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Minovic A, Nozawa M. Evolution of sex-biased genes in Drosophila species with neo-sex chromosomes: Potential contribution to reducing the sexual conflict. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11701. [PMID: 39050657 PMCID: PMC11266434 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
An advantage of sex chromosomes may be the potential to reduce sexual conflict because they provide a basis for selection to operate separately on females and males. However, evaluating the relationship between sex chromosomes and sexual conflict is challenging owing to the difficulty in measuring sexual conflict and substantial divergence between species with and without sex chromosomes. We therefore examined sex-biased gene expression as a proxy for sexual conflict in three sets of Drosophila species with and without young sex chromosomes, the so-called neo-sex chromosomes. In all sets, we detected more sex-biased genes in the species with neo-sex chromosomes than in the species without neo-sex chromosomes in larvae, pupae, and adult somatic tissues but not in gonads. In particular, many unbiased genes became either female- or male-biased after linkage to the neo-sex chromosomes in larvae, despite the low sexual dimorphism. For example, genes involved in metabolism, a key determinant for the rate of development in many animals, were enriched in the genes that acquired sex-biased expression on the neo-sex chromosomes at the larval stage. These genes may be targets of sexually antagonistic selection (i.e., large size and rapid development are selected for in females but selected against in males). These results indicate that acquiring neo-sex chromosomes may have contributed to a reduction in sexual conflict, particularly at the larval stage, in Drosophila..
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Minovic
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachiojiJapan
| | - Masafumi Nozawa
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachiojiJapan
- Research Center for Genomics and BioinformaticsTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachiojiJapan
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2
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Muralidhar P, Coop G. Polygenic response of sex chromosomes to sexual antagonism. Evolution 2024; 78:539-554. [PMID: 38153370 PMCID: PMC10903542 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Sexual antagonism occurs when males and females differ in their phenotypic fitness optima but are constrained in their evolution to these optima because of their shared genome. The sex chromosomes, which have distinct evolutionary "interests" relative to the autosomes, are theorized to play an important role in sexually antagonistic conflict. However, the evolutionary responses of sex chromosomes and autosomes have usually been considered independently, that is, via contrasting the response of a gene located on either an X chromosome or an autosome. Here, we study the coevolutionary response of the X chromosome and autosomes to sexually antagonistic selection acting on a polygenic phenotype. We model a phenotype initially under stabilizing selection around a single optimum, followed by a sudden divergence of the male and female optima. We find that, in the absence of dosage compensation, the X chromosome promotes evolution toward the female optimum, inducing coevolutionary male-biased responses on the autosomes. Dosage compensation obscures the female-biased interests of the X, causing it to contribute equally to male and female phenotypic change. We further demonstrate that fluctuations in an adaptive landscape can generate prolonged intragenomic conflict and accentuate the differential responses of the X and autosomes to this conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavitra Muralidhar
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Graham Coop
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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3
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Fukutomi Y, Takahashi A, Koshikawa S. Thermal plasticity of wing size and wing spot size in Drosophila guttifera. Dev Genes Evol 2023; 233:77-89. [PMID: 37332038 PMCID: PMC10746645 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-023-00705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Thermal plasticity of melanin pigmentation patterns in Drosophila species has been studied as a model to investigate developmental mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity. The developmental process of melanin pigmentation patterns on wings of Drosophila is divided into two parts, prepattern specification during the pupal period and wing vein-dependent transportation of melanin precursors after eclosion. Which part can be affected by thermal changes? To address this question, we used polka-dotted melanin spots on wings of Drosophila guttifera, whose spot areas are specified by wingless morphogen. In this research, we reared D. guttifera at different temperatures to test whether wing spots show thermal plasticity. We found that wing size becomes larger at lower temperature and that different spots have different reaction norms. Furthermore, we changed the rearing temperature in the middle of the pupal period and found that the most sensitive developmental periods for wing size and spot size are different. The results suggest that the size control mechanisms for the thermal plasticity of wing size and spot size are independent. We also found that the most sensitive stage for spot size was part of the pupal period including stages at which wingless is expressed in the polka-dotted pattern. Therefore, it is suggested that temperature change might affect the prepattern specification process and might not affect transportation through wing veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Fukutomi
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiosawa, Hachioji, 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Aya Takahashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiosawa, Hachioji, 192-0397, Japan
- Research Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiosawa, Hachioji, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Koshikawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
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4
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Iglesias PP, Machado FA, Llanes S, Hasson E, Soto EM. Opportunities and Constraints Imposed by the G matrix of Drosophila buzzatii Wings. Evol Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-022-09593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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5
