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De Angioletti M, Rovira A, Notaro R, Camacho Vanegas O, Sadelain M, Luzzatto L. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase expression is less prone to variegation when driven by its own promoter. Gene 2001; 267:221-31. [PMID: 11313149 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability to transfer permanently genes into mammalian cells makes retroviruses suitable vectors for the ultimate purpose of treating inherited genetic disease. However, expression of the retrovirally transferred genes is variable (position effect and expression variegation) because retroviruses are highly susceptible to the influence of the host genome sequences which flank the integration site. We have investigated this phenomenon with respect to the human housekeeping enzyme, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (hG6PD). We have constructed retroviral vectors in which the hG6PD cDNA is driven by either of two conventional retroviral promoters and enhancers from the Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MMLV) and the Myeloproliferative Sarcoma Virus (MPSV) long terminal repeats (LTR) or by the hG6PD own promoter replacing most of enhancer and promoter LTR (GRU5). We have compared the activity of retrovirally transferred hG6PD driven by these promoters after retroviral integration in bulk cultures and in individual clones of murine fibroblasts. The level of hG6PD expressed by the hG6PD promoter of GRU5-G6PD was significantly lower than that expressed by conventional retroviral vectors. However, analysis of the single copy clones showed less variation of expression with GRU5-G6PD (coefficient of variation, CV, 35.5%) than with conventional vectors (CV, 58.9%). Thus we have several vectors competent for reliable transfer and expression of hG6PD. The hG6PD promoter provides reproducible expression of hG6PD and limits the variability of expression. This decreased variability is important in order to help ensuring a consistent level of delivery of the needed gene product in future therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Angioletti
- Department of Human Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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2
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Ryan JJ, Mason PJ, Pusey CD, Turner N. Recombinant alpha-chains of type IV collagen demonstrate that the amino terminal of the Goodpasture autoantigen is crucial for antibody recognition. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 113:17-27. [PMID: 9697978 PMCID: PMC1905021 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Goodpasture's disease, an autoimmune disorder causing severe glomerulonephritis and pulmonary haemorrhage, is characterized by antibodies to the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). The principal target antigen has been identified as the carboxyl terminal non-collagenous (NC1) domain of the alpha3-chain of type IV collagen. Anti-GBM antibodies appear to recognize one major epitope that is common to all patients, and is largely conformational. We have analysed antibody binding to recombinant alpha(IV)NC1 domains using a construct and expression system shown to produce correctly folded antigen that is strongly recognized by autoantibodies. In this system, as with the native antigen, alpha3(IV)NC1 was bound strongly by antibodies from all patients, whereas the closely related alpha1(IV) and alpha5(IV)NC1 domains, similarly expressed, showed no such binding. A series of chimeric NC1 domains, between human alpha3(IV) and alpha1(IV), and between human and rat alpha3(IV), were expressed as recombinant molecules, and were recognized by autoantibodies to varying degrees. Strong binding required the presence of human alpha3(IV) sequence in the amino terminal region of both sets of chimeric molecules. This work strongly suggests that the amino terminal of alpha3(IV)NC1 is critical for antibody recognition, whereas the carboxyl terminal end of alpha3(IV)NC1 has a less important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ryan
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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3
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Hendriksen PJ, Hoogerbrugge JW, Baarends WM, de Boer P, Vreeburg JT, Vos EA, van der Lende T, Grootegoed JA. Testis-specific expression of a functional retroposon encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the mouse. Genomics 1997; 41:350-9. [PMID: 9169132 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The X-chromosomal gene glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6pd) is known to be expressed in most cell types of mammalian species. In the mouse, we have detected a novel gene, designated G6pd-2, encoding a G6PD isoenzyme. G6pd-2 does not contain introns and appears to represent a retroposed gene. This gene is uniquely transcribed in postmeiotic spermatogenic cells in which the X-encoded G6pd gene is not transcribed. Expression of the G6pd-2 sequence in a bacterial system showed that the encoded product is an active enzyme. Zymogramic analysis demonstrated that recombinant G6PD-2, but not recombinant G6PD-1 (the X-chromosome-encoded G6PD), formed tetramers under reducing conditions. Under the same conditions, G6PD tetramers were also found in extracts of spermatids and spermatozoa, indicating the presence of G6pd-2-encoded isoenzyme in these cell types. G6pd-2 is one of the very few known expressed retroposons encoding a functional protein, and the presence of this gene is probably related to X chromosome inactivation during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Hendriksen
