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Arita S, Hatta M, Uchida K, Kita T, Okamura K, Ryu T, Murakami H, Sakagami R, Yamazaki J. Peptidylarginine deiminase is involved in maintaining the cornified oral mucosa of rats. J Periodontal Res 2018; 53:750-761. [PMID: 29687476 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Epithelial cells derived from different regions exhibit marked differences in their differentiation capacity, allowing them to provide a suitable protective barrier. We aimed to clarify the role of peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) in modifying the key epidermal proteins filaggrin (FLG) and keratin 1 (K1) during stratification of the rat palate and buccal mucosa. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, PAD activity assays and 2-dimensional electrophoresis, and developed an organotypic culture model. RESULTS PAD1 expression was highest in the palate, whereas PAD2, PAD3 and PAD4 expression was highest in the skin, suggesting the tissue-specific expression of PAD isozymes that leads to differences in calcium dependency. Immunoblotting showed that the FLG monomer, as well as its degradation products and precursor (proFLG), were most abundantly expressed in the skin but had low expression in the palate, whereas only faint proFLG expression was detected in the buccal mucosa. FLG and K1 were colocalized with PAD1 and were likely to be citrullinated in the cornified layers of the skin; this colocalization was not detected on the palatal surface, and dot-like presence of proFLG that might be citrullinated and that of PAD1 were found in the granules of the palate. Organotypic models derived from the rat palate revealed that PAD inhibition reduced the breakdown of FLG, increased its association with K1 together with epithelial compaction, and decreased permeability in a dye permeability assay. Conversely, PAD stimulation had the opposite effects. CONCLUSION Citrullination is likely a protein modification that plays an important role in maintaining the structure and function of oral cornified mucosa in a way that is distinctly different from that of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arita
- Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - M Hatta
- Department of Physiological Science & Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Uchida
- Department of Physiological Science & Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Kita
- Department of Physiological Science & Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Okamura
- Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Ryu
- Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - H Murakami
- Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - R Sakagami
- Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - J Yamazaki
- Department of Physiological Science & Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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Almela T, Al-Sahaf S, Brook IM, Khoshroo K, Rasoulianboroujeni M, Fahimipour F, Tahriri M, Dashtimoghadam E, Bolt R, Tayebi L, Moharamzadeh K. 3D printed tissue engineered model for bone invasion of oral cancer. Tissue Cell 2018; 52:71-77. [PMID: 29857831 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in three-dimensional printing technology have led to a rapid expansion of its applications in tissue engineering. The present study was designed to develop and characterize an in vitro multi-layered human alveolar bone, based on a 3D printed scaffold, combined with tissue engineered oral mucosal model. The objective was to incorporate oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell line spheroids to the 3D model at different anatomical levels to represent different stages of oral cancer. Histological evaluation of the 3D tissue model revealed a tri-layered structure consisting of distinct epithelial, connective tissue, and bone layers; replicating normal oral tissue architecture. The mucosal part showed a well-differentiated stratified oral squamous epithelium similar to that of the native tissue counterpart, as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin 13 and 14. Histological assessment of the cancerous models demonstrated OSCC spheroids at three depths including supra-epithelial level, sub-epithelial level, and deep in the connective tissue-bone interface. The 3D tissue engineered composite model closely simulated the native oral hard and soft tissues and has the potential to be used as a valuable in vitro model for the investigation of bone invasion of oral cancer and for the evaluation of novel diagnostic or therapeutic approaches to manage OSCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thafar Almela
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK.
| | - Sarmad Al-Sahaf
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK
| | - Ian M Brook
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK
| | - Kimia Khoshroo
- Department of Developmental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Morteza Rasoulianboroujeni
- Department of Developmental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Farahnaz Fahimipour
- Department of Developmental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Mohammadreza Tahriri
- Department of Developmental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Erfan Dashtimoghadam
- Department of Developmental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Robert Bolt
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Department of Developmental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA; Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Keyvan Moharamzadeh
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK; Department of Developmental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
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Larsen KR, Johansen JD, Reibel J, Zachariae C, Rosing K, Pedersen AML. Filaggrin gene mutations and the distribution of filaggrin in oral mucosa of patients with oral lichen planus and healthy controls. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:887-893. [PMID: 28000306 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology affecting the skin and oral mucosa. Oral lichenoid lesions (OLLs), like oral contact reactions, may resemble oral lichen planus (OLP) both clinically and histopathologically. As OLP and OLL are hyperkeratotic diseases and filaggrin is essential to keratinization, the distribution of filaggrin may be altered in these lesions. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether patients with OLP/OLL have (i) altered distribution of filaggrin in the oral mucosa; (ii) a higher incidence of mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG); (iii) active dermatoses, apart from cutaneous LP, than healthy controls; and (iv) patients with OLP/OLL and a defect in the FLG have more widespread oral lesions and report more symptoms than OLP/OLL patients without a concomitant defect in the FLG. METHODS Forty-nine Caucasian patients (42 women and 7 men, mean age 61.0 ± 10.3 years), with symptomatic OLP, OLL or stomatitis, and 29 matched healthy controls underwent a clinical oral and dermatological examination, oral mucosal biopsy and filaggrin genotyping (testing for R2447X, R501X, 2282del4). Smear tests for Candida spp. were performed in all patients to exclude oral candidiasis. Immunohistochemistry were performed using poly- and monoclonal filaggrin antibodies. RESULTS The immunoreactivity for filaggrin was significantly more intense in the oral mucosa in the patients with OLP/OLL compared with healthy controls (P = 0.000025). No difference was noted in the incidence of defects in the FLG and active dermatoses between patients and healthy controls. No difference was noted in extension and number of symptoms reported by patients with OLP/OLL with or without a concomitant defect in the FLG. CONCLUSION OLP/OLL is associated with an altered distribution of filaggrin in the oral mucosa independently of defects in the FLG. Patients with OLP/OLL did not display more active dermatoses other than cutaneous LP when compared to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Larsen
- Department of Odontology, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - J D Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - J Reibel
