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Lyubitelev AV, Kirpichnikov MP, Studitsky VM. The Role of Linker Histones in Carcinogenesis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wang T, Chuffart F, Bourova-Flin E, Wang J, Mi J, Rousseaux S, Khochbin S. Histone variants: critical determinants in tumour heterogeneity. Front Med 2019; 13:289-297. [PMID: 30280307 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Malignant cell transformation could be considered as a series of cell reprogramming events driven by oncogenic transcription factors and upstream signalling pathways. Chromatin plasticity and dynamics are critical determinants in the control of cell reprograming. An increase in chromatin dynamics could therefore constitute an essential step in driving oncogenesis and in generating tumour cell heterogeneity, which is indispensable for the selection of aggressive properties, including the ability of cells to disseminate and acquire resistance to treatments. Histone supply and dosage, as well as histone variants, are the best-known regulators of chromatin dynamics. By facilitating cell reprogramming, histone under-dosage and histone variants should also be crucial in cell transformation and tumour metastasis. Here we summarize and discuss our knowledge of the role of histone supply and histone variants in chromatin dynamics and their ability to enhance oncogenic cell reprogramming and tumour heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- CNRS UMR 5309, Inserm, U1209, University of Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38706, Grenoble, France.,State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Department of Hematology, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Pôle Sino-Français des Sciences du Vivant et Genomique, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Florent Chuffart
- CNRS UMR 5309, Inserm, U1209, University of Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38706, Grenoble, France
| | - Ekaterina Bourova-Flin
- CNRS UMR 5309, Inserm, U1209, University of Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38706, Grenoble, France
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Department of Hematology, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Pôle Sino-Français des Sciences du Vivant et Genomique, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianqing Mi
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Department of Hematology, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Pôle Sino-Français des Sciences du Vivant et Genomique, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Sophie Rousseaux
- CNRS UMR 5309, Inserm, U1209, University of Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38706, Grenoble, France
| | - Saadi Khochbin
- CNRS UMR 5309, Inserm, U1209, University of Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38706, Grenoble, France.
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Hu H, Mo X, Li X, Fu X, Hou Y. BAPTA-AM dramatically improves maturation and development of bovine oocytes from grade-3 cumulus-oocyte complexes. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 85:38-45. [PMID: 29205619 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ) is essential for oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. Here, we investigated the role of [Ca2+ ]i in oocytes from cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) with respect to maturation and early embryonic development, using the calcium-buffering agent BAPTA-AM (1,2-bis[2-aminophenoxy]ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis [acetoxymethyl ester]). COCs were graded based on compactness of the cumulus mass and appearance of the cytoplasm, with Grade 1 indicating higher quality and developmental potential than Grade 3. Results showed that: (i) [Ca2+ ]i in metaphase-II (MII) oocytes from Grade-3 COCs was significantly higher than those from Grade-1 COCs, and was significantly reduced by BAPTA-AM; (ii) nuclear maturation of oocytes from Grade-3 COCs treated with BAPTA-AM was enhanced compared to untreated COCs; (iii) protein abundance of Cyclin B and oocyte-specific Histone 1 (H1FOO) was improved in MII oocytes from Grade-3 COCs treated with BAPTA-AM; (iv) Ca2+ transients were triggered in each group upon fertilization, and the amplitude of [Ca2+ ]i oscillations increased in the Grade-3 group upon treatment with BAPTA-AM, with the magnitude approaching that of the Grade-1 group; and (v) cleavage rates and blastocyst-formation rates were improved in the Grade-3 group treated with BAPTA-AM compared to untreated controls following in vitro fertilization and parthenogenetic activation. Therefore, BAPTA-AM dramatically improved oocyte maturation, oocyte quality, and embryonic development of oocytes from Grade-3 COCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xianhong Mo
- College of Life Sciences, Chifeng University, Chifeng, P. R. China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiangwei Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Merlo MA, Iziga R, Portela-Bens S, Cross I, Kosyakova N, Liehr T, Manchado M, Rebordinos L. Analysis of the histone cluster in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis): evidence for a divergent evolution of two canonical histone clusters. Genome 2016; 60:441-453. [PMID: 28177835 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) is commercially very important and a priority species for aquaculture product diversification. The main histone cluster was identified within two BAC clones. However, two replacement histones (H1.0 and H3.3) were found in another BAC clone. Different types of canonical histones H2A and H2B were found within the same species for the first time. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the different types of H1, H2A, and H2B histones were all more similar to each other than to canonical histones from other species. The canonical histone H3 of S. senegalensis differs from subtypes H3.1 and H3.2 in humans at the site of residue 96, where a serine is found instead of an alanine. This same polymorphism has been found only in Danio rerio. The karyotype of S. senegalensis comprises 21 pairs of chromosomes, distributed in 3 metacentric pairs, 2 submetacentric pairs, 4 subtelocentric pairs, and 12 acrocentric pairs. The two BAC clones that contain the clusters of canonical histones were both mapped on the largest metacentric pair, and mFISH analysis confirmed the co-location with the dmrt1 gene in that pair. Three chromosome markers have been identified which, in addition to those previously described, account for 18 chromosome pairs in S. senegalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alejandro Merlo
- a Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Roger Iziga
- a Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Silvia Portela-Bens
- a Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ismael Cross
- a Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Nadezda Kosyakova
- b Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Liehr
- b Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Manuel Manchado
- c Centro IFAPA "El Toruño", 11500 Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Laureana Rebordinos
- a Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
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Kowalski A, Pałyga J. Modulation of chromatin function through linker histone H1 variants. Biol Cell 2016; 108:339-356. [PMID: 27412812 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201600007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the structural aspects of linker H1 histones are presented as a background for characterization of the factors influencing their function in animal and human chromatin. The action of H1 histone variants is largely determined by dynamic alterations of their intrinsically disordered tail domains, posttranslational modifications and allelic diversification. The interdependent effects of these factors can establish dynamic histone H1 states that may affect the organization and function of chromatin regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kowalski
