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Hao Y, Yi Q, XiaoWu X, WeiBo C, GuangChen Z, XueMin C. Acetyl-CoA: An interplay between metabolism and epigenetics in cancer. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 2:1044585. [PMID: 39086974 PMCID: PMC11285595 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2022.1044585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Due to its high mortality and severe economic burden, cancer has become one of the most difficult medical problems to solve today. As a key node in metabolism and the main producer of energy, acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) plays an important role in the invasion and migration of cancer. In this review, we discuss metabolic pathways involving acetyl-CoA, the targeted therapy of cancer through acetyl-CoA metabolic pathways and the roles of epigenetic modifications in cancer. In particular, we emphasize that the metabolic pathway of acetyl-CoA exerts a great impact in cancer; this process is very different from normal cells due to the "Warburg effect". The concentration of acetyl-CoA is increased in the mitochondria of cancer cells to provide ATP for survival, hindering the growth of normal cells. Therefore, it may be possible to explore new feasible and more effective treatments through the acetyl-CoA metabolic pathway. In addition, a growing number of studies have shown that abnormal epigenetic modifications have been shown to play contributing roles in cancer formation and development. In most cancers, acetyl-CoA mediated acetylation promotes the growth of cancer cells. Thus, acetylation biomarkers can also be detected and serve as potential cancer prediction and prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hao
- Changzhou First People’s Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Qin Yi
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu XiaoWu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen WeiBo
- Changzhou First People’s Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zu GuangChen
- Changzhou First People’s Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Chen XueMin
- Changzhou First People’s Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Changzhou, China
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2
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Zapata-García JA, Riveros-Magaña AR, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Hernández-Flores G, Jave-Suárez LF, Aguilar-Lemarroy A. Comparative Genomic Hybridization and Transcriptome Sequencing Reveal Genes with Gain in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: JUP Expression Emerges as a Survival-Related Gene. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112788. [PMID: 36428851 PMCID: PMC9689318 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children or adults is characterized by structural and numeric aberrations in chromosomes; these anomalies strongly correlate with prognosis and clinical outcome. Therefore, this work aimed to identify the genes present in chromosomal gain regions found more frequently in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and ALL-derived cell lines using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). In addition, validation of the genes found in these regions was performed utilizing RNAseq from JURKAT, CEM, and SUP-B15 cell lines, as well as expression microarrays derived from a MILE study. Chromosomes with common gain zones that were maintained in six or more samples were 14, 17, and 22, in which a total of 22 genes were identified. From them, NT5C3B, CNP, ACLY, and GNB1L maintained overexpression at the mRNA level in the cell lines and in patients with ALL. It is noteworthy that SALL2 showed very high expression in T-ALL, while JUP was highly expressed in B-ALL lineages. Interestingly, the latter correlated with worse survival in patients. This provided evidence that the measurement of these genes has high potential for clinical utility; however, their expressions should first be evaluated with a sensitive test in a more significant number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Alejandra Zapata-García
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 44340, Mexico
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara C.P. 44340, Mexico
| | - Alma Rocío Riveros-Magaña
- Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzmán C.P. 49000, Mexico
- Hospital General Zona 9, Ciudad Guzmán C.P. 49000, Mexico
| | - Pablo Cesar Ortiz-Lazareno
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara C.P. 44340, Mexico
| | - Georgina Hernández-Flores
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara C.P. 44340, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suárez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 44340, Mexico
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara C.P. 44340, Mexico
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 44340, Mexico
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara C.P. 44340, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-331-520-7625
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3
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Liu F, Ma Z, Cai S, Dai L, Gao J, Zhou B. ATP-citrate lyase B (ACLB) negatively affects cell death and resistance to Verticillium wilt. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:443. [PMID: 36114469 PMCID: PMC9479425 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) plays a pivotal role in histone acetylation and aerobic glycolysis. In plant, ACL is a heteromeric enzyme composed of ACLA (45 kD) and ACLB (65 kD). So far, the function of ACL genes in cotton still remains unknown. RESULTS Here, we identified three ACLA homologous sequences and two ACLB homologous in each genome/sub-genome of cotton species. Silencing ACLB in cotton led to cell death at newly-grown leaves and stem apexes. Simultaneously, in ACLB-silenced plants, transcription factors related to senescence including SGR, WRKY23 and Osl57 were observed to be activated. Further investigation showed that excessive H2O2 was accumulated, salicylic acid-dependent defense response and pathogenesis-related gene expressions were evidently enhanced in ACLB-silenced plants, implying that knockdown of ACLB genes leads to hypersensitive response-like cell death in cotton seedlings. However, as noted, serious cell death happened in newly-grown leaves and stem apexes in ACLB-silenced plants, which led to the failure of subsequent fungal pathogenicity assays. To confirm the role of ACLB gene in regulating plant immune response, the dicotyledonous model plant Arabidopsis was selected for functional verification of ACLB gene. Our results indicate the resistance to Verticillium dahliae infection in the Arabidopsis mutant aclb-2 were enhanced without causing strong cell death. Ectopic expression of GausACLB-2 in Arabidopsis weakened its resistance to V. dahliae either in Col-0 or in aclb-2 background, in which the expression level of ACLB is negatively correlated with the resistance to V. dahliae. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that ACLB has a new function in negatively affecting the induction of plant defense response and cell death in cotton, which provides theoretical guidance for developing cotton varieties with resistance against Verticillium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Cotton Germplasm Enhancement Engineering Research Center, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Cotton Germplasm Enhancement Engineering Research Center, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Cotton Germplasm Enhancement Engineering Research Center, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Cotton Germplasm Enhancement Engineering Research Center, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Cotton Germplasm Enhancement Engineering Research Center, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOE Cotton Germplasm Enhancement Engineering Research Center, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Wei H, Wang W, Knoshaug EP, Chen X, Van Wychen S, Bomble YJ, Himmel ME, Zhang M. Disruption of the Snf1 Gene Enhances Cell Growth and Reduces the Metabolic Burden in Cellulase-Expressing and Lipid-Accumulating Yarrowia lipolytica. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:757741. [PMID: 35003001 PMCID: PMC8733397 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.757741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica is known to be capable of metabolizing glucose and accumulating lipids intracellularly; however, it lacks the cellulolytic enzymes needed to break down cellulosic biomass directly. To develop Y. lipolytica as a consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) microorganism, we previously expressed the heterologous CBH I, CBH II, and EG II cellulase enzymes both individually and collectively in this microorganism. We concluded that the coexpression of these cellulases resulted in a metabolic drain on the host cells leading to reduced cell growth and lipid accumulation. The current study aims to build a new cellulase coexpressing platform to overcome these hinderances by (1) knocking out the sucrose non-fermenting 1 (Snf1) gene that represses the energetically expensive lipid and protein biosynthesis processes, and (2) knocking in the cellulase cassette fused with the recyclable selection marker URA3 gene in the background of a lipid-accumulating Y. lipolytica strain overexpressing ATP citrate lyase (ACL) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGA1) genes. We have achieved a homologous recombination insertion rate of 58% for integrating the cellulases-URA3 construct at the disrupted Snf1 site in the genome of host cells. Importantly, we observed that the disruption of the Snf1 gene promoted cell growth and lipid accumulation and lowered the cellular saturated fatty acid level and the saturated to unsaturated fatty acid ratio significantly in the transformant YL163t that coexpresses cellulases. The result suggests a lower endoplasmic reticulum stress in YL163t, in comparison with its parent strain Po1g ACL-DGA1. Furthermore, transformant YL163t increased in vitro cellulolytic activity by 30%, whereas the “total in vivo newly formed FAME (fatty acid methyl esters)” increased by 16% in comparison with a random integrative cellulase-expressing Y. lipolytica mutant in the same YNB-Avicel medium. The Snf1 disruption platform demonstrated in this study provides a potent tool for the further development of Y. lipolytica as a robust host for the expression of cellulases and other commercially important proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Eric P Knoshaug
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Stefanie Van Wychen
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States.,National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Yannick J Bomble
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Michael E Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Min Zhang
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
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5