- Department of Odontology, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - C Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - K Rosing
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Community Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - A M L Pedersen
- Department of Odontology, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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4
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Silverberg JI, Simpson EL. Association between severe eczema in children and multiple comorbid conditions and increased healthcare utilization. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24:476-86. [PMID: 23773154 PMCID: PMC4397968 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with multiple comorbid conditions, such as asthma and food allergy. We sought to determine the impact of eczema severity on the development of these disorders and other non-atopic comorbidities in AD. METHODS We used the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health, a prospective questionnaire-based study of a nationally representative sample of 91,642 children aged 0-17 yr. Prevalence and severity of eczema, asthma, hay fever and food allergy, sleep impairment, healthcare utilization, recurrent ear infections, and visual and dental problems were determined. RESULTS In general, more severe eczema is correlated with poorer overall health, impaired sleep, and increased healthcare utilization, including seeing a specialist, compared with children with mild or moderate disease (Rao-Scott chi-squared test, p < 0.0001). Severe eczema was associated with a higher prevalence of comorbid chronic health disorders, including asthma, hay fever, and food allergies (p < 0.0001). In addition, the severity of eczema was directly related to the severity of the comorbidities. These associations remained significant in multivariate logistic regression models that included age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Severe eczema was also associated with recent dental problems, including bleeding gums (p < 0.0001), toothache (p = 0.0004), but not broken teeth (p = 0.04) or tooth decay (p = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that severe eczema is associated with multiple comorbid chronic health disorders, impaired overall health, and increased healthcare utilization. Further, these data suggest that children with eczema are at risk of decreased oral health. Future studies are warranted to verify this novel association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, Beth Israel Medical Center and St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Even though psoriasis is a common skin disorder, reports of it involving the oral cavity are exceedingly rare, with less than 100 publications in the literature. Biopsy-proven oral psoriasis has been reported in the oral medical literature, but the commonest oral mucosal findings in most studies are associated non-specific features including fissured and geographic tongue. Case series on this entity have not provided any definitive data to support its existence. From the evidence available to date, it is still unclear if oral psoriasis is a distinct entity or if, indeed, it exists.
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6
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Tan THT, Ellis JA, Saffery R, Allen KJ. The role of genetics and environment in the rise of childhood food allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 42:20-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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GRIFFITHS CEM, DABELSTEEN E, VOORHEES JJ. Topical retinoic acid changes the epidermal cell surface glycosylation pattern towards that of a mucosal epithelium. Br J Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.27762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Johnson AS, Maronian N, Vieira J. Activation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic gene expression during epithelial differentiation. J Virol 2005; 79:13769-77. [PMID: 16227296 PMCID: PMC1262565 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.21.13769-13777.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity has been identified as the major site for the shedding of infectious Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). While KSHV DNA is frequently detected in the saliva of KSHV seropositive persons, it does not appear to replicate in salivary glands. Some viruses employ the process of epithelial differentiation for productive viral replication. To test if KSHV utilizes the differentiation of oral epithelium as a mechanism for the activation of lytic replication and virus production, we developed an organotypic raft culture model of epithelium using keratinocytes from human tonsils. This system produced a nonkeratinized stratified squamous oral epithelium in vitro, as demonstrated by the presence of nucleated cells at the apical surface; the expression of involucrin and keratins 6, 13, 14, and 19; and the absence of keratin 1. The activation of KSHV lytic-gene expression was examined in this system using rKSHV.219, a recombinant virus that expresses the green fluorescent protein during latency from the cellular EF-1alpha promoter and the red fluorescent protein (RFP) during lytic replication from the viral early PAN promoter. Infection of keratinocytes with rKSHV.219 resulted in latent infection; however, when these keratinocytes differentiated into a multilayered epithelium, lytic cycle activation of rKSHV.219 occurred, as evidenced by RFP expression, the expression of the late virion protein open reading frame K8.1, and the production of infectious rKSHV.219 at the epithelial surface. These findings demonstrate that KSHV lytic activation occurs as keratinocytes differentiate into a mature epithelium, and it may be responsible for the presence of infectious KSHV in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Johnson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Box 358070, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98109-8070, USA
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10
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Barrett AW, Morgan M, Nwaeze G, Kramer G, Berkovitz BKB. The differentiation profile of the epithelium of the human lip. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 50:431-8. [PMID: 15748696 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the immunohistochemical differentiation profile of the stratified squamous epithelium of the adult human lip. Full-thickness lower lips taken from 31 cadavers were analysed. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), cytokeratins (CK), loricrin, involucrin, profilaggrin and filaggrin. The stratified squamous epithelium covering the lip could be divided into: (i) appendage-bearing, orthokeratinised epidermis; (ii) orthokeratinised vermilion which had a more prominent rete pattern than the epidermis; (iii) parakeratinised, PAS-positive intermediate zone; and (iv) non- or parakeratinised labial mucosal epithelium. Epithelial thickness increased gradually from the skin to the mucosal aspect. The CK pattern changed across the intermediate zone, with gradual loss of CK 1 and 10 from the skin, and CK 4, 13 and 19 from the mucosal, aspect. CK 5 and 14 were consistently expressed basally, and variably expressed suprabasally. Apart from labelling Merkel cells, CK 8, 18 and 20 were negative. Involucrin, which was present at all sites, was restricted to the stratum granulosum in skin, but extended into the stratum spinosum, and gradually into parabasal keratinocytes, across the vermilion and mucosa. Loricrin, profilaggrin and filaggrin were present in the stratum granulosum of orthokeratinised sites, but expression was abruptly lost at the junction between the vermilion and the intermediate zone. In conclusion, the phenotype of the stratified squamous epithelium covering the lip changes at, or across, the intermediate zone of the adult vermilion. It is possible that changes in the composition of the stratified squamous epithelium affect the colour of the vermilion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Barrett
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Unit, Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Healthcare Sciences, University College London, 256 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK.
