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Martínez-Pérez A, Diego-González L, Vilanova M, Correia A, Simón-Vázquez R, González-Fernández Á. Immunization with nanovaccines containing mutated K-Ras peptides and imiquimod aggravates heterotopic pancreatic cancer induced in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1153724. [PMID: 37122717 PMCID: PMC10130386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1153724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The growing incidence and lethality of pancreatic cancer urges the development of new therapeutic approaches. Anti-tumoral vaccines can potentiate the immune response against the tumor, targeting specific antigens expressed only on tumor cells. In this work, we designed new vaccines for pancreatic cancer, composed by chitosan nanocapsules (CS NCs) containing imiquimod (IMQ) as adjuvant, and targeting the K-Ras mutation G12V. Experimental design We tested the immunogenicity of our vaccines in mice, carrying different combinations of K-Ras mutated peptides. Then, we analyzed their prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in mice bearing heterotopic pancreatic cancer. Results Unexpectedly, although good results were observed at short time points, the different combinations of our CS NCs vaccines seemed to potentiate tumor growth and reduce survival rate. We propose that this effect could be due to an inadequate immune response, partially because of the induction of a regulatory tolerogenic response. Conclusion Our results call for caution in the use of some NCs containing IMQ in the immunotherapy against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Martínez-Pérez
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Inmunology Group, Vigo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
- *Correspondence: Amparo Martínez-Pérez,
| | - Lara Diego-González
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Inmunology Group, Vigo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Correia
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosana Simón-Vázquez
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Inmunology Group, Vigo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Inmunology Group, Vigo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
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Bose D, Roy L, Chatterjee S. Peptide therapeutics in the management of metastatic cancers. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21353-21373. [PMID: 35975072 PMCID: PMC9345020 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02062a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading health concern threatening lives of millions of patients worldwide. Peptide-based drugs provide a valuable alternative to chemotherapeutics as they are highly specific, cheap, less toxic and easier to synthesize compared to other drugs. In this review, we have discussed various modes in which peptides are being used to curb cancer. Our review highlights specially the various anti-metastatic peptide-based agents developed by targeting a plethora of cellular factors. Herein we have given a special focus on integrins as targets for peptide drugs, as these molecules play key roles in metastatic progression. The review also discusses use of peptides as anti-cancer vaccines and their efficiency as drug-delivery tools. We hope this work will give the reader a clear idea of the mechanisms of peptide-based anti-cancer therapeutics and encourage the development of superior drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopriya Bose
- Department of Biophysics Bose Institute Unified Academic Campus EN 80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar Kolkata 700091 WB India
| | - Laboni Roy
- Department of Biophysics Bose Institute Unified Academic Campus EN 80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar Kolkata 700091 WB India
| | - Subhrangsu Chatterjee
- Department of Biophysics Bose Institute Unified Academic Campus EN 80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar Kolkata 700091 WB India
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Vonka V, Hirsch I. Prophylactic vaccines against cancers of non-infectious origin: a dream or a real possibility? Cent Eur J Public Health 2022; 29:247-258. [PMID: 35026062 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic progress in tumour biology and immunology in the past several years has opened new avenues for the treatment and prevention of cancer. One of the great contributions of the immunotherapeutic approaches is an increasing understanding of the immunology of cancer, which is, gradually creating conditions for the development of prophylactic anti-cancer vaccines. Efficient vaccines have been developed and employed for the prophylaxis of two frequent cancers of viral origin, namely cervical cancer and liver cancer. The new knowledge on the interactions between the immune system and the malignant tumors seems to provide means for the development of prophylactic vaccines against cancers developing due to the mutations in the proto-oncogenes converting their products into oncoproteins. According to the present estimates, these cancers form a great majority of human malignancies. Recent evidence has indicated that the immune system recognizes such mutated proteins, and that the development of cancer is due to the failure of the immune system to eliminate neoplastic cells. Followingly, it can be expected that inducing immunity against the mutated epitopes will increase the capacity of the body to deal with the initiated precancerous cells. In the present paper this hypothesis is primarily discussed in the relationship with colorectal cancer (CRC), which seems to be a well-fitting candidate for prophylactic vaccination. CRC is the third most frequent malignancy and the fourth most common cause of cancer mortality. Mutations of two proto-oncogenes, namely RAS and RAF, are involved in the majority of CRC cases and, in addition, they are shared with other human malignancies. Therefore, the strategy to be used for prophylaxis of CRC is discussed together with several other frequent human cancers, namely lung cancer, pancreatic duct cancer and melanoma. The prophylactic vaccines proposed are aimed at the reduction of the incidence of these and, to a lesser extent, some other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Vonka
- Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Emeritus, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Hirsch
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Holmström MO, Andersen MH. Healthy Donors Harbor Memory T Cell Responses to RAS Neo-Antigens. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103045. [PMID: 33086698 PMCID: PMC7589254 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS mutations are the most frequently occurring somatic mutations in humans, and several studies have established that T cells from patients with RAS-mutant cancer recognize and kill RAS-mutant cells. Enhancing the T cell response via therapeutic cancer vaccination against mutant RAS results in a clinical benefit to patients; thus, T cells specific to RAS mutations are effective at battling cancer. As the theory of cancer immuno-editing indicates that healthy donors may clear malignantly transformed cells via immune-mediated killing, and since T cells have been shown to recognize RAS-mutant cancer cells, we investigated whether healthy donors harbor T-cell responses specific to mutant RAS. We identified strong and frequent responses against several epitopes derived from the RAS codon 12 and codon 13 mutations. Some healthy donors demonstrated a response to several mutant epitopes, and some, but not all, exhibited cross-reactivity to the wild-type RAS epitope. In addition, several T cell responses were identified against mutant RAS epitopes in healthy donors directly ex vivo. Clones against mutant RAS epitopes were established from healthy donors, and several of these clones did not cross-react with the wild-type epitope. Finally, CD45RO+ memory T cells from healthy donors demonstrated a strong response to several mutant RAS epitopes. Taken together, these data suggest that the immune system in healthy donors spontaneously clears malignantly transformed RAS-mutant cells, and the immune system consequently generates T-cell memory against the mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Orebo Holmström
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-38-682-602
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark;
- Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Zhang Y, Ma JA, Zhang HX, Jiang YN, Luo WH. Cancer vaccines: Targeting KRAS-driven cancers. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:163-173. [PMID: 32174221 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1733420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Mutant KRAS is a genetic driver of multiple cancers that has challenged clinical anti-cancer therapeutics in the last 3 decades. Neo-antigens encoded by KRAS mutations have been identified as tumor-specific with high immunogenicity and can be used to deliver precision cancer vaccines to promote anti-tumor immune responses. KRAS mutation-based cancer vaccines have produced encouraging preclinical and clinical results. Cancer vaccines represent a promising approach to treat KRAS-driven cancers.Areas covered: In this review, we summarize the development and progress of vaccines targeting KRAS and evaluate their potential benefits and obstacles in the current landscape of therapy for KRAS-driven cancers.Expert opinion: KRAS mutation-based cancer vaccines can induce immunogenicity in patients with KRAS-driven cancers. However, the mechanisms of tumor suppression including cellular and molecular factors within the tumor microenvironment may limit vaccine efficacy. Combining KRAS-driven therapeutic cancer vaccines with other methods and adjuvants can circumvent immunosuppression and promote therapeutic successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin-An Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hai-Xia Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-Na Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Hao Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Finn OJ, Rammensee HG. Is It Possible to Develop Cancer Vaccines to Neoantigens, What Are the Major Challenges, and How Can These Be Overcome? Neoantigens: Nothing New in Spite of the Name. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028829. [PMID: 29254980 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The term "neoantigen," as applied to molecules newly expressed on tumor cells, has a long history. The groundbreaking discovery of a cancer causing virus in chickens by Rous over 100 years ago, followed by discoveries of other tumor-causing viruses in animals, suggested a viral etiology of human cancers. The search for other oncogenic viruses in the 1960s and 1970s resulted in the discoveries of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human papilloma virus (HPV), and continues until the present time. Contemporaneously, the budding field of immunology was posing the question can the immune system of animals or humans recognize a tumor that develops from one's own tissues and what types of antigens would distinguish the tumor from normal cells. Molecules encoded by oncogenic viruses provided the most logical candidates and evidence was quickly gathered for both humoral and cellular recognition of viral antigens, referred to as neoantigens. Often, however, serologic responses to virus-bearing tumors revealed neoantigens unrelated to viral proteins and expressed on multiple tumor types, foreshadowing later findings of multiple changes in other genes in tumor cells creating nonviral neoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen; and German Cancer Consortium, DKFZ Partner Site, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Quandt J, Schlude C, Bartoschek M, Will R, Cid-Arregui A, Schölch S, Reissfelder C, Weitz J, Schneider M, Wiemann S, Momburg F, Beckhove P. Long-peptide vaccination with driver gene mutations in p53 and Kras induces cancer mutation-specific effector as well as regulatory T cell responses. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1500671. [PMID: 30524892 PMCID: PMC6279329 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1500671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutated proteins arising from somatic mutations in tumors are promising targets for cancer immunotherapy. They represent true tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) as they are exclusively expressed in tumors, reduce the risk of autoimmunity and are more likely to overcome tolerance compared to wild-type (wt) sequences. Hence, we designed a panel of long peptides (LPs, 28–35 aa) comprising driver gene mutations in TP35 and KRAS frequently found in gastrointestinal tumors to test their combined immunotherapeutic potential. We found increased numbers of T cells responsive against respective mutated and wt peptides in colorectal cancer patients that carry the tested mutations in their tumors than patients with other mutations. Further, active immunization of HLA(-A2/DR1)-humanized mice with mixes of the same mutated LPs yielded simultaneous, polyvalent CD8+/CD4+ T cell responses against the majority of peptides. Peptide-specific T cells possessed a multifunctional cytokine profile with CD4+ T cells showing a TH1-like phenotype. Two mutated peptides (Kras[G12V], p53[R248W]) induced significantly higher T cell responses than corresponding wt sequences and comprised HLA-A2/DR1-restricted mutated epitopes. However, vaccination with the same highly immunogenic LPs strongly increased systemic regulatory T cells (Treg) numbers in a syngeneic sarcoma model over-expressing these mutated protein variants and resulted in accelerated tumor outgrowth. In contrast, tumor outgrowth was delayed when vaccination was directed against tumor-intrinsic Kras/Tp53 mutations of lower immunogenicity. Conclusively, we show that LP vaccination targeting multiple mutated TSAs elicits polyvalent, multifunctional, and mutation-specific effector T cells capable of targeting tumors. However, the success of this therapeutic approach can be hampered by vaccination-induced, TSA-specific Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Quandt
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Knapp Research Center, Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christoph Schlude
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Bartoschek
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rainer Will
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angel Cid-Arregui
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Targeted Tumor Vaccines Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schölch
- Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Reissfelder
- Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen Weitz
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultaet an der TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wiemann
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Momburg
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Antigen Presentation and T/NK Cell Activation Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University Regensburg and Department of Hematology-Oncology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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8
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Spira A, Yurgelun MB, Alexandrov L, Rao A, Bejar R, Polyak K, Giannakis M, Shilatifard A, Finn OJ, Dhodapkar M, Kay NE, Braggio E, Vilar E, Mazzilli SA, Rebbeck TR, Garber JE, Velculescu VE, Disis ML, Wallace DC, Lippman SM. Precancer Atlas to Drive Precision Prevention Trials. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1510-1541. [PMID: 28373404 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer development is a complex process driven by inherited and acquired molecular and cellular alterations. Prevention is the holy grail of cancer elimination, but making this a reality will take a fundamental rethinking and deep understanding of premalignant biology. In this Perspective, we propose a national concerted effort to create a Precancer Atlas (PCA), integrating multi-omics and immunity - basic tenets of the neoplastic process. The biology of neoplasia caused by germline mutations has led to paradigm-changing precision prevention efforts, including: tumor testing for mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency in Lynch syndrome establishing a new paradigm, combinatorial chemoprevention efficacy in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), signal of benefit from imaging-based early detection research in high-germline risk for pancreatic neoplasia, elucidating early ontogeny in BRCA1-mutation carriers leading to an international breast cancer prevention trial, and insights into the intricate germline-somatic-immunity interaction landscape. Emerging genetic and pharmacologic (metformin) disruption of mitochondrial (mt) respiration increased autophagy to prevent cancer in a Li-Fraumeni mouse model (biology reproduced in clinical pilot) and revealed profound influences of subtle changes in mt DNA background variation on obesity, aging, and cancer