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van Leeuwen LL, Spraakman NA, Brat A, Huang H, Thorne AM, Bonham S, van Balkom BWM, Ploeg RJ, Kessler BM, Leuvenink HGD. Proteomic analysis of machine perfusion solution from brain dead donor kidneys reveals that elevated complement, cytoskeleton and lipid metabolism proteins are associated with 1-year outcome. Transpl Int 2021; 34:1618-1629. [PMID: 34448265 PMCID: PMC9292651 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of donor kidney quality is based on clinical scores or requires biopsies for histological assessment. Noninvasive strategies to identify and predict graft outcome at an early stage are, therefore, needed. We evaluated the perfusate of donation after brain death (DBD) kidneys during nonoxygenated hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP). In particular, we compared perfusate protein profiles of good outcome (GO) and suboptimal outcome (SO) 1‐year post‐transplantation. Samples taken 15 min after the start HMP (T1) and before the termination of HMP (T2) were analysed using quantitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Hierarchical clustering of the 100 most abundant proteins showed discrimination between grafts with a GO and SO at T1. Elevated levels of proteins involved in classical complement cascades at both T1 and T2 and a reduced abundance of lipid metabolism at T1 and of cytoskeletal proteins at T2 in GO versus SO was observed. ATP‐citrate synthase and fatty acid‐binding protein 5 (T1) and immunoglobulin heavy variable 2‐26 and desmoplakin (T2) showed 91% and 86% predictive values, respectively, for transplant outcome. Taken together, DBD kidney HMP perfusate profiles can distinguish between outcome 1‐year post‐transplantation. Furthermore, it provides insights into mechanisms that could play a role in post‐transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Leonie van Leeuwen
- Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nora A Spraakman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aukje Brat
- Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Honglei Huang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, BRC Oxford and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam M Thorne
- Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Bonham
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bas W M van Balkom
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger J Ploeg
- Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, BRC Oxford and NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Henri G D Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Shabgah AG, Norouzi F, Hedayati-Moghadam M, Soleimani D, Pahlavani N, Navashenaq JG. A comprehensive review of long non-coding RNAs in the pathogenesis and development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:22. [PMID: 33622377 PMCID: PMC7903707 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most prevalent diseases worldwide without a fully-known mechanism is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as significant regulatory molecules. These RNAs have been claimed by bioinformatic research that is involved in biologic processes, including cell cycle, transcription factor regulation, fatty acids metabolism, and-so-forth. There is a body of evidence that lncRNAs have a pivotal role in triglyceride, cholesterol, and lipoprotein metabolism. Moreover, lncRNAs by up- or down-regulation of the downstream molecules in fatty acid metabolism may determine the fatty acid deposition in the liver. Therefore, lncRNAs have attracted considerable interest in NAFLD pathology and research. In this review, we provide all of the lncRNAs and their possible mechanisms which have been introduced up to now. It is hoped that this study would provide deep insight into the role of lncRNAs in NAFLD to recognize the better molecular targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Norouzi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Davood Soleimani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Naseh Pahlavani
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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7
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Wang C, Zhu X, Cui Y, Miao H, Xu Y, Xiong X, Tang X, Shao L, Zhang Y. Serum proteome-wide identified ATP citrate lyase as a novel informative diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in pediatric sepsis: A pilot study. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 9:389-397. [PMID: 33378581 PMCID: PMC8127565 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) is involved in lipid metabolism and inflammatory response in immune cells. However, the serum level of ACLY and its clinical relevance in sepsis is totally unknown. Methods We conducted a prospective pilot study in patients with sepsis admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) from January 2018 to December 2018. Results Higher levels of ACLY were detected in sera of pediatric patients with sepsis than that of healthy children. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of ACLY for diagnosis of sepsis was 0.855 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0757–0.952), and an AUC of ACLY for predicting PICU mortality was 0.770 (95% CI: 0.626–0.915). ACLY levels ≤21 ng/ml on PICU admission predicted an unfavorable prognosis among patients with sepsis with a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 67.6%. Moreover, serum ACLY levels were correlated to platelet count, IL‐18 levels, and monocyte counts in pediatric patients with sepsis, implying the potential roles of ACLY in immunometabolic regulation in sepsis. Conclusions ACLY is firstly identified in sera of patients with sepsis. Serum ACLY level is an additional diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in pediatric patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity, and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Miao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaya Xu
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Xiong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomeng Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lujing Shao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucai Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pediatric Critical Care, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity, and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Zhang D, Pan J, Cao J, Cao Y, Zhou H. Screening of drought-resistance related genes and analysis of promising regulatory pathway in camel renal medulla. Genomics 2020; 112:2633-2639. [PMID: 32070763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Camels as a sort of animal long living in desert have evolved stress-resistance characteristics to adapt to environment with high temperature and water shortage environment. However, the research of non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-mediated molecular regulation about how camel responds to arid condition in post-transcriptional regulation level is deficient. Under water-deprivation stress, by RNA-sequencing of camel renal medulla associated with regulating water metabolism, we detected significantly differential 575 alternative splicing events (ASEs) and 17 mRNAs, 26 miRNAs and 0 lncRNA. The down-regulated ACLY and LOC105061856, up-regulated PCBP2 and miR-195 potentially targeting LOC105061856 and PCBP2 mRNA were selected as candidate resistance-related genes. In quantitative experiment, the expression level of above four genes was consistent with RNA-seq data by qRT-PCR. The suppressive cell dehydration with down-regulated ACLY, inhibitive aerobic respiration with down-regulated LOC105061856 targeted by miR-195 and strong anti-oxidative capability with PCBP2 aimed by miR-195 may be regulatory modes of camel renal medulla adapting to water-deprivation condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, PR China
| | - Jing Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, PR China
| | - Junwei Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, PR China
| | - Yu Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
| | - Huanmin Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, PR China.
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9
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The vital role of ATP citrate lyase in chronic diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 98:71-95. [PMID: 31858156 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic or non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide; they usually result in long-term illnesses and demand long-term care. Despite advances in molecular therapeutics, specific biomarkers and targets for the treatment of these diseases are required. The dysregulation of de novo lipogenesis has been found to play an essential role in cell metabolism and is associated with the development and progression of many chronic diseases; this confirms the link between obesity and various chronic diseases. The main enzyme in this pathway-ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), a lipogenic enzyme-catalyzes the critical reaction linking cellular glucose catabolism and lipogenesis. Increasing lines of evidence suggest that the modulation of ACLY expression correlates with the development and progressions of various chronic diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, inflammation, and cancer. Recent studies suggest that the inhibition of ACLY activity modulates the glycolysis and lipogenesis processes and stimulates normal physiological functions. This comprehensive review aimed to critically evaluate the role of ACLY in the development and progression of different diseases and the effects of its downregulation in the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
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10
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ATP citrate lyase: A central metabolic enzyme in cancer. Cancer Lett 2019; 471:125-134. [PMID: 31830561 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ACLY links energy metabolism provided by catabolic pathways to biosynthesis. ACLY, which has been found to be overexpressed in many cancers, converts citrate into acetyl-CoA and OAA. The first of these molecules supports protein acetylation, in particular that of histone, and de novo lipid synthesis, and the last one sustains the production of aspartate (required for nucleotide and polyamine synthesis) and the regeneration of NADPH,H+(consumed in redox reaction and biosynthesis). ACLY transcription is promoted by SREBP1, its activity is stabilized by acetylation and promoted by AKT phosphorylation (stimulated by growth factors and glucose abundance). ACLY plays a pivotal role in cancer metabolism through the potential deprivation of cytosolic citrate, a process promoting glycolysis through the enhancement of the activities of PFK 1 and 2 with concomitant activation of oncogenic drivers such as PI3K/AKT which activate ACLY and the Warburg effect in a feed-back loop. Pending the development of specific inhibitors and tailored methods for identifying which specific metabolism is involved in the development of each tumor, ACLY could be targeted by inhibitors such as hydroxycitrate and bempedoic acid. The administration of citrate at high level mimics a strong inhibition of ACLY and could be tested to strengthen the effects of current therapies.