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Jan Pałyga
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
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Kowalski A. Nuclear and nucleolar activity of linker histone variant H1.0. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2016; 21:15. [PMID: 28536618 PMCID: PMC5414669 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-016-0014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone H1.0 belongs to the class of linker histones (H1), although it is substantially distinct from other histone H1 family members. The differences can be observed in the chromosomal location and organization of the histone H1.0 encoding gene, as well as in the length and composition of its amino acid chain. Whereas somatic (H1.1-H1.5) histone H1 variants are synthesized in the cell cycle S-phase, histone H1.0 is synthesized throughout the cell cycle. By replacing somatic H1 variants during cell maturation, histone H1.0 is gradually deposited in low dividing cells and achieves the highest level of expression in the terminally differentiated cells. Compared to other differentiation-specific H1 histone (H5) characteristic for unique tissue and organisms, the distribution of histone H1.0 remains non-specific. Classic investigations emphasize that histone H1.0 is engaged in the organization of nuclear chromatin accounting for formation and maintenance of its nucleosomal and higher-order structure, and thus influences gene expression. However, the recent data confirmed histone H1.0 peculiar localization in the nucleolus and unexpectedly revealed its potential for regulation of nucleolar, RNA-dependent, activity via interaction with other proteins. According to such findings, histone H1.0 participates in the formation of gene-coded information through its control at both transcriptional and translational levels. In order to reappraise the biological significance of histone H1.0, both aspects of its activity are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kowalski
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
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Flanagan TW, Files JK, Casano KR, George EM, Brown DT. Photobleaching studies reveal that a single amino acid polymorphism is responsible for the differential binding affinities of linker histone subtypes H1.1 and H1.5. Biol Open 2016; 5:372-80. [PMID: 26912777 PMCID: PMC4810752 DOI: 10.1242/bio.016733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals express six major somatic linker histone subtypes, all of which display dynamic binding to chromatin, characterized by transient binding at a given location followed by rapid translocation to a new site. Using photobleaching techniques, we systematically measured the exchange rate of all six mouse H1 subtypes to determine their relative chromatin-binding affinity. Two subtypes, H1.1 and H1.2, display binding affinities that are significantly lower than all other subtypes. Using in vitro mutagenesis, the differences in chromatin-binding affinities between H1.1 (lower binding affinity) and H1.5 (higher binding affinity) were mapped to a single amino acid polymorphism near the junction of the globular and C-terminal domains. Overexpression of H1.5 in density arrested fibroblasts did not affect cell cycle progression after release. By contrast, overexpression of H1.1 resulted in a more rapid progression through G1/S relative to control cells. These results provide structural insights into the proposed functional significance of linker histone heterogeneity. Summary: Mouse linker histone subtypes H1.1 and H1.5 bind to chromatin with different affinities due to a single amino acid polymorphism. Overexpression of H1.1 in fibroblasts accelerates cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Flanagan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Jacob K Files
- Clinton High School, Clinton, MS 39056, USA Spring Hill College, Mobile, AL 36608, USA
| | | | - Eric M George
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - David T Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Bednar J, Hamiche A, Dimitrov S. H1-nucleosome interactions and their functional implications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1859:436-43. [PMID: 26477489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Linker histones are three domain proteins and consist of a structured (globular) domain, flanked by two likely non-structured NH2- and COOH-termini. The binding of the linker histones to the nucleosome was characterized by different methods in solution. Apparently, the globular domain interacts with the linker DNA and the nucleosome dyad, while the binding of the large and rich in lysines COOH-terminus results in "closing" the linker DNA of the nucleosome and the formation of the "stem" structure. What is the mode of binding of the linker histones within the chromatin fiber remains still elusive. Nonetheless, it is clear that linker histones are essential for both the assembly and maintenance of the condensed chromatin fiber. Interestingly, linker histones are post-translationally modified and how this affects both their binding to chromatin and functions is now beginning to emerge. In addition, linker histones are highly mobile in vivo, but not in vitro. No explanation of this finding is reported for the moment. The higher mobility of the linker histones should, however, have strong impact on their function. Linker histones plays an important role in gene expression regulation and other chromatin related process and their function is predominantly regulated by their posttranslational modifications. However, the detailed mechanism how the linker histones do function remains still not well understood despite numerous efforts. Here we will summarize and analyze the data on the linker histone binding to the nucleosome and the chromatin fiber and will discuss its functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bednar
- Université de Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, UMR 5588, 140 rue de la Physique, B.P. 87, St. Martin d'Heres, F-38402, France.
| | - Ali Hamiche
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), UDS, CNRS, INSERM, 1 rue Laurent Fries, B.P. 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Stefan Dimitrov
- INSERM/UJF, Institut Albert Bonniot, U823, Site Santé-BP 170, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Abstract
SummaryOocyte-specific linker histone, H1foo, is localized on the oocyte chromosomes during the process of meiotic maturation, and is essential for mouse oocyte maturation. Bovine H1foo has been identified, and its expression profile throughout oocyte maturation and early embryo development has been established. However, it has not been confirmed if H1foo is indispensable during bovine oocyte maturation. Effective siRNAs against H1foo were screened in HeLa cells, and then siRNA was microinjected into bovine oocytes to down-regulate H1foo expression. H1foo overexpression was achieved via mRNA injection. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results indicated that H1foo was up-regulated by 200% and down-regulated by 70%. Based on the first polar body extrusion (PB1E) rate, H1foo overexpression apparently promoted meiotic progression. The knockdown of H1foo significantly impaired bovine oocyte maturation compared with H1foo overexpression and control groups (H1foo overexpression = 88.7%, H1foo siRNA = 41.2%, control = 71.2%; P < 0.05). This decrease can be rescued by co-injection of a modified H1foo mRNA that has escaped from the siRNA target. However, the H1e (somatic linker histone) overexpression had no effect on PB1E rate when compared with the control group. Therefore we concluded that H1foo is essential for bovine oocyte maturation and its overexpression stimulates the process.