risk. The elaborate communication between the immune system and neoplasia includes an increasingly complex cellular microenvironment and dynamic interactions between host genetics, environmental factors, and microbes in shaping the immune response. Cancer vaccines are in early murine and clinical precancer studies, building on the recent successes of immunotherapy and HPV vaccine immune prevention. Molecular monitoring in Barrett's esophagus to avoid overdiagnosis/treatment highlights an important PCA theme. Next generation sequencing (NGS) discovered age-related clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP). Ultra-deep NGS reports over the past year have redefined the premalignant landscape remarkably identifying tiny clones in the blood of up to 95% of women in their 50s, suggesting that potentially premalignant clones are ubiquitous. Similar data from eyelid skin and peritoneal and uterine lavage fluid provide unprecedented opportunities to dissect the earliest phases of stem/progenitor clonal (and microenvironment) evolution/diversity with new single-cell and liquid biopsy technologies. Cancer mutational signatures reflect exogenous or endogenous processes imprinted over time in precursors. Accelerating the prevention of cancer will require a large-scale, longitudinal effort, leveraging diverse disciplines (from genetics, biochemistry, and immunology to mathematics, computational biology, and engineering), initiatives, technologies, and models in developing an integrated multi-omics and immunity PCA - an immense national resource to interrogate, target, and intercept events that drive oncogenesis. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1510-41. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avrum Spira
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology and Bioinformatics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew B Yurgelun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ludmil Alexandrov
- Theoretical Division, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Anjana Rao
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Rafael Bejar
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Madhav Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Neil E Kay
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Esteban Braggio
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah A Mazzilli
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology and Bioinformatics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Judy E Garber
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victor E Velculescu
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary L Disis
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott M Lippman
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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Kempf E, Rousseau B, Besse B, Paz-Ares L. KRAS oncogene in lung cancer: focus on molecularly driven clinical trials. Eur Respir Rev 2016; 25:71-6. [PMID: 26929424 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0071-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutations are the most frequent molecular abnormalities found in one out of four nonsmall cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Their incidence increases in cases of adenocarcinoma, smokers and Caucasian patients. Their negative value in terms of prognosis and responsiveness to both standard chemotherapy and targeted therapies remains under debate. Many drugs have been developed specifically for KRAS-mutated NSCLC patients. Direct inhibition of RAS activation failed to show any clinical efficacy. Inhibition of downstream targets of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) pathway is a promising strategy: phase II combinations of MEK 1/2 kinase inhibitors with chemotherapy doubled patients' clinical outcomes. One phase III trial in such a setting is ongoing. Double inhibition of MEK and epidermal growth factor receptor proteins is currently being assessed in early-phase trials. The association with mammalian target of rapamycin pathway inhibition leads to non-manageable toxicity. Other strategies, such as inhibition of molecular heat-shock proteins 90 or focal adhesion kinase are currently assessed. Abemaciclib, a cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor, showed promising results in a phase I trial, with a 54% disease control rate. Results of an ongoing phase III trial are warranted. Immunotherapy might be the next relevant step in KRAS-mutated NSCLC management due to the high burden of associated mutations and neo-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Kempf
- Dept of Medical Oncology, Virgen del Rocio Teaching Hospital, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla - IBIS, Seville, Spain Dept of Medical Oncology, Pharmacology Unit, AP-HP, Henri Mondor Teaching Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Benoît Rousseau
- Dept of Medical Oncology, Pharmacology Unit, AP-HP, Henri Mondor Teaching Hospital, Créteil, France Université Paris-Est, VIC DHU, Inserm U 955, Team 18, UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Dept of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France Paris-Sud University, Inserm U981, Paris, France
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- Dept of Medical Oncology, Virgen del Rocio Teaching Hospital, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla - IBIS, Seville, Spain
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10
