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Griffiths JS, Johnson KM, Sirovy KA, Yeats MS, Pan FTC, La Peyre JF, Kelly MW. Transgenerational plasticity and the capacity to adapt to low salinity in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20203118. [PMID: 34004136 PMCID: PMC8131124 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.3118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity conditions in oyster breeding grounds in the Gulf of Mexico are expected to drastically change due to increased precipitation from climate change and anthropogenic changes to local hydrology. We determined the capacity of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, to adapt via standing genetic variation or acclimate through transgenerational plasticity (TGP). We outplanted oysters to either a low- or medium-salinity site in Louisiana for 2 years. We then crossed adult parents using a North Carolina II breeding design, and measured body size and survival of larvae 5 dpf raised under low or ambient salinity. We found that TGP is unlikely to significantly contribute to low-salinity tolerance since we did not observe increased growth or survival in offspring reared in low salinity when their parents were also acclimated at a low-salinity site. However, we detected genetic variation for body size, with an estimated heritability of 0.68 ± 0.25 (95% CI). This suggests there is ample genetic variation for this trait to evolve, and that evolutionary adaptation is a possible mechanism through which oysters will persist with future declines in salinity. The results of this experiment provide valuable insights into successfully breeding low-salinity tolerance in this commercially important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S. Griffiths
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, 4121 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kevin M. Johnson
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Kyle A. Sirovy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mark S. Yeats
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Francis T. C. Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jerome F. La Peyre
- Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Morgan W. Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Iglesias-Carrasco M, Brookes S, Kruuk LEB, Head ML. The effects of competition on fitness depend on the sex of both competitors. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9808-9826. [PMID: 33005346 PMCID: PMC7520201 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In intraspecific competition, the sex of competing individuals is likely to be important in determining the outcome of competitive interactions and the way exposure to conspecifics during development influences adult fitness traits. Previous studies have explored differences between males and females in their response to intraspecific competition. However, few have tested how the sex of the competitors, or any interactions between focal and competitor sex, influences the nature and intensity of competition. We set up larval seed beetles Callosobruchus maculatus to develop either alone or in the presence of a male or female competitor and measured a suite of traits: development time, emergence weight; male ejaculate mass, copulation duration, and lifespan; and female lifetime fecundity, offspring egg-adult survival, and lifespan. We found effects of competition and competitor sex on the development time and emergence weight of both males and females, and also of an interaction between focal and competitor sex: Females emerged lighter when competing with another female, while males did not. There was little effect of larval competition on male and female adult fitness traits, with the exception of the effect of a female competitor on a focal female's offspring survival rate. Our results highlight the importance of directly measuring the effects of competition on fitness traits, rather than distant proxies for fitness, and suggest that competition with the sex with the greater resource requirements (here females) might play a role in driving trait evolution. We also found that male-male competition during development resulted in shorter copulation times than male-female competition, a result that remained when controlling for the weight of competitors. Although it is difficult to definitively tease apart the effects of social environment and access to resources, this result suggests that something about the sex of competitors other than their size is driving this pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maider Iglesias-Carrasco
- Division of Ecology and Evolution Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Samuel Brookes
- Division of Ecology and Evolution Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Loeske E B Kruuk
- Division of Ecology and Evolution Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Megan L Head
- Division of Ecology and Evolution Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
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Renault D, Laparie M, McCauley SJ, Bonte D. Environmental Adaptations, Ecological Filtering, and Dispersal Central to Insect Invasions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:345-368. [PMID: 29029589 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insect invasions, the establishment and spread of nonnative insects in new regions, can have extensive economic and environmental consequences. Increased global connectivity accelerates rates of introductions, while climate change may decrease the barriers to invader species' spread. We follow an individual-level insect- and arachnid-centered perspective to assess how the process of invasion is influenced by phenotypic heterogeneity associated with dispersal and stress resistance, and their coupling, across the multiple steps of the invasion process. We also provide an overview and synthesis on the importance of environmental filters during the entire invasion process for the facilitation or inhibition of invasive insect population spread. Finally, we highlight important research gaps and the relevance and applicability of ongoing natural range expansions in the context of climate change to gain essential mechanistic insights into insect invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Renault
- University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 EcoBio, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France;
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Mathieu Laparie
- URZF, INRA, Forest Zoology Research Unit (0633), 45075 Orléans, France;
| | - Shannon J McCauley
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada;
| | - Dries Bonte
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, B-9090 Ghent, Belgium;