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Abstract
Members of histone H1 family bind to nucleosomal and linker DNA to assist in stabilization of higher-order chromatin structures. Moreover, histone H1 is involved in regulation of a variety of cellular processes by interactions with cytosolic and nuclear proteins. Histone H1, composed of a series of subtypes encoded by distinct genes, is usually differentially expressed in specialized cells and frequently non-randomly distributed in different chromatin regions. Moreover, a role of specific histone H1 subtype might be also modulated by post-translational modifications and/or presence of polymorphic isoforms. While the significance of covalently modified histone H1 subtypes has been partially recognized, much less is known about the importance of histone H1 polymorphic variants identified in various plant and animal species, and human cells as well. Recent progress in elucidating amino acid composition-dependent functioning and interactions of the histone H1 with a variety of molecular partners indicates a potential role of histone H1 polymorphic variation in adopting specific protein conformations essential for chromatin function. The histone H1 allelic variants might affect chromatin in order to modulate gene expression underlying some physiological traits and, therefore could modify the course of diverse histone H1-dependent biological processes. This review focuses on the histone H1 allelic variability, and biochemical and genetic aspects of linker histone allelic isoforms to emphasize their likely biological relevance.
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Dynamic Fuzziness During Linker Histone Action. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 725:15-26. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0659-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ahmad W, Shabbiri K, Nazar N, Nazar S, Qaiser S, Shabbir Mughal MA. Human linker histones: interplay between phosphorylation and O-β-GlcNAc to mediate chromatin structural modifications. Cell Div 2011; 6:15. [PMID: 21749719 PMCID: PMC3149562 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-6-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromatin is a combination of DNA and histone proteins. It is established fact that epigenetic mechanisms are associated with DNA and histones. Initial studies emphasize on core histones association with DNA, however later studies prove the importance of linker histone H1 epigenetic. There are many types of linker histone H1 found in mammals. These subtypes are cell specific and their amount in different types of cells varies as the cell functions. Many types of post-translational modifications which occur on different residues in each subtype of linker histone H1 induce conformational changes and allow the different subtypes of linker histone H1 to interact with chromatin at different stages during cell cycle which results in the regulation of transcription and gene expression. Proposed O-glycosylation of linker histone H1 promotes condensation of chromatin while phosphorylation of linker histone H1 is known to activate transcription and gene regulation by decondensation of chromatin. Interplay between phosphorylation and O-β-GlcNAc modification on Ser and Thr residues in each subtype of linker histone H1 in Homo sapiens during cell cycle may result in diverse functional regulation of proteins. This in silico study describes the potential phosphorylation, o-glycosylation and their possible interplay sites on conserved Ser/Thr residues in various subtypes of linker histone H1 in Homo sapiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmad
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Caterino TL, Hayes JJ. Structure of the H1 C-terminal domain and function in chromatin condensation. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 89:35-44. [PMID: 21326361 DOI: 10.1139/o10-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Linker histones are multifunctional proteins that are involved in a myriad of processes ranging from stabilizing the folding and condensation of chromatin to playing a direct role in regulating gene expression. However, how this class of enigmatic proteins binds in chromatin and accomplishes these functions remains unclear. Here we review data regarding the H1 structure and function in chromatin, with special emphasis on the C-terminal domain (CTD), which typically encompasses approximately half of the mass of the linker histone and includes a large excess of positively charged residues. Owing to its amino acid composition, the CTD was previously proposed to function in chromatin as an unstructured polycation. However, structural studies have shown that the CTD adopts detectable secondary structure when interacting with DNA and macromolecular crowding agents. We describe classic and recent experiments defining the function of this domain in chromatin folding and emerging data indicating that the function of this protein may be linked to intrinsic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Caterino
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Box 712, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Evidence for a dynamic role of the linker histone variant H1x during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of NT2 cells. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4661-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hayashihara K, Uchiyama S, Shimamoto S, Kobayashi S, Tomschik M, Wakamatsu H, No D, Sugahara H, Hori N, Noda M, Ohkubo T, Zlatanova J, Matsunaga S, Fukui K. The middle region of an HP1-binding protein, HP1-BP74, associates with linker DNA at the entry/exit site of nucleosomal DNA. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:6498-507. [PMID: 20042602 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.092833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In higher eukaryotic cells, DNA molecules are present as chromatin fibers, complexes of DNA with various types of proteins; chromatin fibers are highly condensed in metaphase chromosomes during mitosis. Although the formation of the metaphase chromosome structure is essential for the equal segregation of replicated chromosomal DNA into the daughter cells, the mechanism involved in the organization of metaphase chromosomes is poorly understood. To identify proteins involved in the formation and/or maintenance of metaphase chromosomes, we examined proteins that dissociated from isolated human metaphase chromosomes by 0.4 m NaCl treatment; this treatment led to significant chromosome decondensation, but the structure retained the core histones. One of the proteins identified, HP1-BP74 (heterochromatin protein 1-binding protein 74), composed of 553 amino acid residues, was further characterized. HP1-BP74 middle region (BP74Md), composed of 178 amino acid residues (Lys(97)-Lys(274)), formed a chromatosome-like structure with reconstituted mononucleosomes and protected the linker DNA from micrococcal nuclease digestion by approximately 25 bp. The solution structure determined by NMR revealed that the globular domain (Met(153)-Thr(237)) located within BP74Md possesses a structure similar to that of the globular domain of linker histones, which underlies its nucleosome binding properties. Moreover, we confirmed that BP74Md and full-length HP1-BP74 directly binds to HP1 (heterochromatin protein 1) and identified the exact sites responsible for this interaction. Thus, we discovered that HP1-BP74 directly binds to HP1, and its middle region associates with linker DNA at the entry/exit site of nucleosomal DNA in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Hayashihara
