricted diet can have readily detectable detrimental consequences for many adult life-history traits. However, some costs such as smaller adult body size are potentially eliminated when individuals modify their development. For example, male mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) that have reduced early food intake undergo compensatory growth and delay maturation so that they eventually mature at the same size as males that develop normally. But do subtle effects of a poor start persist? Specifically, does a male's developmental history affect his subsequent attractiveness to females? Females prefer to associate with larger males but, controlling for body length, we show that females spent less time in association with males that underwent compensatory growth than with males that developed normally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Kahn
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia.
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41
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Lyn JC, Naikkhwah W, Aksenov V, Rollo CD. Influence of two methods of dietary restriction on life history features and aging of the cricket Acheta domesticus. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 33:509-22. [PMID: 21120631 PMCID: PMC3220405 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Studying aging is constrained using vertebrates by their longevity, size, ethical restrictions, and expense. The key insect model, Drosophila melanogaster, is holometabolous. Larvae feed on yeast in moist media and adults sponge food. Most aging studies are restricted to adults. Another key model, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, feeds on bacteria in moist media. For either invertebrate refreshing test materials, preventing degradation and obtaining accurate dosing are difficult even with synthetic media. The cricket Acheta domesticus has a short lifespan (∼120 days at 30°C) and is omnivorous. Age-matched cohorts are easily obtained from eggs. The life cycle is hemimetabolous and nymphs eat the same foods as adults. Growth is easily monitored, gender can be differentiated before maturity, and maturation is indicated by wings and mature genitalia. Crickets can be reared in large numbers at low cost. Test materials can be mixed into food and ingestion rates or mass budgets easily assessed. Here, we validate the cricket as a model of aging by testing two fundamental methods of restricting food intake: time-restricted access to food and dietary dilution. Growth, maturation, survivorship, and longevity varied with treatments and genders. Intermittent feeding (which is ineffective in flies) significantly extended longevity of crickets. Dietary dilution also extended longevity via remarkable prolongation of the juvenile period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Christina Lyn
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Wida Naikkhwah
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Vadim Aksenov
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario Canada L8S 4K1
| | - C. David Rollo
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario Canada L8S 4K1
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Dmitriew C, Rowe L. The effects of larval nutrition on reproductive performance in a food-limited adult environment. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17399. [PMID: 21479211 PMCID: PMC3068141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is often assumed that larval food stress reduces lifetime fitness regardless
of the conditions subsequently faced by adults. However, according to the
environment-matching hypothesis, a plastic developmental response to poor
nutrition results in an adult phenotype that is better adapted to restricted
food conditions than one having developed in high food conditions. Such a
strategy might evolve when current conditions are a reliable predictor of future
conditions. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the effects of larval food
conditions (low, improving and high food) on reproductive fitness in both low
and high food adults environments. Contrary to this hypothesis, we found no
evidence that food restriction in larval ladybird beetles produced adults that
were better suited to continuing food stress. In fact, reproductive rate was
invariably lower in females that were reared at low food, regardless of whether
adults were well fed or food stressed. Juveniles that encountered improving
conditions during the larval stage compensated for delayed growth by
accelerating subsequent growth, and thus showed no evidence of a reduced
reproductive rate. However, these same individuals lost more mass during the
period of starvation in adults, which indicates that accelerated growth results
in an increased risk of starvation during subsequent periods of food stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Dmitriew
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Dmitriew C, Blows MW, Rowe L. Ontogenetic change in genetic variance in size depends on growth environment. Am Nat 2010; 175:640-9. [PMID: 20406061 DOI: 10.1086/652470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Within populations, the amount of environmental and genetic variation present may differ greatly among traits measured at multiple times over ontogeny. Brief periods of food deprivation are often followed by a period of accelerated (compensatory) growth. Early laboratory studies likewise reported a contraction of genetic variance in size as maturation approached. However, studies of wild populations often contradict these laboratory results. One possibility is that environmentally imposed stress is exposing genetic variance not seen in the laboratory. We tested the effect of rearing environment (high or low food) on genetic variance in size traits measured at two ages in the ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis. A substantial amount of genetic variance was present in all combinations of rearing environment by ontogenetic stage among males. The pattern of change in male variance in mass over ontogeny was of opposite sign in the two food treatments, which may reflect cryptic genetic variance that is apparent only under stress. The proportion of overall variance that was due to additive genetic effects was much lower in females than in males, which suggests that the underlying genetics of female growth trajectories differs from that males. Our experimental design afforded an initial exploration of the genetics of compensatory growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dmitriew
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada.