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Amin M, Lockhart AC. The potential role of immunotherapy to treat colorectal cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 24:329-44. [PMID: 25519074 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.985376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and anti-angiogenic therapies form the backbone of treatment for CRC in various stages. Immunotherapy is frequently used either alone or in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers such as melanoma, prostate cancer and renal cell cancer. Current CRC research is moving forward to discover ways to incorporate immunotherapies into the treatment of CRC. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to summarize the potential role of immunotherapy in CRC. Herein, the authors provide a brief overview of immune modulatory cells, immune surveillance and escape in CRC. They also review vaccine trials in addition to cytokines and monoclonal antibodies. This coverage includes ongoing trials and checkpoint inhibitors such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-1, programmed cell death-1, and PDL1. EXPERT OPINION Checkpoint inhibitors in combination with either chemotherapy or chemo-antiangiogenic-therapy may represent a future therapeutic approach for CRC incorporating immune system targeting. Given the success of immune-based therapy in other tumor types, the authors anticipate that a similar breakthrough in CRC will be forthcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik Amin
- Washington University, Siteman Cancer Center , 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8056, St. Louis, MO 63110 , USA
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11
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Cancer treatment using peptides: current therapies and future prospects. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2012; 2012:967347. [PMID: 23316341 PMCID: PMC3539351 DOI: 10.1155/2012/967347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper discusses the role of peptides in cancer therapy with special emphasis on peptide drugs which are already approved and those in clinical trials. The potential of peptides in cancer treatment is evident from a variety of different strategies that are available to address the progression of tumor growth and propagation of the disease. Use of peptides that can directly target cancer cells without affecting normal cells (targeted therapy) is evolving as an alternate strategy to conventional chemotherapy. Peptide can be utilized directly as a cytotoxic agent through various mechanisms or can act as a carrier of cytotoxic agents and radioisotopes by specifically targeting cancer cells. Peptide-based hormonal therapy has been extensively studied and utilized for the treatment of breast and prostate cancers. Tremendous amount of clinical data is currently available attesting to the efficiency of peptide-based cancer vaccines. Combination therapy is emerging as an important strategy to achieve synergistic effects in fighting cancer as a single method alone may not be efficient enough to yield positive results. Combining immunotherapy with conventional therapies such as radiation and chemotherapy or combining an anticancer peptide with a nonpeptidic cytotoxic drug is an example of this emerging field.
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12
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Pylayeva-Gupta Y, Lee KE, Hajdu CH, Miller G, Bar-Sagi D. Oncogenic Kras-induced GM-CSF production promotes the development of pancreatic neoplasia. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:836-47. [PMID: 22698407 PMCID: PMC3721510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stromal responses elicited by early stage neoplastic lesions can promote tumor growth. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the early recruitment of stromal cells to sites of neoplasia remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate an oncogenic Kras(G12D)-dependent upregulation of GM-CSF in mouse pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (PDECs). An enhanced GM-CSF production is also observed in human PanIN lesions. Kras(G12D)-dependent production of GM-CSF in vivo is required for the recruitment of Gr1(+)CD11b(+) myeloid cells. The suppression of GM-CSF production inhibits the in vivo growth of Kras(G12D)-PDECs, and, consistent with the role of GM-CSF in Gr1(+)CD11b(+) mobilization, this effect is mediated by CD8(+) T cells. These results identify a pathway that links oncogenic activation to the evasion of antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Pylayeva-Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyoung Eun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cristina H. Hajdu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - George Miller
- Departments of Surgery and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Dafna Bar-Sagi
- Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Abstract
RAS proteins are essential components of signalling pathways that emanate from cell surface receptors. Oncogenic activation of these proteins owing to missense mutations is frequently detected in several types of cancer. A wealth of biochemical and genetic studies indicates that RAS proteins control a complex molecular circuitry that consists of a wide array of interconnecting pathways. In this Review, we describe how RAS oncogenes exploit their extensive signalling reach to affect multiple cellular processes that drive tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Pylayeva-Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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14
