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Zhang J, Goods BA, Pattarawat P, Wang Y, Haining T, Zhang Q, Shalek AK, Duncan FE, Woodruff TK, Xiao S. An ex vivo ovulation system enables the discovery of novel ovulatory pathways and nonhormonal contraceptive candidates†. Biol Reprod 2023; 108:629-644. [PMID: 36708230 PMCID: PMC10106841 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovulation is an integral part of women's menstrual cycle and fertility. Understanding the mechanisms of ovulation has broad implications for the treatment of anovulatory diseases and the development of novel contraceptives. Now, few studies have developed effective models that both faithfully recapitulate the hallmarks of ovulation and possess scalability. We established a three-dimensional encapsulated in vitro follicle growth (eIVFG) system that recapitulates folliculogenesis and produces follicles that undergo ovulation in a controlled manner. Here, we determined whether ex vivo ovulation preserves molecular signatures of ovulation and demonstrated its use in discovering novel ovulatory pathways and nonhormonal contraceptive candidates through a high-throughput ovulation screening. Mature murine follicles from eIVFG were induced to ovulate ex vivo using human chorionic gonadotropin and collected at 0, 1, 4, and 8 hours post-induction. Phenotypic analyses confirmed key ovulatory events, including cumulus expansion, oocyte maturation, follicle rupture, and luteinization. Single-follicle RNA-sequencing analysis revealed the preservation of ovulatory genes and dynamic transcriptomic profiles and signaling. Soft clustering identified distinct gene expression patterns and new pathways that may critically regulate ovulation. We further used this ex vivo ovulation system to screen 21 compounds targeting established and newly identified ovulatory pathways. We discovered that proprotein convertases activate gelatinases to sustain follicle rupture and do not regulate luteinization and progesterone secretion. Together, our ex vivo ovulation system preserves molecular signatures of ovulation, presenting a new powerful tool for studying ovulation and anovulatory diseases as well as for establishing a high-throughput ovulation screening to identify novel nonhormonal contraceptives for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brittany A Goods
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Pawat Pattarawat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Yingzheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Tessa Haining
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Institute for Medical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francesca E Duncan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Teresa K Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Zhu Y. Metalloproteases in gonad formation and ovulation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 314:113924. [PMID: 34606745 PMCID: PMC8576836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Changes in expression or activation of various metalloproteases including matrix metalloproteases (Mmp), a disintegrin and metalloprotease (Adam) and a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motif (Adamts), and their endogenous inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases, Timp), have been shown to be critical for ovulation in various species from studies in past decades. Some of these metalloproteases such as Adamts1, Adamts9, Mmp2, and Mmp9 have also been shown to be regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) and/or progestin, which are essential triggers for ovulation in all vertebrate species. Most of these metalloproteases also express broadly in various tissues and cells including germ cells and somatic gonad cells. Thus, metalloproteases likely play roles in gonad formation processes comprising primordial germ cell (PGC) migration, development of germ and somatic cells, and sex determination. However, our knowledge on the functions and mechanisms of metalloproteases in these processes in vertebrates is still lacking. This review will summarize our current knowledge on the metalloproteases in ovulation and gonad formation with emphasis on PGC migration and germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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3
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Nikanfar S, Oghbaei H, Rastgar Rezaei Y, Zarezadeh R, Jafari-Gharabaghlou D, Nejabati HR, Bahrami Z, Bleisinger N, Samadi N, Fattahi A, Nouri M, Dittrich R. Role of adipokines in the ovarian function: Oogenesis and steroidogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 209:105852. [PMID: 33610800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adipokines are mainly produced by adipose tissue; however, their expression has been reported in other organs including female reproductive tissues. Therefore, adipokines have opened new avenues of research in female fertility. In this regard, studies reported different roles for certain adipokines in ovarian function, although the role of other recently identified adipokines is still controversial. It seems that adipokines are essential for normal ovarian function and their abnormal levels could be associated with ovarian-related disorders. The objective of this study is to review the available information regarding the role of adipokines in ovarian functions including follicular development, oogenesis and steroidogenesis and also their involvement in ovary-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Nikanfar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Oghbaei
- Department of Physiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Rastgar Rezaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Zarezadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Davoud Jafari-Gharabaghlou
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nejabati
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahrami
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nathalie Bleisinger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen, Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Naser Samadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Fattahi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen, Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ralf Dittrich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen, Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Ogiwara K, Hagiwara A, Rajapakse S, Takahashi T. The Role of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Follicle Rupture During Ovulation in the Teleost Medaka1. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:10. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.121442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Mehta BN, Nath N, Chimote N. Periodicity in the levels of serum plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is a robust prognostic factor for embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy in ongoing IVF cycles. J Hum Reprod Sci 2014; 7:198-205. [PMID: 25395746 PMCID: PMC4229796 DOI: 10.4103/0974-1208.142482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) has been inversely correlated to proteolytic extracellular-matrix degradation exerted by urokinase-type (u-PA) and tissue-type plasminogen activators (t-PA). Any pathological disturbance in PAI-1 levels may lead to several pregnancy complications. AIMS: To assess the influence of periodicity in serum PAI-1 levels on embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy outcome in IVF cycles SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Prospective study of 120 IVF cycles at private infertility centre. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Endometrial response (ER) assessment by measuring Endometrial thickness (cm) and echopattern (grade). Serum PAI-1(ng/ml) measurement by ELISA method on day of hCG, day of ET and days 7 and 14 of ET. Main outcome measure was clinical pregnancy. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Student “t” test, ANOVA, Post-test for linear trend, Pearson Correlation. RESULTS: PAI-1 levels declined from dhCG to dET (318.8 ± 36.1 to 176.1 ± 28.4) whereas they increased steadily from dET to d7 to d14ET (176.1 ± 28.4 to 285.2 ± 30.4 to 353.5 ± 150.4; P = 0.0004) in pregnant group (n = 31). Conversely, dhCG to dET levels increased in both nonpregnant (n = 75; 173.8 ± 18.3 to 280.8 ± 26.1) and biochemical pregnancy BCP (n = 14; 172.7 ± 31.1 to 216 ± 30.1) groups. The rising pattern from dET to d7 to d14ET was not observed in non-pregnant and BCP groups. ER thickness and grade shared significant correlation with serum PAI-1 on dET (Pearson r: ER = 0.28, Grade = 0.29) and d7ET (Pearson r: ER = 0.40, Grade = 0.23). CONCLUSIONS: Periodicity in serum PAI-1 levels offers a robust prognostic factor for predicting clinical pregnancy outcome. The dhCG to dET PAI-1 transition is a decisive factor for either transferring embryos in same/ongoing cycle or cryopreserving them and postponing ET to subsequent natural cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu N Mehta
- Department of Embryology/Biochemistry, Vaunshdhara Clinic and Assisted Conception Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nirmalendu Nath
- Department of Biochemistry, Vaunshdhara Clinic and Assisted Conception Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Natachandra Chimote
