1
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Mul W, Mitra A, Peterman EJG. Mechanisms of Regulation in Intraflagellar Transport. Cells 2022; 11:2737. [PMID: 36078145 PMCID: PMC9454703 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are eukaryotic organelles essential for movement, signaling or sensing. Primary cilia act as antennae to sense a cell's environment and are involved in a wide range of signaling pathways essential for development. Motile cilia drive cell locomotion or liquid flow around the cell. Proper functioning of both types of cilia requires a highly orchestrated bi-directional transport system, intraflagellar transport (IFT), which is driven by motor proteins, kinesin-2 and IFT dynein. In this review, we explore how IFT is regulated in cilia, focusing from three different perspectives on the issue. First, we reflect on how the motor track, the microtubule-based axoneme, affects IFT. Second, we focus on the motor proteins, considering the role motor action, cooperation and motor-train interaction plays in the regulation of IFT. Third, we discuss the role of kinases in the regulation of the motor proteins. Our goal is to provide mechanistic insights in IFT regulation in cilia and to suggest directions of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erwin J. G. Peterman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Abraham SP, Nita A, Krejci P, Bosakova M. Cilia kinases in skeletal development and homeostasis. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:577-608. [PMID: 34582081 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are dynamic compartments that regulate multiple aspects of cellular signaling. The production, maintenance, and function of cilia involve more than 1000 genes in mammals, and their mutations disrupt the ciliary signaling which manifests in a plethora of pathological conditions-the ciliopathies. Skeletal ciliopathies are genetic disorders affecting the development and homeostasis of the skeleton, and encompass a broad spectrum of pathologies ranging from isolated polydactyly to lethal syndromic dysplasias. The recent advances in forward genetics allowed for the identification of novel regulators of skeletogenesis, and revealed a growing list of ciliary proteins that are critical for signaling pathways implicated in bone physiology. Among these, a group of protein kinases involved in cilia assembly, maintenance, signaling, and disassembly has emerged. In this review, we summarize the functions of cilia kinases in skeletal development and disease, and discuss the available and upcoming treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P Abraham
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandru Nita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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3
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Wang EJ, Gailey CD, Brautigan DL, Fu Z. Functional Alterations in Ciliogenesis-Associated Kinase 1 (CILK1) that Result from Mutations Linked to Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy. Cells 2020; 9:E694. [PMID: 32178256 PMCID: PMC7140639 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a group of human genetic disorders associated with mutations that give rise to the dysfunction of primary cilia. Ciliogenesis-associated kinase 1 (CILK1), formerly known as intestinal cell kinase (ICK), is a conserved serine and threonine kinase that restricts primary (non-motile) cilia formation and length. Mutations in CILK1 are associated with ciliopathies and are also linked to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). However, the effects of the JME-related mutations in CILK1 on kinase activity and CILK1 function are unknown. Here, we report that JME pathogenic mutations in the CILK1 N-terminal kinase domain abolish kinase activity, evidenced by the loss of phosphorylation of kinesin family member 3A (KIF3A) at Thr672, while JME mutations in the C-terminal non-catalytic domain (CTD) have little effect on KIF3A phosphorylation. Although CILK1 variants in the CTD retain catalytic activity, they nonetheless lose the ability to restrict cilia length and also gain function in promoting ciliogenesis. We show that wild type CILK1 predominantly localizes to the base of the primary cilium; in contrast, JME variants of CILK1 are distributed along the entire axoneme of the primary cilium. These results demonstrate that JME pathogenic mutations perturb CILK1 function and intracellular localization. These CILK1 variants affect the primary cilium, independent of CILK1 phosphorylation of KIF3A. Our findings suggest that CILK1 mutations linked to JME result in alterations of primary cilia formation and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (E.J.W.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Casey D. Gailey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (E.J.W.); (C.D.G.)
| | - David L. Brautigan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (E.J.W.); (C.D.G.)