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11
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Tomakidi P, Schuster G, Breitkreutz D, Kohl A, Ottl P, Komposch G. Organotypic cultures of gingival cells: an epithelial model to assess putative local effects of orthodontic plate and occlusal splint materials under more tissue-like conditions. Biomaterials 2000; 21:1549-59. [PMID: 10885727 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article explores whether organotypic cultures of immortalized gingival keratinocytes constitute a suitable model for assessing the epithelial cell compatibility of two groups of dental resins, each of them representing one group used in orthodontics and temporo-mandibular disorders (TMD) therapy under conditions more closely resembling the actual tissue situation. The resins were tested with the agar diffusion assay (ADA) in conventional monolayer and organotypic cultures. Compared to the control exhibiting a neutral red destaining index of 3, the index of 4 obtained after exposure of monolayers to one soft permanent resin (Durabase) indicated the presence of a non-lytic but physiologically active substance. In contrast, the adaptation of the ADA to organotypic cultures revealed no apparent lesions at the epithelial surface by performing scanning electron microscopy, while histoarchitecture indicated the development of stratified surface epithelia. This was substantiated by undamaged cells in the uppermost cell layers and by the preservation of cell-to-cell contacts. Furthermore, indirect immunofluorescence for Ki-67 and the cytokeratins ck 14 and ck4 revealed that cell proliferation and epithelial structure were maintained, while differentiation was enhanced, possibly increasing epithelial resistance. The results obtained from the organotypic cultures suggest that (i) cell-affecting effects of materials visible in monolayer cultures may not be seen in epithelia resembling that in vivo and that (ii) enhanced differentiation may be associated with increased stability of the epithelial cells. Thus, organotypic cultures of gingival cells constitute a tissue model allowing short-term tissue compatibility studies of dental materials and rendering a potential candidate also for long-term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tomakidi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dental School, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Marshall D, Hardman MJ, Byrne C. SPRR1 gene induction and barrier formation occur as coordinated moving fronts in terminally differentiating epithelia. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:967-75. [PMID: 10771479 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stratified, terminally differentiated epithelia, such as epidermis and oral epithelia, provide protective barriers against the environment. We recently developed wholemount assays that demonstrate epidermal barrier function during late gestation and showed that epidermal barrier forms at specific sites (epidermal initiation sites), and then spreads around the body as apparent moving fronts. We now ask if this is a fundamental and widespread mode of epithelial developmental change. If so, then the pattern should be apparent when assaying for developmental change other than barrier institution (e.g., gene induction) and similar types of patterned change should be apparent in other types of epithelia. In this study we demonstrate patterned barrier function in a range of additional stratified epithelia from the oral cavity and show that the gene induction pattern of a stratum corneum precursor small proline-rich region protein 1 (SPRR1) precedes barrier function and occurs in the barrier pattern, i.e., gene induction occurs first at initiation sites and propagates across epithelia as apparent moving fronts. These results demonstrate that late gestational developmental change in multiple terminally differentiating epithelia occurs via initiation sites and moving fronts. The pattern precedes barrier formation and results in a developmental gradient that influences gene induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
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13
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Izumi K, Terashi H, Marcelo CL, Feinberg SE. Development and characterization of a tissue-engineered human oral mucosa equivalent produced in a serum-free culture system. J Dent Res 2000; 79:798-805. [PMID: 10765951 DOI: 10.1177/00220345000790030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A problem maxillofacial surgeons face is a lack of sufficient autogenous oral mucosa for reconstruction of the oral cavity. Split-thickness or oral mucosa grafts require more than one surgical procedure and can result in donor site morbidity. Skin has disadvantages of adnexal structures and a different keratinization pattern than oral mucosa. In this study, we successfully assembled, ex vivo, a human oral mucosa equivalent, consisting of epidermal and dermal components, in a defined, essential-fatty-acid-deficient, serum-free culture medium without a feeder layer, that could be used for intra-oral grafting in humans. Autogenous oral keratinocytes were seeded onto a cadaveric dermis, AlloDerm. The oral mucosa equivalent was cultured at an air-liquid interface for 2 wks. The resulting equivalent had a well-stratified parakeratinized epithelial layer similar to native oral keratinized mucosa. Expression of differentiation markers, filaggrin and cytokeratin 10/13, suggested a premature keratinized state. The presence of proliferation markers, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67, suggested a state of hyperproliferation. Fatty acid composition of the equivalent was similar to that of in vitro cultured oral keratinocytes but differed from the that of in vivo native tissue, showing a lower content of 18:2 and 20:4, and a higher content of 16:1 and 18:1 fatty acids, respectively. The keratinocytes of the equivalent appeared to be in a more active and proliferative state than native keratinized mucosa. The dynamic nature of the cell population on the oral mucosa equivalent may be beneficial for intra-oral grafting procedures and for transfection of the keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Izumi
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0018, USA
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14
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Brysk MM, Lei G, Adler-Storthz K, Chen Z, Brysk H, Tyring SK, Arany I. Zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein expression as a marker of differentiation in human oral tumors. Cancer Lett 1999; 137:117-20. [PMID: 10376801 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(98)00347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein (Znalpha2gp) is a soluble major histocompatibility complex homolog widespread in body fluids and in glandular epithelia; the authors recently demonstrated its presence in stratified epithelia. Znalpha2gp has been associated with tumor differentiation in breast cancers and other carcinomas. We compare here its gene expression in histopathologically graded oral squamous cell carcinomas and in their perilesional normals. Znalpha2gp levels are higher in the controls than in the tumors, and higher in well-differentiated tumors than in poorly differentiated ones. Markers of oral epithelial maturation (keratin K13 and involucrin) are less simply related to tumor histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Brysk
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, USA.