- Department of Endocrinology/Embryology, Vaunshdhara Clinic and Assisted Conception Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Lu CH, Lee RKK, Hwu YM, Lin MH, Yeh LY, Chen YJ, Lin SP, Li SH. Involvement of the serine protease inhibitor, SERPINE2, and the urokinase plasminogen activator in cumulus expansion and oocyte maturation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74602. [PMID: 24023701 PMCID: PMC3758271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E, member 2 (SERPINE2) inhibits urokinase-type plasminogen activator (PLAU) and tissue-type plasminogen activator. Higher SERPINE2 expression levels were detected in cumulus cells of human immature oocytes than in those of mature oocytes. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether high SERPINE2 levels in cumulus cells are associated with oocyte immaturity. Using the mouse cumulus–oocyte complex as an experimental model, the effects of elimination and overexpression of SERPINE2 in cumulus cells on cumulus expansion and oocyte maturation were assayed by in vitro maturation. Serpine2 and PLAU transcripts were the most highly expressed serpins and plasminogen activators, respectively. Their expression was coordinately regulated in cumulus cells during gonadotropin-induced oocyte maturation. Silencing of Serpine2 expression using small interfering RNAs or blockage of SERPINE2 protein using a specific antibody had no effect on oocyte maturation. However, overexpression of Serpine2 or exogenous supplementation with high levels of SERPINE2 impaired cumulus expansion and oocyte maturation, probably by decreasing hyaluronan synthase 2 (Has2) and versican (Vcan) mRNA expression. Amiloride, a specific PLAU inhibitor, also suppressed these processes. PLAU supplementation of the oocyte in vitro maturation medium caused earlier and more extensive expansion of cumulus cells and oocyte maturation that may be mediated by increased Has2 mRNA expression. However, these effects were neutralized by coincubation with SERPINE2 or amiloride and PLAU. In conclusion, SERPINE2 and PLAU are involved in cumulus expansion and oocyte maturation. High SERPINE2 levels impair these processes, probably by decreasing cumulus matrix gene expression as well as reducing cumulus hyaluronan contents and inhibiting PLAU activity. These findings may explain why cumulus cells surrounding immature human oocytes express high SERPINE2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hao Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamshui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Robert Kuo-Kuang Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamshui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Ming Hwu
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamshui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huei Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamshui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yu Yeh
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamshui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jie Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Ping Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center and Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SPL); (SHL)
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Li
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Tamshui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SPL); (SHL)
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7
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Ogiwara K, Minagawa K, Takano N, Kageyama T, Takahashi T. Apparent Involvement of Plasmin in Early-Stage Follicle Rupture During Ovulation in Medaka1. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:113. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.093880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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8
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Chêne G, Penault-Llorca F, Raoelfils I, Bignon YJ, Ray-Coquard I, Seffert P, Dauplat J. [Ovarian carcinogenesis: recent and past hypotheses]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 39:216-23. [PMID: 21429782 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian carcinogenesis and the early stages of malignant transformation are limited because of the lack of a candidate precursor. There have been several proposed hypotheses: first, ovary and the ovarian surface epithelium and more recently observations have increasingly focused attention of the Fallopian tube. Moreover, molecular genetic analysis has designed two main pathways of tumorogenesis. In this review, we discuss the different and perhaps complementary hypotheses about ovarian carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chêne
- Département de chirurgie, centre Jean-Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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9
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Paczkowski M, Krisher R. Aberrant protein expression is associated with decreased developmental potential in porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes. Mol Reprod Dev 2010; 77:51-8. [PMID: 19728369 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oocyte developmental competence is progressively obtained during pubertal development in females. Poor developmental potential in oocytes derived from prepubertal females suggests that essential processes required for oocyte development have not been fulfilled. The objective of this experiment was to analyze the protein profiles of porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) derived from cyclic and prepubertal females to identify alterations in protein abundance that correlate with developmental potential. COC complexes, aspirated from prepubertal and cyclic ovaries, were pooled into three replicates of 400 COCs each per treatment in approximately 100 microl SOF-HEPES medium. Protein samples were extracted and analyzed by two-dimensional differential in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Over 1,600 proteins were resolved on each of the three replicate gels. Sixteen protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry, representing 14 unique, differentially expressed proteins (volume ratio greater than 1.3). Glutathione-S-transferase and pyruvate kinase 3 were more abundant in COCs derived from cyclic females, whereas soluble epoxide hydrolase and transferrin were more abundant in prepubertal derived COCs. Abundance of several glycolytic enzymes (enolase 1, pyruvate kinase 3, and phosphoglycerate kinase) was increased in COCs derived from cyclic females, suggesting glucose metabolism is decreased in prepubertal derived COCs. We conclude that the abundance of proteins involved in metabolism and oxidative stress regulation is significantly altered in prepubertal derived COCs and may play a role in the mechanisms resulting in developmental competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Paczkowski
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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10
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Kõks S, Velthut A, Sarapik A, Altmäe S, Reinmaa E, Schalkwyk LC, Fernandes C, Lad HV, Soomets U, Jaakma U, Salumets A. The differential transcriptome and ontology profiles of floating and cumulus granulosa cells in stimulated human antral follicles. Mol Hum Reprod 2009; 16:229-40. [PMID: 19933312 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between various ovarian cell types is a prerequisite for folliculogenesis and ovulation. In antral follicles granulosa cells divide into two distinct populations of mural and cumulus granulosa cells (CGC), enveloping the antrum and surrounding the oocyte, respectively. Both cell types, with the mural compartment in excess, contribute to the floating granulosa cell (FGC) population in the follicular fluid. The aim of this study was to compare the transcriptomes of FGC and CGC in stimulated antral follicles obtained from 19 women undergoing IVF-ICSI procedure. FGC were obtained from follicular fluid during the follicle puncture procedure and CGC were acquired after oocyte denudation for micromanipulation. Gene expression analysis was conducted using the genome-wide Affymetrix transcriptome array. The expression profile of the two granulosa cell populations varied significantly. Out of 28 869 analysed transcripts 4480 were differentially expressed (q-value < 10(-4)) and 489 showed > or =2-fold difference in the expression level with 222 genes up-regulated in FGC and 267 in CGC. The transcriptome of FGC showed higher expression of genes involved in immune response, hematological system function and organismal injury, although CGC had genes involved in protein degradation and nervous system function up-regulated. Cell-to-cell signalling and interaction pathways were noted in both cell populations. Furthermore, numerous novel transcripts that have not been previously described in follicular physiology were identified. In conclusion, our results provide a solid basis for future studies in follicular biology that will help to identify molecular markers for oocyte and embryo viability in IVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kõks
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
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11