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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4
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Fu Z, Gailey CD, Wang EJ, Brautigan DL. Ciliogenesis associated kinase 1: targets and functions in various organ systems. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2990-3002. [PMID: 31506943 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ciliogenesis associated kinase 1 (CILK1) was previously known as intestinal cell kinase because it was cloned from that origin. However, CILK1 is now recognized as a widely expressed and highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase. Mutations in the human CILK1 gene have been associated with ciliopathies, a group of human genetic disorders with defects in the primary cilium. In mice, both Cilk1 knock-out and Cilk1 knock-in mutations have recapitulated human ciliopathies. Thus, CILK1 has a fundamental role in the function of the cilium. Several candidate substrates have been proposed for CILK1 and the challenge is to relate these to the mutant phenotypes. In this review, we summarize what is known about CILK1 functions and targets, and discuss gaps in current knowledge that motivate further experimentation to fully understand the role of CILK1 in organ development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Casey D Gailey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Eric J Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David L Brautigan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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5
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Oud MM, Bonnard C, Mans DA, Altunoglu U, Tohari S, Ng AYJ, Eskin A, Lee H, Rupar CA, de Wagenaar NP, Wu KM, Lahiry P, Pazour GJ, Nelson SF, Hegele RA, Roepman R, Kayserili H, Venkatesh B, Siu VM, Reversade B, Arts HH. A novel ICK mutation causes ciliary disruption and lethal endocrine-cerebro-osteodysplasia syndrome. Cilia 2016; 5:8. [PMID: 27069622 PMCID: PMC4827216 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-016-0029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endocrine-cerebro-osteodysplasia (ECO) syndrome [MIM:612651] caused by a recessive mutation (p.R272Q) in Intestinal cell kinase (ICK) shows significant clinical overlap with ciliary disorders. Similarities are strongest between ECO syndrome, the Majewski and Mohr-Majewski short-rib thoracic dysplasia (SRTD) with polydactyly syndromes, and hydrolethalus syndrome. In this study, we present a novel homozygous ICK mutation in a fetus with ECO syndrome and compare the effect of this mutation with the previously reported ICK variant on ciliogenesis and cilium morphology. Results Through homozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing, we identified a second variant (c.358G > T; p.G120C) in ICK in a Turkish fetus presenting with ECO syndrome. In vitro studies of wild-type and mutant mRFP-ICK (p.G120C and p.R272Q) revealed that, in contrast to the wild-type protein that localizes along the ciliary axoneme and/or is present in the ciliary base, mutant proteins rather enrich in the ciliary tip. In addition, immunocytochemistry revealed a decreased number of cilia in ICK p.R272Q-affected cells. Conclusions Through identification of a novel ICK mutation, we confirm that disruption of ICK causes ECO syndrome, which clinically overlaps with the spectrum of ciliopathies. Expression of ICK-mutated proteins result in an abnormal ciliary localization compared to wild-type protein. Primary fibroblasts derived from an individual with ECO syndrome display ciliogenesis defects. In aggregate, our findings are consistent with recent reports that show that ICK regulates ciliary biology in vitro and in mice, confirming that ECO syndrome is a severe ciliopathy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13630-016-0029-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machteld M Oud
- Department of Human Genetics (855), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO-Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carine Bonnard
- Laboratory of Human Embryology & Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dorus A Mans
- Department of Human Genetics (855), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO-Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sumanty Tohari
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alvin Yu Jin Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ascia Eskin
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Hane Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - C Anthony Rupar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, Room 4212A, 1151 Richmond Street N, N6A 5B7 London, ON Canada.,Medical Genetics Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON Canada
| | - Nathalie P de Wagenaar
- Department of Human Genetics (855), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO-Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ka Man Wu
- Department of Human Genetics (855), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO-Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piya Lahiry
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Stanley F Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, Room 4212A, 1151 Richmond Street N, N6A 5B7 London, ON Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, London, ON Canada
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics (855), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO-Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victoria M Siu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, Room 4212A, 1151 Richmond Street N, N6A 5B7 London, ON Canada.,Medical Genetics Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON Canada
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Laboratory of Human Embryology & Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, ASTAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Heleen H Arts
- Department of Human Genetics (855), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO-Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, Room 4212A, 1151 Richmond Street N, N6A 5B7 London, ON Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, London, ON Canada