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Lund-Hansen KK, Kutzer MAM, Armitage SAO, Gornard S, Keilani H, Abbott JK. Female-limited X chromosome evolution reveals that lifespan is mainly modulated by interlocus rather than intralocus sexual conflict. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022; 76:120. [PMID: 35991525 PMCID: PMC9385781 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Sexual dimorphism in somatic investment may be shaped by two distinct forms of sexual conflict; under intralocus sexual conflict (IASC), males and females have different optimal levels of somatic investment but are constrained from reaching their respective optima by their shared genome, while under interlocus sexual conflict (IRSC), males and females have different optimal sexual strategies, which could have direct or indirect effects on levels of somatic investment. We investigated effects of IASC and IRSC on two aspects of somatic investment, immune defence strategies and longevity, using previously established female-limited experimental evolution lines in Drosophila melanogaster. We found little evidence for any effect of either type of sexual conflict on investment in the immune defence resistance or tolerance. Nor did we find convincing evidence that longevity is subject to IASC in this species. However, we did find evidence that increased female control over mating rate had important and opposite effects on longevity between the sexes. Specifically, females that had adapted to high levels of female control over mating had a longer lifespan when kept in mixed-sex groups, while males had shorter longevity, perhaps due to increased investment in post-copulatory sexual selection. These novel results show that female control over mating rates may have important and unexpected effects on patterns of somatic investment. Significance statement Sexual conflict occurs between the two sexes over numerous life history traits, and it is complex to disentangle how these traits interact and affect each other. Here we use a long-term evolution experiment to investigate sexual dimorphism in somatic maintenance. We found no effect of feminising the X chromosome on female immune defence. However, we did find that increased female control over mating rate resulted in longer female lifespan, but reduced male lifespan, and that these effects were dependent on social context (isolated or in mixed-sex groups). Unlike previous studies on the effect of sexual conflict on longevity, our experiment did not manipulate environmental conditions nor the adult sex ratio, which is likely to reduce both pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00265-022-03231-4.
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6
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Evidence for genetic integration of mating behavior and morphology in a behaviorally plastic alternative reproductive tactic. Evol Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-021-10129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Liotta MN, Abbott JK, Morris MR, Rios‐Cardenas O. Antagonistic selection on body size and sword length in a wild population of the swordtail fish, Xiphophorus multilineatus: Potential for intralocus tactical conflict. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:3941-3955. [PMID: 33976786 PMCID: PMC8093718 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) have provided valuable insights into how sexual selection and life history trade-offs can lead to variation within a sex. However, the possibility that tactics may constrain evolution through intralocus tactical conflict (IATC) is rarely considered. In addition, when IATC has been considered, the focus has often been on the genetic correlations between the ARTs, while evidence that the ARTs have different optima for associated traits and that at least one of the tactics is not at its optimum is often missing. Here, we investigate selection on three traits associated with the ARTs in the swordtail fish Xiphophorus multilineatus; body size, body shape, and the sexually selected trait for which these fishes were named, sword length (elongation of the caudal fin). All three traits are tactically dimorphic, with courter males being larger, deeper bodied and having longer swords, and the sneaker males being smaller, more fusiform and having shorter swords. Using measures of reproductive success in a wild population we calculated selection differentials, as well as linear and quadratic gradients. We demonstrated that the tactics have different optima and at least one of the tactics is not at its optimum for body size and sword length. Our results provide the first evidence of selection in the wild on the sword, an iconic trait for sexual selection. In addition, given the high probability that these traits are genetically correlated to some extent between the two tactics, our study suggests that IATC is constraining both body size and the sword from reaching their phenotypic optima. We discuss the importance of considering the role of IATC in the evolution of tactical dimorphism, how this conflict can be present despite tactical dimorphism, and how it is important to consider this conflict when explaining not only variation within a species but differences across species as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N. Liotta
- Department of Biological SciencesThe Ohio Center for Ecological and Evolutionary StudiesOhio UniversityAthensOHUSA
| | | | - Molly R. Morris
- Department of Biological SciencesThe Ohio Center for Ecological and Evolutionary StudiesOhio UniversityAthensOHUSA
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8
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Sztepanacz JL, Houle D. Allometry constrains the evolution of sexual dimorphism in Drosophila across 33 million years of divergence. Evolution 2021; 75:1117-1131. [PMID: 33638384 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is widely viewed as adaptive, reflecting the evolution of males and females toward divergent fitness optima. Its evolution, however, may often be constrained by the shared genetic architecture of the sexes, and by allometry. Here, we investigated the evolution of sexual size dimorphism, shape dimorphism, and their allometric relationship, in the wings of 82 taxa in the family Drosophilidae that have been diverging for at least 33 million years. Shape dimorphism among species was remarkably similar, with males characterized by longer, thinner wings than females. There was, however, quantitative variation among species in both size and shape dimorphism, with evidence that they have adapted to different evolutionary optima in different clades on timescales of about 10 million years. Within species, shape dimorphism was predicted by size, and among species, there was a strong relationship between size dimorphism and shape dimorphism. Allometry constrained the evolution of shape dimorphism for the two most variable traits we studied, but dimorphism was evolutionary labile in other traits. The keys for disentangling alternative explanations for dimorphism evolution are studies of natural and sexual selection, together with a deeper understanding of how microevolutionary parameters of evolvability relate to macroevolutionary patterns of divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Sztepanacz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.,Department of Biology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306