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Kosugi T, Nakamura M, Sunagawa M. Transition of pathophysiological significance of plasminogen activator inhibitor-From a chief player in antiinflammation, antifibrinolysis to that in the development of insulin resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 17:109-18. [PMID: 19515539 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the early phase of research, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) was regarded as a negative regulator of fibrinolytic system, but the later study clarified that the changes in PAI level is closely related to risk factors of various pathologic processes of the lifestyle-related diseases. It is accepted that PAI-1 is a risk factor of the cardiovascular event in lifestyle-related diseases by recent researches analyzing the detailed function of PAI-1. In this review paper, we described the transition of pathophysiological significance of PAI based on many research papers especially from ours, which clarified the mechanism on protein expression of PAI, especially PAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayoshi Kosugi
- 1st Department of Physiology, Unit of Physiological Science, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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12
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Holmberg M, Leonardsson G, Tor NY. The Species-Specific Differences in the cAMP Regulation of the Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Gene between Rat, Mouse and Human is Caused by a One-Nucleotide Substitution in the cAMP-Responsive Element of the Promoters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.0466e.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Role of the plasminogen activation system in extracellular matrix degradation processes in normal or pathological conditions in sheep. Small Rumin Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ohnishi J, Ohnishi E, Shibuya H, Takahashi T. Functions for proteinases in the ovulatory process. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1751:95-109. [PMID: 15950557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ovary is a unique and dynamic organ in respect to rapid and extensive degrees of tissue development and remodeling that are periodically repeated in the female reproductive activity. Ovulation is a directed and sequential process accompanied by broad-spectrum proteolysis and culminates in the follicular rupture to release the matured oocyte. This review will focus on the potential roles of six representative proteinases that are involved in various aspects of ovulatory processes: matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), plasminogen activator (PA)/plasmin, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS), cathepsin-L, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), and bone morphogenetic protein 1/mammalian Tolloid (BMP-1/mTld). Based on the studies of expression and function, these selected proteinases provide and share diverse functions ranging from cleaving components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to modulating non-ECM molecules, such as various growth factors and their binding proteins. Consistently, the genetic deletion of each individual gene in mice shows their functional overlap in the reproductive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Ohnishi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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15
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Charlton P. The status of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 6:539-54. [PMID: 15989619 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.6.5.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the major physiological inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). An increase in the plasma concentration of PAI-1 has been proposed as a risk factor in thrombotic disease and elevated PAI-1 is associated with a poor prognosis in a variety of cancers. These observations have led to numerous studies addressing the physiological and pathophysiological role of PAI-1 and to the proposal that manipulation of PAI-1 activity presents a new therapeutic target. Recent experimental studies with anti-PAI-1 antibodies and low molecular weight inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in both arterial and venous thrombosis models. These studies have confirmed the potential clinical benefit of reducing PAI-1 activity. As it is now possible to manipulate PAI-1 activity in vivo, future studies should be aimed at confirming the importance of PAI-1 as a major therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Charlton
- Xenova Limited, 240 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 4EF, UK
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16
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Cao M, Sahmi M, Lussier JG, Price CA. Plasminogen Activator and Serine Protease Inhibitor-E2 (Protease Nexin-1) Expression by Bovine Granulosa Cells In Vitro1. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:887-93. [PMID: 15128599 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.029702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) occurs during antral follicle growth, and the plasminogen activators (PA) have been implicated in this process in rodents. In the present study, we measured the expression and secretion of PA and the PA inhibitor protease nexin-1 (SerpinE2) in antral and basal bovine granulosa cells from small (<6 mm), medium (6-8 mm), and large follicles (>8 mm) during 6 days of culture in serum-free medium. Casein zymography revealed that the cells secreted predominantly tissue-type PA (tPA) with urokinase (uPA) being associated mainly with cell lysates, and Western blot demonstrated that the cells secreted SerpinE2. Overall, secreted tPA activity was higher in cultures of cells from small follicles compared with large follicles, and secreted SerpinE2 levels were higher in cultures of cells from large follicles. In cultures of cells from small follicles, secreted tPA levels increased with time of culture for antral but not basal cells, and SerpinE2 levels increased with time for basal but not antral cells. In cultures of granulosa cells from large follicles, tPA activity increased significantly with time of culture, whereas SerpinE2 levels decreased. Cell-associated uPA activity decreased with time in cells from medium and large follicles. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis showed that SerpinE2 secretion was regulated largely at the transcriptional level, whereas tPA secretion was not. The data suggest stage-dependent regulation of granulosa cell PA and SerpinE2 production, consistent with a role in ECM remodeling during follicle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingju Cao
- Centre de recherche en reproduction animale, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
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17
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Gaytán F, Bellido C, Gaytán M, Morales C, Sánchez-Criado JE. Differential effects of RU486 and indomethacin on follicle rupture during the ovulatory process in the rat. Biol Reprod 2003; 69:99-105. [PMID: 12606368 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.013755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovulation (i.e., the release of mature oocytes from the ovary) requires spatially targeted follicle rupture at the apex. Both progesterone and prostaglandins play key roles in the ovulatory process. We have studied follicle rupture and ovulation in adult cycling rats treated with a progesterone receptor antagonist (RU486), an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis (indomethacin, IM), or both. All rats were treated with LHRH antagonist on the morning (0900 h) of proestrus to inhibit endogenous gonadotropins and with 10 microg of ovine LH (oLH) at 1700 h in proestrus to induce ovulation. Animals were treated from metestrus to proestrus with 2 mg/day of RU486 or vehicle (olive oil) and on the morning of proestrus (1200 h) with 1 mg of IM or vehicle (olive oil). Some rats treated with vehicle or RU486 were killed on the morning of proestrus to assess preovulatory follicle development. The remaining rats were killed on the morning of estrus to study follicle rupture and ovulation. In vehicle-treated rats, oLH induced ovulation in 98% of follicles. In IM-treated rats, spatial targeting of follicle rupture was disrupted. Most oocytes were released to the ovarian interstitium (50%) or to the periovarian space (39%), and a smaller percentage (11%) of oocytes remained trapped inside the luteinized follicle. RU486-treated rats showed, on the morning of estrus, unruptured luteinized follicles. Only occasionally (2.8%), the oocytes were released to the periovarian space. IM treatment induced follicle rupture in RU486-treated rats, and 25% of oocytes were released to the ovarian interstitium. However, the number of oocytes released to the periovarian space (i.e., ovulated) was not increased by IM treatment in rats lacking progesterone actions. Overall, these data indicate that RU486 and IM have opposite effects on follicle rupture and suggest that both progesterone and prostaglandins are necessary for the spatial targeting of follicle rupture at the apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gaytán
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Spain.