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6
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Saleh M, Jürchott K, Oberland S, Neuhaus EM, Kramer A, Abraham U. Genome-Wide Screen Reveals Rhythmic Regulation of Genes Involved in Odor Processing in the Olfactory Epithelium. J Biol Rhythms 2015; 30:506-18. [PMID: 26482709 DOI: 10.1177/0748730415610197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Odor discrimination behavior displays circadian fluctuations in mice, indicating that mammalian olfactory function is under control of the circadian system. This is further supported by the facts that odor discrimination rhythms depend on the presence of clock genes and that olfactory tissues contain autonomous circadian clocks. However, the molecular link between circadian function and olfactory processing is still unknown. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this link, we focused on the olfactory epithelium (OE), the primary target of odors and the site of the initial events in olfactory processing. We asked whether olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) within the OE possess an autonomous circadian clock and whether olfactory pathways are under circadian control. Employing clock gene-driven bioluminescence reporter assays and time-dependent immunohistochemistry on OE samples, we found robust circadian rhythms of core clock genes and their proteins in OSNs, suggesting that the OE indeed contains an autonomous circadian clock. Furthermore, we performed a circadian transcriptome analysis and identified several OSN-specific components that are under circadian control, including those with putative roles in circadian olfactory processing, such as KIRREL2-an established factor involved in short-term OSN activation. The spatiotemporal expression patterns of our candidate proteins suggest that they are involved in short-term anabolic processes to rhythmically prepare the cell for peak performances and to promote circadian function of OSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjana Saleh
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Jürchott
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Oberland
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité-Universtitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Eva M Neuhaus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Achim Kramer
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Abraham
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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7
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van Huet RAC, Siemiatkowska AM, Özgül RK, Yücel D, Hoyng CB, Banin E, Blumenfeld A, Rotenstreich Y, Riemslag FCC, den Hollander AI, Theelen T, Collin RWJ, van den Born LI, Klevering BJ. Retinitis pigmentosa caused by mutations in the ciliary MAK gene is relatively mild and is not associated with apparent extra-ocular features. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93:83-94. [PMID: 25385675 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Defects in MAK, encoding a protein localized to the photoreceptor connecting cilium, have recently been associated with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The aim of this study is to describe our detailed clinical observations in patients with MAK-associated RP, including an assessment of syndromic symptoms frequently observed in ciliopathies. METHODS In this international collaborative study, 11 patients carrying nonsense or missense mutations in MAK were clinically evaluated, including extensive assessment of the medical history, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, kinetic perimetry, electroretinography (ERG), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), autofluorescence imaging and fundus photography. Additionally, we used a questionnaire to evaluate the presence of syndromic features and tested the olfactory function. RESULTS MAK-associated RP is not associated with syndromic features, not even with subclinical dysfunction of the olfactory apparatus. All patients experienced typical RP symptoms of night blindness followed by visual field constriction. Symptoms initiated between childhood and the age of 43 (mean: 23 years). Although some patients experienced vision loss, the visual acuity remained normal in most patients. ERG and ophthalmoscopy revealed classic RP characteristics, and SD-OCT demonstrated thinning of the overall retina, outer nuclear layer and photoreceptor-pigment epithelium complex. CONCLUSION Nonsense and missense mutations in MAK give rise to a non-syndromic recessive RP phenotype without apparent extra-ocular features. When compared to other retinal ciliopathies, MAK-associated RP appears to be relatively mild and shows remarkable resemblance to RP1-associated RP, which could be explained by the close functional relation of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon A. C. van Huet
- Department of Ophthalmology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Anna M. Siemiatkowska
- Department of Human Genetics; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Riza K. Özgül
- Institute of Child Health and Metabolism Unit; Department of Pediatrics; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
| | - Didem Yücel
- Institute of Child Health and Metabolism Unit; Department of Pediatrics; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
| | - Carel B. Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Eyal Banin
- Department of Ophthalmology; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Anat Blumenfeld
- Department of Ophthalmology; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Ygal Rotenstreich
- Electrophysiology Clinic; Goldschleger Eye Research Institute; Tel Aviv University; Sheba Medical Centre; Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Frans C. C. Riemslag
- The Rotterdam Eye Hospital; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Bartiméus, Institute for the Visually Handicapped; Zeist The Netherlands
| | - Anneke I. den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Theelen
- Department of Ophthalmology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Rob W. J. Collin