| | - David Houle
- Department of Biology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306
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9
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Ruzicka F, Dutoit L, Czuppon P, Jordan CY, Li X, Olito C, Runemark A, Svensson EI, Yazdi HP, Connallon T. The search for sexually antagonistic genes: Practical insights from studies of local adaptation and statistical genomics. Evol Lett 2020; 4:398-415. [PMID: 33014417 PMCID: PMC7523564 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually antagonistic (SA) genetic variation-in which alleles favored in one sex are disfavored in the other-is predicted to be common and has been documented in several animal and plant populations, yet we currently know little about its pervasiveness among species or its population genetic basis. Recent applications of genomics in studies of SA genetic variation have highlighted considerable methodological challenges to the identification and characterization of SA genes, raising questions about the feasibility of genomic approaches for inferring SA selection. The related fields of local adaptation and statistical genomics have previously dealt with similar challenges, and lessons from these disciplines can therefore help overcome current difficulties in applying genomics to study SA genetic variation. Here, we integrate theoretical and analytical concepts from local adaptation and statistical genomics research-including F ST and F IS statistics, genome-wide association studies, pedigree analyses, reciprocal transplant studies, and evolve-and-resequence experiments-to evaluate methods for identifying SA genes and genome-wide signals of SA genetic variation. We begin by developing theoretical models for between-sex F ST and F IS, including explicit null distributions for each statistic, and using them to critically evaluate putative multilocus signals of sex-specific selection in previously published datasets. We then highlight new statistics that address some of the limitations of F ST and F IS, along with applications of more direct approaches for characterizing SA genetic variation, which incorporate explicit fitness measurements. We finish by presenting practical guidelines for the validation and evolutionary analysis of candidate SA genes and discussing promising empirical systems for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Ruzicka
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVIC 3800Australia
| | - Ludovic Dutoit
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedin9054New Zealand
| | - Peter Czuppon
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRASorbonne UniversitéParis75252France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS, Collège de FrancePSL Research UniversityParis75231France
| | - Crispin Y. Jordan
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH8 9XDUnited Kingdom
| | - Xiang‐Yi Li
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchatelCH‐2000Switzerland
| | - Colin Olito
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSE‐22362Sweden
| | - Anna Runemark
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSE‐22362Sweden
| | | | | | - Tim Connallon
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVIC 3800Australia
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10
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Hao M, Jin Q, Meng G, Yang C, Yang S, Shi Z, Tang M, Liu S, Li Y, Li J, Zhang D, Su X, Shih C, Sun Y, Wilson JJ, Zhou X, Zhang A. Using full-length metabarcoding and DNA barcoding to infer community assembly for speciose taxonomic groups: a case study. Evol Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Lund-Hansen KK, Abbott JK, Morrow EH. Feminization of complex traits in Drosophila melanogaster via female-limited X chromosome evolution. Evolution 2020; 74:2703-2713. [PMID: 32438467 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A handful of studies have investigated sexually antagonistic constraints on achieving sex-specific fitness optima, although exclusively through male-genome-limited evolution experiments. In this article, we established a female-limited X chromosome evolution experiment, where we used an X chromosome balancer to enforce the inheritance of the X through the matriline, thus removing exposure to male selective constraints. This approach eliminates the effects of sexually antagonistic selection on the X chromosome, permitting evolution toward a single sex-specific optimum. After multiple generations of selection, we found strong evidence that body size and development time had moved toward a female-specific optimum, whereas reproductive fitness and locomotion activity remained unchanged. The changes in body size and development time are consistent with previous results, and suggest that the X chromosome is enriched for sexually antagonistic genetic variation controlling these particular traits. The lack of change in reproductive fitness and locomotion activity could be due to a number of mutually nonexclusive explanations, including a lack of sexually antagonistic variance on the X chromosome for those traits or confounding effects of the use of the balancer chromosome. This study is the first to employ female-genome-limited selection and adds to the understanding of the complexity of sexually antagonistic genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine K Lund-Hansen
- Department of Biology, Section for Evolutionary Ecology, Lund University, Lund, 223 62, Sweden.,School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica K Abbott
- Department of Biology, Section for Evolutionary Ecology, Lund University, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Edward H Morrow
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, 651 88, Sweden
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12
