Stereochemistry of the rearrangement of 2-aminoethanol by ethanolamine ammonia-lyase

Photolysis of adenosylcobalamin and radical pair recombination in ethanolamine ammonia-lyase probed on the micro- to millisecond time scale by using time-resolved optical absorption spectroscopy

The quantum yield and kinetics of decay of cob(II)alamin formed by pulsed-laser photolysis of adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl; coenzyme B(12)) in AdoCbl-dependent ethanolamine ammonia-lyase (EAL) from Salmonella typhimurium have been studied on the 10(-7)-10(-1) s time scale at 295 K by using transient ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy. The aim is to probe the mechanism of formation and stabilization of the cob(II)alamin-5'-deoxyadenosyl radical pair, which is a key intermediate in EAL catalysis, and the influence of substrate binding on this process. Substrate binding is required for cobalt-carbon bond cleavage in the native system. Photolysis of AdoCbl in EAL leads to a quantum yield at 10(-7) s for cob(II)alamin of 0.08 +/- 0.01, which is 3-fold smaller than for AdoCbl in aqueous solution (0.23 +/- 0.01). The protein binding site therefore suppresses photoproduct radical pair formation. Three photoproduct states, P(f), P(s), and P(c), are identified in holo-EAL by the different cob(II)alamin decay kinetics (subscripts denote fast, slow, and constant, respectively). These states have the following first-order decay rate constants and quantum yields: 2.2 x 10(3) s(-1) and 0.02 for P(f), 4.2 x 10(2) s(-1) and 0.01 for P(s), and constant amplitude, with no recombination, and 0.05 for P(c), respectively. Binding of the substrate analogue (S)-1-amino-2-propanol to EAL eliminates the P(f) state and lowers the quantum yield of P(c) (0.03) relative to that of P(s) (0.01) but does not significantly change the quantum yield or decay rate constant of P(s), relative to those of holo-EAL. The substrate analogue thus influences the quantum yield at 10(-7) s by changing the cage escape rate from the geminate cob(II)alamin-5'-deoxyadenosyl radical pair state. However, the predicted substrate analogue binding-induced increase in the quantum yield is not observed. It is proposed that the substrate analogue does not induce the radical pair stabilizing changes in the protein that are characteristic of true substrates.

Characterization of the product radical structure in the Co(II)-product radical pair state of coenzyme B12-dependent ethanolamine deaminase by using three-pulse 2H ESEEM spectroscopy

Molecular structural features of the product radical in the Co(II)-product radical pair catalytic intermediate state in coenzyme B(12)- (adenosylcobalamin-) dependent ethanolamine deaminase from Salmonella typhimurium have been characterized by using X-band three-pulse electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopy in the disordered solid state. The Co(II)-product radical pair state was prepared by cryotrapping holoenzyme during steady-state turnover on excess 1,1,2,2-(2)H(4)-aminoethanol or natural abundance, (1)H(4)-aminoethanol. Simulation of the (2)H/(1)H quotient ESEEM (obtained at two microwave frequencies, 8.9 and 10.9 GHz) from the interaction of the unpaired electron localized at C2 of the product radical with nearby (2)H nuclei requires four types of coupled (2)H, which are assigned as follows: (a) a single strongly coupled (effective dipole distance, r(eff) = 2.3 A) (2)H in the C5' methyl group of 5'-deoxyadenosine, (b) two weakly coupled (r(eff) = 4.2 A) (2)H in the C5' methyl group, (c) one (2)H coupling from a beta-(2)H bonded to C1 of the product radical (isotropic hyperfine coupling, A(iso) = 4.7 MHz), and (d) a second type of C1 beta-(2)H coupling (A(iso) = 7.7 MHz). The two beta-(2)H couplings are proposed to arise from two C1-C2 rotamer states of the product radical that are present in approximately equal proportion. A model is presented, in which C5' is positioned at a distance of 3.3 A from C2, which is comparable with the C1-C5' distance in the Co(II)-substrate radical pair intermediate. Therefore, the C5'methyl group remains in close (van der Waals) contact with the substrate and product radical species during the radical rearrangement step of the catalytic cycle, and the C5' center is the sole mediator of radical pair recombination in ethanolamine deaminase.