- Department of Human Genetics; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - B. Jeroen Klevering
- Department of Ophthalmology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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8
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Broekhuis JR, Verhey KJ, Jansen G. Regulation of cilium length and intraflagellar transport by the RCK-kinases ICK and MOK in renal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108470. [PMID: 25243405 PMCID: PMC4171540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are important sensory organelles. They exist in a wide variety of lengths, which could reflect different cell-specific functions. How cilium length is regulated is unclear, but it probably involves intraflagellar transport (IFT), which transports protein complexes along the ciliary axoneme. Studies in various organisms have identified the small, conserved family of ros-cross hybridizing kinases (RCK) as regulators of cilium length. Here we show that Intestinal Cell Kinase (ICK) and MAPK/MAK/MRK overlapping kinase (MOK), two members of this family, localize to cilia of mouse renal epithelial (IMCD-3) cells and negatively regulate cilium length. To analyze the effects of ICK and MOK on the IFT machinery, we set up live imaging of five fluorescently tagged IFT proteins: KIF3B, a subunit of kinesin-II, the main anterograde IFT motor, complex A protein IFT43, complex B protein IFT20, BBSome protein BBS8 and homodimeric kinesin KIF17, whose function in mammalian cilia is unclear. Interestingly, all five proteins moved at ∼0.45 µm/s in anterograde and retrograde direction, suggesting they are all transported by the same machinery. Moreover, GFP tagged ICK and MOK moved at similar velocities as the IFT proteins, suggesting they are part of, or transported by the IFT machinery. Indeed, loss- or gain-of-function of ICK affected IFT speeds: knockdown increased anterograde velocities, whereas overexpression reduced retrograde speed. In contrast, MOK knockdown or overexpression did not affect IFT speeds. Finally, we found that the effects of ICK or MOK knockdown on cilium length and IFT are suppressed by rapamycin treatment, suggesting that these effects require the mTORC1 pathway. Our results confirm the importance of RCK kinases as regulators of cilium length and IFT. However, whereas some of our results suggest a direct correlation between cilium length and IFT speed, other results indicate that cilium length can be modulated independent of IFT speed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen J. Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gert Jansen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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9
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Distinct expression patterns of ICK/MAK/MOK protein kinases in the intestine implicate functional diversity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79359. [PMID: 24244486 PMCID: PMC3820702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ICK/MRK (intestinal cell kinase/MAK-related kinase), MAK (male germ cell-associated kinase), and MOK (MAPK/MAK/MRK-overlapping kinase) are closely related serine/threonine protein kinases in the protein kinome. The biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of the ICK/MAK/MOK family are still largely elusive. Despite significant similarities in their catalytic domains, they diverge markedly in the sequence and structural organization of their C-terminal non-catalytic domains, raising the question as to whether they have distinct, overlapping, or redundant biological functions. In order to gain insights into their biological activities and lay a fundamental groundwork for functional studies, we investigated the spatio-temporal distribution patterns and the expression dynamics of ICK/MAK/MOK protein kinases in the intestine. We found that ICK/MAK/MOK proteins display divergent expression patterns along the duodenum-to-colon axis and during postnatal murine development. Furthermore, they are differentially partitioned between intestinal epithelium and mesenchyme. A significant increase in the protein level of ICK, but not MAK, was induced in human primary colon cancer specimens. ICK protein level was up-regulated whereas MOK protein level was down-regulated in mouse intestinal adenomas as compared with their adjacent normal intestinal mucosa. These data suggest distinct roles for ICK/MAK/MOK protein kinases in the regulation of intestinal neoplasia. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the expressions of ICK/MAK/MOK proteins in the intestinal tract can be differentially and dynamically regulated, implicating a significant functional diversity within this group of protein kinases.
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10
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Broekhuis JR, Leong WY, Jansen G. Regulation of cilium length and intraflagellar transport. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 303:101-38. [PMID: 23445809 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407697-6.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are highly conserved sensory organelles that extend from the surface of almost all vertebrate cells. The importance of cilia is evident from their involvement in many diseases, called ciliopathies. Primary cilia contain a microtubular axoneme that is used as a railway for transport of both structural components and signaling proteins. This transport machinery is called intraflagellar transport (IFT). Cilia are dynamic organelles whose presence on the cell surface, morphology, length and function are highly regulated. It is clear that the IFT machinery plays an important role in this regulation. However, it is not clear how, for example environmental cues or cell fate decisions are relayed to modulate IFT and cilium morphology or function. This chapter presents an overview of molecules that have been shown to regulate cilium length and IFT. Several examples where signaling modulates IFT and cilium function are used to discuss the importance of these systems for the cell and for understanding of the etiology of ciliopathies.