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15
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Compton CC, Warland G, Nakagawa H, Opitz OG, Rustgi AK. Cellular characterization and successful transfection of serially subcultured normal human esophageal keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol 1998; 177:274-81. [PMID: 9766524 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199811)177:2<274::aid-jcp9>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro cell culture models can provide unique insights into squamous epithelial proliferation, differentiation, and neoplastic transformation. Cultures of human esophageal keratinocytes could be advantageous for the study of these processes. METHODS Normal human esophageal keratinocytes were cultivated on 3T3 fibroblast feeder layers in vitro and expanded through four serial subcultivations. Confluent tertiary cultures were analyzed by morphological and immunohistochemical techniques to define their basic properties. The ability to transiently transfect cultured esophageal epithelium was tested using a Rous sarcoma virus-luciferase reporter gene by the calcium phosphate and lipofection methods. RESULTS Postconfluent cultures displayed a predominantly basal cell phenotype with limited stratification, widespread expression of keratins 5 and 14, and production of attachment specialization proteins such as alpha6beta4 integrin and collagen VII. Terminal differentiation markers (involucrin and transglutaminase) were prematurely expressed. The cells expressed growth factors important in proliferation and differentiation, such as transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-1beta. Tertiary cultures were successfully transiently transfected with a Rous sarcoma virus-luciferase reporter gene construct. CONCLUSION Normal human esophageal cells can be serially passaged through extended numbers of cell generations and transfected by standard methods. This in vitro system may be useful in the study of fundamental cellular processes governing proliferation and differentiation in the esophageal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Compton
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
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16
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Grafström RC, Norén UG, Zheng X, Elfwing A, Sundqvist K. Growth and transformation of human oral epithelium in vitro. Recent Results Cancer Res 1997; 143:275-306. [PMID: 8912427 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60393-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R C Grafström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Pfundt R, van Ruissen F, van Vlijmen-Willems IM, Alkemade HA, Zeeuwen PL, Jap PH, Dijkman H, Fransen J, Croes H, van Erp PE, Schalkwijk J. Constitutive and inducible expression of SKALP/elafin provides anti-elastase defense in human epithelia. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:1389-99. [PMID: 8823304 PMCID: PMC507565 DOI: 10.1172/jci118926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin-derived antileukoproteinase (SKALP), also known as elafin, is a serine proteinase inhibitor first discovered in keratinocytes from hyperproliferative human epidermis. In addition to the proteinase inhibiting domain which is directed against polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) derived enzymes such as elastase and proteinase 3, SKALP contains multiple transglutaminase (TGase) substrate domains which enable crosslinking to extracellular and cell envelope proteins. Here we show that SKALP is constitutively expressed in several epithelia that are continuously subjected to inflammatory stimuli, such as the oral cavity and the vagina where it co-localizes with type 1 TGase. All epithelia from sterile body cavities are negative for SKALP. In general, stratified squamous epithelia are positive, whereas pseudostratified epithelia, simple/glandular epithelia and normal epidermis are negative. SKALP was found in fetal tissues of the oral cavity from 17 wk gestation onwards where it continued to be expressed up to adult life. Remarkably, in fetal epidermis SKALP was found from week 28 onwards, but was downregulated to undetectable levels in neonatal skin within three months, suggesting a role during pregnancy in feto-maternal interactions or in the early maturation phase of the epidermis. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed the presence of SKALP in secretory vesicles including the lamellar granules. In culture models for epidermal keratinocytes we found that expression of the endogenous SKALP gene provided protection against cell detachment caused by purified elastase or activated PMNs. Addition of exogenous recombinant SKALP fully protected the keratinocytes against PMN-dependent detachment whereas superoxide dismutase and catalase were only marginally effective. These findings strongly suggest that the constitutive expression of SKALP in squamous epithelia, and the inducible expression in epidermis participate in the control of epithelial integrity, by inhibiting PMN derived proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pfundt
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Schön M, Rheinwald JG. A limited role for retinoic acid and retinoic acid receptors RAR alpha and RAR beta in regulating keratin 19 expression and keratinization in oral and epidermal keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 107:428-38. [PMID: 8751982 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12363411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Different types of stratified squamous epithelia-for example, the "orthokeratinized" epidermis, the "parakeratinized" gingiva, and the "nonkeratinized" oral lining mucosal epithelia-are formed by intrinsically distinct keratinocyte subtypes. These subtypes exhibit characteristic patterns of keratin protein expression in vivo and in culture. Keratin 19 is an informative subtype-specific marker because the basal cells of only nonkeratinizing epithelia express K19 in vivo and in culture. Epidermal keratinocytes normally do not express K19, but can be induced to do so in culture by retinoic acid (RA). Keratinocyte subtypes express the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) beta at levels roughly correlated with their level of K19 expression in culture and their potential for forming a nonkeratinized epithelium in vivo. We tested the hypothesis that the level of RAR beta expressed by a keratinocyte determines its K19 expression and its form of suprabasal differentiation. Normal human epidermal and gingival keratinocytes stably overexpressing either RAR beta or RAR alpha were generated by defective retroviral transduction. Overexpression of either receptor enhanced the RA inducibility of K19 in conventional culture, in that the proportion of the transductants becoming K19+ in response to RA was markedly increased compared with controls. The pattern of differentiation of the epithelium formed in organotypic culture, assessed by basal K19 and suprabasal K1, K4, and filaggrin expression, however, was unaltered by RAR overexpression. Thus, the susceptibility of keratinocytes to regulation of K19 expression by retinoids is conditional, and levels of neither RAR beta nor RAR alpha are limiting to the intrinsic mechanism that specifies alternate differentiation pathways for stratified squamous epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schön