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Auer SK, Arendt JD, Chandramouli R, Reznick DN. Juvenile compensatory growth has negative consequences for reproduction in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Ecol Lett 2010; 13:998-1007. [PMID: 20545728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Compensatory or 'catch-up' growth may be an adaptive mechanism that buffers the growth trajectory of young organisms from deviations caused by reduced food availability. Theory generally assumes that rapid juvenile compensatory growth impacts reproduction only through its positive effects on age and size at maturation, but potential reproductive costs to juvenile compensatory growth remain virtually unexplored. We used a food manipulation experiment to examine the reproductive consequences of compensatory growth in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Compensatory growth did not affect adult growth rates, litter production rates or investment in offspring size. However, compensatory growth had negative effects on litter size, independent of the effects of female body length, resulting in a 20% decline in offspring production. We discuss potential mechanisms behind this observed cost to reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya K Auer
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Dmitriew
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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46
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Orizaola G, Dahl E, Laurila A. Compensating for delayed hatching across consecutive life-history stages in an amphibian. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Barrett ELB, Hunt J, Moore AJ, Moore PJ. Separate and combined effects of nutrition during juvenile and sexual development on female life-history trajectories: the thrifty phenotype in a cockroach. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:3257-64. [PMID: 19553255 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have yet to understand fully how conditions during different periods of development interact to influence life-history structure. Can the negative effects of poor juvenile nutrition be overcome by a good adult diet, or are life-history strategies set by early experience? Here, we tested the influence and interaction of different nutritional quality during juvenile and sexual development on female resource allocation physiology, life history and courtship behaviour in the cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea. Nymphs were raised on either a good-quality or poor-quality diet. After adult eclosion, females were either switched to the opposite diet or remained on their original diet. We assessed mating behaviour and lifetime reproductive success for half of the females from each treatment. We evaluated reproductive investment, somatic investment and resource reallocation from reproduction to the soma via oocyte apoptosis in the remaining females. We found that poor juvenile conditions resulted in a fat phenotype with slow juvenile growth and short reproductive lifespan that could not be retrieved with a change in diet. Good juvenile conditions resulted in the converse, but again fixed, phenotype in adulthood. Thus, juvenile nutrition sets adult patterns of resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L B Barrett
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
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49
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Dmitriew C, Carroll J, Rowe L. Effects of early growth conditions on body composition, allometry, and survival in the ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis. CAN J ZOOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/z09-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During both the larval and adult stages, the ladybird beetles Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) feed primarily on aphids, populations of which may fluctuate dramatically in time and space. Harmonia axyridis were reared under three resource treatments: high, low, and improving. We predicted that beetles experiencing consistently poor larval conditions would allocate limited resources to dispersal traits (by increasing relative wing surface area and fat storage), whereas larvae facing good or improving conditions were predicted to allocate preferentially to reproductive traits. As predicted, beetles reared at low food had lower wing loading and stored more fat than individuals reared at consistently high food. When conditions were initially poor but improved during development, body size was reduced relative to the high food treatment, though wing area scaled similarly. Allocation of fat and protein was dependent on both sex and treatment. Females in improving conditions stored less fat, and males less protein, relative to low food conditions. This is suggestive of a trade-off between reproduction and dispersal that is resolved differently between the sexes. Unexpectedly, adult survival under starvation was not appreciably affected by larval growth conditions, although males lived about 10 days longer, on average.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Dmitriew
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - J. Carroll
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - L. Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
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50
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Nicieza AG, Alvarez D. Statistical analysis of structural compensatory growth: how can we reduce the rate of false detection? Oecologia 2008; 159:27-39. [PMID: 18975008 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Compensatory growth (CG) is a key issue in work aiming at a full understanding of the adaptive significance of growth plasticity and its carryover effects on life-history. The number of studies addressing evolutionary explanations for CG has increased rapidly during the last few years, but there has not been a parallel gain in our understanding of the methodological difficulties associated with the analysis of CG. We point out two features of growth that can have serious consequences for detecting CG: (1) size dependence of growth rates, which causes nonlinearity of growth trajectories, and; (2) temporal overlapping of structural growth and replenishment of energy reserves after a period of famine. We show that the currently used methods can be prone to spurious detection of CG (Type I error) under conditions of nonlinear growth, and therefore lead to the accumulation of a significant amount of false "empirical support." True and simulated growth data provided consistent results suggesting that a substantial fraction of the existing evidence for CG may be spurious. A small curvature in the growth trajectory can lead to spurious "detection" of CG when control and manipulated trajectories are compared over the same time interval (the "simultaneous" approach). We present a novel, robust method (the "asynchronous" approach) based on the accurate selection of control trajectories and comparison of control and treatment growth rates at different times. This method enables a reliable test to be performed for compensation under asymptotic growth. While the general results of our simulations do not support the application of conventional methods to the general case of nonlinear growth trajectories under the simultaneous approach, simple methods may prove valid if the experimental design allows for asynchronous comparisons. We advocate an alternative approach to deal with "safe" detection of CG that overcomes the problems associated with the occurrence of nonlinear and asymptotic growth, and provide recommendations for improving CG study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo G Nicieza
- Unidad de Ecología, Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
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