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Kanduc D. Epitopic peptides with low similarity to the host proteome: towards biological therapies without side effects. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 9:45-53. [DOI: 10.1517/14712590802614041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Lyu MA, Kurzrock R, Rosenblum MG. The immunocytokine scFv23/TNF targeting HER-2/neu induces synergistic cytotoxic effects with 5-fluorouracil in TNF-resistant pancreatic cancer cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:836-46. [PMID: 18082672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human pancreatic tumor cells are highly resistant to both tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and to chemotherapeutic agents. HER-2/neu expression has been proposed as a negative prognostic marker in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Our approach was to utilize HER-2/neu expression on the surface of tumor cells as a therapeutic target employing scFv23/TNF, immunocytokine composed of a single chain Fv antibody (scFv23) targeting the HER-2/neu and the cytokine TNF as the cytotoxic moiety, to deliver TNF directly to TNF-resistant pancreatic tumor cells. Using a panel of human pancreatic cell lines, which overexpress HER-2/neu, we evaluated the in vitro response of cells to TNF, scFv23/TNF, Herceptin, and a combination of scFv23/TNF with various chemotherapeutic agents. We found that all pancreatic cancer cell lines were highly resistant to the cytotoxic effects of TNF and that scFv23/TNF was highly cytotoxic to TNF-resistant HER-2/neu-expressing pancreatic cancer cell lines at levels rivaling that of conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Combination studies demonstrated a synergistic cytotoxic effect of scFv23/TNF with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in TNF-resistant pancreatic cancer cell lines. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the 5-FU plus scFv23/TNF combination specifically resulted in a down-regulation of HER-2/neu, p-Akt and Bcl-2 and up-regulation of TNF-R1. In addition, the combination 5-FU plus scFv23/TNF induced apoptosis and this synergistic effect was dependent on activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3. Delivery of the cytokine TNF to HER-2/neu expressing pancreatic tumor cells, which are inherently resistant to TNF using scFv23/TNF may be an effective therapy for pancreatic cancer especially when utilized in combination with 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ae Lyu
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 0044, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Friday BB, Adjei AA. K-ras as a target for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2005; 1756:127-44. [PMID: 16139957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The central role K-, H- and N-Ras play in regulating diverse cellular pathways important for cell growth, differentiation and survival is well established. Dysregulation of Ras proteins by activating mutations, overexpression or upstream activation is common in human tumors. Of the Ras proteins, K-ras is the most frequently mutated and is therefore an attractive target for cancer therapy. The complexity of K-ras signaling presents many opportunities for therapeutic targeting. A number of different approaches aimed at abrogating K-ras activity have been explored in clinical trials. Several of the therapeutic agents tested have demonstrated clinical activity, supporting ongoing development of K-ras targeted therapies. However, many of the agents currently being evaluated have multiple targets and their antitumor effects may not be due to K-Ras inhibition. To date, no selective, specific inhibitor of K-ras is available for routine clinical use. In this review, we will summarize the structure and function of K-ras with attention to its role in tumorigenesis and discuss the successes and failures of the various strategies designed to therapeutically target this important oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret B Friday
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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17
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Triozzi PL, Kim J, Aldrich W. Infusion of unpulsed dendritic cells derived from granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells and monocytes in patients with advanced carcinoma. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY & STEM CELL RESEARCH 2003; 12:279-87. [PMID: 12857369 DOI: 10.1089/152581603322023016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are potent antigen-presenting cells that are reduced in number and function in cancer patients. The infusion of dendritic cells pulsed with tumor-associated antigens has demonstrated antitumor immunologic activity. The effects of dendritic cells derived from granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood CD34(+) cell and monocyte precursors when administered without antigen pulsing was examined. Patients with metastatic pancreatic and colorectal cancer received GM-CSF for 5 days. Blood was collected by a 250-ml phlebotomy. Dendritic cells were derived from CD34(+) cells with culture in GM-CSF, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and serum-free media or from monocytes with culture in GM-CSF, interleukin-4, and autologous serum. From 2.0 to 9.4 x 10(6) dendritic cells were generated from CD34(+) cells and from 71 x 10(6) to 210 x 10(6) dendritic cells were generated from monocytes. Dendritic cells generated from CD34(+) cells expressed more CD1a than dendritic cells generated from monocytes; the ability to stimulate mixed lymphocyte reactions in vitro was not significantly different. Six patients received a single intravenous infusion of up to 5 x 10(6) autologous CD34(+) cell derived, and 6 patients, up to 50 x 10(6) monocyte-derived dendritic cells. The infusion was well tolerated. Increases in skin test reactivity and peripheral blood proliferative responses to the recall antigen, candida, were observed after the infusion of dendritic cells of both derivations. Changes in skin test reactivity and peripheral blood proliferative responses to tumor-associated peptides, including Ras and Muc1, were not. Significant numbers of functionally competent dendritic cells can be generated from patients with advanced carcinoma after GM-CSF mobilization. The infusion of these dendritic cells has nonspecific immunomodulatory activity that may have clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre L Triozzi