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18
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Dow MPD, Bakke LJ, Cassar CA, Peters MW, Pursley JR, Smith GW. Gonadotropin surge-induced up-regulation of the plasminogen activators (tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase plasminogen activator) and the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor within bovine periovulatory follicular and luteal tissue. Biol Reprod 2002; 66:1413-21. [PMID: 11967205 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod66.5.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of the preovulatory gonadotropin surge on the temporal and spatial regulation of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), and uPA receptor (uPAR) mRNA expression and tPA, uPA, and plasmin activity in bovine preovulatory follicles and new corpora lutea collected at approximately 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h after a GnRH-induced gonadotropin surge. Messenger RNAs for tPA, uPA, and uPAR were increased in a temporally specific fashion within 24 h of the gonadotropin surge. Localization of tPA mRNA was primarily to the granulosal layer, whereas both uPA and uPAR mRNAs were detected in both the granulosal and thecal layers and adjacent ovarian stroma. Activity for tPA was increased in follicular fluid and the preovulatory follicle apex and base within 12 h after the gonadotropin surge. The increase in tPA activity in the follicle base was transient, whereas the increased activity in the apex was maintained through the 24 h time point. Activity for uPA increased in the follicle apex and base within 12 h of the gonadotropin surge and remained elevated. Plasmin activity in follicular fluid also increased within 12 h after the preovulatory gonadotropin surge and was greatest at 24 h. Our results indicate that mRNA expression and enzyme activity for both tPA and uPA are increased in a temporally and spatially specific manner in bovine preovulatory follicles after exposure to a gonadotropin surge. Increased plasminogen activator and plasmin activity may be a contributing factor in the mechanisms of follicular rupture in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P D Dow
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1225, USA
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19
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Ny T, Wahlberg P, Brändström IJM. Matrix remodeling in the ovary: regulation and functional role of the plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase systems. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 187:29-38. [PMID: 11988309 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00711-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In each reproductive cycle, extensive tissue remodeling takes place in the ovary during follicular development, ovulation, formation and regression of corpus luteum (CL) and follicular atresia. Several lines of indirect evidence suggest that these changes are mediated, in part, by proteases belonging to the plasminogen activator (PA) and the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) systems. These two enzyme systems include both proteinases and associated inhibitors, that are thought to act in concert via a cascade of proteolytic events, the end result of which is the generation of a broad spectrum proteolytic activity, that can mediate physiological tissue remodeling throughout the body. The current review highlights the key features of these two enzyme systems and focuses on their regulation and functional role during the dynamic remodeling processes that takes place in the ovary during each reproductive cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Ny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, S-90187, Ume, Sweden.
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20
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Hasan S, Hosseini G, Princivalle M, Dong JC, Birsan D, Cagide C, de Agostini AI. Coordinate expression of anticoagulant heparan sulfate proteoglycans and serine protease inhibitors in the rat ovary: a potent system of proteolysis control. Biol Reprod 2002; 66:144-58. [PMID: 11751276 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod66.1.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
During the reproductive cycle, ovarian follicles undergo major tissue-remodeling involving vascular changes and proteolysis. Anticoagulant heparan sulfate proteoglycans (aHSPGs) are expressed by granulosa cells during the development of the ovarian follicle. The function of aHSPGs in the ovary is unknown, but they might be involved in proteolysis control through binding and activation of serine protease inhibitors. To identify functional interactions between aHSPGs and heparin-binding protease inhibitors in the follicle, we have coordinately localized aHSPGs, antithrombin III, protease nexin-1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the rat ovary during natural and gonadotropin-stimulated cycles. Anticoagulant HSPGs were visualized by autoradiography of cryosections incubated with 125I-antithrombin III, and protease inhibitors were assessed by immunohistochemistry and Northern blot hybridization. Anticoagulant HSPGs were expressed in follicles before ovulation, were transiently decreased in postovulatory follicles, and were abundant in the corpus luteum, mainly on capillaries. Anticoagulant HSPGs were colocalized with protease nexin-1 in follicles from the early antral stage until ovulation, with antithrombin III in the preovulatory stage and after ovulation, and with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the corpus luteum. These data demonstrate that aHSPGs are critically expressed in the ovary to interact sequentially with protease nexin-1, antithrombin III, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 during the cycle. The specificity of these inhibitors is shifted toward thrombin inhibition in the presence of heparin, suggesting that aHSPGs direct their action to control fibrin deposition in the follicle. The occupation of aHSPGs antithrombin-binding sites by mutant R393C antithrombin III, injected in the ovarian bursa, decreased ovulation efficiency, further supporting the involvement of aHSPGs in the ovulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Hasan
- Infertility Clinic, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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21
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Kim NK, Choi MJ, Chung HM, Sohn TJ, Hwang SG, Oh D, Lee HH, Lee YH, Ko JJ. Increased expression and localization of a serine protease inhibitor, protease nexin-1 (PN-1), in the ovary and uterus during implantation in rat. Thromb Res 2001; 103:135-42. [PMID: 11457471 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(01)00288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that inactivates several proteases, including thrombin, urokinase, plasminogen activators (PA), and plasmin. It also plays a role in regulating proteolytic activity generated by PA system. PN-1 is known to be involved in tissue remodeling, cellular invasiveness, matrix degradation, and tumor growth. However, the role of PN-1 in female reproductive tracts, such as the uterus, ovary, and oviduct, during pregnancy is not known. The present study was designed to investigate the changes of PN-1 mRNA level and localization in the tracts during implantation and early pregnancy by using reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization. We found that PN-1 mRNA levels were coordinately regulated during early pregnancy in a stage- and tissue-specific manner, such that an increased expression of PN-1 gene appeared at the time of the implantation period in the uterus and ovary. Both the uterus and ovary synthesized PN-1 mRNA and their maximal PN-1 expression occurred on Day 6.5 postcoitum (p.c.). On 13.5 days of pregnancy, PN-1 level was low in the uterus and ovary. On the other hand, PN-1 mRNA in the oviduct did not show after 6.5 days of pregnancy. It appears that PN-1 mRNA in the uterus and ovary was highly regulated during early pregnancy, which might have an important role in implantation of rat blastocysts. PN-1 was localized in endometrial stromal cells of the uterus and in granulosa cells of the unstimulated primary follicles in the ovary during periimplantation period. Also, PN-1 mRNA expression was higher at implantation period than that at nonimplantation period of pregnancy. In conclusion, PN-1 is expressed in female reproductive tracts and highly regulated during implantation and early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Clinical Research, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, 351 Yatap-dong, Pundang-ku, Sungnam 463-712, South Korea.