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11
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Schoor C, Brocke-Ahmadinejad N, Gieselmann V, Winter D. Investigation of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Differentiation by Quantitative Proteomics. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1900057. [PMID: 31216117 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system, are essential for correct brain function. They originate from oligodendrocyte precursor cells through a differentiation process which is only incompletely understood and impaired in a variety of demyelinating diseases. Better knowledge of this differentiation holds the promise to develop novel therapies for these disorders. The differentiation of rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells to oligodendrocytes in vitro is investigated. After confirmation of differentiation by immunohistochemical analysis using cell type-specific marker proteins, a quantitative proteomics study using tandem mass tags (TMT) is conducted. Four time points of differentiation covering early, intermediate, and late stages are investigated. Data analysis by Mascot and MaxQuant identified 5259 protein groups of which 471 are not described in the context of cells of the oligodendroglial lineage before. Quantitative analysis of the dataset revealed distinct regulation patterns for proteins of different functional categories including metabolic processes, regulation of the cell cycle, and transcriptional control of protein expression. The present data confirm a significant number of proteins known to play a role in oligodendrocytes and myelination. Furthermore, novel candidate proteins are identified which may play an important role in this differentiation process providing a valuable resource for oligodendrocyte research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Schoor
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Volkmar Gieselmann
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominic Winter
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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12
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High-level production of Monascus pigments in Monascus ruber CICC41233 through ATP-citrate lyase overexpression. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Xie Z, Shen G, Wang Y, Wu C. Curcumin supplementation regulates lipid metabolism in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:422-429. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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14
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ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) inhibitors: An anti-cancer strategy at the crossroads of glucose and lipid metabolism. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1276-1291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Guo N, Zhang N, Yan L, Lian Z, Wang J, Lv F, Wang Y, Cao X. Weighted gene co‑expression network analysis in identification of key genes and networks for ischemic‑reperfusion remodeling myocardium. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1955-1962. [PMID: 29901145 PMCID: PMC6072198 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction induces ventricular remodeling, which is implicated in dilated heart and heart failure. The pathogenical mechanism of myocardium remodeling remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to identify key genes and networks for myocardium remodeling following ischemia-reperfusion (IR). First, the mRNA expression data from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database were downloaded to identify differences in mRNA expression of the IR heart at days 2 and 7. Then, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, hierarchical clustering, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway were used to identify key genes and networks for the heart remodeling process following IR. A total of 3,321 differentially expressed genes were identified during the heart remodeling process. A total of 6 modules were identified through gene co-expression network analysis. GO and KEGG analysis results suggested that each module represented a different biological function and was associated with different pathways. Finally, hub genes of each module were identified by PPI network construction. The present study revealed that heart remodeling following IR is a complicated process, involving extracellular matrix organization, neural development, apoptosis and energy metabolism. The dysregulated genes, including SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase, discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 1, ATP citrate lyase, RAN, member RAS oncogene family, tumor protein p53, and polo like kinase 2, may be essential for heart remodeling following IR and may be used as potential targets for the inhibition of heart remodeling following acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Liqiu Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Lian
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Jiawang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Fengfeng Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Xufen Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
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16
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Wu Q, Madany P, Dobson JR, Schnabl JM, Sharma S, Smith TC, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Lian JB, Stein GS, Muthuswami R, Imbalzano AN, Nickerson JA. The BRG1 chromatin remodeling enzyme links cancer cell metabolism and proliferation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38270-38281. [PMID: 27223259 PMCID: PMC5122388 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram cellular metabolism to meet the demands of growth. Identification of the regulatory machinery that regulates cancer-specific metabolic changes may open new avenues for anti-cancer therapeutics. The epigenetic regulator BRG1 is a catalytic ATPase for some mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes. BRG1 is a well-characterized tumor suppressor in some human cancers, but is frequently overexpressed without mutation in other cancers, including breast cancer. Here we demonstrate that BRG1 upregulates de novo lipogenesis and that this is crucial for cancer cell proliferation. Knockdown of BRG1 attenuates lipid synthesis by impairing the transcription of enzymes catalyzing fatty acid and lipid synthesis. Remarkably, exogenous addition of palmitate, the key intermediate in fatty acid synthesis, rescued the cancer cell proliferation defect caused by BRG1 knockdown. Our work suggests that targeting BRG1 to reduce lipid metabolism and, thereby, to reduce proliferation, has promise for epigenetic therapy in triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Pasil Madany
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jason R Dobson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jake M Schnabl
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Soni Sharma
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Tara C Smith
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, WA, USA
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, WA, USA
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, WA, USA
| | - Rohini Muthuswami
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Anthony N Imbalzano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Nickerson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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17
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Pinkosky SL, Groot PHE, Lalwani ND, Steinberg GR. Targeting ATP-Citrate Lyase in Hyperlipidemia and Metabolic Disorders. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:1047-1063. [PMID: 28993031 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle promote imbalances in metabolism, often manifesting as risk factors for life-threating diseases such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nucleocytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) has emerged as a central signaling node used to coordinate metabolic adaptations in response to a changing nutritional status. ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) is the enzyme primarily responsible for the production of extramitochondrial acetyl-CoA and is thus strategically positioned at the intersection of nutrient catabolism and lipid biosynthesis. Here, we discuss recent findings from preclinical studies, as well as Mendelian and clinical randomized trials, demonstrating the importance of ACL activity in metabolism, and supporting its inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach to treating ASCVD, NAFLD, and other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Pinkosky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada; Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Pieter H E Groot
- Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Narendra D Lalwani
- Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) has re-emerged as a drug target for LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering. We review ACLY as a therapeutic strategy, its genetics, its molecular and cellular biology, and also its inhibition. RECENT FINDINGS ACLY is a critical enzyme linking glucose catabolism to lipogenesis by providing acetyl-CoA from mitochondrial citrate for fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Human genetic variants have been associated with enhanced growth and survival of several cancers, and with attenuated plasma triglyceride responses to dietary fish oil. In mice, liver-specific Acly deficiency protects from hepatic steatosis and dyslipidemia, whereas adipose tissue-specific Acly deletion has no phenotype, supporting therapeutic inhibition of ACLY. A lipid-regulating compound, bempedoic acid, was discovered to potently inhibit ACLY, and in animal models, it prevents dyslipidemia and attenuates atherosclerosis. Phase 2 clinical trials revealed that bempedoic acid effectively lowers LDL-C as monotherapy, combined with ezetimibe, added to statin therapy and in statin-intolerant hypercholesterolemic patients. SUMMARY The efficacy of bempedoic acid as an LDL-C-lowering agent has validated ACLY inhibition as a therapeutic strategy. Positive results of phase 3 patient studies, together with long-term cardiovascular disease outcome trials, are required to establish ACLY as a major new target in cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Burke