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Bhan S, May W, Warren SL, Sittman DB. Global gene expression analysis reveals specific and redundant roles for H1 variants, H1c and H1(0), in gene expression regulation. Gene 2008; 414:10-8. [PMID: 18372120 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the functional significance of the presence of evolutionarily conserved, multiple non-allelic H1 variants remains unclear. We used a unique overproduction approach coupled with cell cycle synchronization and early time point assays to assess differential effects of H1 variants, H1c and H1(0), on global gene expression in the absence of compensatory events that may mask variant-specific effects. We found that H1c and H1(0) act primarily as specific rather than global regulators of gene expression. Many of the genes affected were uniquely targeted by either H1c or H1(0), affirming that H1 variants have some unique roles. We also identified genes that were affected by both variants, in which cases the expression of these genes was, for the most part, affected similarly by both the variants. This observation suggests that as well as having specific functions, the H1 variants share common roles in the organization of chromatin. We further noted that H1(0) repressed more genes than did H1c, which may underlie the prevailing notion that H1(0) is a stronger repressor of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Bhan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Takata H, Matsunaga S, Morimoto A, Ono-Maniwa R, Uchiyama S, Fukui K. H1.X with different properties from other linker histones is required for mitotic progression. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:3783-8. [PMID: 17632103 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report here the characterization of H1.X, a human histone H1 subtype. We demonstrate that H1.X accumulates in the nucleolus during interphase and is distributed at the chromosome periphery during mitosis. In addition, the results of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching indicate that the exchange of H1.X on and off chromatin is faster than that of the other H1 subtypes. Furthermore, RNA interference experiments reveal that H1.X is required for chromosome alignment and segregation. Our results suggest that H1.X has important functions in mitotic progression, which are different from those of the other H1 subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Takata
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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Roque A, Ponte I, Suau P. Macromolecular crowding induces a molten globule state in the C-terminal domain of histone H1. Biophys J 2007; 93:2170-7. [PMID: 17513371 PMCID: PMC1959549 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.104513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the secondary structure of the C-terminal domains of the histone H1 subtypes H1 degrees (C-H1 degrees ) and H1t (C-H1t) in the presence of macromolecular crowding agents (Ficoll 70 and PEG 6000) by IR spectroscopy. The carboxyl-terminal domain has little structure in aqueous solution but became extensively folded in the presence of crowding agents. In 30% PEG, C-H1 degrees contained 19% alpha-helix, 28% beta-sheet, 16% turns, and 31% open loops. Similar proportions were observed in 30% Ficoll 70 and for C-H1t in both crowding agents. The proportions of secondary structure motifs were comparable to those of the DNA-bound domain. Kratky plots of the small-angle x-ray scattering showed that in crowding agents the C-terminus had the compaction of a globular state. Progressive dissipation of the secondary structure and a linear increase in partial heat capacity with temperature together with increased binding of ANS indicated that the C-terminus is not cooperatively folded in crowded conditions. Native-like secondary structure and compactness in absence of folding cooperativity indicate that the C-terminus in crowding agents is in a molten globule state. Folding of the C-terminus in crowded conditions may increase the rate of the transition toward the DNA-bound state and facilitate H1 diffusion inside cell nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Roque
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Orrego M, Ponte I, Roque A, Buschati N, Mora X, Suau P. Differential affinity of mammalian histone H1 somatic subtypes for DNA and chromatin. BMC Biol 2007; 5:22. [PMID: 17498293 PMCID: PMC1890542 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-5-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histone H1 is involved in the formation and maintenance of chromatin higher order structure. H1 has multiple isoforms; the subtypes differ in timing of expression, extent of phosphorylation and turnover rate. In vertebrates, the amino acid substitution rates differ among subtypes by almost one order of magnitude, suggesting that each subtype might have acquired a unique function. We have devised a competitive assay to estimate the relative binding affinities of histone H1 mammalian somatic subtypes H1a-e and H1° for long chromatin fragments (30–35 nucleosomes) in physiological salt (0.14 M NaCl) at constant stoichiometry. Results The H1 complement of native chromatin was perturbed by adding an additional amount of one of the subtypes. A certain amount of SAR (scaffold-associated region) DNA was present in the mixture to avoid precipitation of chromatin by excess H1. SAR DNA also provided a set of reference relative affinities, which were needed to estimate the relative affinities of the subtypes for chromatin from the distribution of the subtypes between the SAR and the chromatin. The amounts of chromatin, SAR and additional H1 were adjusted so as to keep the stoichiometry of perturbed chromatin similar to that of native chromatin. H1 molecules freely exchanged between the chromatin and SAR binding sites. In conditions of free exchange, H1a was the subtype of lowest affinity, H1b and H1c had intermediate affinities and H1d, H1e and H1° the highest affinities. Subtype affinities for chromatin differed by up to 19-fold. The relative affinities of the subtypes for chromatin were equivalent to those estimated for a SAR DNA fragment and a pUC19 fragment of similar length. Avian H5 had an affinity ~12-fold higher than H1e for both DNA and chromatin. Conclusion H1 subtypes freely exchange in vitro between chromatin binding sites in physiological salt (0.14 M NaCl). The large differences in relative affinity of the H1 subtypes for chromatin suggest that differential affinity could be functionally relevant and thus contribute to the functional differentiation of the subtypes. The conservation of the relative affinities for SAR and non-SAR DNA, in spite of a strong preference for SAR sequences, indicates that differential affinity alone cannot be responsible for the heterogeneous distribution of some subtypes in cell nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Orrego
