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Yardimci S, Gibaud T, Schwenger W, Sartucci M, Olmsted P, Urbach J, Dogic Z. Bonded straight and helical flagellar filaments form ultra-low-density glasses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215766120. [PMID: 37068256 PMCID: PMC10151462 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215766120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We study how the three-dimensional shape of rigid filaments determines the microscopic dynamics and macroscopic rheology of entangled semidilute Brownian suspensions. To control the filament shape we use bacterial flagella, which are microns-long helical or straight filaments assembled from flagellin monomers. We compare the dynamics of straight rods, helical filaments, and shape-diblock copolymers composed of seamlessly joined straight and helical segments. Caged by their neighbors, straight rods preferentially diffuse along their long axis, but exhibit significantly suppressed rotational diffusion. Entangled helical filaments escape their confining tube by corkscrewing through the dense obstacles created by other filaments. By comparison, the adjoining segments of the rod-helix shape-diblocks suppress both the translation and the corkscrewing dynamics. Consequently, the shape-diblock filaments become permanently jammed at exceedingly low densities. We also measure the rheological properties of semidilute suspensions and relate their mechanical properties to the microscopic dynamics of constituent filaments. In particular, rheology shows that an entangled suspension of shape rod-helix copolymers forms a low-density glass whose elastic modulus can be estimated by accounting for how shear deformations reduce the entropic degrees of freedom of constrained filaments. Our results demonstrate that the three-dimensional shape of rigid filaments can be used to design rheological properties of semidilute fibrous suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Yardimci
- The Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA02454
- Single Molecule Imaging of Genome Duplication and Maintenance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute,NW1 1ATLondon, UK
| | - Thomas Gibaud
- The Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA02454
- Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique,F-69342Lyon, France
| | - Walter Schwenger
- The Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA02454
| | - Matthew R. Sartucci
- Department of Physics Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC20057
| | - Peter D. Olmsted
- Department of Physics Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC20057
| | - Jeffrey S. Urbach
- Department of Physics Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC20057
| | - Zvonimir Dogic
- The Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA02454
- Department of Physics, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA93106
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA93106
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D Y Bandara YMN, Tang J, Saharia J, Rogowski LW, Ahn CW, Kim MJ. Characterization of Flagellar Filaments and Flagellin through Optical Microscopy and Label-Free Nanopore Responsiveness. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13665-13674. [PMID: 31525946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the translocation characteristics of flagellar filaments (Salmonella typhimurium) and flagellin subunits through silicon nitride nanopores in tandem with optical microscopy analysis. Even though untagged flagella are dark to the optical method, the label-free nature of the nanopore sensor allows it to characterize both tagged (Cy3) and pristine forms of flagella (including real-time developments). Flagella were depolymerized to flagellin subunits at ∼65 °C (most commonly reported temperature), ∼70 °C, ∼75 °C, and ∼80 °C to investigate the effect of temperature (Tdepol) on depolymerization. The change in conductance (ΔG) profiles corresponding to Tdepol ∼65 °C and ∼70 °C were bracketed within the flagellin monomer profile whereas those of ∼75 °C and ∼80 °C extended beyond this profile, suggesting a change to the native protein state. The molecular radius calculated from the excluded electrolyte volume of flagellin through nanopore-based ΔG characteristics for each Tdepol of ∼65 °C, ∼70 °C, ∼75 °C, and ∼80 °C yielded ∼4.2 ± 0.2 nm, ∼4.3 ± 0.3 nm, ∼4.1 ± 0.2 nm, and ∼4.7 ± 0.5 nm, respectively. This, along with ΔG (plateaued values) and translocation time profiles, points to the possibility of flagellin misfolding at ∼80 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Nuwan D Y Bandara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75275 , United States
| | - Jiannan Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75275 , United States
| | - Jugal Saharia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75275 , United States
| | - Louis William Rogowski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75275 , United States
| | - Chi Won Ahn
- Nano-Materials Laboratory , National NanoFab Center , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75275 , United States
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3
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Leggio C, Galantini L, Pavel NV. About the albumin structure in solution: cigar Expanded form versus heart Normal shape. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:6741-50. [DOI: 10.1039/b808938h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Sano Y, Inoue H, Kajiwara K, Hiragi Y, Isoda S. Structural analysis of A-protein of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus by synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1997; 16:151-9. [PMID: 9112608 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026398218973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The size and shape of A-protein of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMVP) and cucumber green mottle mosaic virus coat protein (CGMMVP) were evaluated by means of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) using a synchrotron radiation source, complemented by electron microscopic observations. The results imply that TMV and CGMMV A-proteins are composed of three and two subunits, respectively, stacked in the shape of an isosceles triangular prism at lower ionic strength. Considering the difference of the A-protein structure at higher and lower ionic strength, the globular core structure was proposed as a subunit which might be modeled as a thin isosceles triangular prism composed of four globular cores joined by rather flexible segments. These cores correspond probably to four helical regions in a subunit, and rearrange their relative positions according to the external conditions. A slight rearrangement of core positions in a subunit may result in the formation of A-proteins of various shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sano
- National Food Research Institute, Ibaraki-ken, Japan.