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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GRIFFITHS CEM, DABELSTEEN E, VOORHEES JJ. Topical retinoic acid changes the epidermal cell surface glycosylation pattern towards that of a mucosal epithelium. Br J Dermatol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb16226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Tabata M, Yonezawa S, Sugihara K, Yamashita S, Maruyama I. The use of thrombomodulin to study epithelial cell differentiation in neoplastic and non-neoplastic oral lesions. J Oral Pathol Med 1995; 24:443-9. [PMID: 8600279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1995.tb01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is a glycoprotein originally isolated from rabbit lung vasculature and characterized as a natural endothelial anticoagulant. Thrombin binds to TM noncovalently with high affinity. Thrombin-TM complexes can activate protein C efficiently. Activated protein C inactivates factors Va and VIIIa and regulates the blood coagulation cascade. Thus TM converts thrombin from a procoagulant protease to an anticoagulant. TM is found on endothelial cells in veins, arteries and capillaries. Our previous study has shown that TM is also expressed on the cell surface of squamous epithelium. In the present study, we aimed to disclose differences in TM expression among normal, dysplastic, and malignant squamous epithelium in human oral mucosa by counting TM-positive cells in each lesion. TM was uniformly expressed in the spinous layer of normal human oral squamous epithelium. The number of TM-positive cells was not significantly different between normal epithelium, lichen planus and mild dysplasia. In contrast, in moderate and severe dysplasia and well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), there were significantly fewer positive cells compared with normal epithelium. In SCCs, the periphery and the central keratinized area of tumor islands were often negative. The proportion of TM-positive cells in poorly differentiated SCC was significantly lower than in well-differentiated SCC. These results indicate that TM may have diagnostic value in the histological examination of oral premalignant and malignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tabata
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University School of Medicine, Japan
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21
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Brysk MM, Arany I, Brysk H, Chen SH, Calhoun KH, Tyring SK. Gene expression of markers associated with proliferation and differentiation in human keratinocytes cultured from epidermis and from buccal mucosa. Arch Oral Biol 1995; 40:855-62. [PMID: 8651890 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(95)00046-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Normal keratinocytes from epidermis and from buccal mucosa underwent dissimilar stages of differentiation in the same culture medium and responded differently to changes in the composition of the medium. Manifestations of these variations were examined in terms of the expression at the mRNA level (as measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) of three regulatory genes (cdc2, c-myc, and p53) and five that encode structural proteins (keratins K5, K10 and K13, involucrin, and filaggrin), in three growth-medium formulations. The culture conditions enhanced or retarded maturation; the observed alterations in gene expression correlated with these changes. Except for the proliferation genes, the non-keratinizing buccal mucosa generally responded more weakly than the orthokeratotic epidermis to culture-medium supplementation favouring differentiation. Gene expression in cultured keratinocytes reflected their ability to differentiate in vivo; genes were expressed even when the corresponding protein was not seen in vitro. Although keratin K10 is not prevalent in the buccal mucosa nor keratin K13 in the epidermis, the genes for both were found to be expressed in both tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Brysk
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, USA
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22
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Kress A, Spanel-Borowski K, Ricken A. Cytokeratin expression in the developing vagina of the postnatal gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Ann Anat 1995; 177:439-46. [PMID: 7544072 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(11)80151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During postnatal development the vaginal epithelium of the Mongolian gerbil is transformed from two to three layers into a stratified, first mucified subsequently keratinized squamous epithelium. Changes in the expression of cytokeratins were studied and the immunohistochemical results compared with the ultrastructural findings at the corresponding stage. The first 10 postnatal days (days pn) were characterized by a moderate, positive immunoreaction for pancytokeratin in all vaginal cell layers. A faint reaction was caused by mAB CK 18.01 against CK 1, 5, 6 and 8. The appearance of mucous granules in the luminal cells after 15 pn seemed to coincide with an increase in cytokeratins. The immunoresponse for pancytokeratin in these cells was very intense compared with the reaction in the basal cell layers. Mucocytes during development and at proestrus were the only cells which reacted faintly positive with mAB against CK 18 alone. The keratinizing epithelium, which differentiates after day 40 pn, reacted strongly positive for pancytokeratin in the keratinizing layers, desquamating, fully keratinized cells, however, showed a negative reaction. The data indicate that mucocytes are not transformed squamous keratinized cells, but represent a cell category with its individual differentiation potential. Vimentin was not expressed. Neither the epithelium of the sinus vagina nor of the Müllerian vagina displayed any response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kress
- Department of Anatomy, University of Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Maeda H, Reibel J, Holmstrup P. Keratin staining pattern in clinically normal and diseased oral mucosa of lichen planus patients. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH 1994; 102:210-5. [PMID: 7522339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1994.tb01182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The keratin pattern in oral epithelia is related to the type of terminal differentiation observed morphologically (keratinization/nonkeratinization) and to the presence or absence of epithelial dysplasia. Furthermore, it has been suggested recently that inflammatory phenomena influence the keratin expression in human gingiva. The aim of the present study was to describe the keratin pattern in oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions, which are well known to be characterized by hyperkeratinization and severe inflammatory changes, in order to elucidate the role of inflammation in keratin expression of oral epithelia. Tissue sections were stained with antikeratin antibodies directed to groups of keratins (AE1 and AE2) and to single keratin proteins (Nos. 5, 8, 13, and 19). The keratin pattern in OLP lesions differed in some respects from that of leukoplakias and frictional keratoses as characterized in previous studies. No consistent patterns for use in a diagnostic context were found. However, the changes in OLP lesions did not mimic those previously described in inflamed gingival specimens and in oral epithelial dysplasias. Thus, the results encourage further studies on the potential diagnostic use of keratin expression in premalignant oral lesions. Furthermore, the study suggests that the inflammatory reaction seen in OLP lesions does not influence keratin expression in a way comparable with the suggested influence of inflammation in gingival specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maeda
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Hansson L, Strömqvist M, Bäckman A, Wallbrandt P, Carlstein A, Egelrud T. Cloning, expression, and characterization of stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme. A skin-specific human serine proteinase. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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25