- Department of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Bautista JM, Mason PJ, Luzzatto L. Human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Lysine 205 is dispensable for substrate binding but essential for catalysis. FEBS Lett 1995; 366:61-4. [PMID: 7789519 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00474-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
By site-directed mutagenesis of the cloned human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase cDNA, lysine 205 (the residue that after reacting with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate renders inactive enzyme) was mutated to threonine (K205T) to remove the amino group, or to arginine (K205R) to displace the position of the amino group, in order to analyze the role of its nucleophilic group in position epsilon. Compared to the wild-type enzyme, the K205T and K205R mutants retain a specific activity of 2.6 and 11.4%, respectively; their catalytic specificity (Kcat/Km) is drastically decreased, whereas the Km values for both substrates are only slightly increased. These findings in the light of the 3D structure of G6PD suggest that the epsilon-amino group of lysine 205 can favour a hydrogen bond within the active pocket essential for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bautista
- Department of Haematology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, University of London, UK
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5
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O'Brien E, Kurdi-Haidar B, Wanachiwanawin W, Carvajal JL, Vulliamy TJ, Cappadoro M, Mason PJ, Luzzatto L. Cloning of the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1994; 64:313-26. [PMID: 7935609 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(94)00028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is one of the human genetic traits that confer relative resistance against malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. It has been previously shown that this organism, during its intraerythrocytic development, produces its own G6PD, which has properties different from those of human G6PD. In order to investigate the role of this enzyme in parasite-host cell interactions, we have isolated the G6PD gene from Plasmodium falciparum as a set of overlapping lambda gt11 clones. By sequence analysis we have found a single open reading frame, uninterrupted by introns, coding for a protein of 910 amino acids, almost twice as long as any previously sequenced G6PD molecule. The P. falciparum G6PD mRNA is 5.1 kb in size and has an exceptionally long 5' untranslated region of some 1000 nucleotides. We have mapped the G6PD gene to chromosome 14. The C-terminal portion of the predicted protein, from amino acid 310-910 (except for an 'insert' of 62 amino acids), has 39% homology to human G6PD, with a number of characteristic, fully conserved peptides. The N-terminal portion of the predicted protein has no homology to G6PD, but it contains a peptide in which 7 out of 12 amino acids are identical to the putative glutathione binding site of human glutathione S-transferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O'Brien
- Department of Haematology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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6
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Jeffery J, Persson B, Wood I, Bergman T, Jeffery R, Jörnvall H. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Structure-function relationships and the Pichia jadinii enzyme structure. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 212:41-9. [PMID: 8444164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The primary structure of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from the yeast Pichia jadinii (formerly Candida utilis) has been determined. It consists of a 495-residue, N-terminally acetylated protein chain. The structure shows extensive differences from those of the corresponding mammalian, fruit fly, and bacterial enzymes (52-68% residue non-identities), but also from that of another yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (38%). A eubacterial type and a yeast type of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are discerned, in addition to the known mammalian type. They are distinguished from each other, from the mammalian type, and the insect enzyme, on the basis of both specific residues and pattern differences. The distribution of residues conserved in all forms locates short segments in which identities are closely grouped. Approximately 50% of these segments correspond to predicted turns and appear to mark the principal folds characteristic of the enzyme's tertiary structure. A region in the N-terminal part of the protein chain has characteristics suggestive of a coenzyme-binding site, while, in the middle third, another functionally important segment may be related to glucose-6-phosphate binding and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jeffery
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, Marischal College, Scotland
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Bautista JM, Mason PJ, Luzzatto L. Purification and properties of human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase made in E. coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1119:74-80. [PMID: 1540638 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA for the X-chromosome encoded human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) has been expressed in E. coli and the enzyme purified to homogeneity, using a simple one-step fractionation on 2'5'-ADP-Sepharose. By selecting one of several different expression vectors and by optimizing culture conditions a yield of more than 10 mg of pure enzyme per liter of culture is obtained reproducibly. When the recombinant enzyme and authentic G6PD purified from normal human red cells were compared, they proved to be indistinguishable by the following criteria: electrophoretic mobility in both native and denaturing conditions, the Km values for glucose 6-phosphate and NADP and the Ki value for NADPH. The recombinant enzyme, unlike the red cell enzyme, retained 100% activity when stored at 4 degrees C for over 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bautista