- aDepartment of Biochemistry bDepartment of Medicine cRobarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Discovery of furan carboxylate derivatives as novel inhibitors of ATP-citrate lyase via virtual high-throughput screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:929-935. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Liang MH, Jiang JG. Characterization and nitrogen deficiency response of ATP-citrate lyase from unicellular alga Dunaliella tertiolecta. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Impact of high-fat diet on the proteome of mouse liver. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 31:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Tan K, Zhang Z, Miao K, Yu Y, Sui L, Tian J, An L. Dynamic integrated analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression profiles in in vivo and in vitro fertilized mouse post-implantation extraembryonic and placental tissues. Mol Hum Reprod 2016; 22:485-98. [PMID: 27090932 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY HYPOTHESIS How does in vitro fertilization (IVF) alter promoter DNA methylation patterns and its subsequent effects on gene expression profiles during placentation in mice? STUDY FINDING IVF-induced alterations in promoter DNA methylation might have functional consequences in a number of biological processes and functions during IVF placentation, including actin cytoskeleton organization, hematopoiesis, vasculogenesis, energy metabolism and nutrient transport. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY During post-implantation embryonic development, both embryonic and extraembryonic tissues undergo de novo DNA methylation, thereby establishing a global DNA methylation pattern, and influencing gene expression profiles. Embryonic and placental tissues of IVF conceptuses can have aberrant morphology and functions, resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pregnancy loss, low birthweight, and long-term health effects. To date, the IVF-induced global profiling of DNA methylation alterations, and their functional consequences on aberrant gene expression profiles in IVF placentas have not been systematically studied. STUDY DESIGN, SAMPLES/MATERIALS, METHODS Institute for Cancer Research mice (6 week-old females and 8-9 week-old males) were used to generate in vivo fertilization (IVO) and IVF blastocysts. After either IVO and development (IVO group as control) or in vitro fertilization and culture (IVF group), blastocysts were collected and transferred to pseudo-pregnant recipient mice. Extraembryonic (ectoplacental cone and extraembryonic ectoderm) and placental tissues from both groups were sampled at embryonic day (E) 7.5 (IVO, n = 822; IVF, n = 795) and E10.5 (IVO, n = 324; IVF, n = 278), respectively. The collected extraembryonic (E7.5) and placental tissues (E10.5) were then used for high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-seq). The main dysfunctions indicated by bioinformatic analyses were further validated using molecular detection, and morphometric and phenotypic analyses. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Dynamic functional profiling of high-throughput data, together with molecular detection, and morphometric and phenotypic analyses, showed that differentially expressed genes dysregulated by DNA methylation were functionally involved in: (i) actin cytoskeleton disorganization in IVF extraembryonic tissues, which may impair allantois or chorion formation, and chorioallantoic fusion; (ii) disturbed hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis, which may lead to abnormal placenta labyrinth formation and thereby impairing nutrition transport in IVF placentas; (iii) dysregulated energy and amino acid metabolism, which may cause placental dysfunctions, leading to delayed embryonic development or even lethality; (iv) disrupted genetic information processing, which can further influence gene transcriptional and translational processes. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Findings in mouse placental tissues may not be fully representative of human placentas. Further studies are necessary to confirm these findings and determine their clinical significance. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our study is the first to provide the genome-wide analysis of gene expression dysregulation caused by DNA methylation during IVF placentation. Systematic understanding of the molecular mechanisms implicated in IVF placentation can be useful for the improvement of existing assisted conception systems to prevent these IVF-associated safety concerns. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31472092), and the National High-Tech R&D Program (Nos. 2011|AA100303, 2013AA102506). There was no conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Tan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhenni Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Kai Miao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yong Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Sui
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Lei An
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Gawryluk RM, Eme L, Roger AJ. Gene fusion, fission, lateral transfer, and loss: Not-so-rare events in the evolution of eukaryotic ATP citrate lyase. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 91:12-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Dulermo T, Lazar Z, Dulermo R, Rakicka M, Haddouche R, Nicaud JM. Analysis of ATP-citrate lyase and malic enzyme mutants of Yarrowia lipolytica points out the importance of mannitol metabolism in fatty acid synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1107-17. [PMID: 25959598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of the two key enzymes of fatty acid (FA) synthesis, ATP-citrate lyase (Acl) and malic enzyme (Mae), was analyzed in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. In most oleaginous yeasts, Acl and Mae are proposed to provide, respectively, acetyl-CoA and NADPH for FA synthesis. Acl was mainly studied at the biochemical level but no strain depleted for this enzyme was analyzed in oleaginous microorganisms. On the other hand the role of Mae in FA synthesis in Y. lipolytica remains unclear since it was proposed to be a mitochondrial NAD(H)-dependent enzyme and not a cytosolic NADP(H)-dependent enzyme. In this study, we analyzed for the first time strains inactivated for corresponding genes. Inactivation of ACL1 decreases FA synthesis by 60 to 80%, confirming its essential role in FA synthesis in Y. lipolytica. Conversely, inactivation of MAE1 has no effects on FA synthesis, except in a FA overaccumulating strain where it improves FA synthesis by 35%. This result definitively excludes Mae as a major key enzyme for FA synthesis in Y. lipolytica. During the analysis of both mutants, we observed a negative correlation between FA and mannitol level. As mannitol and FA pathways may compete for carbon storage, we inactivated YlSDR, encoding a mannitol dehydrogenase converting fructose and NADPH into mannitol and NADP+. The FA content of the resulting mutant was improved by 60% during growth on fructose, demonstrating that mannitol metabolism may modulate FA synthesis in Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Dulermo
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Zbigniew Lazar
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37/41, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rémi Dulermo
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Magdalena Rakicka
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37/41, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ramedane Haddouche
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Marc Nicaud
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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25
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LaBarge S, Migdal C, Schenk S. Is acetylation a metabolic rheostat that regulates skeletal muscle insulin action? Mol Cells 2015; 38:297-303. [PMID: 25824547 PMCID: PMC4400303 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance, which increases the risk for developing various metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, is a common metabolic disorder in obesity and aging. If potential treatments are to be developed to treat insulin resistance, then it is important to fully understand insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. While recent large-scale "omics" studies have revealed the acetylome to be comparable in size to the phosphorylome, the acetylation of insulin signaling proteins and its functional relevance to insulin-stimulated glucose transport and glucose metabolism is not fully understood. In this Mini Review we discuss the acetylation status of proteins involved in the insulin signaling pathway and review their potential effect on, and relevance to, insulin action in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel LaBarge
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093,
USA
| | - Christopher Migdal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093,
USA
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093,
USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093,
USA
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26
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Chen H, He X, Geng H, Liu H. Physiological characterization of ATP-citrate lyase in Aspergillus niger. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:721-31. [PMID: 24566752 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA, an important molecule in cellular metabolism, is generated in multiple subcellular compartments and mainly used for energy production, biosynthesis of a diverse set of molecules, and protein acetylation. In eukaryotes, cytosolic acetyl-CoA is derived mainly from the conversion of citrate and CoA by ATP-citrate lyase. Here, we describe the targeted deletions of acl1 and acl2, two tandem divergently transcribed genes encoding subunits of ATP-citrate lyase in Aspergillus niger. We show that loss of acl1 or/and acl2 results in a significant decrease of acetyl-CoA and citric acid levels in these mutants, concomitant with diminished vegetative growth, decreased pigmentation, reduced asexual conidiogenesis, and delayed conidial germination. Exogenous addition of acetate repaired the defects of acl-deficient strains in growth and conidial germination but not pigmentation and conidiogenesis. We demonstrate that both Acl1 and Acl2 subunits are required to form a functional ATP-citrate lyase in A. niger. First, deletion of acl1 or/and acl2 resulted in similar defects in growth and development. Second, enzyme activity assays revealed that loss of either acl1 or acl2 gene resulted in loss of ATP-citrate lyase activity. Third, in vitro enzyme assays using bacterially expressed 6His-tagged Acl protein revealed that only the complex of Acl1 and Acl2 showed ATP-citrate lyase activity, no enzyme activities were detected with the individual protein. Fourth, EGFP-Acl1 and mCherry-Acl2 proteins were co-localized in the cytosol. Thus, acl1 and acl2 coordinately modulate the cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA levels to regulate growth, development, and citric acid synthesis in A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