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de BiocienciasUniversidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Manizales. Colombia
| | - Imma Ponte
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de BiocienciasUniversidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Roque
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de BiocienciasUniversidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natascha Buschati
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de BiocienciasUniversidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Mora
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Suau
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de BiocienciasUniversidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Abstract
The members of the H1 histone family can be classified into three groups, which are the main class subtypes expressed in somatic cells, the developmental- and tissue-specific subtypes, and the replacement subtype H1(o). Until now, the subtype H1x was not classified, since it has not yet been thoroughly examined. The results of this study show that H1x shares similarities but also exhibits slight differences in its biochemical behaviour in comparison to the main class H1 histones. In HeLa cells it is located in the nucleus and partially associated with nucleosomes. Nevertheless, it is, like H1(o), mainly located in chromatin regions that are not affected by micrococcal nuclease digestion. Further common features of H1x and the replacement histone H1(o) are that the genes of both subtypes are solitarily located and give rise to polyadenylated mRNA. However, comparison of the inducibility of their expression revealed that their genes are regulated differentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Happel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
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21
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Eirín-López JM, Ruiz MF, González-Tizón AM, Martínez A, Ausió J, Sánchez L, Méndez J. Common evolutionary origin and birth-and-death process in the replication-independent histone H1 isoforms from vertebrate and invertebrate genomes. J Mol Evol 2005; 61:398-407. [PMID: 16082565 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-004-0328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The H1 histone multigene family shows the greatest diversity of isoforms among the five histone gene families, including replication-dependent (RD) and replication-independent (RI) genes, according to their expression patterns along the cell cycle and their genomic organization. Although the molecular characterization of the RI isoforms has been well documented in vertebrates, similar information is lacking in invertebrates. In this work we provide evidence for a polyadenylation signature in the Mytilus "orphon" H1 genes similar to the polyadenylation characteristic of RI H1 genes. These mussel genes, together with the sea urchin H1delta genes, are part of a lineage of invertebrate "orphon" H1 genes that share several control elements with vertebrate RI H1 genes. These control elements include the UCE element, H1-box and H4-box. We provide evidence for a functional evolution of vertebrate and invertebrate RI H1 genes, which exhibit a clustering pattern by type instead of by species, with a marked difference from the somatic variants. In addition, these genes display an extensive silent divergence at the nucleotide level which is always significantly larger than the nonsilent. It thus appears that RI and RD H1 isoforms display similar long-term evolutionary patterns, best described by the birth-and-death model of evolution. Notably, this observation is in contrast with the theoretical belief that clustered RD H1 genes evolve in a concerted manner. The split of the RI group from the main RD group must therefore have occurred before the divergence between vertebrates and invertebrates about 815 million years ago. This was the result of the transposition of H1 genes to solitary locations in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Eirín-López
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira s/n, E-15071, A Coruña, Spain.
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22
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Roque A, Iloro I, Ponte I, Arrondo JLR, Suau P. DNA-induced secondary structure of the carboxyl-terminal domain of histone H1. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:32141-7. [PMID: 16006555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m505636200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the secondary structure of the carboxyl-terminal domains of linker histone H1 subtypes H1(0) (C-H1(0)) and H1t (C-H1t), free in solution and bound to DNA, by IR spectroscopy. The carboxyl-terminal domain has little structure in aqueous solution but becomes extensively folded upon interaction with DNA. The secondary structure elements present in the bound carboxyl-terminal domain include the alpha-helix, beta-structure, turns, and open loops. The structure of the bound domain shows a significant dependence on salt concentration. In low salt (10 mm NaCl), there is a residual amount of random coil, 7% in C-H1(0) and 12% in C-H1t. In physiological salt concentrations (140 mm NaCl), the carboxyl termini become fully structured. Under these conditions, C-H1(0) contained 24% alpha-helix, 25% beta-structure, 17% open loops, and 33% turns. The latter component could include a substantial proportion of the 3(10) helix. Despite their low sequence identity (approximately 30%), the representation of the different structural motifs in C-H1t was similar to that in C-H1(0). Examination of the changes in the amide I components in the 20-80 degrees C temperature interval showed that the secondary structure of the DNA-bound C-H1t is for the most part extremely stable. The H1 carboxyl-terminal domain appears to belong to the so-called disordered proteins, undergoing coupled binding and folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Roque
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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23
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Sarg B, Gréen A, Söderkvist P, Helliger W, Rundquist I, Lindner HH. Characterization of sequence variations in human histone H1.2 and H1.4 subtypes. FEBS J 2005; 272:3673-83. [PMID: 16008566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In humans, eight types of histone H1 exist (H1.1-H1.5, H1 degrees , H1t and H1oo), all consisting of a highly conserved globular domain and less conserved N- and C-terminal tails. Although the precise functions of these isoforms are not yet understood, and H1 subtypes have been found to be dispensable for mammalian development, it is now clear that specific functions may be assigned to certain individual H1 subtypes. Moreover, microsequence variations within the isoforms, such as polymorphisms or mutations, may have biological significance because of the high degree of sequence conservation of these proteins. This study used a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic method to detect sequence variants within the subtypes. Two deviations from wild-type H1 sequences were found. In K562 erythroleukemic cells, alanine