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22
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Song L, Ryan PL, Porter DG, Coomber BL. Effects of relaxin on matrix remodeling enzyme activity of cultured equine ovarian stromal cells. Anim Reprod Sci 2001; 66:239-55. [PMID: 11348785 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4320(01)00100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin participates in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in many reproductive organs, including the ovary, by regulating proteolytic enzyme activity. Accumulated evidence indicates this action of relaxin is involved in ovarian follicle development and ovulation. Equine follicles are embedded in cortex that is at the center of the ovary and they must expand/emigrate to the fossa, the only site in the ovary for ovulation. Due to the tremendous expansion of the follicle in this species, we hypothesized that ovarian stromal remodeling would be extensive. Therefore, cultured equine ovarian stromal cell (EOSC) lines were obtained from stroma at the apex of large follicles and the effects of relaxin on gelatinases A and B, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs), plasminogen activators (PAs) and PA inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activities were assessed. Our results showed that equine relaxin increased the activity of total gelatinase A (both pro forms and mature forms) and latent progelatinase B present in conditioned medium, latent progelatinase A present in cell extracts, and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 present in conditioned medium. This study also revealed that equine relaxin increased the urokinase-type PA activity in conditioned medium and cell extracts, tissue-type PA activity in ECM and PAI-1 activity in conditioned medium. These results suggest that relaxin may contribute to equine follicle growth and migration, and facilitate ovulation by modulating the degradation of ECM in ovarian stromal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont. N1G 2W1, Canada
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23
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Princivalle M, Hasan S, Hosseini G, de Agostini AI. Anticoagulant heparan sulfate proteoglycans expression in the rat ovary peaks in preovulatory granulosa cells. Glycobiology 2001; 11:183-94. [PMID: 11320057 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.3.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian granulosa cells synthesize anticoagulant heparan sulfate proteoglycans (aHSPGs), which bind and activate antithrombin III. To determine if aHSPGs could contribute to the control of proteolytic activities involved in follicular development and ovulation, we studied the pattern of expression of these proteoglycans during the ovarian cycle. aHSPGs were localized on cells and tissues by (125)I-labeled antithrombin III binding followed by microscopic autoradiography. Localization of aHSPGs has shown that cultured granulosa cells, hormonally stimulated by gonadotropins to differentiate in vitro, up-regulate their synthesis and release of aHSPGS: In vivo, during gonadotropin-stimulated cycle, aHSPGs are present on granulosa cells of antral follicles and are strongly labeled in preovulatory follicles. These data demonstrate that aHSPG expression in the ovarian follicle is hormonally induced to culminate in preovulatory follicles. Moreover, we have shown that five heparan sulfate core proteins mRNA (perlecan; syndecan-1, -2, and -4; and glypican-1) are synthesized by granulosa cells, providing attachment for anticoagulant heparan sulfate chains on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. These core proteins are constantly expressed during the cycle, indicating that modulations of aHSPG levels observed in the ovary are likely controlled at the level of the biosynthesis of anticoagulant heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains. This expression pattern enables aHSPGs to focus serine protease inhibitors in the developing follicle to control proteolysis and fibrin formation at ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Princivalle
- Infertility Clinic, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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24
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LaPolt PS, Lu JK. Effects of aging on luteinizing hormone secretion, ovulation, and ovarian tissue-type plasminogen activator expression. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2001; 226:127-32. [PMID: 11446436 DOI: 10.1177/153537020122600210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of aging on LH surge magnitude, ovulation, and ovarian expression of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), a protease implicated in follicular rupture. While mean LH levels and ovulation rates were similar in middle-aged cyclic and young groups, there was a significant correlation between peak LH levels and ovulation rates in individual rats, such that females with lower LH surges ovulated fewer ova. In a separate experiment, proestrous LH levels were characterized in young and middle-aged rats, followed by in situ hybridization analysis of ovarian tPA mRNA. In young proestrous rats, tPA expression was observed in thecal-interstitial cells and oocytes, but not granulosa cells, prior to the LH surge. After the LH surge, there was a marked increase in tPA mRNA levels in granulosa cells of preovulatory, but not smaller follicles, peaking at 0200 hr estrus. By 0500 hr estrus, ovarian tPA expression declined, and ovulation had occurred. In contrast, LH-induced follicular tPA mRNA levels were dramatically lower in middle-aged rats with attenuated LH surges, and persisting preovulatory follicles were common in ovaries of these females on estrus morning. These findings suggest that age-related declines in ovulatory function result in part from altered induction of ovarian tPA expression, likely due to decreased proestrous LH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S LaPolt
- Department of Biology & Microbiology, California State University, Los Angeles 90032, USA.