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27
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Strittmatter L, Li Y, Nakatsuka NJ, Calvo SE, Grabarek Z, Mootha VK. CLYBL is a polymorphic human enzyme with malate synthase and β-methylmalate synthase activity. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:2313-23. [PMID: 24334609 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CLYBL is a human mitochondrial enzyme of unknown function that is found in multiple eukaryotic taxa and conserved to bacteria. The protein is expressed in the mitochondria of all mammalian organs, with highest expression in brown fat and kidney. Approximately 5% of all humans harbor a premature stop polymorphism in CLYBL that has been associated with reduced levels of circulating vitamin B12. Using comparative genomics, we now show that CLYBL is strongly co-expressed with and co-evolved specifically with other components of the mitochondrial B12 pathway. We confirm that the premature stop polymorphism in CLYBL leads to a loss of protein expression. To elucidate the molecular function of CLYBL, we used comparative operon analysis, structural modeling and enzyme kinetics. We report that CLYBL encodes a malate/β-methylmalate synthase, converting glyoxylate and acetyl-CoA to malate, or glyoxylate and propionyl-CoA to β-methylmalate. Malate synthases are best known for their established role in the glyoxylate shunt of plants and lower organisms and are traditionally described as not occurring in humans. The broader role of a malate/β-methylmalate synthase in human physiology and its mechanistic link to vitamin B12 metabolism remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Strittmatter
- Department of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Zhuang H, Gan Z, Jiang W, Zhang X, Hua ZC. Functional specific roles of FADD: comparative proteomic analyses from knockout cell lines. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:2063-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70023b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Comparative proteomics identification combined with bioinformatic analyses and cell biology validation revealed novel non-apoptotic functions of FADD in energy metabolism and proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqin Zhuang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- College of Life Science and School of Stomatology
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Ziyi Gan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- College of Life Science and School of Stomatology
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- College of Life Science and School of Stomatology
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- College of Life Science and School of Stomatology
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- College of Life Science and School of Stomatology
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
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29
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Oh J, Lee C. Proteomic characterization of a novel structural protein ORF5a of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Res 2012; 169:255-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sun T, Hayakawa K, Fraser ME. ADP-Mg2+ bound to the ATP-grasp domain of ATP-citrate lyase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:1168-72. [PMID: 22102020 PMCID: PMC3212355 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111028363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Human ATP-citrate lyase (EC 2.3.3.8) is the cytoplasmic enzyme that catalyzes the production of acetyl-CoA from citrate, CoA and ATP. The amino-terminal portion of the enzyme, containing residues 1-817, was crystallized in the presence of tartrate, ATP and magnesium ions. The crystals diffracted to 2.3 Å resolution. The structure shows ADP-Mg(2+) bound to the domain that possesses the ATP-grasp fold. The structure demonstrates that this crystal form could be used to investigate the structures of complexes with inhibitors of ATP-citrate lyase that bind at either the citrate- or ATP-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Koto Hayakawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marie E. Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanley N Abramson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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32
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Wang D, Oses-Prieto JA, Li KH, Fernandes JF, Burlingame AL, Walbot V. The male sterile 8 mutation of maize disrupts the temporal progression of the transcriptome and results in the mis-regulation of metabolic functions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 63:939-51. [PMID: 20626649 PMCID: PMC2974755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Maize anther ontogeny is complex, with the expression of more than 30,000 genes over 4 days of cell proliferation, cell fate acquisition and the start of meiosis. Although many male-sterile mutants disrupt these key steps, few have been investigated in detail. The terminal phenotypes of Zea mays (maize) male sterile 8 (ms8) are small anthers exhibiting meiotic failure. Here, we document much earlier defects: ms8 epidermal cells are normal in number but fail to elongate, and there are fewer, larger tapetal cells that retain, rather than secrete, their contents. ms8 meiocytes separate early, have extra space between them, occupied by excess callose, and the meiotic dyads abort. Thousands of transcriptome changes occur in ms8, including ectopic activation of genes not expressed in fertile siblings, failure to express some genes, differential expression compared with fertile siblings and about 40% of the differentially expressed transcripts appear precociously. There is a high correlation between mRNA accumulation assessed by microarray hybridization and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Sixty-three differentially expressed proteins were identified after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy, including those involved in metabolism, plasmodesmatal remodeling and cell division. The majority of these were not identified by differential RNA expression, demonstrating the importance of proteomics in defining developmental mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Wang
- Department of Biology, 385 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020
| | - Juan A. Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA,94143
| | - Kathy H. Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA,94143
| | - John F. Fernandes
- Department of Biology, 385 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020
| | - Alma L. Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA,94143
| | - Virginia Walbot
- Department of Biology, 385 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020
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Sun T, Hayakawa K, Bateman KS, Fraser ME. Identification of the citrate-binding site of human ATP-citrate lyase using X-ray crystallography. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27418-27428. [PMID: 20558738 PMCID: PMC2930740 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.078667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) catalyzes the conversion of citrate and CoA into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP. In humans, ACLY is the cytoplasmic enzyme linking energy metabolism from carbohydrates to the production of fatty acids. In situ proteolysis of full-length human ACLY gave crystals of a truncated form, revealing the conformations of residues 2-425, 487-750, and 767-820 of the 1101-amino acid protein. Residues 2-425 form three domains homologous to the beta-subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS), while residues 487-820 form two domains homologous to the alpha-subunit of SCS. The crystals were grown in the presence of tartrate or the substrate, citrate, and the structure revealed the citrate-binding site. A loop formed by residues 343-348 interacts via specific hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the prochiral center of citrate. Arg-379 forms a salt bridge with the pro-R carboxylate of citrate. The pro-S carboxylate is free to react, providing insight into the stereospecificity of ACLY. Because this is the first structure of any member of the acyl-CoA synthetase (NDP-forming) superfamily in complex with its organic acid substrate, locating the citrate-binding site is significant for understanding the catalytic mechanism of each member, including the prototype SCS. Comparison of the CoA-binding site of SCSs with the similar structure in ACLY showed that ACLY possesses a different CoA-binding site. Comparisons of the nucleotide-binding site of SCSs with the similar structure in ACLY indicates that this is the ATP-binding site of ACLY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Koto Hayakawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Katherine S Bateman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marie E Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Kitteringham NR, Abdullah A, Walsh J, Randle L, Jenkins RE, Sison R, Goldring CEP, Powell H, Sanderson C, Williams S, Higgins L, Yamamoto M, Hayes J, Park BK. Proteomic analysis of Nrf2 deficient transgenic mice reveals cellular defence and lipid metabolism as primary Nrf2-dependent pathways in the liver. J Proteomics 2010; 73:1612-31. [PMID: 20399915 PMCID: PMC2891861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 regulates expression of multiple cellular defence proteins through the antioxidant response element (ARE). Nrf2-deficient mice (Nrf2(-/-)) are highly susceptible to xenobiotic-mediated toxicity, but the precise molecular basis of enhanced toxicity is unknown. Oligonucleotide array studies suggest that a wide range of gene products is altered constitutively, however no equivalent proteomics analyses have been conducted. To define the range of Nrf2-regulated proteins at the constitutive level, protein expression profiling of livers from Nrf2(-/-) and wild type mice was conducted using both stable isotope labelling (iTRAQ) and gel electrophoresis methods. To establish a robust reproducible list of Nrf2-dependent proteins, three independent groups of mice were analysed. Correlative network analysis (MetaCore) identified two predominant groups of Nrf2-regulated proteins. As expected, one group comprised proteins involved in phase II drug metabolism, which were down-regulated in the absence of Nrf2. Surprisingly, the most profound changes were observed amongst proteins involved in the synthesis and metabolism of fatty acids and other lipids. Importantly, we show here for the first time, that the enzyme ATP-citrate lyase, responsible for acetyl-CoA production, is negatively regulated by Nrf2. This latter finding suggests that Nrf2 is a major regulator of cellular lipid disposition in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom.