at position 17 in H1.2 was replaced by valine, and, in Raji B lymphoblastoid cells, lysine at position 173 in H1.4 was replaced by arginine. We confirmed these findings by DNA sequencing of the corresponding gene segments. In K562 cells, a homozygous GCC-->GTC shift was found at codon 18, giving rise to H1.2 Ala17Val because the initial methionine is removed in H1 histones. Raji cells showed a heterozygous AAA-->AGA codon change at position 174 in H1.4, corresponding to the Lys173Arg substitution. The allele frequency of these sequence variants in a normal Swedish population was found to be 6.8% for the H1.2 GCC-->GTC shift, indicating that this is a relatively frequent polymorphism. The AAA-->AGA codon change in H1.4 was detected only in Raji cells and was not present in a normal population or in six other cell lines derived from individuals suffering from Burkitt's lymphoma. The significance of these sequence variants is unclear, but increasing evidence indicates that minor sequence variations in linker histones may change their binding characteristics, influence chromatin remodeling, and specifically affect important cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Sarg
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
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24
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Roque A, Orrego M, Ponte I, Suau P. The preferential binding of histone H1 to DNA scaffold-associated regions is determined by its C-terminal domain. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:6111-9. [PMID: 15562002 PMCID: PMC534626 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 10/29/2004] [Accepted: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone H1 preferentially binds and aggregates scaffold-associated regions (SARs) via the numerous homopolymeric oligo(dA).oligo(dT) tracts present within these sequences. Here we show that the mammalian somatic subtypes H1a,b,c,d,e and H1 degrees and the male germline-specific subtype H1t, all preferentially bind to the Drosophila histone SAR. Experiments with the isolated domains show that whilst the C-terminal domain maintains strong and preferential binding, the N-terminal and globular domains show weak binding and poor specificity for the SAR. The preferential binding of SAR by the H1 molecule thus appears to be determined by its highly basic C-terminal domain. Salmine, a typical fish protamine, which could have its evolutionary origin in histone H1, also shows preferential binding to the SAR. The interaction of distamycin, a minor groove binder with high affinity for homopolymeric oligo(dA).oligo(dT) tracts, abolishes preferential binding of the C-terminal domain of histone H1 and protamine to the SAR, suggesting the involvement of the DNA minor groove in the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Roque
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Eirín-López JM, Fernanda Ruiz M, González-Tizón AM, Martínez A, Sánchez L, Méndez J. Molecular evolutionary characterization of the mussel Mytilus histone multigene family: first record of a tandemly repeated unit of five histone genes containing an H1 subtype with "orphon" features. J Mol Evol 2004; 58:131-44. [PMID: 15042333 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-003-2531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2003] [Accepted: 07/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present work represents the first characterization of a clustered histone repetitive unit containing an H1 gene in a bivalve mollusk. To complete the knowledge on the evolutionary history of the histone multigene family in invertebrates, we undertake its characterization in five mussel Mytilus species, as an extension of our previous work on the H1 gene family. We report the quintet H4-H2B-H2A-H3-H1 as the major organization unit in the genome of Mytilus galloprovincialis with two 5S rRNA genes with interspersed nontranscribed spacer segments linked to the unit, which is not justified by their cotranscription with histone genes. Surprisingly, 3' UTR regions of histone genes show two different mRNA termination signals, a stem-loop and a polyadenylation signal, both related to the evolution of histone gene expression patterns throughout the cell cycle. The clustered H1 histones characterized share essential features with "orphon" H1 genes, suggesting a common evolutionary origin for both histone subtypes which is supported by the reconstructed phylogeny for H1 genes. The characterization of histone genes in four additional Mytilus species revealed the presence of strong purifying selection acting among the members of the family. The chromosomal location of most of the core histone genes studied was identified by FISH close to telomeric regions in M. galloprovincialis. Further analysis on nucleotide variation would be necessary to assess if H1 proteins evolve according to the birth-and-death model of evolution and if the effect of the strong purifying selection maintaining protein homogeneity could account for the homologies detected between clustered and "orphon" variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Eirín-López
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira s/n, E-15071-A Coruña, Spain
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26
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Eirín-López JM, González-Tizón AM, Martínez A, Méndez J. Birth-and-Death Evolution with Strong Purifying Selection in the Histone H1 Multigene Family and the Origin of orphon H1 Genes. Mol Biol Evol 2004; 21:1992-2003. [PMID: 15254261 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msh213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histones are small basic nuclear proteins with critical structural and functional roles in eukaryotic genomes. The H1 multigene family constitutes a very interesting histone class gathering the greatest number of isoforms, with many different arrangements in the genome, including clustered and solitary genes, and showing replication-dependent (RD) or replication-independent (RI) expression patterns. The evolution of H1 histones has been classically explained by concerted evolution through a rapid process of interlocus recombination or gene conversion. Given such intriguing features, we have analyzed the long-term evolutionary pattern of the H1 multigene family through the evaluation of the relative importance of gene conversion, point mutation, and selection in generating and maintaining the different H1 subtypes. We have found the presence of an extensive silent nucleotide divergence, both within and between species, which is always significantly greater than the nonsilent variation, indicating that purifying selection is the major factor maintaining H1 protein homogeneity. The results obtained from phylogenetic analysis reveal that different H1 subtypes are no more closely related within than between species, as they cluster by type in the topologies, and that both RD and RI H1 variants follow the same evolutionary pattern. These findings suggest that H1 histones have not been subject to any significant effect of interlocus recombination or concerted evolution. However, the diversification of the H1 isoforms seems to be enhanced primarily by mutation and selection, where genes are subject to birth-and-death evolution with strong purifying selection at the protein level. This model is able to explain not only the generation and diversification of RD H1 isoforms but also the origin and long-term persistence of orphon RI H1 subtypes in the genome, something that is still unclear, assuming concerted evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Eirín-López