- The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically successful Ag-specific cancer immunotherapy depends on the identification of tumor-rejection Ags. Historically, tumor Ags have been identified by analyzing cancer patients' own T-cell or Ab responses. METHODS The unveiling of the human genome and optimized immunological analytical tools, particularly 'reverse immunology', have made it possible to screen any given protein for immunogenic epitopes. These advances enable the immunological characterization of universal tumor-associated gene products that mediate critical functions for tumor growth and development. RESULTS Four examples of candidate universal tumor Ags reviewed here include the telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the inhibitor of apoptosis survivin, the p53-interacting protein MDM2, and the cytochrome P450 isoform 1B1--each at various levels of preclinical and clinical development. DISCUSSION The cardinal feature of universal TAA is that they are expressed in (nearly) all tumors and in no normal tissues. They are directly involved in the malignant phenotype of the tumor. Certain peptides derived from such Ags are expressed on the tumor-cell surface, as evidenced by Ag-specific, MHC-restricted T-cell anti-tumor reactivity in vitro. It is hoped that these features imply a pre-existing, high-affinity T-cell pool that can be activated in vivo in patients, without immunoselection of variant tumor cells no longer expressing the Ag of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Gordan
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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19
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Kiessling R, Wei WZ, Herrmann F, Lindencrona JA, Choudhury A, Kono K, Seliger B. Cellular immunity to the Her-2/neu protooncogene. Adv Cancer Res 2003; 85:101-44. [PMID: 12374283 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(02)85004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Her-2/neu (HER-2) is a 185-kDa receptor-like glycoprotein that is overexpressed by a variety of tumors such as breast, ovarian, gastric, and colorectal carcinomas. Overexpression of this oncogene is directly associated with malignant transformation of epithelial cells. The frequency of HER-2 overexpression varies among the different types of cancers, but universally represents a marker of poor prognosis. The critical role of HER-2 in epithelial oncogenesis as well as its selective overexpression on malignant tissues makes it an ideal target for immunotherapy. Antibodies and T cells reactive to HER-2 are known to naturally occur in patients with HER-2 positive tumors, confirming the immunogenicity of the molecule. Both antibodies as well as T cells reactive to HER-2 have been utilized for immunotherapy of HER-2 positive tumors. The "humanized" monoclonal antibody Herceptin has been tested in several clinical trials and found to be an effective adjuvant therapy for HER-2 positive breast and ovarian cancer patients. However, the frequency of patients responding to Herceptin is limited and a majority of patients initially responding to Herceptin develop resistance within a year of treatment. The use of vaccination strategies that generate T cell responses with or without accompanying antibody responses may serve to mitigate the problem. Various strategies for generating T cell-mediated responses against HER-2 are currently being examined in animal models or in clinical trials. The potential advantages of the various approaches to immunotherapy, their pitfalls, and the mechanisms by which HER-2 positive tumors can evade immune responses are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Kiessling
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Würtzen PA, Claesson MH. A HLA-A2 restricted human CTL line recognizes a novel tumor cell expressed p53 epitope. Int J Cancer 2002; 99:568-72. [PMID: 11992547 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A p53 peptide-specific CTL line was generated through stimulation with autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with wild-type HLA-A2 binding p53 derived peptides. A p53 peptide-specific CD8(+) CTL line was established from a healthy HLA-A2 positive donor. The CTL line was characterized with respect to specificity, affinity and killing of cell lines derived from p53 mutated spontaneous tumors. The CTL line demonstrated lysis of p53(139-147) pulsed target cells and cold target inhibition experiments as well as antibody blocking confirmed that the killing was epitope-specific, HLA-A2 restricted and dependent on CD8-binding. Interestingly, the affinity of the CTL line was only in the micromole per liter range and target cells pulsed with less than 0.01 microM peptide were not recognized. Furthermore, 3 HLA-A2(+) p53 mutated tumor cell lines were efficiently lysed by the CTL line, indicating that this novel p53 peptide epitope is endogenously processed and presented by the HLA-A2 molecules of the tumor cells. In conclusion, CTL reactivity towards a wild-type p53 peptide was revealed through induction with DC pulsed with a pool of HLA-A2 binding p53 peptides. In addition, the CTL line, which expressed relatively low affinity for the HLA-A2/peptide complex, was able to kill 3 different HLA-A2(+) p53 mutated tumor cell lines. The present and our previous observations expand the number of p53-derived peptides suitable for vaccination protocols for cancer patients with p53 positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Würtzen
- Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Perentesis JP, Sievers EL. Targeted therapies for high-risk acute myeloid leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2001; 15:677-701, viii-ix. [PMID: 11676279 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(05)70242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Approximately half of children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) can be cured with contemporary chemotherapy regimens; however, various forms of drug resistance pose considerable obstacles for curing the remaining patients. Recent advances in immunology, cytogenetics, and cellular and molecular biology have provided new insights into fundamental biological differences between leukemic myeloid blasts and their normal counterparts. This article focuses on new technologies involving: (1) antibody- or growth factor-mediated targeting of antigens or growth factor receptors found on AML blasts and restricted sub-groups of normal cells, (2) pharmacologic targeting of the pathologic t(15;17) translocation of acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-trans retinoic acid, (3) pharmacologic and immunologic targeting of mutant RAS oncogenes and related aberrant signaling in AML blasts, and (4) targeting of pathological signaling of the Bcr-Abl oncoprotein and c-kit tyrosine kinase in myeloid leukemias. These advances herald an exciting new era of AML-specific therapies.
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MESH Headings
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Acute Disease
- Adult
- Aminoglycosides
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antigens, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic
- Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Drug Design
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Forecasting
- Gemtuzumab
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use
- Immunotoxins/therapeutic use
- Infant
- Leukemia, Myeloid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/mortality
- Leukemia, Myeloid/radiotherapy
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Risk
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Perentesis
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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22
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Wagman R, Grann A. Adjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer: current treatment approaches and future challenges. Surg Clin North Am 2001; 81:667-81. [PMID: 11459280 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6109(05)70152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The past several decades have witnessed advances in the management of pancreatic cancer; however, much remains to be accomplished. Emerging techniques in the fields of surgery, RT, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy offer hope for greater locoregional control, survival, and quality of life for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wagman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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23
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Schultze JL, Maecker B, von Bergwelt-Baildon MS, Anderson KS, Vonderheide RH. Tumour immunotherapy: new tools, new treatment modalities and new T-cell antigens. Vox Sang 2001; 80:81-9. [PMID: 11378969 DOI: 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2001.00014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumour immunology has seen many exciting developments in the last few years. In addition to tumour antigens that are defined by antitumour T- and B-cell responses in patients, the human telomerase reverse transcriptase has been identified by 'reverse immunology' as the first truly universal tumour antigen. Molecular remission has been associated with a cancer vaccine that targets the clonal idiotype of B-cell malignancies, and sophisticated cellular vaccines (including fusions of tumour cells and antigen-presenting cells) have demonstrated promising results. Moreover, our capabilities of measuring immunity have been significantly enhanced by novel technology, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide tetramers and ELISPOT analysis. We are now capable of tracking antigen-specific T cells at a single cell level. This review will analyse recent developments and highlight some important issues that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, D540C, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Cancer of the pancreas is a genetic disease. The most common genetic alterations identified to date in pancreatic cancer are activation of the K-ras oncogene (approximately 90%) and inactivation of the p16 (approximately 95%), p53 (50% to 75%), DPC4 (55%), and BRCA2 (7%) tumor suppressor genes. An understanding of the molecular genetics of carcinoma of the pancreas is important because it may help explain the aggregation of pancreatic cancer in families and may lead to the development of novel tests to detect early cancers. For example, the aggregation of pancreatic cancer in some families has been shown to result from inherited mutations in cancer-causing genes, and genetic alterations shed from pancreatic cancers have been detected in stool specimens. In addition, we believe that an improved knowledge of the molecular genetics of pancreatic cancer will lead to the development of a new generation of rational and more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Hruban
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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