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Bräsen C, Schmidt M, Grötzinger J, Schönheit P. Reaction mechanism and structural model of ADP-forming Acetyl-CoA synthetase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: evidence for a second active site histidine residue. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15409-18. [PMID: 18372246 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710218200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In Archaea, acetate formation and ATP synthesis from acetyl-CoA is catalyzed by an unusual ADP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACD) (acetyl-CoA + ADP + P(i) acetate + ATP + HS-CoA) catalyzing the formation of acetate from acetyl-CoA and concomitant ATP synthesis by the mechanism of substrate level phosphorylation. ACD belongs to the protein superfamily of nucleoside diphosphate-forming acyl-CoA synthetases, which also include succinyl-CoA synthetases (SCSs). ACD differs from SCS in domain organization of subunits and in the presence of a second highly conserved histidine residue in the beta-subunit, which is absent in SCS. The influence of these differences on structure and reaction mechanism of ACD was studied with heterotetrameric ACD (alpha(2)beta(2)) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus in comparison with heterotetrameric SCS. A structural model of P. furiosus ACD was constructed suggesting a novel spatial arrangement of the subunits different from SCS, however, maintaining a similar catalytic site. Furthermore, kinetic and molecular properties and enzyme phosphorylation as well as the ability to catalyze arsenolysis of acetyl-CoA were studied in wild type ACD and several mutant enzymes. The data indicate that the formation of enzyme-bound acetyl phosphate and enzyme phosphorylation at His-257alpha, respectively, proceed in analogy to SCS. In contrast to SCS, in ACD the phosphoryl group is transferred from the His-257alpha to ADP via transient phosphorylation of a second conserved histidine residue in the beta-subunit, His-71beta. It is proposed that ACD reaction follows a novel four-step mechanism including transient phosphorylation of two active site histidine residues:
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bräsen
- Institut für Allgemeine Mikrobiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel, Germany
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36
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Ma R, Kanders E, Sundh UB, Geng M, Ek P, Zetterqvist O, Li JP. Mutational study of human phosphohistidine phosphatase: effect on enzymatic activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:887-91. [PMID: 16219293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although protein histidine phosphorylation is estimated to account for about 6% of total protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes, knowledge on histidine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is still limited. Recently, a few reports have appeared on a mammalian 14-kDa phosphohistidine phosphatase, also named protein histidine phosphatase. Molecular cloning of the protein has opened possibilities for exploring its properties and physiological role. In the present work, we have searched for potential active site residues in the human phosphohistidine phosphatase by point mutations of conserved histidine and arginine residues to alanine. When assayed by the phosphohistidine-containing peptide succinyl-Ala-His(P)-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide, mutants H53A and H102A showed no detectable activity. Compared to the wild-type recombinant enzyme, the specific activity of mutant R45A was decreased by one order of magnitude, that of mutant R78A was decreased by about 30%, while that of mutant H81A was essentially unchanged. These results will facilitate future studies of the reaction mechanism, substrate binding, and molecular structure of the phosphohistidine phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Ma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Kanao T, Fukui T, Atomi H, Imanaka T. ATP-citrate lyase from the green sulfur bacteriumChlorobium limicolais a heteromeric enzyme composed of two distinct gene products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ratledge C, Wynn JP. The biochemistry and molecular biology of lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 51:1-51. [PMID: 12236054 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(02)51000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Ratledge
- Lipid Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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Ek P, Pettersson G, Ek B, Gong F, Li JP, Zetterqvist O. Identification and characterization of a mammalian 14-kDa phosphohistidine phosphatase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:5016-23. [PMID: 12383260 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein histidine phosphorylation in eukaryotes has been sparsely studied compared to protein serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation. In an attempt to rectify this by probing porcine liver cytosol with the phosphohistidine-containing peptide succinyl-Ala-His(P)-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide (phosphopeptide I), we observed a phosphatase activity that was insensitive towards okadaic acid and EDTA. This suggested the existence of a phosphohistidine phosphatase different from protein phosphatase 1, 2A and 2C. A 1000-fold purification to apparent homogeneity gave a 14-kDa phosphatase with a specific activity of 3 micro mol.min-1.mg-1 at pH 7.5 with 7 micro m phosphopeptide I as substrate. Partial amino-acid sequence determination of the purified porcine enzyme by MS revealed similarity with a human sequence representing a human chromosome 9 gene of hitherto unknown function. Molecular cloning from a human embryonic kidney cell cDNA-library followed by expression and purification, yielded a protein with a molecular mass of 13 700 Da, and an EDTA-insensitive phosphohistidine phosphatase activity of 9 micro mol.min-1.mg-1 towards phosphopeptide I. No detectable activity was obtained towards a set of phosphoserine-, phosphothreonine-, and phosphotyrosine peptides. Northern blot analysis indicated that the human phosphohistidine phosphatase mRNA was present preferentially in heart and skeletal muscle. These results provide a new tool for studying eukaryotic histidine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Ek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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40
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Fatland BL, Ke J, Anderson MD, Mentzen WI, Cui LW, Allred CC, Johnston JL, Nikolau BJ, Wurtele ES. Molecular characterization of a heteromeric ATP-citrate lyase that generates cytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:740-56. [PMID: 12376641 PMCID: PMC166603 DOI: 10.1104/pp.008110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2002] [Revised: 06/12/2002] [Accepted: 06/18/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) is used in the cytosol of plant cells for the synthesis of a diverse set of phytochemicals including waxes, isoprenoids, stilbenes, and flavonoids. The source of cytosolic acetyl-CoA is unclear. We identified two Arabidopsis cDNAs that encode proteins similar to the amino and carboxy portions of human ATP-citrate lyase (ACL). Coexpression of these cDNAs in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) confers ACL activity, indicating that both the Arabidopsis genes are required for ACL activity. Arabidopsis ACL is a heteromeric enzyme composed of two distinct subunits, ACLA (45 kD) and ACLB (65 kD). The holoprotein has a molecular mass of 500 kD, which corresponds to a heterooctomer with an A(4)B(4) configuration. ACL activity and the ACLA and ACLB polypeptides are located in the cytosol, consistent with the lack of targeting peptides in the ACLA and ACLB sequences. In the Arabidopsis genome, three genes encode for the ACLA subunit (ACLA-1, At1g10670; ACLA-2, At1g60810; and ACLA-3, At1g09430), and two genes encode the ACLB subunit (ACLB-1, At3g06650 and ACLB-2, At5g49460). The ACLA and ACLB mRNAs accumulate in coordinated spatial and temporal patterns during plant development. This complex accumulation pattern is consistent with the predicted physiological needs for cytosolic acetyl-CoA, and is closely coordinated with the accumulation pattern of cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase, an enzyme using cytosolic acetyl-CoA as a substrate. Taken together, these results indicate that ACL, encoded by the ACLA and ACLB genes of Arabidopsis, generates cytosolic acetyl-CoA. The heteromeric organization of this enzyme is common to green plants (including Chlorophyceae, Marchantimorpha, Bryopsida, Pinaceae, monocotyledons, and eudicots), species of fungi, Glaucophytes, Chlamydomonas, and prokaryotes. In contrast, all known animal ACL enzymes have a homomeric structure, indicating that a evolutionary fusion of the ACLA and ACLB genes probably occurred early in the evolutionary history of this kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth L Fatland
- Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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41