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5
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Ishima R, Akasaka K, Aizawa S, Vonderviszt F. Mobility of the terminal regions of flagellin in solution. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Hiragi Y, Inoue H, Sano Y, Kajiwara K, Ueki T, Kataoka M, Tagawa H, Izumi Y, Muroga Y, Amemiya Y. Temperature dependence of the structure of aggregates of tobacco mosaic virus protein at pH 7.2. Static synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering. J Mol Biol 1988; 204:129-40. [PMID: 3216388 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) method using a synchrotron radiation source was applied to the study of the self-aggregation process of tobacco mosaic virus protein (TMVP) at a concentration of 5.0 or 12.0 mg ml-1 in 50 mM or 100 mM-phosphate buffer (ionic strengths approx. 0.1 and 0.2, respectively) at pH 7.2 in the temperature region of 4.8 to 25.0 degrees C. This paper presents the results of static measurements of SAXS. Sedimentation velocity experiments were performed simultaneously under the same conditions. These results are qualitatively parallel to those of the SAXS measurements, although the size of stacked disks derived from the SAXS measurements is larger than that derived from the sedimentation experiments, suggesting a change in the equilibrium conditions in the centrifugal field. Qualitative analysis of the SAXS data with model simulation calculations implies that the aggregation of TMVP consists of two steps: (1) the aggregation of A-protein comprising a few subunits to form double-layered disks; and (2) the random polymerization of double-layered disks by disk-stacking. Increase in temperature, ionic strength or protein concentration induced TMVP to polymerize to form a double-layered disk or a quadruple-layered short rod with consumption of A-proteins, accompanied by a small number of multi-layered short rods. The SAXS results indicate that the A-protein and the multilayered short rods are polydisperse with respect to size and shape, i.e. the mixture of A-protein, double-layered disks and multi-layered short rods coexists in the equilibrium state without pressure-induced partial dissociation of TMPV as observed during normal ultracentrifugation, and even under solution conditions in which the formation of double-layered disks or higher-order aggregates is favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hiragi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Japan
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Trachtenberg S, DeRosier DJ. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the flagellar filament of Caulobacter crescentus. A flagellin lacking the outer domain and its amino acid sequence lacking an internal segment. J Mol Biol 1988; 202:787-808. [PMID: 3172239 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We obtained a three-dimensional reconstruction of the flagellar filament of Caulobacter crescentus CB15 from electron micrographs of negatively stained preparations. The C. crescentus filament appears, both in negative stain and in the frozen-hydrated state, significantly smoother and narrower than other filaments. Its helical symmetry, and unit cell size, however, are similar to that of other filaments. Although the molecular weight of the C. crescentus flagellin is about half that of other plain flagellins, there is only one monomer per unit cell as indicated by diffraction studies and by linear mass density measurements with the scanning transmission electron microscope. Alignment of the primary amino acid sequences of Salmonella typhimurium (serotype i) and C. crescentus (29,000 Mr) flagellins shows that whereas there is homology at the amino and carboxyterminal ends of the two sequences, the central segment of the S. typhimurium sequence has no homology to that of C. crescentus. A correlated comparison between the three-dimensional reconstructions of the two filaments and primary amino acid sequences of the two flagellins suggests that: (1) the C. crescentus subunit is missing the outer molecular domain but is, otherwise, similar to that of S. typhimurium; (2) the outer molecular domain in S. typhimurium corresponds, therefore, to a central stretch of the primary amino acid sequence; and (3) the outer molecular domain, missing in C. crescentus, is not obligatory for flagellar motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trachtenberg
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University Waltham, MA 02254
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9
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Kajiwara K, Niki R, Urakawa H, Hiragi Y, Donkai N, Nagura M. Micellar structure of beta-casein observed by small-angle X-ray scattering. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 955:128-34. [PMID: 3395618 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(88)90186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The small-angle X-ray scattering was observed from beta-casein micelles in 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.7) with varying temperatures. An oblate ellipsoid of a rigid core with a thin soft layer was proposed as a probable model of the beta-casein micellar structure, according to the results of the model optimization with simple triaxial bodies. Here the axial ratio was found to decrease and the micelle to become spherical when the polymerization proceeds with temperature. The consistency of the present model was examined with the results of hydrodynamic measurements published previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kajiwara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