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25
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Atiomo WU, Hilton D, Fox R, Lee D, Shaw S, Friend J, Wilkin TJ, Prentice AG. Immunohistochemical detection of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in polycystic ovaries. Gynecol Endocrinol 2000; 14:162-8. [PMID: 10923276 DOI: 10.3109/09513590009167677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is incompletely understood. The concentration of the glycoprotein plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is raised in insulin resistance. This has been described in the granulosa and theca cell layers of the animal but not the human ovary. This study was performed to investigate the location of PAI-1 in the human ovary and investigate whether it may contribute to anovulation in PCOS. PAI-1 was localized immunohistochemically and quantitated using computer image analysis in 17 ovarian follicles from five women with a diagnosis of PCOS and compared with 15 follicles from six normal ovaries. PAI-1 was predominantly found in the granulosa and theca cells in both polycystic and normal ovaries. Image analysis did not reveal a difference in the PAI-1 signal from polycystic compared with normal ovaries. This study shows that PAI-1 plays a role in human ovulation, but its role in PCOS requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- W U Atiomo
- Department of Gynaecology, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK
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26
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Levin EG, Banka CL, Parry GC. Progressive and transient expression of tissue plasminogen activator during fetal development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:1668-74. [PMID: 10845887 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.6.1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies of the role of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in the lung inflammatory response, we observed that tPA expression was present exclusively in the small arteries and arterioles within the lung and absent from the capillaries, veins, and large pulmonary arteries. To define more completely the expression pattern of tPA, we evaluated the distribution of this protein during prenatal and postnatal development. tPA was first observed in the rat fetus at day 13 in the large arteries of both the thoracic and cranial cavities, including the dorsal aortas and pulmonary arteries in the former and the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries in the latter. By day 15, tPA was no longer detectable in the aortas but appeared throughout the pulmonary, subclavian, vertebral, and basilar arteries. At day 17, tPA had disappeared from the subclavian artery and the proximal portion of the vertebral artery but was found in the smaller arterial branches of these 2 large vessels. By the end of gestation, tPA had also disappeared from the main pulmonary arteries but remained in the branches at the hilus of the lung. At birth, tPA was concentrated in the endothelia of arteries within the pia mater, the basilar and superficial cerebral arteries, and the lung arterial system. As the animals reached maturity, tPA disappeared from the larger cerebral arteries and their cortical branches but continued to be expressed in the vessels of the pia mater and lung. This study indicates that tPA expression is a dynamic process that responds to a changing arterial environment during vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Levin
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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27
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Atiomo WU, Fox R, Condon JE, Shaw S, Friend J, Prentice AG, Wilkin TJ. Raised plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is not an independent risk factor in the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000; 52:487-92. [PMID: 10762292 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.00946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been postulated that an insulin-driven increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels may link insulin resistance to anovulatory infertility in women with PCOS and that it may place them at increased risk of thromboembolic disease. However, previous studies have been conflicting because many have failed to control for body mass index (BMI) which may affect PAI-1. The aim of this study was to investigate PAI-1 activity in women with PCOS and to compare it with unaffected controls of a similar BMI. DESIGN AND PATIENTS 41 women with PCOS and 25 weight-matched controls participated in this cross-sectional study. Patients were evaluated clinically and by pelvic ultrasound and fasting blood samples were taken for haematological and biochemical tests. MEASUREMENTS PAI-1 activity, insulin, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, FSH, LH, PRL, testosterone, SHBG, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, plasminogen, fibrinogen (alpha2 antiplasmin, blood pressure and insulin sensitivity with a homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) computer programme. RESULTS There was no significant difference in BMI or in (log) PAI-1 activity in women with PCOS compared with controls (BMI 29.5 +/- 5.6 vs. 28.4 +/- 6.3 kg/m2, P = 0.25 and PAI-1 2.56 (SD 0.85) vs. 2.14 (SD 0.98) au/ml, P = 0.07). The median fasting insulin level was significantly higher (17 (4.6-134.5) vs. 9.6 (3.7-41.5) mU/l, P < 0.01), and insulin sensitivity significantly lower in the PCOS group, ( 43.17% (5. 48-160) vs. 82.8% (21.8-193), P < 0.01). Women with PCOS also had a significantly higher free androgen index, LH/FSH ratio and a lower HDL/total cholesterol ratio. However blood pressure and all other lipid and haematological measurements were not significantly different between both groups. There were significant positive correlations between (log) PAI-1 activity and BMI (rho = 0.61), triglycerides (rho = 0.49) and fasting insulin (rho = 0.60) and a negative correlation with HDL cholesterol (rho = - 0.46). Triglyceride concentrations showed the most significant relationship with (log) PAI-1 activity on multiple regression. 29% of PCO women (12/41) gave a positive family history of thrombosis compared to 8% (2/25) in the control group. CONCLUSION Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity is not raised in women with PCOS independent of obesity and these results do not support the hypothesis that it may contribute to their anovulatory infertility, or increase their risk of thrombosis. The only significant metabolic features of the PCOS independent of obesity are insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and lower HDL/total cholesterol ratio. The higher frequency of a positive family history of thrombosis in these women nevertheless requires further explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W U Atiomo
- Departments of Gynaecology, Haematology and Endocrinology, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK.
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28
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Murdoch J, Van Kirk EA, Murdoch WJ. Hormonal control of urokinase plasminogen activator secretion by sheep ovarian surface epithelial cells. Biol Reprod 1999; 61:1487-91. [PMID: 10569993 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod61.6.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) by ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) adjacent to the preovulatory ovine follicle has been implicated in apical tissue degradation and follicular rupture. In vitro experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that uPA release by OSE is under direct hormonal control. Epithelial cells were isolated from the ovarian surface of sheep using a polytetrafluorethylene scraper designed to dislodge adherent cells from culture flasks. Amidolytic cleavage of a uPA-specific chromogen (carbobenzoxy-L-gamma-glutamyl [alpha-ot-but]-glycyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide monoacetate) was used as a measure of enzymatic bioactivity in OSE-conditioned incubation media. Secretion of uPA by OSE suspensions from proestrous ewes was stimulated by exposure (2 h) to a preovulatory surge-like concentration of LH. OSE cells obtained during the luteal phase or anestrus were not responsive to LH. Baseline rates of uPA secretion and expression of estradiol receptors (in situ immunofluorescence detection) were not affected by reproductive status. Induction of uPA secretion by anestrous OSE was attained after priming (6 h) with estradiol-17beta; responsiveness was attributed to gonadotropin receptor (ligand binding) up-regulation. Monolayers of OSE established on polyethylene membranes secreted uPA predominately in a basal (i.e., toward the substratum) direction. We suggest that OSE in juxtaposition with the (hyperemic) wall of the preovulatory follicle is perfused by surge levels of LH, invoking uPA release into underlying ovarian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Murdoch