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11
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Winter E. The Sum1/Ndt80 transcriptional switch and commitment to meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2012; 76:1-15. [PMID: 22390969 PMCID: PMC3294429 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.05010-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells encounter numerous signals during the development of an organism that induce division, differentiation, and apoptosis. These signals need to be present for defined intervals in order to induce stable changes in the cellular phenotype. The point after which an inducing signal is no longer needed for completion of a differentiation program can be termed the "commitment point." Meiotic development in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (sporulation) provides a model system to study commitment. Similar to differentiation programs in multicellular organisms, the sporulation program in yeast is regulated by a transcriptional cascade that produces early, middle, and late sets of sporulation-specific transcripts. Although critical meiosis-specific events occur as early genes are expressed, commitment does not take place until middle genes are induced. Middle promoters are activated by the Ndt80 transcription factor, which is produced and activated shortly before most middle genes are expressed. In this article, I discuss the connection between Ndt80 and meiotic commitment. A transcriptional regulatory pathway makes NDT80 transcription contingent on the prior expression of early genes. Once Ndt80 is produced, the recombination (pachytene) checkpoint prevents activation of the Ndt80 protein. Upon activation, Ndt80 triggers a positive autoregulatory loop that leads to the induction of genes that promote exit from prophase, the meiotic divisions, and spore formation. The pathway is controlled by multiple feed-forward loops that give switch-like properties to the commitment transition. The conservation of regulatory components of the meiotic commitment pathway and the recently reported ability of Ndt80 to increase replicative life span are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Winter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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12
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Negative regulation of ciliary length by ciliary male germ cell-associated kinase (Mak) is required for retinal photoreceptor survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:22671-6. [PMID: 21148103 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009437108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia function as cell sensors in many organs, and their disorders are referred to as "ciliopathies." Although ciliary components and transport machinery have been well studied, regulatory mechanisms of ciliary formation and maintenance are poorly understood. Here we show that male germ cell-associated kinase (Mak) regulates retinal photoreceptor ciliary length and subcompartmentalization. Mak was localized both in the connecting cilia and outer-segment axonemes of photoreceptor cells. In the Mak-null retina, photoreceptors exhibit elongated cilia and progressive degeneration. We observed accumulation of intraflagellar transport 88 (IFT88) and IFT57, expansion of kinesin family member 3A (Kif3a), and acetylated α-tubulin signals in the Mak-null photoreceptor cilia. We found abnormal rhodopsin accumulation in the Mak-null photoreceptor cell bodies at postnatal day 14. In addition, overexpression of retinitis pigmentosa 1 (RP1), a microtubule-associated protein localized in outer-segment axonemes, induced ciliary elongation, and Mak coexpression rescued excessive ciliary elongation by RP1. The RP1 N-terminal portion induces ciliary elongation and increased intensity of acetylated α-tubulin labeling in the cells and is phosphorylated by Mak. These results suggest that Mak is essential for the regulation of ciliary length and is required for the long-term survival of photoreceptors.