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10
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Trachtenberg S, DeRosier DJ. Three-dimensional structure of the frozen-hydrated flagellar filament. The left-handed filament of Salmonella typhimurium. J Mol Biol 1987; 195:581-601. [PMID: 3309339 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electron micrographs of frozen-hydrated preparations of flagellar filaments of Salmonella typhimurium were used to obtain a three-dimensional reconstruction of the structure. The filaments were obtained from the mutant SJW1660, which produces straight, left-handed filaments. The subunits in this filament are thought to be all in the L-state. The structure consists of a set of 11 longitudinal segmented rods of density that lie at a radius of 70 A. The outermost feature of the filament is a set of knobs of density that project outward from the rods. The interior of the filaments consists of arms that extend inward radially from the segmented rods. The 11 segmented rods and their interconnections are noteworthy because current theories regarding filament structure involve switching of subunits between the L and R states co-operatively along the directions of the rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trachtenberg
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254
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11
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Ikeda T, Kamiya R, Yamaguchi S. Excretion of flagellin by a short-flagella mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 1983; 153:506-10. [PMID: 6336739 PMCID: PMC217399 DOI: 10.1128/jb.153.1.506-510.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A nonmotile mutant of Salmonella typhimurium, SJW1254, has very short flagella (less than 0.1 micron long) due to a mutation in the structural gene of flagellin (H2). When ammonium sulfate was added to the culture medium of SJW1254 grown to the late-log phase, a large amount of protein precipitated. Gel electrophoresis and immunodiffusion showed that more than 90% (wt/wt) of the precipitated protein was flagellin. The mutant flagellin appeared to be excreted in the monomeric form, in an amount comparable to the amount in the flagellar filaments of wildtype bacteria. No such precipitate was obtained from the medium of wild-type bacteria. The mutant flagellin had the same apparent molecular weight (55,000) and isoelectric point (5.3) as the wild-type flagellin, but differed in mobility in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. Moreover, the mutant flagellin did not polymerize in vitro under various conditions in which wild-type flagellin polymerized. These results suggested that the mutant bacteria excreted flagellin because the flagellin polymerized poorly and therefore could not be trapped at the tip of the flagellar filament. This short-flagella mutant should be useful for studying the mechanism of flagellin transport.
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12
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Wagenknecht T, DeRosier DJ, Aizawa S, Macnab RM. Flagellar hook structures of Caulobacter and Salmonella and their relationship to filament structure. J Mol Biol 1982; 162:69-87. [PMID: 6759665 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Wagenknecht T, DeRosier D, Shapiro L, Weissborn A. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the flagellar hook from Caulobacter crescentus. J Mol Biol 1981; 151:439-65. [PMID: 7338902 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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Shirakihara Y, Wakabayashi T. Three-dimensional image reconstruction of straight flagella from a mutant Salmonella typhimurium. J Mol Biol 1979; 131:485-507. [PMID: 390160 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(79)90004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Johnson RC, Walsh MP, Ely B, Shapiro L. Flagellar hook and basal complex of Caulobacter crescentus. J Bacteriol 1979; 138:984-9. [PMID: 457596 PMCID: PMC218131 DOI: 10.1128/jb.138.3.984-989.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intact bacterial flagella possessing a membrane-free hook and basal complex were purified from Caulobacter crescentus CB15, as well as from mutants which synthesize incomplete flagella. The basal body consisted of five rings mounted on a rod. Two rings were in the hook-proximal upper set, and three rings (two narrow and one wide) were in the lower set. The diameters of the two upper rings differed, being 32 and 21 nm, respectively. The lower rings were all approximately 21 nm in diameter, although they varied significantly in width. During the normal course of the C. crescentus cell cycle, the polar flagellum with hook and rod was shed into the culture medium without the basal rings. Similarly, hooks with attached rods were shed from nonflagellate mutants, and these structures also lacked the basal rings. The hook structure was purified from nonflagellated mutants and found to be composed of a 70,000-molecular-weight protein component.