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Kanao T, Fukui T, Atomi H, Imanaka T. Kinetic and biochemical analyses on the reaction mechanism of a bacterial ATP-citrate lyase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:3409-16. [PMID: 12135479 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The prokaryotic ATP-citrate lyase is considered to be a key enzyme of the carbon dioxide-fixing reductive tricarboxylic acid (RTCA) cycle. Kinetic examination of the ATP-citrate lyase from the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium limicola (Cl-ACL), an alpha(4)beta(4) heteromeric enzyme, revealed that the enzyme displayed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics toward ATP with an apparent K(m) value of 0.21 +/- 0.04 mm. However, strong negative cooperativity was observed with respect to citrate binding, with a Hill coefficient (n(H)) of 0.45. Although the dissociation constant of the first citrate molecule was 0.057 +/- 0.008 mm, binding of the first citrate molecule to the enzyme drastically decreased the affinity of the enzyme for the second molecule by a factor of 23. ADP was a competitive inhibitor of ATP with a K(i) value of 0.037 +/- 0.006 mm. Together with previous findings that the enzyme catalyzed the reaction only in the direction of citrate cleavage, these kinetic features indicated that Cl-ACL can regulate both the direction and carbon flux of the RTCA cycle in C. limicola. Furthermore, in order to gain insight on the reaction mechanism, we performed biochemical analyses of Cl-ACL. His273 of the alpha subunit was indicated to be the phosphorylated residue in the catalytic center, as both catalytic activity and phosphorylation of the enzyme by ATP were abolished in an H273A mutant enzyme. We found that phosphorylation of the subunit was reversible. Nucleotide preference for activity was in good accordance with the preference for phosphorylation of the enzyme. Although residues interacting with nucleotides in the succinyl-CoA synthetase from Escherichia coli were conserved in AclB, AclA alone could be phoshorylated with the same nucleotide specificity observed in the holoenzyme. However, AclB was necessary for enzyme activity and contributed to enhance phosphorylation and stabilization of AclA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayoshi Kanao
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
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42
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Adams IP, Dack S, Dickinson FM, Ratledge C. The distinctiveness of ATP:citrate lyase from Aspergillus nidulans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1597:36-41. [PMID: 12009400 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(02)00276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ATP:citrate lyase (ACL), an important enzyme in lipid synthesis, has been purified from Aspergillus nidulans to a specific activity of 19.6 micromol min(-1) mg(-1), almost twice that of any other purified ACL and shown to be distinct from any previously purified ACL. The enzyme is a 371+/-31 kDa hexamer of 3 alpha, 3 beta proteins, unlike the 4 alpha tetramer found in rats or yeasts. The molecular weights of the alpha and beta protein subunits were determined by SDS-PAGE to be 70 and 55 kDa. ACL in A. nidulans (unlike Aspergillus niger) appears to be regulated by the carbon source present in the media. In crude extracts, it was found at high activity (88 micromol min(-1) mg protein(-1)) in glucose-grown cells but only at low activity (10 micromol min(-1) mg protein(-1)) in acetate-grown cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Adams
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
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Yan L, Adams ME. The spider toxin omega-Aga IIIA defines a high affinity site on neuronal high voltage-activated calcium channels. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:21309-16. [PMID: 10787403 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000212200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The spider toxin omega-agatoxin IIIA (omega-Aga-IIIA) is a potent inhibitor of high voltage-activated calcium currents in the mammalian brain. To establish the biochemical parameters governing its action, we radiolabeled the toxin and examined its binding to native and recombinant calcium channels. In experiments with purified rat synaptosomal membranes, both kinetic and equilibrium data demonstrate one-to-one binding of omega-Aga-IIIA to a single population of high affinity sites, with K(d) = approximately 9 pm and B(max) = approximately 1.4 pmol/mg protein. Partial inhibition of omega-Aga-IIIA binding by omega-conotoxins GVIA, MVIIA, and MVIIC identifies N and P/Q channels as components of this population. omega-Aga-IIIA binds to recombinant alpha(1B) and alpha(1E) calcium channels with a similar high affinity (K(d) = approximately 5-9 pm) in apparent one-to-one fashion. Results from recombinant alpha(1B) binding experiments demonstrate virtually identical B(max) values for omega-Aga-IIIA and omega-conotoxin MVIIA, providing further evidence for a one-to-one stoichiometry of agatoxin binding to calcium channels. The combined evidence suggests that omega-Aga-IIIA defines a unique, high affinity binding site on N-, P/Q-, and R-type calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yan
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program and Departments of Entomology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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44
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Rangasamy D, Ratledge C. Genetic enhancement of fatty acid synthesis by targeting rat liver ATP:citrate lyase into plastids of tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 122:1231-8. [PMID: 10759520 PMCID: PMC58959 DOI: 10.1104/pp.122.4.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/1999] [Accepted: 12/16/1999] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ATP:citrate lyase (ACL) catalyzes the conversion of citrate to acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) and oxaloacetate and is a key enzyme for lipid accumulation in mammals and oleaginous yeasts and fungi. To investigate whether heterologous ACL genes can be targeted and imported into the plastids of plants, a gene encoding a fusion protein of the rat liver ACL with the transit peptide for the small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase was constructed and introduced into the genome of tobacco. This was sufficient to provide import of the heterologous protein into the plastids. In vitro assays of ACL in isolated plastids showed that the enzyme was active and synthesized acetyl-CoA. Overexpression of the rat ACL gene led to up to a 4-fold increase in the total ACL activity; this increased the amount of fatty acids by 16% but did not cause any major change in the fatty acid profile. Therefore, increasing the availability of acetyl-CoA as a substrate for acetyl-CoA carboxylase and subsequent reactions of fatty acid synthetase has a slightly beneficial effect on the overall rate of lipid synthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rangasamy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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Sánchez LB, Galperin MY, Müller M. Acetyl-CoA synthetase from the amitochondriate eukaryote Giardia lamblia belongs to the newly recognized superfamily of acyl-CoA synthetases (Nucleoside diphosphate-forming). J Biol Chem 2000; 275:5794-803. [PMID: 10681568 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.8.5794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene coding for the acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP-forming) from the amitochondriate eukaryote Giardia lamblia has been expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme exhibited the same substrate specificity as the native enzyme, utilizing acetyl-CoA and adenine nucleotides as preferred substrates and less efficiently, propionyl- and succinyl-CoA. N- and C-terminal parts of the G. lamblia acetyl-CoA synthetase sequence were found to be homologous to the alpha- and beta-subunits, respectively, of succinyl-CoA synthetase. Sequence analysis of homologous enzymes from various bacteria, archaea, and the eukaryote, Plasmodium falciparum, identified conserved features in their organization, which allowed us to delineate a new superfamily of acyl-CoA synthetases (nucleoside diphosphate-forming) and its signature motifs. The representatives of this new superfamily of thiokinases vary in their domain arrangement, some consisting of separate alpha- and beta-subunits and others comprising fusion proteins in alpha-beta or beta-alpha orientation. The presence of homologs of acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP-forming) in such human pathogens as G. lamblia, Yersinia pestis, Bordetella pertussis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and the malaria agent P. falciparum suggests that they might be used as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Sánchez
- The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Potapova IA, El-Maghrabi MR, Doronin SV, Benjamin WB. Phosphorylation of recombinant human ATP:citrate lyase by cAMP-dependent protein kinase abolishes homotropic allosteric regulation of the enzyme by citrate and increases the enzyme activity. Allosteric activation of ATP:citrate lyase by phosphorylated sugars. Biochemistry 2000; 39:1169-79. [PMID: 10653665 DOI: 10.1021/bi992159y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinantly expressed human ATP:citrate lyase was purified from E. coli, and its kinetic behavior was characterized before and after phosphorylation. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase catalyzed the incorporation of only 1 mol of phosphate per mole of enzyme homotetramer, and glycogen synthase kinase-3 incorporated an additional 2 mol of phosphate into the phosphorylated protein. Isoelectric focusing revealed that all of the phosphates were incorporated into only one of the four enzyme subunits. Phosphorylation resulted in a 6-fold increase in V(max) and the conversion of citrate dependence from sigmoidal, displaying negative cooperativity, to hyperbolic. The phosphorylated recombinant enzyme is more similar to the enzyme isolated from mammalian tissues than unphosphorylated enzyme with respect to the K(m) for citrate, CoA, and ATP, and the specific activity. Fructose 6-phosphate was found to be a potent activator (60-fold) of the unphosphorylated recombinant enzyme, with half-maximal activation at 0.16 mM, which results in a decrease in the apparent K(m) for citrate and ATP, as well as an increase in the V(max) of the reaction. Thus, human ATP:citrate lyase activity is regulated in vitro allosterically by phosphorylated sugars as well as covalently by phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Potapova