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Boulton K, Rosenthal GG, Grimmer AJ, Walling CA, Wilson AJ. Sex-specific plasticity and genotype × sex interactions for age and size of maturity in the sheepshead swordtail, Xiphophorus birchmanni. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:645-56. [PMID: 26688295 PMCID: PMC5102681 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Responses to sexually antagonistic selection are thought to be constrained by the shared genetic architecture of homologous male and female traits. Accordingly, adaptive sexual dimorphism depends on mechanisms such as genotype-by-sex interaction (G×S) and sex-specific plasticity to alleviate this constraint. We tested these mechanisms in a population of Xiphophorus birchmanni (sheepshead swordtail), where the intensity of male competition is expected to mediate intersexual conflict over age and size at maturity. Combining quantitative genetics with density manipulations and analysis of sex ratio variation, we confirm that maturation traits are dimorphic and heritable, but also subject to large G×S. Although cross-sex genetic correlations are close to zero, suggesting sex-linked genes with important effects on growth and maturation are likely segregating in this population, we found less evidence of sex-specific adaptive plasticity. At high density, there was a weak trend towards later and smaller maturation in both sexes. Effects of sex ratio were stronger and putatively adaptive in males but not in females. Males delay maturation in the presence of mature rivals, resulting in larger adult size with subsequent benefit to competitive ability. However, females also delay maturation in male-biased groups, incurring a loss of reproductive lifespan without apparent benefit. Thus, in highly competitive environments, female fitness may be limited by the lack of sex-specific plasticity. More generally, assuming that selection does act antagonistically on male and female maturation traits in the wild, our results demonstrate that genetic architecture of homologous traits can ease a major constraint on the evolution of adaptive dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Boulton
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - G G Rosenthal
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas 'Aguazarca', Calnali, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - A J Grimmer
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - C A Walling
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A J Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
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Painting CJ, Buckley TR, Holwell GI. Weapon allometry varies with latitude in the New Zealand giraffe weevil. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:2864-70. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Painting
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - T. R. Buckley
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- Landcare Research; Auckland New Zealand
- Allan Wilson Centre; Auckland New Zealand
| | - G. I. Holwell
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
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Walzer A, Schausberger P. Canalization of body size matters for lifetime reproductive success of male predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014; 111:889-899. [PMID: 25132689 PMCID: PMC4133644 DOI: 10.1111/bij.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive canalization hypothesis predicts that highly fitness-relevant traits are canalized via past selection, resulting in low phenotypic plasticity and high robustness to environmental stress. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the level of phenotypic plasticity of male body size of the predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis (low plasticity) and Neoseiulus californicus (high plasticity) reflects the effects of body size variation on fitness, especially male lifetime reproductive success (LRS). We first generated small and standard-sized males of P. persimilis and N. californicus by rearing them to adulthood under limited and ample prey supply, respectively. Then, adult small and standard-sized males were provided with surplus virgin females throughout life to assess their mating and reproductive traits. Small male body size did not affect male longevity or the number of fertilized females but reduced male LRS of P. persimilis but not N. californicus. Proximately, the lower LRS of small than standard-sized P. persimilis males correlated with shorter mating durations, probably decreasing the amount of transferred sperm. Ultimately, we suggest that male body size is more strongly canalized in P. persimilis than N. californicus because deviation from standard body size has larger detrimental fitness effects in P. persimilis than N. californicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walzer
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesPeter Jordanstrasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Schausberger
- Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesPeter Jordanstrasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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Rogell B, Widegren W, Hallsson LR, Berger D, Björklund M, Maklakov AA. Sex-dependent evolution of life-history traits following adaptation to climate warming. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Rogell
- Department of Animal Ecology; Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University; Uppsala SE-752 36 Sweden
- Shool of Biological Sciences; Monash University; Clayton 3800 Australia
| | - William Widegren
- Department of Animal Ecology; Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University; Uppsala SE-752 36 Sweden
| | - Lára R. Hallsson
- Department of Animal Ecology; Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University; Uppsala SE-752 36 Sweden
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - David Berger
- Department of Animal Ecology; Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University; Uppsala SE-752 36 Sweden
| | - Mats Björklund
- Department of Animal Ecology; Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University; Uppsala SE-752 36 Sweden
| | - Alexei A. Maklakov
- Department of Animal Ecology; Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University; Uppsala SE-752 36 Sweden
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Le Rouzic A, Álvarez-Castro JM, Hansen TF. The Evolution of Canalization and Evolvability in Stable and Fluctuating Environments. Evol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-012-9218-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Arnold SEJ, Stevenson PC, Belmain SR. Odour-mediated orientation of beetles is influenced by age, sex and morph. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49071. [PMID: 23145074 PMCID: PMC3492127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The behaviour of insects is dictated by a combination of factors and may vary considerably between individuals, but small insects are often considered en masse and thus these differences can be overlooked. For example, the cowpea bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus F. exists naturally in two adult forms: the active (flight) form for dispersal, and the inactive (flightless), more fecund but shorter-lived form. Given that these morphs show dissimilar biology, it is possible that they differ in odour-mediated orientation and yet studies of this species frequently neglect to distinguish morph type, or are carried out only on the inactive morph. Along with sex and age of individual, adult morph could be an important variable determining the biology of this and similar species, informing studies on evolution, ecology and pest management. We used an olfactometer with motion-tracking to investigate whether the olfactory behaviour and orientation of C. maculatus towards infested and uninfested cowpeas and a plant-derived repellent compound, methyl salicylate, differed between morphs or sexes. We found significant differences between the behaviour of male and female beetles and beetles of different ages, as well as interactive effects of sex, morph and age, in response to both host and repellent odours. This study demonstrates that behavioural experiments on insects should control for sex and age, while also considering differences between adult morphs where present in insect species. This finding has broad implications for fundamental entomological research, particularly when exploring the relationships between physiology, behaviour and evolutionary biology, and the application of crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E J Arnold
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom.
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