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Hao M, Jin Q, Meng G, Yang C, Yang S, Shi Z, Tang M, Liu S, Li Y, Zhang D, Su X, Shih C, Sun Y, Zhou X, Zhang AB. Regional assemblages shaped by historical and contemporary factors: Evidence from a species-rich insect group. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2492-2510. [PMID: 32163643 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding diversity patterns requires accounting for the roles of both historical and contemporary factors in the assembly of communities. Here, we compared diversity patterns of two moth assemblages sampled from Taihang and Yanshan mountains in Northern China and performed ancestral range reconstructions using the Multi-State Speciation and Extinction model, to track the origins of these patterns. Further, we estimated diversification rates of the two moth assemblages and explored the effects of contemporary ecological factors. From 7,788 specimens we identified 835 species belonging to 23 families, using both DNA barcode analysis and morphology. Moths in Yanshan mountains showed higher species diversity than in Taihang mountains. Ancestral range analysis indicated Yanshan as the origin, with significant historical dispersals from Yanshan to Taihang. Asymmetrical diversification, population expansion, along with frequent and considerable gene flow were detected between communities. Moreover, dispersal limitation or the joint effect of environment filtering and dispersal limitation were inferred as main driving forces shaping current diversity patterns. In summary, we demonstrate that a multiscale (community, population and species level) analysis incorporating both historical and contemporary factors can be useful in delineating factors contributing to community assembly and patterning in diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.,Suqian Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Suqian, China
| | - Guanliang Meng
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Caiqing Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenzhou Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanlin Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Su
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guizhou, China
| | - Chungkun Shih
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.,Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yiran Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Bing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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13
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Abbott JK, Chippindale AK, Morrow EH. The microevolutionary response to male-limited X-chromosome evolution in Drosophila melanogaster reflects macroevolutionary patterns. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:738-750. [PMID: 32176391 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Due to its hemizygous inheritance and role in sex determination, the X-chromosome is expected to play an important role in the evolution of sexual dimorphism and to be enriched for sexually antagonistic genetic variation. By forcing the X-chromosome to only be expressed in males over >40 generations, we changed the selection pressures on the X to become similar to those experienced by the Y. This releases the X from any constraints arising from selection in females and should lead to specialization for male fitness, which could occur either via direct effects of X-linked loci or trans-regulation of autosomal loci by the X. We found evidence of masculinization via up-regulation of male-benefit sexually antagonistic genes and down-regulation of X-linked female-benefit genes. Potential artefacts of the experimental evolution protocol are discussed and cannot be wholly discounted, leading to several caveats. Interestingly, we could detect evidence of microevolutionary changes consistent with previously documented macroevolutionary patterns, such as changes in expression consistent with previously established patterns of sexual dimorphism, an increase in the expression of metabolic genes related to mito-nuclear conflict and evidence that dosage compensation effects can be rapidly altered. These results confirm the importance of the X in the evolution of sexual dimorphism and as a source for sexually antagonistic genetic variation and demonstrate that experimental evolution can be a fruitful method for testing theories of sex chromosome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Abbott
- Section for Evolutionary Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Edward H Morrow
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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14
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Sztepanacz JL, Houle D. Cross‐sex genetic covariances limit the evolvability of wing‐shape within and among species of
Drosophila. Evolution 2019; 73:1617-1633. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Houle
- Department of Biology Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306
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15
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Liotta MN, Abbott JK, Rios-Cardenas O, Morris MR. Tactical dimorphism: the interplay between body shape and mating behaviour in the swordtail Xiphophorus multilineatus (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Liotta
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Ohio Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Oscar Rios-Cardenas
- Instituto de Ecología A.C., Red de Biología Evolutiva, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Molly R Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Ohio Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
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16
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Molecular evidence supports a genic capture resolution of the lek paradox. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1359. [PMID: 30911052 PMCID: PMC6433924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The genic capture hypothesis, where sexually selected traits capture genetic variation in condition and the condition reflects genome-wide mutation load, stands to explain the presence of abundant genetic variation underlying sexually selected traits. Here we test this hypothesis by applying bidirectional selection to male mating success for 14 generations in replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster. We then resequenced the genomes of flies from each population. Consistent with the central predictions of the genic capture hypothesis, we show that genetic variance decreased with success selection and increased with failure selection, providing evidence for purifying sexual selection. This pattern was distributed across the genome and no consistent molecular pathways were associated with divergence, consistent with condition being the target of selection. Together, our results provide molecular evidence suggesting that strong sexual selection erodes genetic variation, and that genome-wide mutation-selection balance contributes to its maintenance.