- Department of Haematology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, U.K
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8
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Filosa S, Calabrò V, Vallone D, Poggi V, Mason P, Pagnini D, Alfinito F, Rotoli B, Martini G, Luzzatto L. Molecular basis of chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia: a new G6PD variant (393 Arg----His) with abnormal KmG6P and marked in vivo instability. Br J Haematol 1992; 80:111-6. [PMID: 1536798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1992.tb06409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
More than 80 genetic variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) are associated with chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia (CNSHA). In order to help clarify the molecular basis of this association, we have carried out a detailed biochemical and genetic characterization of two G6PD deficient brothers affected by CNSHA. The G6PD from the two patients has altered electrophoretic mobility, abnormally elevated Michaelis constant (Km) for G6P, and extreme instability in vivo and in vitro. By comparison with published information we found that this is a new G6PD variant which we have designated G6PD Portici. The entire coding region of the gene has been sequenced, and a single point mutation, a G----A transition, was found at position 1178 in exon X, causing a substitution of histidine for arginine at residue 393 in the polypeptide chain. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification followed by diagnostic restriction enzyme analysis and allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization we have demonstrated the inheritance of this mutation in the patient's family. Our results support the notion of a causative link between this mutation in the G6PD gene and CNSHA. Our data, in combination with previous data in the literature, suggest that the three-dimensional structure of G6PD is such as to cause interaction in the binding of its two substrates, G6P and NADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Filosa
- Istituto Internazionale di Genetica e Biofisica, CNR, Napoli, Italy
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9
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Chen EY, Cheng A, Lee A, Kuang WJ, Hillier L, Green P, Schlessinger D, Ciccodicola A, D'Urso M. Sequence of human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase cloned in plasmids and a yeast artificial chromosome. Genomics 1991; 10:792-800. [PMID: 1889820 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90465-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of 20,114 bp of DNA including the human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene was determined. The region included a prominent CpG island, starting about 680 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site, extending about 1050 nucleotides downstream of the start site, and ending just at the start of the first intron. The transcribed region from the start site to the poly(A) addition site covers 15,860 bp. The sequence of the 13 exons agreed with published cDNA sequence and for the 11 exons tested, with the corresponding sequence in a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC). The latter confirms YAC cloning fidelity at the DNA sequence level. Sixteen Alu sequences constitute 24% of the total sequence tract. Four were outside the borders of the mRNA transcript of the gene; all the others were found in a large (9858 bp) intron between exons 2 and 3. Two Alu clusters each contain Alus lying between the monomers of another.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
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10
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Persson B, Jörnvall H, Wood I, Jeffery J. Functionally important regions of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase defined by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae enzyme and its differences from the mammalian and insect forms. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 198:485-91. [PMID: 2040308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has been determined. It consists of 503 amino acid residues, with an acetyl-blocked N-terminus. The structure shows equally extensive differences from the corresponding mammalian and fruit fly enzymes (52% residues non-identical). Residues conserved in all the forms constitute about 40% of the structures and include two histidines. One of these (His200 in the numbering of the rat enzyme) occurs in a 10-residue conserved segment, including the reactive Lys204, probably related to substrate binding. Two segments with conserved Gly-Xaa-Xaa-Gly-Xaa-Xaa-Gly/Ala pattern constitute possibilities for the coenzyme-binding site. One is N-terminally located (positions 37-43) with two conserved arginine residues nearby (positions 56 and 71), of interest for phosphate binding. The other (positions 241-247) is in a middle region, with many residue identities, containing the conserved residues Arg256 and His264.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Persson