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
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29
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Liu K, Olofsson JI, Wahlberg P, Ny T. Distinct expression of gelatinase A [matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2], collagenase-3 (MMP-13), membrane type MMP 1 (MMP-14), and tissue inhibitor of MMPs type 1 mediated by physiological signals during formation and regression of the rat corpus luteum. Endocrinology 1999; 140:5330-8. [PMID: 10537164 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.11.7096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine organ that secretes progesterone to support pregnancy. The CL is formed from an ovulated follicle in a process that involves extensive angiogenesis and tissue remodeling. If fertilization does not occur or implantation is unsuccessful, the CL will undergo regression, which involves extensive tissue degradation. Extracellular proteases, such as serine proteases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), are thought to play important roles in both the formation and regression of the CL. In this study, we have examined the physiological regulation pattern and cellular distribution of messenger RNAs coding for gelatinase A (MMP-2), collagenase-3 (MMP-13), membrane type MMP 1 (MT1-MMP, MMP-14), and the major MMP inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of MMPs type 1 (TIMP-1) in the CL of adult pseudopregnant (psp) rat. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses revealed that gelatinase A messenger RNA was mainly expressed during luteal development, indicating that gelatinase A may be associated with the neovascularization and tissue remodeling that takes place during CL formation. Collagenase-3 had a separate expression pattern and was only expressed in the regressing CL, suggesting that this MMP may be related with luteal regression. MT1-MMP that in vitro can activate progelatinase A and procollagenase-3 was constitutively expressed during the formation, function, and regression of the CL and may therefore be involved in the activation of these MMPs. TIMP-1 was induced during both the formation and regression of the CL, suggesting that this inhibitor modulates MMP activity during these processes. To test whether the induction of collagenase-3 and TIMP-1 is coupled with luteal regression, we prolonged the luteal phase by performing hysterectomies, and induced premature luteal regression by treating the pseudopregnant rats with a PGF2alpha analog, cloprostenol. In both treatments, collagenase-3 and TIMP-1 were induced only after the serum level of progesterone had decreased, suggesting that collagenase-3 and TIMP-1 are induced by physiological signals, which initiate functional luteolysis to play a role in tissue degradation during structural luteolysis. In conclusion, our data suggest that gelatinase A, collagenase-3, and MT1-MMP may have separate functions during the CL life span: gelatinase A mainly takes part in CL formation, whereas collagenase-3 mainly takes part in luteal regression; MT1-MMP is constitutively expressed during the CL life span and may therefore serve as an in vivo activator of both gelatinase A and collagenase-3. TIMP-1 is up-regulated both during the formation and regression of the CL and may therefore regulate MMP activity during both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Liu
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Medical Biochemistry, Umeå University, Sweden
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Hägglund AC, Ny A, Leonardsson G, Ny T. Regulation and localization of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in the mouse ovary during gonadotropin-induced ovulation. Endocrinology 1999; 140:4351-8. [PMID: 10465309 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.9.7002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At the time of ovulation, proteolytic degradation of the follicular wall is required to release the mature oocyte. Extracellular proteases, such as serine proteases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), are thought to play important roles in this process. In this study we have examined the regulation of 11 MMPs and 3 tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) during gonadotropin-induced ovulation in the mouse. Northern blot hybridization showed that messenger RNA for several MMPs and TIMPs, including gelatinase A, MT1-MMP, stromelysin-3, MMP-19, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3, were present at detectable levels in the mouse ovary. In addition, ovarian extracts contained gelatinolytic activities corresponding to the inactive proforms of gelatinase A and gelatinase B. Most of the MMPs and TIMPs were expressed at a constitutive level throughout the periovulatory period. However, MMP-19 and TIMP-1 revealed a different expression pattern; they were both induced 5-10 times by hCG and reached their maximum levels at 12 h after hCG treatment, corresponding to the time of ovulation. At this time point, MMP-19 and TIMP-1 messenger RNA were localized to the granulosa and thecal-interstitial cells of large preovulatory and ovulating follicles. This temporal and spatial regulation pattern suggests that MMP-19 might be involved in the tissue degradation that occurs during follicular rupture and that TIMP-1 could have a role in terminating MMP activity after ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hägglund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Sweden
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Murdoch WJ, Van Kirk EA, Murdoch J. Plasmin cleaves tumor necrosis factor alpha exodomain from sheep follicular endothelium: implication in the ovulatory process. Biol Reprod 1999; 60:1166-71. [PMID: 10208979 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod60.5.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovulation in the sheep is predicated on plasmin up-regulation at the ovarian surface-follicular interface, release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha from contiguous endothelium, and apoptotic cell death. The objectives of this investigation were to determine whether plasmin elicits TNFalpha secretion from thecal endothelium of ovine follicles, to characterize the site(s) of enzymatic attack, and to assess the physiological consequence of soluble TNFalpha action. Endothelial cells of thecal tissues isolated from antral follicles of eCG-primed anestrous ewes shed (histochemical depletion) TNFalpha into incubation medium (ovarian cell DNA fragmentation bioassay, Western blot detection) upon exposure to plasmin. Immunopurification and N-terminal sequence analysis indicated that TNFalpha was excised from its transmembrane precursor at the Arg79-Ser80 and Lys88-Pro89 linkages. Microinjection of TNFalpha into the apical wall of explanted follicles induced cellular apoptosis and stigma development. We suggest that plasmin-mediated cleavage of TNFalpha exodomain from its membrane anchor along thecal endothelium is a determinant of tissue dissolution within the formative ovulatory rupture site of ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Murdoch
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.
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Björquist P, Ehnebom J, Deinum J. Protein movement during complex-formation between tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1431:24-9. [PMID: 10209275 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) rapidly inactivates tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). After initial binding and cleavage of the reactive-centre loop of PAI-1, this complex is believed to undergo a major rearrangement. Using surface plasmon resonance and SDS-PAGE, we have studied the influence of a panel of monoclonal antibodies on the reaction leading to the final covalent complex. On the basis of these data, we suggest the mechanisms for the action of different classes of inhibitory antibodies. We propose that the antibodies which convert PAI-1 into a substrate for tPA do this by means of preventing the conversion of the initial PAI-1/tPA complex into the final complex by sterical intervention. Moreover, the localisation of the binding epitopes on free PAI-1, as well as on the PAI-1/tPA complex, suggests that tPA in the final complex cannot be located near helices E and F, as has previously been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Björquist
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Preclinical Research and Development, Astra Hässle AB, S-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden.