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17
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Trajković J, Miličić D, Savić T, Pavković-Lučić S. Sexual selection, sexual isolation and pheromones in Drosophila melanogaster strains after long-term maintaining on different diets. Behav Processes 2017; 140:81-86. [PMID: 28419833 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of reproductive isolation may be a consequence of a variety of signals used in courtship and mate preferences. Pheromones play an important role in both sexual selection and sexual isolation. The abundance of pheromones in Drosophila melanogaster may depend on different environmental factors, including diet. The aim of this study was to ascertain to which degree principal pheromones affect sexual selection in D. melanogaster. We used D. melanogaster strains reared for 14 years on four substrates: standard cornmeal substrate and those containing tomato, banana and carrot. We have previously determined that long-term maintaining of these dietary strains resulted in differences in their cuticular hydrocarbons profile (CHs). In this work, we have tested the level of sexual selection and sexual isolation between aforementioned strains. We found that the high levels of cis-vaccenyl acetate, 7-pentacosene and 7,11-nonacosadiene in the strain reared on a substrate containing carrot affected the individual attractiveness and influenced sexual isolation between flies of this strain and flies reared on a substrate containing banana. Based on these results, long-term different diets, may contribute, to sexual behaviour of D. melanogaster via the effects of principal pheromones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Trajković
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dragana Miličić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Savić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", 142 Despot Stefan Blvd, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sofija Pavković-Lučić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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18
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Hollis B, Keller L, Kawecki TJ. Sexual selection shapes development and maturation rates in Drosophila. Evolution 2016; 71:304-314. [PMID: 27883363 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Explanations for the evolution of delayed maturity usually invoke trade-offs mediated by growth, but processes of reproductive maturation continue long after growth has ceased. Here, we tested whether sexual selection shapes the rate of posteclosion maturation in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We found that populations maintained for more than 100 generations under a short generation time and polygamous mating system evolved faster posteclosion maturation and faster egg-to-adult development of males, when compared to populations kept under short generations and randomized monogamy that eliminated sexual selection. An independent assay demonstrated that more mature males have higher fitness under polygamy, but this advantage disappears under monogamy. In contrast, for females greater maturity was equally advantageous under polygamy and monogamy. Furthermore, monogamous populations evolved faster development and maturation of females relative to polygamous populations, with no detectable trade-offs with adult size or egg-to-adult survival. These results suggest that a major aspect of male maturation involves developing traits that increase success in sexual competition, whereas female maturation is not limited by investment in traits involved in mate choice or defense against male antagonism. Moreover, rates of juvenile development and adult maturation can readily evolve in opposite directions in the two sexes, possibly implicating polymorphisms with sexually antagonistic pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hollis
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Keller
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tadeusz J Kawecki
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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The sex-limited effects of mutations in the EGFR and TGF-β signaling pathways on shape and size sexual dimorphism and allometry in the Drosophila wing. Dev Genes Evol 2016; 226:159-71. [PMID: 27038022 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-016-0534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Much of the morphological diversity in nature-including among sexes within a species-is a direct consequence of variation in size and shape. However, disentangling variation in sexual dimorphism for both shape (SShD), size (SSD), and their relationship with one another remains complex. Understanding how genetic variation influences both size and shape together, and how this in turn influences SSD and SShD, is challenging. In this study, we utilize Drosophila wing size and shape as a model system to investigate how mutations influence size and shape as modulated by sex. Previous work has demonstrated that mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling components can influence both wing size and shape. In this study, we re-analyze this data to specifically address how they impact the relationship between size and shape in a sex-specific manner, in turn altering the pattern of sexual dimorphism. While most mutations influence shape overall, only a subset have a genotypic specific effect that influences SShD. Furthermore, while we observe sex-specific patterns of allometric shape variation, the effects of most mutations on allometry tend to be small. We discuss this within the context of using mutational analysis to understand sexual size and shape dimorphism.
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20
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The potential for disruptive selection on growth rates across genetically influenced alternative reproductive tactics. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9823-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Zwoinska MK, Lind MI, Cortazar-Chinarro M, Ramsden M, Maklakov AA. Selection on learning performance results in the correlated evolution of sexual dimorphism in life history. Evolution 2016; 70:342-57. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martyna K. Zwoinska
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Martin I. Lind
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Maria Cortazar-Chinarro
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Mark Ramsden
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Alexei A. Maklakov
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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22