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Hu L, Gudas L. Activation of keratin 19 gene expression by a 3' enhancer containing an AP1 site. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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26
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Hohl D, Olano BR, de Viragh PA, Huber M, Detrisac CJ, Schnyder UW, Roop DR. Expression patterns of loricrin in various species and tissues. Differentiation 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1993.tb01585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Hohl D, Ruf Olano B, de Viragh PA, Huber M, Detrisac CJ, Schnyder UW, Roop DR. Expression patterns of loricrin in various species and tissues. Differentiation 1993; 54:25-34. [PMID: 8405772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1993.tb00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study we analyzed the expression patterns of loricrin in various species and tissues using immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and Northern blots. Loricrin is a glycine-, serine- and cysteine-rich protein expressed very late in epidermal differentiation in the granular layers of normal mouse and human epidermis. Later on in differentiation, loricrin becomes crosslinked as a major component into the cornified cell envelope by the formation of N epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine isopeptide bonds. This process either occurs directly or by the intermediate accumulation in L-keratohyaline granules of mouse epidermis and human acrosyringia. Loricrin was identified in all mammalian species analyzed by virtue of its highly conserved carboxy-terminal sequences revealing an electric mobility of approximately 60 kDa in rodents, rabbit and cow and of approximately 35 kDa in lamb and human on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Loricrin is expressed in the granular layer of all mammalian orthokeratinizing epithelia tested including oral, esophageal and fore-stomach mucosa of rodents, tracheal squamous metaplasia of vitamin A deficient hamster and estrogen induced squamous vaginal epithelium of ovary ectomized rats. Loricrin is also expressed in a few parakeratinizing epithelia such as BBN [N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine]-induced murine bladder carcinoma and a restricted subset of oral and single vaginal epithelial cells in higher mammals. Our results provide further evidence that the program of squamous differentiation in internal epithelia of the upper alimentary tract in rodents and higher mammals differ remarkably. In addition, we also have noted the distinct distribution patterns of human loricrin and involucrin, another major precursor protein of the cornified cell envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hohl
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Harada H, Osaki Y, Kukita T, Kurisu K, Tashiro H, Yasumoto S. Monoclonal antibody G6K12 specific for membrane-associated differentiation marker of human stratified squamous epithelia and squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 1993; 22:145-52. [PMID: 7686225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1993.tb01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (G6K12) specific for differentiated keratinocytes was developed using in vitro immunization against the SCC-25 cell line. G6K12 only recognized stratified portions of cultured SCC-25 cells. Immunohistochemical examination using normal human oral mucosa showed that specific G6K12-reactivity was limited to the lower spinous-cell layers, while this antibody weakly bound to cells in basal-cell layers as well as in the upper spinous, granular and cornified-cell layers. G6K12 was also reactive to keratinocytes in most moderately- and well-differentiated SCC tissues. Immunoelectron microscopic examination further demonstrated that the G6K12-immunoreactive area was at the outer surface of the entire plasma membrane, including the microvilli of stratified SCC-25. G6K12-binding was reduced 50% by the treatment of native cells with glycoendoceramidase for 2 h. These results suggest that G6K12 recognizes a plasma membrane-anchored glycoconjugate which is specific for differentiated keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Harada
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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29
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Blom S, Holmstrup P, Dabelsteen E. The effect of insulin-like growth factor-I and human growth hormone on periodontal ligament fibroblast morphology, growth pattern, DNA synthesis, and receptor binding. J Periodontol 1992; 63:960-8. [PMID: 1474468 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1992.63.12.960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Repopulation of the detached root surface by cells from the periodontal ligament (PDL) is a prerequisite for new attachment formation. Stimulation of PDL-cell growth may therefore serve as an essential method to enhance formation of new attachment. Studies have demonstrated that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has a mitogenic effect on fibroblasts originating from various connective tissues and cell-lines. Further, human growth hormone (hGH) is known to regulate the plasma concentration of IGF-I and to mediate cellular biological effects. In the present study we examined the effect of IGF-I and hGH on morphology, growth pattern, and DNA synthesis. The expression of IGF-I and hGH receptors on the surface of cultured PDL fibroblasts is also described. A primary fibroblastic cell line was established from rat PDL tissue, and blind, photographic recordings of morphology and growth pattern, as well as incorporation of [3H]thymidine in cellular DNA, was carried out in the presence and absence of IGF-I and hGH. The presence of specific membrane receptors was investigated by binding of [125I]IGF-I and [125I]hGH. The analysis of photographs showed that IGF-I and hGH had no effect on morphology and growth pattern. Incorporation of 3H-thymidine, however, was increased in a dose-dependent manner by IGF-I, whereas hGH alone or in combination with IGF-I produced no dose-dependent response. Maximum effect (% of control) on DNA synthesis was 176% for IGF-I and 91% for hGH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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30
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Collin C, Ouhayoun JP, Grund C, Franke WW. Suprabasal marker proteins distinguishing keratinizing squamous epithelia: cytokeratin 2 polypeptides of oral masticatory epithelium and epidermis are different. Differentiation 1992; 51:137-48. [PMID: 1282112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1992.tb00690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Terminal differentiation of squamous epithelia is usually characterized by the synthesis of a subset of cytokeratins (CKs) in suprabasal cell layers which become major components of the intermediate filament (IF) bundle cytoskeleton of the maturing cells. We have examined the significance, molecular nature and pattern of synthesis of the elusive human CK 2 by analyzing mRNAs from certain stratified epithelia, using in vitro translation, cDNA cloning. Northern blotting and in situ hybridization. We show that genuine polypeptides with the typical gel electrophoretic mobility of CK 2 exist but that the CK 2 present in the masticatory epithelia of hard palate and gingiva (CK 2p) differs from that found in epidermis (CK 2e) by its amino acid sequence and is encoded by a different gene. The two CKs 2 show only limited sequence homology (71% identical amino acid positions in the rod domain), and the oral CK 2p is more closely related to the corneal CK 3 (86%), as is also indicated by the cross-reaction of monoclonal antibody AE5. By in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry, we further show that both CK 2e and CK 2p are expressed only in suprabasal cell layers of the specific epithelia where they can accumulate to represent major cytoskeletal proteins. We discuss this tissue-type specificity of CK 2 synthesis in otherwise morphologically and biochemically similar epithelia in relation to differences of IF appearance and packing in upper strata between epidermal and masticatory epithelia as well as to tissue formation and differentiation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Collin