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8661, USA
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Nowrousian M, Masloff S, Pöggeler S, Kück U. Cell differentiation during sexual development of the fungus Sordaria macrospora requires ATP citrate lyase activity. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:450-60. [PMID: 9858569 PMCID: PMC83903 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.1.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During sexual development, mycelial cells from most filamentous fungi differentiate into typical fruiting bodies. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of the Sordaria macrospora developmental mutant per5, which exhibits a sterile phenotype with defects in fruiting body maturation. Cytological investigations revealed that the mutant strain forms only ascus precursors without any mature spores. Using an indexed cosmid library, we were able to complement the mutant to fertility by DNA-mediated transformation. A single cosmid clone, carrying a 3.5-kb region able to complement the mutant phenotype, has been identified. Sequencing of the 3.5-kb region revealed an open reading frame of 2.1 kb interrupted by a 66-bp intron. The predicted polypeptide (674 amino acids) shows significant homology to eukaryotic ATP citrate lyases (ACLs), with 62 to 65% amino acid identity, and the gene was named acl1. The molecular mass of the S. macrospora ACL1 polypeptide is 73 kDa, as was verified by Western blot analysis with a hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged ACL1 polypeptide. Immunological in situ detection of the HA-tagged polypeptide demonstrated that ACL is located within the cytosol. Sequencing of the mutant acl1 gene revealed a 1-nucleotide transition within the coding region, resulting in an amino acid substitution within the predicted polypeptide. Further evidence that ACL1 is essential for fruiting body maturation comes from experiments in which truncated and mutated versions of the acl1 gene were used for transformation. None of these copies was able to reconstitute the fertile phenotype in transformed per5 recipient strains. ACLs are usually involved in the formation of cytosolic acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which is used for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols. Protein extracts from the mutant strain showed a drastic reduction in enzymatic activity compared to values obtained from the wild-type strain. Investigation of the time course of ACL expression suggests that ACL is specifically induced at the beginning of the sexual cycle and produces acetyl-CoA, which most probably is a prerequisite for fruiting body formation during later stages of sexual development. We discuss the contribution of ACL activity to the life cycle of S. macrospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nowrousian
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Shimomura I, Shimano H, Korn BS, Bashmakov Y, Horton JD. Nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding proteins activate genes responsible for the entire program of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in transgenic mouse liver. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:35299-306. [PMID: 9857071 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.52.35299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the rate of fatty acid synthesis is elevated by more than 20-fold in livers of transgenic mice that express truncated nuclear forms of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). This was explained in part by an increase in the levels of mRNA for the two major enzymes of fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase, whose transcription is stimulated by SREBPs. Fatty acid synthesis also requires a source of acetyl-CoA and NADPH. In the current studies we show that the levels of mRNA for ATP citrate lyase, the enzyme that produces acetyl-CoA, are also elevated in the transgenic livers. In addition, we found marked elevations in the mRNAs for malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, all of which produce NADPH. Finally, we found that overexpressing two of the SREBPs (1a and 2) led to elevated mRNAs for stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), an isoform that is detectable in nontransgenic livers, and SCD2, an isoform that is not detected in nontransgenic livers. This stimulation led to an increase in total SCD activity in liver microsomes. Together, all of these changes would be expected to lead to a marked increase in the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids in the transgenic livers, and this was confirmed chromatographically. We conclude that expression of nuclear SREBPs is capable of activating the entire coordinated program of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in mouse liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Shimomura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
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Pearce NJ, Yates JW, Berkhout TA, Jackson B, Tew D, Boyd H, Camilleri P, Sweeney P, Gribble AD, Shaw A, Groot PH. The role of ATP citrate-lyase in the metabolic regulation of plasma lipids. Hypolipidaemic effects of SB-204990, a lactone prodrug of the potent ATP citrate-lyase inhibitor SB-201076. Biochem J 1998; 334 ( Pt 1):113-9. [PMID: 9693110 PMCID: PMC1219669 DOI: 10.1042/bj3340113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ATP citrate (pro-S)-lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), a cytosolic enzyme that generates acetyl-CoA for cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis de novo, is a potential target for hypolipidaemic intervention. Here we describe the biological effects of the inhibition of ATP citrate-lyase on lipid metabolism in Hep G2 cells, and plasma lipids in rats and dogs, by using SB-204990, the cell-penetrant gamma-lactone prodrug of the potent ATP citrate-lyase inhibitor SB-201076 (Ki=1 microM). Consistent with an important role of ATP citrate-lyase in the supply of acetyl-CoA units for lipid synthesis de novo, SB-204990 inhibited cholesterol synthesis and fatty acid synthesis in Hep G2 cells (dose-related inhibition of up to 91% and 82% respectively) and rats (76% and 39% respectively). SB-204990, when administered orally to rats, was absorbed into the systemic circulation; pharmacologically relevant concentrations of SB-201076 were recovered in the liver. When administered in the diet (0.05-0. 25%, w/w) for 1 week, SB-204990 caused a dose-related decrease in plasma cholesterol (by up to 46%) and triglyceride levels (by up to 80%) in rats. This hypolipidaemic effect could be explained, at least in part, by a decrease (up to 48%) in hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) production as measured by the accumulation of VLDL in plasma after injection of Triton WR-1339. SB-204990 (25 mg/kg per day) also decreased plasma cholesterol levels (by up to 23%) and triglyceride levels (by up to 38%) in the dog, preferentially decreasing low-density lipoprotein compared with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Overall these results are consistent with the concept that ATP citrate-lyase is an important enzyme in controlling substrate supply for lipid synthesis de novo and a potential enzyme target for hypolipidaemic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Pearce
- Department of Vascular Biology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals Ltd., New Frontiers Science Park (North), Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, U.K.
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Swinnen JV, Ulrix W, Heyns W, Verhoeven G. Coordinate regulation of lipogenic gene expression by androgens: evidence for a cascade mechanism involving sterol regulatory element binding proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:12975-80. [PMID: 9371785 PMCID: PMC24248 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.24.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To gain more insight into the molecular mechanisms by which androgens stimulate lipogenesis and induce a marked accumulation of neutral lipids in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, we studied their impact on the expression of lipogenic enzymes. Northern blot analysis of the steady-state mRNA levels of seven different lipogenic enzymes revealed that androgens coordinately stimulate the expression of enzymes belonging to the two major lipogenic pathways: fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol synthesis. In view of the important role of the recently characterized sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) in the coordinate induction of lipogenic genes, we examined whether the observed effects of androgens on lipogenic gene expression are mediated by these transcription factors. Our findings indicate that androgens stimulate the expression of SREBP transcripts and precursor proteins and enhance the nuclear content of the mature active form of the transcription factor. Moreover, by using the fatty acid synthase gene as an experimental paradigm we demonstrate that the presence of an SREBP-binding site is essential for its regulation by androgens. These data support the hypothesis that SREBPs are involved in the coordinate regulation of lipogenic gene expression by androgens and provide evidence for the existence of a cascade mechanism of androgen-regulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Swinnen
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Onderwijs en Navorsing, Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
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