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Handa J, Chandrashekara KT, Kashyap K, Sageena G, Shakarad MN. Gender based disruptive selection maintains body size polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster. J Biosci 2015; 39:609-20. [PMID: 25116616 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-014-9452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Darwinian fitness in holometabolous insects like the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is reported to be positively correlated with body size. If large individuals in a population have higher fitness, then one would expect directional selection to operate leading to uniformly large individuals. However, size polymorphism persists in nature and needs further probing. We assessed the effect of body size on some of the fitness and fitness-related traits in replicate populations of genotypically large, genotypically small and phenotypically small D. melanogaster flies. In this study, the time taken to attain reproductive maturity and copulation duration were independent of fly size. Fecundity and longevity of large females were significantly higher when they partnered genotypically small males than when they were with genotypically larger or phenotypically small males. The increased female longevity when in association with genotypically small males was not due to selective early death of males that would release the female partner from presumed cost of persistent courtship. On the contrary, the genotypically as well as phenotypically small males had significantly higher longevity than large males. The virility of the genotypically small males was not significantly different from that of genotypically large males. Our results clearly show that selection on body size operates in the opposite direction (disruptive selection) for the two genders, thus explaining the persistence of size polymorphisms in the holometabolous insect, Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Handa
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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23
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Abstract
Background Sexual dimorphism in animals has been studied from different perspectives for decades. In 1874 Darwin hypothesized that it was related to sexual selection, and even after nearly 140 years, when additional empirical data has become available and the subject has been investigated from a contemporary viewpoint, this idea is still supported. Although mosquito (Culicidae) wings are of great importance as they play a sex-specific role, little is known about wing sexual dimorphism in these pathogen-vector insects. Detection and characterization of wing sexual dimorphism in culicids may indirectly enhance our knowledge of their epidemiology or reveal sex-linked genes, aspects that have been discussed by vector control initiatives and developers of genetically modified mosquitoes. Methods Using geometric morphometrics, we carried out a comparative assessment of wing sexual dimorphism in ten culicid species of medical/veterinary importance from genera Culex, Aedes, Anopheles and Ochlerotatus collected in Brazil. Results Discriminant analysis revealed significant sexual dimorphism in all the species studied, indicating that phenotypic expression of wing shape in mosquitoes is indeed sex-specific. A cross-validated test performed to reclassify the sexes with and without allometry yielded very similar results. Mahalanobis distances among the ten species showed that the species had different patterns of shape sexual dimorphism and that females are larger than males in some species. Conclusion Wing morphology differed significantly between species. The finding of sexual dimorphism in all the species would suggest that the wing geometry of Culicidae is canalized. Although sexual dimorphism is prevalent, species-specific patterns occur. Allometry was not the main determinant of sexual dimorphism, which suggests that sexual selection or other evolutionary mechanisms underlie wing sexual dimorphism in these insects.
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24
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Bonduriansky R, Mallet MA, Arbuthnott D, Pawlowsky-Glahn V, Egozcue JJ, Rundle HD. Differential effects of genetic vs. environmental quality in Drosophila melanogaster suggest multiple forms of condition dependence. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:317-26. [PMID: 25649176 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Condition is a central concept in evolutionary ecology, but the roles of genetic and environmental quality in condition-dependent trait expression remain poorly understood. Theory suggests that condition integrates genetic, epigenetic and somatic factors, and therefore predicts alignment between the phenotypic effects of genetic and environmental quality. To test this key prediction, we manipulated both genetic (mutational) and environmental (dietary) quality in Drosophila melanogaster and examined responses in morphological and chemical (cuticular hydrocarbon, CHC) traits in both sexes. While the phenotypic effects of diet were consistent among genotypes, effects of mutation load varied in magnitude and direction. Average effects of diet and mutation were aligned for most morphological traits, but non-aligned for the male sexcombs and CHCs in both sexes. Our results suggest the existence of distinct forms of condition dependence, one integrating both genetic and environmental effects and the other purely environmental. We propose a model to account for these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Bonduriansky
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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25
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Ingleby FC, Flis I, Morrow EH. Sex-biased gene expression and sexual conflict throughout development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 7:a017632. [PMID: 25376837 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sex-biased gene expression is likely to account for most sexually dimorphic traits because males and females share much of their genome. When fitness optima differ between sexes for a shared trait, sexual dimorphism can allow each sex to express their optimum trait phenotype, and in this way, the evolution of sex-biased gene expression is one mechanism that could help to resolve intralocus sexual conflict. Genome-wide patterns of sex-biased gene expression have been identified in a number of studies, which we review here. However, very little is known about how sex-biased gene expression relates to sex-specific fitness and about how sex-biased gene expression and conflict vary throughout development or across different genotypes, populations, and environments. We discuss the importance of these neglected areas of research and use data from a small-scale experiment on sex-specific expression of genes throughout development to highlight potentially interesting avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Ingleby
- Evolution, Behaviour and Environment Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, John Maynard Smith Building, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona Flis
- Evolution, Behaviour and Environment Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, John Maynard Smith Building, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Edward H Morrow
- Evolution, Behaviour and Environment Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, John Maynard Smith Building, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
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26
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Berger D, Berg EC, Widegren W, Arnqvist G, Maklakov AA. Multivariate intralocus sexual conflict in seed beetles. Evolution 2014; 68:3457-69. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Berger