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Maruyama M, Lodderstaedt G, Schmitt R. Purification and biochemical properties of complex flagella isolated from Rhizobium lupini H13-3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 535:110-24. [PMID: 667114 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(78)90038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1. The complex flagella of Rhizobium lupini H13-3 differ from plain bacterial flagella in the fine structure of their filaments dominated by conspicuous helical bands, in their fragility and their resistance against heat decomposition. To elucidate the basis of these differences, the composition of complex filaments and their subunits was analysed. 2. Isolated complex flagella containing the filament and hook protions were purified by differential centrifugation. Hooks were separated by ultracentrifugation after acid degradation of filaments at pH 2. The complex filaments consist of 43 000 dalton monomers (cx-flagellin), the hooks are composed of 41 000 dalton subunits. 3. Amino acid analysis of cx-flagellin indicated the presence of approx. 417 amino acid residues. These comprise 47% hydrophobic residues and 21% Asp and Glu (or amides), but no Cys, His, Pro and Trp. No carbohydrate, phosphate or lipid moieties have been detected. Fingerprint analysis after tryptic digestion yields approx. 36 peptides, about half of them clustered in the neutral region. A comparison with the composition of varous known flagellins from plain flagella indicates a 7% higher content of hydrophobic amino acid residues in complex filaments; this is largely compensated for by the higher content of Glu and Asp (presumably as Gln and Asn) in plain filaments. 4. Immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis of cx-flagellin yield single precipitin bands indicating homogeneity. In contrast, isoelectric focusing lead to three close-running bands around pH4.7. When isolated, the two major bands again produced an "isoelectric spectrum" suggesting that it reflects an allomorphism of cx-flagellin. 5. Self-assembly experiments with cx-flagellin lead to coiled fibres including helical regions, but not to intact filaments. The products resemble heat-denatured complex filaments and may represent intermediates between monomers and complete polymers.
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Macnab RM. Bacterial motility and chemotaxis: the molecular biology of a behavioral system. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 5:291-341. [PMID: 152692 DOI: 10.3109/10409237809177145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Schalch W, Bode W. Involvement of tyrosine residues in the protomer-protomer interaction of Proteus mirabilis flagella as studied by spectroscopic methods, chemical modification and aggregation experiments. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 405:292-305. [PMID: 241412 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(75)90095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Using spectrophotometrical titration, chemical modification, and ultraviolet difference spectral methods, the existence of at least two distinct tyrosine groups in the isolated flagellin of Proteus mirabilis flagella has been established. Three of the five flagellin tyrosines are buried in the protein matrix, whereas the other two seem to lie on the protein surface accessible to perturbants. Also about two tyrosine residues, presumably the latter ones exposed to the environment, can be nitrated with tetranitromethane in the monomeric flagellin with a concomitant loss of the polymerization ability after about one tyrosine per mol flagellin has been nitrated. Nitrated flagellin, homogeneous with respect to molecular weight, degree of nitration and isoelectric point, could be isolated and characterized. On the other hand, it could be shown that in the polymeric flagellum the phenolic groups of all five tyrosine residues are inaccessible to perturbing and modifying reagents. It seems, therefore, that the integrity of the phenolic groups is necessary for the proper folding and aggregation of the flagellin subunits to form the stable helical flagella.