Isotope effects in the transient phases of the reaction catalyzed by ethanolamine ammonia-lyase: determination of the number of exchangeable hydrogens in the enzyme-cofactor complex

Transient phases of the reaction catalyzed by ethanolamine ammonia-lyase (EAL) from Salmonella typhimurium have been investigated by stopped-flow visible spectrophotometry and deuterium kinetic isotope effects. The cleavage of adenosylcobalamin (coenzyme B(12)) to form cob(II)alamin (B(12r)) with ethanolamine as the substrate occurred within the dead time of the instrument whenever coenzyme B(12) was preincubated with enzyme prior to mixing with substrate. The rate was, however, slowed sufficiently to be measured with perdeutero ethanolamine as the substrate. Optical spectra indicate that, during the steady states of the reactions with ethanolamine and with S-2-aminopropanol as substrates, approximately 90% of the active sites contain B(12r). Reformation of the carbon-cobalt bond of the cofactor occurs following depletion of substrate in the reaction mixtures, and the rate constant for this process reflects k(cat) of the respective substrates. This late phase of the reaction also exhibits (2)H isotope effects similar to those measured for the overall reaction with (2)H-labeled substrates. With unlabeled substrates, the rate of cofactor reassembly is independent of the number of substrate molecules turned over in the steady-state phase. However, with (2)H-labeled substrates, kinetic isotope effects appear in the reassembly phase, and these isotope effects are maximal after only approximately 2 equiv of substrate/active site are processed. With 5'-deuterated coenzyme B(12) and deuterated substrate, the isotope effect on reassembly is independent of the number of substrate molecules that are turned over. These results indicate that the pool of exchangeable hydrogens in the enzyme-cofactor complex is two-a finding consistent with the hydrogens in the C5' methylene of coenzyme B(12).

Hydrogen atom exchange between 5'-deoxyadenosine and hydroxyethylhydrazine during the single turnover inactivation of ethanolamine ammonia-lyase

The early steps in the single turnover inactivation of ethanolamine ammonia-lyase (EAL) from Salmonella typhimurium by hydroxyethylhydrazine (HEH) have been probed by rapid-mixing sampling techniques, and the destiny of deuterium atoms, present initially in HEH, has been investigated by mass spectrometry. The inactivation reaction produces acetaldehyde, the hydrazine cation radical, 5'-deoxyadenosine, and cob(II)alamin (B(12r)) in amounts stoichiometric with active sites. Rapid-mix freeze-quench EPR spectroscopy and stopped-flow rapid-scan spectrophotometry revealed that the hydrazine cation radical and B(12r) appeared at a rate of approximately 3 s(-)(1) at 21 degrees C. Analysis of 5'-deoxyadenosine isolated from a reaction mixture prepared in (2)H(2)O did not contain deuterium-a result which demonstrates that solvent-exchangeable sites are not involved in the hydrogen-transfer processes. In contrast, all of the 5'-deoxyadenosine, isolated from inactivation reactions with [1,1,2,2-(2)H(4)]HEH, had acquired at least one (2)H from the labeled inactivator. Significant fractions of the 5'-deoxyadenosine acquired two and three deuteriums. These results indicate that hydrogen abstraction from HEH by a radical derived from the cofactor is reversible. The distribution of 5'-deoxyadenosine with one, two, and three deuteriums incorporated and the absence of unlabeled 5'-deoxyadenosine in the product are consistent with a model in which there is direct transfer of hydrogens between the inactivator and the 5'-methyl of 5'-deoxyadenosine. These results reinforce the concept that the 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical is the species that abstracts hydrogen atoms from the substrate in EAL.

Kinetic mechanism and intrinsic isotope effects for the peptidylglycine alpha-amidating enzyme reaction

The bifunctional peptidylglycine alpha-amidating enzyme catalyzes the C-terminal amidation of glycine-extended peptides. The first enzyme activity, peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase, catalyzes the oxygen-, ascorbate-, and copper-dependent formation of alpha-hydroxyglycine derivatives. These are substrates for the second enzyme activity, peptidylamidoglycolate lyase, which catalyzes their breakdown to the corresponding C-terminal amidated peptide and glyoxylate as final products. Kinetic and isotope effect studies were carried out with N-benzoylglycine as a substrate at pH 6.0 using monofunctional and bifunctional monooxygenase activities. Kinetic data indicate an equilibrium ordered mechanism, with hippuric acid binding first followed by oxygen. A potentially important difference between the two monooxygenase activities is that product release occurs more slowly from the bifunctional enzyme, indicating an influence of the lyase domain on release of alpha-hydroxyglycine product to solution. Intrinsic isotope effects for the C-H bond cleavage were measured for the monofunctional form of the enzyme using a double-label tracer method, yielding 10.6 +/- 0.8 and 1.20 +/- 0.03 for the primary and alpha-secondary deuterium intrinsic isotope effects, respectively. These values are identical to previous measurements for the analogous enzyme system, dopamine beta-monooxygenase [Miller, S. M., and Klinman, J. P. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 2114-2127]. The identity of intrinsic isotope effects for peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase and dopamine beta-monooxygenase with substrates of comparable reactivity (N-benzoylglycine and dopamine, respectively) extends similarities between the two enzymes significantly beyond sequence homology and cofactor requirements.