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Liu Y. Role of plasminogen activators and inhibitors in reproduction. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02909700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Leonardsson G, Ny T. Characterisation of the rat tissue-type plasminogen activator gene promoter -- identification of a TAAT-containing promoter element. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 248:676-83. [PMID: 9342217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-1-00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) activates plasminogen to the active protease plasmin and is implicated in many biological processes that require extracellular proteolysis. In rat ovarian cells, gonadotropins induce the tPA gene by a cAMP-dependent pathway and this induction correlates with the time of follicular rupture. We have previously identified several promoter elements within the first 621 bp of the rat tPA promoter that are important for constitutive and cAMP-induced expression of the gene, including a cAMP responsive element (CRE), a nuclear factor 1 (NF1) element, a SP1-binding site and a G+C-rich box. In this report we have extended our study by analysing promoter constructs, ranging in size from 7.7 kb to 135 bp fused to the luciferase reporter gene. Transient transfection analysis of rat granulosa cells and human 293 cells, reveal that the proximal 268 bp of the promoter is enough to confer high basal and cAMP-induced expression of the gene. At position -162 to -172, between the previously identified CRE and NF1 sites, a novel TAAT-containing promoter element was identified. Mutational inactivation of the TAAT motif indicates that this element is important for both constitutive and cAMP-induced expression of the gene, and for the binding of a presumably novel nuclear factor that we have termed tPA promoter factor-1 (tPF-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leonardsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Sweden
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Abstract
Laminated occlusive thrombus was induced in the rat inferior vena cava (IVC) by a distal stenosis and injection of thrombin. Immunocytochemistry was performed on serial cryostat sections of the thrombus for tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and a variety of phenotype markers for mononuclear cells. There was little tPA in 2-day-old thrombus. However, tPA was present in significant quantities in 1- and 2-week-old thrombus. Most of the staining for tPA was associated with monocytes, which had infiltrated the thrombus in large numbers. No caval endothelium was seen in these sections. By 4 weeks, the IVC had re-canalized and new endothelium had formed; tPA staining was weakly positive in the endothelium and smooth muscle. In situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-labelled RNA probe confirmed the monocytes as the main source of tPA. This study shows that large numbers of infiltrating monocytes are present in venous thrombosis and that they are the main source of tPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Soo
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, University College Lon
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Leonardsson G, Peng XR, Liu K, Nordström L, Carmeliet P, Mulligan R, Collen D, Ny T. Ovulation efficiency is reduced in mice that lack plasminogen activator gene function: functional redundancy among physiological plasminogen activators. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:12446-50. [PMID: 8618918 PMCID: PMC40374 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.26.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of indirect evidence suggest that plasminogen activation plays a crucial role in degradation of the follicular wall during ovulation. However, single-deficient mice lacking tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), or PA inhibitor type 1(PAI-1) gene function were recently found to have normal reproduction, although mice with a combined deficiency of tPA and uPA were significantly less fertile. To investigate whether the reduced fertility of mice lacking PA gene function is due to a reduced ovulation mechanism, we have determined the ovulation efficiency in 25-day-old mice during gonadotropin-induced ovulation. Our results reveal that ovulation efficiency is normal in mice with a single deficiency of tPA or uPA but reduced by 26% in mice lacking both physiological PAs. This result suggests that plasminogen activation plays a role in ovulatory response, although neither tPA nor uPA individually or in combination is obligatory for ovulation. The loss of an individual PA seems to be functionally complemented by the remaining PA but this compensation does not appear to involve any compensatory up-regulation. Our data imply that a functionally redundant mechanism for plasmin formation operates during gonadotropin-induced ovulation and that PAs together with other proteases generate the proteolytic activity required for follicular wall degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leonardsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Sweden
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Holmberg M, Leonardsson G, Ny T. The species-specific differences in the cAMP regulation of the tissue-type plasminogen activator gene between rat, mouse and human is caused by a one-nucleotide substitution in the cAMP-responsive element of the promoters. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 231:466-74. [PMID: 7543410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In rat ovarian cells tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is induced by gonadotropins, by a cAMP-dependent pathway and the induction correlates with the time of follicle rupture in vivo. However, in mice, gonadotropins induce the related but distinct protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Comparison of rat, mouse and human tPA genes reveal that there is a species-specific difference in the promoter that could explain the difference in regulation of the tPA gene between these species. At the position where the rat promoter contains a consensus cAMP-responsive element (CRE), the mouse and human counterparts contains a CRE variant with a one-nucleotide substitution. Transient transfection experiments of rat glial and granulosa cells demonstrated that reporter constructs driven by rat but not mouse or human tPA promoters were efficiently induced by the cAMP-inducing agents forskolin or follicle-stimulating hormone. Following the conversion of the mouse and human CRE-like sequences to rat consensus CRE these promoters became cAMP responsive. In contrast the rat promoter, following conversion of the consensus CRE to the corresponding mouse and human CRE-like sequence, lost the ability to efficiently respond to cAMP. Deoxyribonuclease I footprinting analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays were used to examine interactions of nuclear factors with the consensus and variant CRE. Compared to rat CRE, the mouse and human CRE-like sequences had a drastically reduced binding affinity for a nuclear factor identified as the cAMP-responsive element binding protein. Thus the inability of the mouse and human tPA promoters to respond efficiently to forskolin and follicle-stimulation hormone seem to be due to the inability of these CRE-like sequences to efficiently bind transcription factor CRE binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holmberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå Unviersity, Sweden
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Abstract
The coagulation factors VII and X and fibrinogen were detected in equine ovarian follicular fluid. The amounts of fibrinogen and factor X were approximately 40 percent of that found in normal equine plasma while the level of factor VII was lower, at approximately 14 percent. The addition of human recombinant tissue factor caused fibrin formation in the follicular fluid. The thrombin generating activity appears to be confined to the tissue factor pathway since no activity associated with factors VIII:C, IX or IX was detected. Fibrinolytic activity, at higher levels than that found in plasma, was detected in all follicular fluid samples. It is proposed that the hemostatic mechanism may be modulated in follicular fluid in a manner analogous to that in plasma since inhibitory proteins including AT-III and antiplasmin were present in the follicular fluid samples at relatively constant levels that approached those found in normal equine plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
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Bonello NP, Norman RJ, Brännström M. Interleukin-1β inhibits luteinizing hormone-induced plasminogen activator activity in rat preovulatory folliclesin vitro. Endocrine 1995; 3:49-54. [PMID: 21153236 DOI: 10.1007/bf02917448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/1994] [Accepted: 09/06/1994] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) on ovulation-associated plasminogen activator (PA) activity were investigated using preovulatory follicles excised 48h after equine chorionic gonadotrophin (16IU)-priming of immature rats. Follicles were incubated for 6 and 14h with a single dose of LH (1 μg/ml) only, or various cytokine doses in the presence or absence of LH. PA activity in follicular homogenates was determined by a radioactively labelled fibrin-coated plate method and secreted levels of the ovulatory mediators progesterone (P) and prostaglandin E (PGE) were measured by radioimmunoassay. LH induced timedependent rises in PA (2.5-fold over control at 6h and fourfold over control at 14h), while IL-1β and TNFα alone had no effect over either time period. LH and cytokine coincubations over 14h revealed that IL-1β dosedependently inhibited the LH-induced increase in PA activity, up to 85%. The effects of TNFα on LH-induced PA activity were not significant. Both IL-1β and TNFα increased P and PGE secretion time- and dose-dependently. In summary, IL-1β dose-dependently inhibits the LH-induced increase in PA activity in rat preovulatory folliclesin vitro while, as with TNFα, increasing P and PGE synthesis. This study, shows that the earlier reported pro-ovulatory action of IL-1β is not likely to be mediated by activation of the PA-system and suggests that IL-1β may mediate a regulatory loop controlling the extent and distribution of LH-induced PA activity in rat preovulatory follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Bonello
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 5011, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ny
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Umeå, Sweden
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