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20
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Kondo H, Yanagida M. Structure of straight flagellar filaments from a mutant of Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 1975; 96:641-52. [PMID: 1104863 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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22
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X-ray equatorial diffraction studies on the cross-sectional structure of Salmonella flagella. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(74)90207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Bode W, Hinz HJ, Jaenicke R, Blume A. Calorimetric studies on the in vitro polymerization of Pr. mirabilis flagellin. BIOPHYSICS OF STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM 1974; 1:55-64. [PMID: 4620389 DOI: 10.1007/bf01022560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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25
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Schmitt R, Raska I, Mayer F. Plain and complex flagella of Pseudomonas rhodos: analysis of fine structure and composition. J Bacteriol 1974; 117:844-57. [PMID: 4129995 PMCID: PMC285582 DOI: 10.1128/jb.117.2.844-857.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of Pseudomonas rhodos 9-6 produce two morphologically distinct flagella termed plain and complex, respectively. Fine structure analyses by electron microscopy and optical diffraction showed that plain flagellar filaments are cylinders of 13-nm diameter composed of globular subunits like normal bacterial flagella. The structure comprises nine large-scale helical rows of subunits intersecting four small-scale helices of pitch angle 25 degrees . Complex filaments have a conspicuous helical sheath, 18-nm wide, of three close-fitting helical bands, each about 4.7-nm wide, separated by axial intervals, 4.7 nm wide, running at an angle of 27 degrees . The internal core has similar but not identical substructure to plain filaments. Unlike plain flagella, the complex species is fragile and does not aggregate in bundles. Mutants bearing only one of two types of flagellum were isolated. Cells with plain flagella showed normal translational motion, and cells with complex flagella showed rapid spinning. Isolated plain flagella consist of a 37,000-dalton subunit separable into two isoproteins. Complex filaments consist of a 55,000-dalton protein; a second 43,000-dalton protein was assigned to complex flagellar hooks. The results indicate that plain and complex flagella are entirely different in structure and composition and that the complex type represents a novel flagellar species. Its possible mode of action is discussed.
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26
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Schmitt R, Bamberger I, Acker G, Mayer F. Feinstrukturanalyse der komplexen Gei�eln von Rhizobium lupini H 13-3. Arch Microbiol 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00446314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Czajkowski J, Soltesz V, Weibull C. Absence of an electron microscopic substructure in intact flagella of Proteus mirabilis and Bacillus subtilis. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1974; 46:79-86. [PMID: 4204983 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(74)80023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Flagellin from Escherichia coli K12: Polymerization and molecular weight in comparison with Salmonella flagellins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(74)90390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Bode W, Blume A. Thermal transitions of Proteus mirabilis flagellin as studied by circular dichroism and adiabatic differential calorimetry. FEBS Lett 1973; 36:318-22. [PMID: 4587212 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(73)80400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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32
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Abstract
The symmetrical arrangements of monomers into such cylindrical structures as microfilaments of actin, flagella of bacteria, microtubules of many organisms, and the protein coats of viruses can be specified by citing the index numbers of two or three sets of contact parastichies, or helical ranks of monomers, as has been done in classical studies of phyllotaxis. This specification has the form k(m, n) or k(m, n, m+n), where m, n, and (m+n) are parastichy numbers specifying screw displacements, and k is the jugacy, or frequency of rotational symmetry. For simple structures, k = 1. This notation has the advantage of terseness and of indicating the basic isometries of these helically symmetrical structures. Theoretical models of the packing of spheres whose centers lie on the surface of a cylinder have been investigated geometrically. Their symmetry properties are discussed. Parameters of these models, such as the angular divergence, alpha, the longitudinal displacement between successive spheres, h, the radius of the cylinder, and the angles of inclination of the parastichies, have been computed for representative patterns. The ultrastructural symmetry of several biological structures of this sort has been inferred by comparison with these models. Actin, for example, has the symmetry (1, 2), Salmonella flagella, 2(2, 3, 5), the tobacco mosaic virus, (1, 16, 17) and the microtubules of many higher organisms, (6, 7, 13).
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Jaenicke R, Bartmann P. Dissociation-association properties of apoferritin in the milligram and microgram range. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 49:884-90. [PMID: 4641711 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(72)90295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Mitchell P. Self-electrophoretic locomotion in microorganisms: bacterial flagella as giant ionophores. FEBS Lett 1972; 28:1-4. [PMID: 4646871 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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