- Division for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg
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31
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Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to assess the reproducibility of a study which reported that involucrin could be used as a diagnostic marker in oral lichenoid lesions. Twenty-eight formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens were examined. They included tissue from 13 patients with lichen planus, 11 with drug-related lichenoid reactions, one with dysplasia in a lichenoid lesion and three with normal oral mucosa. In each case the biopsy site was the buccal mucosa, PAS stained smears for fungi were negative and immunofluorescence results supported the diagnosis. An immunoperoxidase technique was used to demonstrate involucrin reactivity. In all sections there was consistent positive staining for involucrin in the superficial layers of the epithelium and all the basal layers were negative. In conclusion there were no demonstrable differences in the involucrin reactivity between the different lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McCullough
- School of Dental Science, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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32
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Crowe DL, Hu L, Gudas LJ, Rheinwald JG. Variable expression of retinoic acid receptor (RAR beta) mRNA in human oral and epidermal keratinocytes; relation to keratin 19 expression and keratinization potential. Differentiation 1991; 48:199-208. [PMID: 1725165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1991.tb00258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that the cells that form the different regions of the oral and epidermal stratified squamous epithelia represent a number of intrinsically distinct keratinocyte subtypes, each of which is developmentally programmed to preferentially express a particular pattern of keratins and type of suprabasal histology. Retinoic acid (RA) is known to modulate stratified squamous epithelial differentiation, including expression of the basal cell keratin K19 and the suprabasal keratins K1/K10 and K4/K13. We have found that all keratinocyte subtypes are similar in their steady state levels of RAR alpha and RAR gamma mRNAs in culture and that these levels are only minimally affected by RA. In contrast, RAR beta mRNA expression varies greatly among keratinocyte subtypes and, in eight of ten cell strains examined, directly correlated with their levels of K19 mRNA. Exposure to 10(-6) M RA increases the levels of RAR beta and K19 mRNA; conversely, complete removal of RA from the medium results in reduced levels of these messages. RA does not coordinately induce RAR beta and K19 messages in nonkeratinocyte cell types: fibroblasts cultured in the presence of 10(-6) M RA express very high levels of RAR beta mRNA but do not express detectable K19, and mesothelial cells decrease their levels of RAR beta and K19 mRNA in response to 10(-6) M RA. The correlation between RAR beta and K19 mRNA levels in most keratinocyte subtypes suggests a role for RAR beta in specifying patterns of keratin expression and suprabasal differentiation in stratified squamous epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Crowe
- Division of Cell Growth and Regulation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
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33
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Bryne M. Prognostic value of various molecular and cellular features in oral squamous cell carcinomas: a review. J Oral Pathol Med 1991; 20:413-20. [PMID: 1804985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings of prognostic value for oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) which may supplement clinical staging are reviewed. Many reports show that histopathologic grading, measurements of tumor-thickness and DNA-content have independent prognostic value and may thus be of clinical value. Features regarding cells at the invading margins of the tumors are probably of higher prognostic value than features within other parts of the tumors. Reportedly, various other cellular and serum markers have prognostic associations worthwhile further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bryne
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of Oslo, Norway
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34
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Reibel J, Sørensen CH. Association between keratin staining patterns and the structural and functional aspects of palatine tonsil epithelium. APMIS 1991; 99:905-15. [PMID: 1718326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1991.tb01278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The keratin composition of stratified squamous epithelia has a complex pattern, which varies in different regions and as a result of pathological developments. The exact factors responsible for the characteristic keratin composition in a given epithelium are unknown. However, the environment, including factors from the connective tissue, is known to influence epithelial morphology and keratin composition. We here report that the reticulated squamous epithelium of the crypts of palatine tonsils shows an extensive staining for keratins 5 and 19 in basal as well as suprabasal cells, in contrast to neighbouring non-reticulated crypt epithelium and the epithelium at the tonsillar surface, in which staining is restricted to basal cells. The reticulation of the crypt epithelium is thought to be initiated by infiltration of immune-related cells in a preexistent non-reticulated epithelium. The extensive staining for keratins 5 and 19 in reticulated crypt epithelium correlates with the presence of numerous immune system-related cells and marked expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), thought to be involved in inflammatory and immunological responses. The results suggest that the massive lymphocytic traffic in the reticulated crypt epithelium and the overall distinct immune environment are responsible for the unique keratin staining pattern observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reibel
- Department of Oral Pathology, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, Denmark
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35
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Reibel J, Kenrad B, Schwartz O. Architectural organization of human oral epithelium as visualized by keratin staining pattern in tobacco-associated leukoplakias. J Oral Pathol Med 1991; 20:265-70. [PMID: 1716318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The keratin staining pattern in clinical normal buccal mucosa in smokers and non-smokers and in tobacco-associated leukoplakias histologically characterized by the chevron type of keratinization were studied. No differences in keratin staining pattern were found in normal buccal mucosa in smokers and non-smokers. In the tobacco-associated leukoplakias we found distinct differences in staining pattern between areas overlying connective tissue papillae and epithelial ridge areas indicating a lateral organization of oral epithelium related to the ridge system. It seems possible to explain this pattern in terms of current hypotheses of the proliferative conditions in squamous epithelia as previously studied in detail in the epidermis and tongue filiform papillae. We conclude, that our results confirm the presence of subpopulations of suprabasal and basal cells and support the presence of proliferative units in oral epithelium. Furthermore, smoking does not seem to influence the keratin staining pattern in clinically normal buccal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reibel