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, A Coruña, Spain
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27
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Lee H, Habas R, Abate-Shen C. MSX1 cooperates with histone H1b for inhibition of transcription and myogenesis. Science 2004; 304:1675-8. [PMID: 15192231 DOI: 10.1126/science.1098096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, differentiation of skeletal muscle is regulated by transcription factors that include members of the Msx homeoprotein family. By investigating Msx1 function in repression of myogenic gene expression, we identified a physical interaction between Msx1 and H1b, a specific isoform of mouse histone H1. We found that Msx1 and H1b bind to a key regulatory element of MyoD, a central regulator of skeletal muscle differentiation, where they induce repressed chromatin. Moreover, Msx1 and H1b cooperate to inhibit muscle differentiation in cell culture and in Xenopus animal caps. Our findings define a previously unknown function for "linker" histones in gene-specific transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Lee
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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28
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Ishiguro K, Sartorelli AC. Activation of transiently transfected reporter genes in 3T3 Swiss cells by the inducers of differentiation/apoptosis - dimethylsulfoxide, hexamethylene bisacetamide and trichostatin A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:2379-90. [PMID: 15182353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of investigation, the primary site of action of the prototypical inducers of differentiation, dimethylsulfoxide and hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), has not been delineated. During studies designed to analyze cis-acting elements responsible for induction of stage-specific globin genes, we discovered the capacity of HMBA and dimethylsulfoxide to enhance the expression of transiently transfected reporter genes derived from globin and nonglobin gene promoters, prominently in nonerythroid 3T3 Swiss cells. The action of HMBA and dimethylsulfoxide in the transient transfection system resembled that of the inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs), trichostatin A (TSA), in that the three agents enhanced reporter gene expression (a) regardless of the promoter employed, (b) with similar kinetics and (c) with an increase in the steady-state level of reporter mRNA. Transiently transfected DNA was assembled rapidly into a chromatinized structure in 3T3 cells, suggesting that transcription of reporter genes was at least in part repressed by chromatin organization. Nuclear run-on analyses indicated that dimethylsulfoxide and HMBA enhanced transcriptional initiation of the reporter and p21/WAF1/Cip1 genes. In contrast, TSA produced negligible effects on nuclear run-on transcription of these genes. HMBA and dimethylsulfoxide did not change the acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation status of histones and did not activate stably transfected genes. Despite these differences, the three agents modulated the expression of common sets of cellular genes and induced differentiation or apoptosis in intact cells. The findings imply that HMBA and dimethylsulfoxide modulate transcription by a mechanism independent of histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Ishiguro
- Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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29
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Kostova NN, Srebreva L, Markov DV, Rundquist I. Histone H1 and chromatin interactions in human fibroblast nuclei after H1 depletion and reconstitution with H1 subfractions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 58:132-9. [PMID: 15057966 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.10119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linker histones constitute a family of lysine-rich proteins associated with nucleosome core particles and linker DNA in eukaryotic chromatin. In permeabilized cells, they can be extracted from nuclei by using salt concentration in the range of 0.3 to 0.7 M. Although other nuclear proteins are also extracted at 0.7 M salt, the remaining nucleus represents a template that is relatively intact. METHODS A cytochemical method was used to study the affinity of reconstituted linker histones for chromatin in situ in cultured human fibroblasts. We also investigated their ability to condense chromatin by using DNA-specific osmium ammine staining for electron microscopy. RESULTS Permeabilized and H1-depleted fibroblast nuclei were suitable for the study of linker histone-chromatin interactions after reconstitution with purified linker histone subfractions. Our results showed that exogenous linker histones bind to chromatin with lower affinity than the native ones. We detected no significant differences between the main H1 and H1 degrees histone fractions with respect to their affinity for chromatin or in their ability to condense chromatin. CONCLUSIONS Linker histone interactions with chromatin are controlled also by mechanisms independent of linker histone subtype composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora N Kostova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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30
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Kowalski A, Pałyga J, Górnicka-Michalska E. Identification of histone H1.z components in a Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata L.) population. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 137:151-7. [PMID: 14698921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2003.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The general patterns of histone H1 proteins from erythrocyte nuclei of Muscovy duck individuals were similar to those of Pekin type ducks both in acetic acid-urea and 2D polyacrylamide gels. We show here that Muscovy duck histone H1.z in the tested population was represented by three different electromorphs, each presumably encoded by a distinct allelic gene. Accordingly, we have identified six phenotypes consisting of the homodimeric and heterodimeric combinations of the three isoforms. The frequency of the presumptive alleles ranged from 0.506 for the main allele z1 to 0.379 for allele z2 and only 0.113 for the rarest allele z3. In addition to a standard set of somatic H1 variants, an unusual protein X, absent in other avian species, was also revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kowalski
- Department of Genetics, Swietokrzyska Academy, ul. Swietokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
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31