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Fu Z, Schroeder MJ, Shabanowitz J, Kaldis P, Togawa K, Rustgi AK, Hunt DF, Sturgill TW. Activation of a nuclear Cdc2-related kinase within a mitogen-activated protein kinase-like TDY motif by autophosphorylation and cyclin-dependent protein kinase-activating kinase. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:6047-64. [PMID: 15988018 PMCID: PMC1168834 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.14.6047-6064.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Male germ cell-associated kinase (MAK) and intestinal cell kinase (ICK) are nuclear Cdc2-related kinases with nearly identical N-terminal catalytic domains and more divergent C-terminal noncatalytic domains. The catalytic domain is also related to mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and contains a corresponding TDY motif. Nuclear localization of ICK requires subdomain XI and interactions of the conserved Arg-272, but not kinase activity or, surprisingly, any of the noncatalytic domain. Further, nuclear localization of ICK is required for its activation. ICK is activated by dual phosphorylation of the TDY motif. Phosphorylation of Tyr-159 in the TDY motif requires ICK autokinase activity but confers only basal kinase activity. Full activation requires additional phosphorylation of Thr-157 in the TDY motif. Coexpression of ICK with constitutively active MEK1 or MEK5 fails to increase ICK phosphorylation or activity, suggesting that MEKs are not involved. ICK and MAK are related to Ime2p in budding yeast, and cyclin-dependent protein kinase-activating kinase Cak1p has been placed genetically upstream of Ime2p. Recombinant Cak1p phosphorylates Thr-157 in the TDY motif of recombinant ICK and activates its activity in vitro. Coexpression of ICK with wild-type CAK1 but not kinase-inactive CAK1 in cells also increases ICK phosphorylation and activity. Our studies establish ICK as the prototype for a new group of MAPK-like kinases requiring dual phosphorylation at TDY motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0735, USA
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Garrido E, Pérez-Martín J. The crk1 gene encodes an Ime2-related protein that is required for morphogenesis in the plant pathogen Ustilago maydis. Mol Microbiol 2003; 47:729-43. [PMID: 12535072 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis alternates between budding and filamentous growth during its life cycle. This dimorphic transition is regulated by environmental factors and mating. We cloned a new gene, crk1, which encodes a protein with sequence similarity to Ime2, a kinase involved in developmental choices in S. cerevisiae. Disruption of the crk1 gene in U. maydis resulted in cells that are unable to respond in an appropriate manner to environmental stimuli and show defects in morphogenesis and cell cycle adjustment to changing conditions. We have analysed the regulation of the crk1 gene and demonstrated that cAMP and MAPK pathways have opposite influences on the transcript levels for crk1. Furthermore, we have shown that alterations in the components of these pathways impair the ability of the cellular machinery to adapt to changing conditions. These results demonstrate an important role for the crk1- encoded protein in the morphogenesis and environmental adaptation in Ustilago maydis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Garrido
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Woodger FJ, Gubler F, Pogson BJ, Jacobsen JV. A Mak-like kinase is a repressor of GAMYB in barley aleurone. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:707-17. [PMID: 12609043 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
GAMYB is a gibberellin (GA)-regulated activator of hydrolase gene expression in the aleurone layer of germinating cereal grains. Although it is clear that GAMYB expression is regulated by GA, more remains to be understood about how this transcription factor operates within the GA-response pathway. In order to isolate new components from the GA-response pathway, barley aleurone libraries were screened for GAMYB-binding proteins using a recently developed yeast two-hybrid system, which is compatible with the use of transcription factors as baits. We isolated a new member of the emerging Mak-subgroup of cdc2- and MAP kinase-related protein kinases. We have termed this GAMYB-binding protein KGM (for kinase associated with GAMYB). Transient expression of KGM specifically repressed alpha-amylase promoter activity at the level of GAMYB function but a mutation designed to de-stabilise the activation loop of KGM alleviated this repression. We propose that KGM is a negative regulator of GAMYB function in aleurone that may prevent precocious hydrolase gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J Woodger
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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Xia L, Robinson D, Ma AH, Chen HC, Wu F, Qiu Y, Kung HJ. Identification of human male germ cell-associated kinase, a kinase transcriptionally activated by androgen in prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:35422-33. [PMID: 12084720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203940200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen is involved in both normal development and malignant transformation of prostate cells. The signal transduction pathways associated with these processes are not well understood. Using a novel kinase display approach, we have identified a protein kinase, human male germ cell-associated kinase (hMAK), which is transcriptionally induced by the androgenic hormone 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The kinetics of induction is rapid and dose-dependent, and the induction is not blocked by cycloheximide treatment. Real time reverse transcription-PCR studies demonstrated a 9-fold induction of hMAK by 10 nm DHT at 24 h post-stimulation. The expression levels of hMAK in prostate cancer cell lines are in general higher than those of normal