- Department of Physiological Chemistry I, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Eliceiri B, Labella T, Hagino Y, Srivastava A, Schlessinger D, Pilia G, Palmieri G, D'Urso M. Stable integration and expression in mouse cells of yeast artificial chromosomes harboring human genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:2179-83. [PMID: 2006154 PMCID: PMC51193 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.6.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a way to fit yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) with markers that permit the selection of stably transformed mammalian cells, and have determined the fate and expression of such YACs containing the genes for human ribosomal RNA (rDNA) or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). The YACs in the yeast cell are "retrofitted" with selectable markers by homologous recombination with the URA3 gene of one vector arm. The DNA fragment introduced contains a LYS2 marker selective in yeast and a thymidine kinase (TK) marker selective in TK-deficient cells, bracketed by portions of the URA3 sequence that disrupt the endogenous gene during the recombination event. Analyses of transformed L-M TK- mouse cells showed that YACs containing rDNA or G6PD were incorporated in essentially intact form into the mammalian cell DNA. For G6PD, a single copy of the transfected YAC was found in each of two transformants analyzed and was fully expressed, producing the expected human isozyme as well as the heterodimer composed of the human gene product and the endogenous mouse gene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Eliceiri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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12
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Poggi V, Town M, Foulkes NS, Luzzatto L. Identification of a single base change in a new human mutant glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene by polymerase-chain-reaction amplification of the entire coding region from genomic DNA. Biochem J 1990; 271:157-60. [PMID: 2222408 PMCID: PMC1149526 DOI: 10.1042/bj2710157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the characterization at the molecular level of a mutant glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene in a Greek boy who presented with a chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia. In order to identify the mutation from a small amount of patient material, we adopted an approach which by-passes the need to construct a library by using the polymerase chain reaction. The entire coding region was amplified in eight sections, with genomic DNA as template. The DNA fragments were then cloned in an M13 vector and sequenced. The only difference from the sequence of normal G6PD was a T----G substitution at nucleotide position 648 in exon 7, which predicts a substitution of leucine for phenylalanine at amino acid position 216. This mutation creates a new recognition site for the restriction nuclease BalI. We confirmed the presence of the mutation in the DNA of the patient's mother, who was found to be heterozygous for the new BalI site. This is the first transversion among the point mutations thus far reported in the human G6PD gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Poggi
- Department of Haematology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, U.K
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13
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D'Urso M, Zucchi I, Ciccodicola A, Palmieri G, Abidi FE, Schlessinger D. Human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene carried on a yeast artificial chromosome encodes active enzyme in monkey cells. Genomics 1990; 7:531-4. [PMID: 2117564 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(90)90196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) permit the cloning of large tracts of human DNA. A YAC containing the human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene is shown to encode active enzyme, supporting the inference that the YAC conserves the structure of the genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D'Urso
- International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Naples, Italy
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14
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Mason PJ, Bautista JM, Vulliamy TJ, Turner N, Luzzatto L. Human red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is encoded only on the X chromosome. Cell 1990; 62:9-10. [PMID: 2194676 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P J Mason
- Department of Haematology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, England
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16
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Kanno H, Huang IY, Kan YW, Yoshida A. Two structural genes on different chromosomes are required for encoding the major subunit of human red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Cell 1989; 58:595-606. [PMID: 2758468 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Structural analysis revealed the existence of two types of subunits in human red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The two subunits have the same COOH region consisting of 479 amino acid residues, but their NH2-terminal regions are different in size and sequence. The minor subunit can be fully encoded by the X-linked G6PD cDNA, but the NH2-terminal region of the major subunit cannot. The cDNA and the gene for the NH2-terminal region of the major subunit were cloned and characterized. Southern blot hybridization indicated that the gene for the NH2-terminal region is on chromosome 6, not on the X chromosome. Northern blot hybridization demonstrated an existence of two separate mRNA components, one for the COOH-terminal region and the other for the NH2-terminal region. Two separate structural genes, the X-linked and chromosome 6-linked genes, must be coresponsible for encoding the single chain subunit. Either cross-translation of two mRNAs, or transpeptidation, or some other mechanism must be involved in the synthesis of human red cell G6PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kanno
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
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