- Animal Ecology; Department of Ecology and Genetics; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Elena C. Berg
- Ageing Research Group; Animal Ecology; Department of Ecology and Genetics; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Computer Science; Mathematics, and Environmental Science, The American University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - William Widegren
- Ageing Research Group; Animal Ecology; Department of Ecology and Genetics; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Göran Arnqvist
- Animal Ecology; Department of Ecology and Genetics; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Alexei A. Maklakov
- Ageing Research Group; Animal Ecology; Department of Ecology and Genetics; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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27
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Cassidy EJ, Bath E, Chenoweth SF, Bonduriansky R. Sex-specific patterns of morphological diversification: evolution of reaction norms and static allometries in neriid flies. Evolution 2013; 68:368-83. [PMID: 24111624 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of sex-specific selection for patterns of diversification remain poorly known. Because male secondary sexual traits are typically costly to express, and both costs and benefits are likely to depend on ambient environment and individual condition, such traits may be expected to diversify via changes in reaction norms as well as the scaling of trait size with body size (static allometry). We investigated morphological diversification within two species of Australian neriid flies (Telostylinus angusticollis, Telostylinus lineolatus) by rearing larvae from several populations on larval diets varying sixfold in nutrient concentration. Mean body size varied among populations of T. angusticollis, but body size reaction norms did not vary within either species. However, we detected diversification of reaction norms for body shape in males and females within both species. Moreover, unlike females, males also diversified in static allometry slope and reaction norms for static allometry slope of sexual and nonsexual traits. Our findings reveal qualitative sex differences in patterns of morphological diversification, whereby shape-size relationships diversify extensively in males, but remain conserved in females despite extensive evolution of trait means. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating plasticity and allometry in studies of adaptation and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Cassidy
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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28
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Abbott JK, Innocenti P, Chippindale AK, Morrow EH. Epigenetics and sex-specific fitness: an experimental test using male-limited evolution in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70493. [PMID: 23922998 PMCID: PMC3726629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
When males and females have different fitness optima for the same trait but share loci, intralocus sexual conflict is likely to occur. Epigenetic mechanisms such as genomic imprinting (in which expression is altered according to parent-of-origin) and sex-specific maternal effects have been suggested as ways by which this conflict can be resolved. However these ideas have not yet been empirically tested. We designed an experimental evolution protocol in Drosophila melanogaster that enabled us to look for epigenetic effects on the X-chromosome–a hotspot for sexually antagonistic loci. We used special compound-X females to enforce father-to-son transmission of the X-chromosome for many generations, and compared fitness and gene expression levels between Control males, males with a Control X-chromosome that had undergone one generation of father-son transmission, and males with an X-chromosome that had undergone many generations of father-son transmission. Fitness differences were dramatic, with experimentally-evolved males approximately 20% greater than controls, and with males inheriting a non-evolved X from their father about 20% lower than controls. These data are consistent with both strong intralocus sexual conflict and misimprinting of the X-chromosome under paternal inheritance. However, expression differences suggested that reduced fitness under paternal X inheritance was largely due to deleterious maternal effects. Our data confirm the sexually-antagonistic nature of Drosophila’s X-chromosome and suggest that the response to male-limited X-chromosome evolution entails compensatory evolution for maternal effects, and perhaps modification of other epigenetic effects via coevolution of the sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Abbott
- Department of Biology, Section for Evolutionary Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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29
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Schade DJ, Vamosi SM. Larval competition reduces body condition in the female seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2012; 12:35. [PMID: 22954282 PMCID: PMC3471797 DOI: 10.1673/031.012.3501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Early body condition may be important for adult behavior and fitness, and is impacted by a number of environmental conditions and biotic interactions. Reduced fecundity of adult females exposed to larval competition may be caused by reduced body condition or shifts in relative body composition, yet these mechanisms have not been well researched. Here, body mass, body size, scaled body mass index, and two body components (water content and lean dry mass) of adult Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) females exposed to larval competition or reared alone were examined. Experimental females emerged at significantly smaller body mass and body size than control females. Additionally, scaled body mass index and water content, but not lean dry mass, were significantly reduced in experimental females. To our knowledge, these are the first results that demonstrate a potential mechanism for previously documented direct effects of competition on fecundity in female bruchine beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daynika J. Schade
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary Alberta, Canada T2N IN4
| | - Steven M. Vamosi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary Alberta, Canada T2N IN4
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30
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BEDHOMME STÉPHANIE, CHIPPINDALE ADAMK, PRASAD NG, DELCOURT MATTHIEU, ABBOTT JESSICAK, MALLET MARTINA, RUNDLE HOWARDD. Male-limited evolution suggests no extant intralocus sexual conflict over the sexually dimorphic cuticular hydrocarbons of Drosophila melanogaster. J Genet 2011; 90:443-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-011-0109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Bonduriansky R. Sexual Selection and Conflict as Engines of Ecological Diversification. Am Nat 2011; 178:729-45. [DOI: 10.1086/662665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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32