prostate epithelial cells. A reverse transcription-PCR product encompassing the entire hMAK open reading frame was isolated. The results from sequencing analysis showed that the hMAK protein is 623 amino acids in length and contains a kinase catalytic domain at its N terminus, followed by a proline/glutamine-rich domain. The catalytic domain of this kinase contains sequence motifs related to both the cyclin-dependent kinase and the mitogen-activated protein kinase families. When expressed in COS1 cells, hMAK is kinase-active as demonstrated by autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of exogenous substrate and is localized in the nucleus. A 3.7-kilobase pair promoter of the hMAK locus was isolated from a human genomic DNA bacterial artificial chromosome clone and was shown to be activated by DHT. This activation can be blocked by an anti-androgen drug bicalutamide (Casodex), implicating the involvement of androgen receptor in this process. Taken together, these data suggest that hMAK is a protein kinase targeted by androgen that may participate in androgen-mediated signaling in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Shinkai Y, Satoh H, Takeda N, Fukuda M, Chiba E, Kato T, Kuramochi T, Araki Y. A testicular germ cell-associated serine-threonine kinase, MAK, is dispensable for sperm formation. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:3276-80. [PMID: 11971961 PMCID: PMC133803 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.10.3276-3280.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase superfamily, MAK, has been proposed to have an important role in spermatogenesis, since Mak gene expression is highly restricted to testicular germ cells. To assess the biological function of MAK, we have established MAK-deficient (Mak(-/-)) mice. Mak(-/-) mice developed normally, and no gross abnormalities were observed. Spermatogenesis of the Mak(-/-) mice was also intact, and most of the mice were fertile. However, Mak(-/-) male-derived litter sizes and their sperm motility in vitro were mildly reduced. These data show that function of MAK is not essential for spermatogenesis and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Shinkai
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Fowler MR, Atanassova AI, Elliott MC, Scott NW, Slater A. Characterization of a Mak subgroup Cdc2-like protein kinase from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2000; 51:2119-2124. [PMID: 11141185 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/51.353.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Mak-type Cdc2-like protein kinases are, a relatively uncharacterized group of proteins. Bvcrk2 encodes a plant Mak-type kinase. Its highest levels of expression occur in the secondary meristems of developing sugar beet storage organs, suggesting a role, in planta, in the regulation of cell division or early cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Fowler
- The Norman Borlaug Institute for Plant Science Research, De Montfort University, Scraptoft, Leicester LE7 9SU, UK.
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Togawa K, Yan YX, Inomoto T, Slaugenhaupt S, Rustgi AK. Intestinal cell kinase (ICK) localizes to the crypt region and requires a dual phosphorylation site found in map kinases. J Cell Physiol 2000; 183:129-39. [PMID: 10699974 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(200004)183:1<129::aid-jcp15>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Identification of key regulatory kinases in the intestinal epithelium are useful to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie proliferation and differentiation in cells found in this compartment. We used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the catalytic kinase domain of serine-threonine kinases by employing degenerate primers and then screened an intestinal crypt cDNA library to clone and sequence the open reading frame of a novel serine-threonine kinase. This was then further characterized by Northern blot analysis and RNA in situ hybridization. This kinase, designated intestinal cell kinase, harbors a dual phosphorylation site found in mitogen-activating protein (MAP) kinases that is important for kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Togawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6144, USA
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Meyer D, Birchmeier C. Distinct isoforms of neuregulin are expressed in mesenchymal and neuronal cells during mouse development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:1064-8. [PMID: 8302832 PMCID: PMC521454 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.3.1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin, the putative ligand of the c-neu receptor tyrosine kinase, can induce differentiation or growth of epithelia and other cells. To gain insight into the biological role of this factor, we have analyzed the expression of neuregulin during mouse embryogenesis and in the perinatal animal by a combination of in situ hybridization and RNase protection experiments. We identify sites of expression that correspond to mesenchymal cells of various parenchymal organs. Our finding implies a function of neuregulin as a mesenchymal factor that acts on epithelia. The mesenchymal expression of neuregulin could thus provide a molecular basis for the biological phenomenon of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. It also has implications on the molecular mechanism by which amplification of c-neu can affect tumor progression of carcinomas. In addition, neuregulin expression is found in neuronal cells during development. We show by RNase protection experiments that distinct isoforms of neuregulin are expressed in the brain. Therefore, our data indicate in vivo a dual role for neuregulin as mesenchymal and neuronal factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Meyer
- Max-Delbrück-Laboratorium in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Koeln, Germany
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