- Department of Oral Pathology, Royal Dental College, University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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36
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Lindberg K, Rheinwald JG. Three distinct keratinocyte subtypes identified in human oral epithelium by their patterns of keratin expression in culture and in xenografts. Differentiation 1990; 45:230-41. [PMID: 1708735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1990.tb00477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized the cells that form the human oral epithelia by analyzing their patterns of keratin expression in culture and in transplants. Keratinocytes of all oral regions synthesized high levels of keratins K5/K14 and K6/K16,K17, as expressed by cells of all stratified squamous epithelia in culture. However, cells from different regions varied in their expression in culture of retinoid-inducible (K19 and K13) and simple epithelial (K7, K8 and K18) keratins. By these criteria, all oral cells could be classified as belonging to one of three intrinsically distinct subtypes: "keratinizing" (gingiva, hard palate), "typical nonkeratinizing" (inner cheek, floor of mouth, ventral tongue) and "special non-keratinizing" (soft palate), all of which differed from the epidermal keratinocyte subtype. Cells from fetal floor of mouth expressed a pattern of keratins in culture markedly different from that of adult floor of mouth cells but identical to that of the adult "special nonkeratinizing" subtype and similar to that of several oral squamous cell carcinoma lines. When cultures of oral keratinocytes were grafted to the dermis of nude mice, they formed stratified epithelial structures after 10 days. In some areas of the stratified structures, the basal layer recapitulated the K19 expression pattern of the oral region from which they had originated. Thus, regional differentiation of the oral epithelium is based on an intrinsic specialization of regional keratinocyte stem cells. Additionally, oral cell transformation either frequently involves reversion to the fetal keratin program or else oral cells that express this keratin program are especially susceptible to transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lindberg
- Division of Cell Growth and Regulation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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37
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Cintorino M, Petracca R, Vindigni C, Tripodi SA, Leoncini P. Topography-related expression of individual cytokeratins in normal and pathological (non-neoplastic and neoplastic) human oral mucosa. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY 1990; 417:419-26. [PMID: 1700537 DOI: 10.1007/bf01606030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, regional changes of cytokeratin patterns in human normal non-keratinized or keratinized oral mucosa have been demonstrated and the expression of individual cytokeratin polypeptides in lesions of oral mucosa has been compared with that of normal tissues. In particular, the presence of cytokeratin 19 in the suprabasal cell layers of oral epithelia has been shown to be strongly correlated with premalignancy. In the present study, we describe the results of an immunohistochemical investigation performed using a monoclonal antibody specific for cytokeratin 1 on normal oral mucosa and benign or malignant oral lesions. We show the different distribution of this polypeptide in non-neoplastic lesions from different sites of oral mucosa and describe the presence of cytokeratin 19. Our results are in agreement with the data obtained previously. In the malignant cases we demonstrate that the distribution of the two cytokeratins is characterized by complementary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cintorino
- Department of Pathology, University of Siena, Italy
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38
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Dale BA, Salonen J, Jones AH. New approaches and concepts in the study of differentiation of oral epithelia. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1990; 1:167-90. [PMID: 1717003 DOI: 10.1177/10454411900010030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial structural proteins, the keratins and keratin-associated proteins, are useful as markers of differentiation because their expression is both region-specific and differentiation-specific. In general, basal cells in all stratified oral epithelia express similar keratins, while the suprabasal cells express a specific set of markers indicating commitment to a distinct program of differentiation. Critical factors in the regulation of epithelial protein expression are now under investigation. The promoter regions of keratin genes are being characterized to determine what sequences within the genes are responsible for differential expression. One important extracellular factor that influences epithelial protein expression is retinol (vitamin A), which exerts its effects via a group of nuclear receptor proteins that may also be expressed in a region-specific manner. These molecular biological approaches enhance our understanding of the mechanisms regulating differentiation of oral epithelia and its regional complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Dale
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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39
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Oda D, Dale BA, Bourekis G. Human oral epithelial cell culture. II. Keratin expression in fetal and adult gingival cells. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 1990; 26:596-603. [PMID: 1694168 DOI: 10.1007/bf02624209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells from human fetal and adult gingiva were cultured in keratinocyte growth medium (KGM), a serum-free medium. The expression of keratin proteins in these cells was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and SDS-PAGE-immunoblot analysis and compared with expression in the tissue. Keratins 5, 6, 14, 16, and 19 were identified in cells cultured from both fetal and adult tissues. K19 was localized in basal cells of fetal oral tissue but was not seen in adult gingiva (except for scattered Merkel cells). K1 and K10 were expressed in tissue, but not in cultured cells. The keratin profiles of cultured epithelial cells from several adult donors were similar and were identical in cultures from primary through Passage 5. K13, a differentiation-specific keratin, was expressed in all suprabasal cells of fetal oral epithelium, but shows only spotty expression in adult gingival tissue. K13 was expressed in cultures of fetal cells, but very weakly or not at all in cultures of adult cells. K13 expression was greater in cultures grown with physiologic calcium concentrations (1.2 mM) than in those grown at 0.15 mM or less. Our findings are consistent with basal-like characters of these cells in 0.15 mM calcium growth conditions. Differentiation of fetal oral cells in culture to the suprabasal basal cell stage in 1.2 mM Ca2+ is shown by the expression of K13.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Oda
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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