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Abbott JK, Morrow EH. Obtaining snapshots of genetic variation using hemiclonal analysis. Trends Ecol Evol 2011; 26:359-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Carreira VP, Soto IM, Mensch J, Fanara JJ. Genetic basis of wing morphogenesis in Drosophila: sexual dimorphism and non-allometric effects of shape variation. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 11:32. [PMID: 21635778 PMCID: PMC3129315 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-11-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Drosophila wing represents a particularly appropriate model to investigate the developmental control of phenotypic variation. Previous studies which aimed to identify candidate genes for wing morphology demonstrated that the genetic basis of wing shape variation in D. melanogaster is composed of numerous genetic factors causing small, additive effects. In this study, we analyzed wing shape in males and females from 191 lines of D. melanogaster, homozygous for a single P-element insertion, using geometric morphometrics techniques. The analysis allowed us to identify known and novel candidate genes that may contribute to the expression of wing shape in each sex separately and to compare them to candidate genes affecting wing size which have been identified previously using the same lines. RESULTS Our results indicate that more than 63% of induced mutations affected wing shape in one or both sexes, although only 33% showed significant differences in both males and females. The joint analysis of wing size and shape revealed that only 19% of the P-element insertions caused coincident effects on both components of wing form in one or both sexes. Further morphometrical analyses revealed that the intersection between veins showed the smallest displacements in the proximal region of the wing. Finally, we observed that mutations causing general deformations were more common than expected in both sexes whereas the opposite occurred with those generating local changes. For most of the 94 candidate genes identified, this seems to be the first record relating them with wing shape variation. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the idea that the genetic architecture of wing shape is complex with many different genes contributing to the trait in a sexually dimorphic manner. This polygenic basis, which is relatively independent from that of wing size, is composed of genes generally involved in development and/or metabolic functions, especially related to the regulation of different cellular processes such as motility, adhesion, communication and signal transduction. This study suggests that understanding the genetic basis of wing shape requires merging the regulation of vein patterning by signalling pathways with processes that occur during wing development at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria P Carreira
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II (C1428 EHA) Buenos Aires. Argentina
| | - Ignacio M Soto
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II (C1428 EHA) Buenos Aires. Argentina
| | - Julián Mensch
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II (C1428 EHA) Buenos Aires. Argentina
| | - Juan J Fanara
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II (C1428 EHA) Buenos Aires. Argentina
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34
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Jiang PP, Bedhomme S, Prasad NG, Chippindale A. Sperm competition and mate harm unresponsive to male-limited selection in Drosophila: an evolving genetic architecture under domestication. Evolution 2011; 65:2448-60. [PMID: 21884048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Earlier research by W.R. Rice showed that experimentally limiting gene expression to males in Drosophila melanogaster leads to the rapid evolution of higher fitness. Using a similar male-limited (ML) selection protocol, we confirmed that result and showed that eliminating intralocus sexual conflict results in a comprehensive remodeling of the sexually dimorphic phenotype. However, despite starting from laboratory-evolved descendants of the same founder population used in earlier work, we found no evidence for the increased performance in sperm competition or increased postmating harm to females previously demonstrated. We employed females with both ancestral population genotypes and those of the special "clone generator" females used in ML selection. Despite strong differences in sperm storage or usage patterns between these females, there was no detectable adaptation by males to the specific female stock used in the selection protocol. The lack of evolution of postcopulatory traits suggests either that requisite genetic variation was eliminated by long-term domestication of the base population, or that complex male-by-male-by-female interactions made these traits unavailable to selection. The different evolutionary outcomes produced by two very similar experiments done at different time points underscores the potential for cryptic adaptation in the laboratory to qualitatively affect inferences made using quantitative genetic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Jiang
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Canada
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35
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Abbott JK. Intra-locus sexual conflict and sexually antagonistic genetic variation in hermaphroditic animals. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 278:161-9. [PMID: 20719776 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-locus sexual conflict results when sex-specific selection pressures for a given trait act against the intra-sexual genetic correlation for that trait. It has been found in a wide variety of taxa in both laboratory and natural populations, but the importance of intra-locus sexual conflict and sexually antagonistic genetic variation in hermaphroditic organisms has rarely been considered. This is not so surprising given the conceptual and theoretical association of intra-locus sexual conflict with sexual dimorphism, but there is no a priori reason why intra-locus sexual conflict cannot occur in hermaphroditic organisms as well. Here, I discuss the potential for intra-locus sexual conflict in hermaphroditic animals and review the available evidence for such conflict, and for the existence of sexually antagonistic genetic variation in hermaphrodites. I argue that mutations with asymmetric effects are particularly likely to be important in mediating sexual antagonism in hermaphroditic organisms. Moreover, sexually antagonistic genetic variation is likely to play an important role in inter-individual variation in sex allocation and in transitions to and from gonochorism (separate sexes) in simultaneous hermaphrodites. I also describe how sequential hermaphrodites may experience a unique form of intra-locus sexual conflict via antagonistic pleiotropy. Finally, I conclude with some suggestions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Abbott
- Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, , Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala 752 36, Sweden.
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