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Tanaka Y, Kato S, Tanaka M, Kuji N, Yoshimura Y. Structure and expression of the human oocyte-specific histone H1 gene elucidated by direct RT-nested PCR of a single oocyte. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 304:351-7. [PMID: 12711322 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oocyte-specific histone H1 is expressed during oogenesis and early embryogenesis. It has been described in mice and some nonmammalian species, but not in humans. Here, we identified the cDNA in unfertilized human oocytes using direct RT-nested PCR of a single cell. Sequencing of this cDNA indicated an open reading frame encoding a 347-amino acid protein. Expression was oocyte-specific. Homology was closest with the corresponding gene of mouse (H1oo; 42.3%), and, to lesser extent, with that of Xenopus laevis (B4; 25.0%). The gene, named osH1, included five exons as predicted by the NCBI annotation project of the human genome, although the actual splicing site at the 3(') end of exon 3 was different by 48 nucleotides from the prediction. The presence of polyadenylation signals and successful amplification of cDNA by RT-PCR using an oligo(dT) primer suggested that the osH1 mRNA is polyadenylated unlike somatic H1 mRNA. Our technique and findings should facilitate investigation of human fertilization and embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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32
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Folco HD, Freitag M, Ramón A, Temporini ED, Alvarez ME, García I, Scazzocchio C, Selker EU, Rosa AL. Histone H1 Is required for proper regulation of pyruvate decarboxylase gene expression in Neurospora crassa. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2003; 2:341-50. [PMID: 12684383 PMCID: PMC154839 DOI: 10.1128/ec.2.2.341-350.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2002] [Accepted: 12/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We show that Neurospora crassa has a single histone H1 gene, hH1, which encodes a typical linker histone with highly basic N- and C-terminal tails and a central globular domain. A green fluorescent protein-tagged histone H1 chimeric protein was localized exclusively to nuclei. Mutation of hH1 by repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) did not result in detectable defects in morphology, DNA methylation, mutagen sensitivity, DNA repair, fertility, RIP, chromosome pairing, or chromosome segregation. Nevertheless, hH1 mutants had mycelial elongation rates that were lower than normal on all tested carbon sources. This slow linear growth phenotype, however, was less evident on medium containing ethanol. The pyruvate decarboxylase gene, cfp, was abnormally derepressed in hH1 mutants on ethanol-containing medium. This derepression was also found when an ectopically integrated fusion of the cfp gene promoter to the reporter gene hph was analyzed. Thus, Neurospora histone H1 is required for the proper regulation of cfp, a gene with a key role in the respiratory-fermentative pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Diego Folco
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
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Faraone Mennella MR, Farina B, Irace MV, Di Cristo C, Di Cosmo A. Histone H1-like protein and a testis-specific variant in the reproductive tracts of Octopus vulgaris. Mol Reprod Dev 2002; 63:355-65. [PMID: 12237952 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.90020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have identified a 28-kDa protein resembling the linker H1 in the testis and prostate of the reproductive system of Octopus vulgaris. This protein, OvH1, was partially purified by reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the perchloric acid extract from testis nuclei. It showed electrophoretic mobility, CD spectrum and amino acid composition highly comparable with those of the mammalian histone. Moreover, it was microheterogeneous, as resulted from prostate and testis HPLC and mass spectrometry analyses. Such analysis showed that in testis there are two H1 subfractions, which do not appear in the prostate. Amino acid composition of the major testis specific variant (OvH1t) showed high similarity with rat testis specific H1t. The histone-like nature of OvH1 was confirmed by its ability to bind DNA as tested both by circular dichroism and protection of the nucleic acid toward deoxyribonuclease I activity. The circular dichroism spectra of Octopus DNA in the absence and presence of increasing amounts of the protein showed a dose-dependent effect, leading to a progressive compactness of the polynucleotide. OvH1/DNA complexes were also resistant to nuclease digestion. The presence of H1 in the testis and prostate of the reproductive system of Octopus is discussed in light of the fact that there is a similarity between its behavior and that of vertebrates.
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Vila R, Ponte I, Jiménez MA, Rico M, Suau P. An inducible helix-Gly-Gly-helix motif in the N-terminal domain of histone H1e: a CD and NMR study. Protein Sci 2002; 11:214-20. [PMID: 11790831 PMCID: PMC2373450 DOI: 10.1110/ps.29602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the structural properties of linker histones is important to the understanding of their role in higher-order chromatin structure and gene regulation. Here we study the conformational properties of the peptide Ac-EKTPVKKKARKAAGGAKRKTSG-NH(2) (NE-1) by circular dichroism and (1)H-NMR. This peptide corresponds to the positively charged region of the N-terminal domain, adjacent to the globular domain, of mouse histone H1e (residues 15-36). This is the most abundant H1 subtype in many kinds of mammalian somatic cells. NE-1 is mainly unstructured in aqueous solution, but in the presence of the secondary-structure stabilizer trifluoroethanol (TFE) it acquires an alpha-helical structure. In 90% TFE solution the alpha-helical population is approximately 40%. In these conditions, NE-1 is structured in two alpha-helices that comprise almost all the peptide, namely, from Thr17 to Ala27 and from Gly29 to Thr34. Both helical regions are highly amphipathic, with the basic residues on one face of the helix and the apolar ones on the other. The two helical elements are separated by a Gly-Gly motif. Gly-Gly motifs at equivalent positions are found in many vertebrate H1 subtypes. Structure calculations show that the Gly-Gly motif behaves as a flexible linker between the helical regions. The wide range of relative orientations of the helical axes allowed by the Gly-Gly motif may facilitate the tracking of the phosphate backbone by the helical elements or the simultaneous binding of two nonconsecutive DNA segments in chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Vila
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Vila R, Ponte I, Collado M, Arrondo JL, Jiménez MA, Rico M, Suau P. DNA-induced alpha-helical structure in the NH2-terminal domain of histone H1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:46429-35. [PMID: 11584004 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106952200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to establish the structural properties of linker histones to understand the role they play in chromatin higher order structure and gene regulation. Here, we use CD, NMR, and IR spectroscopy to study the conformation of the amino-terminal domain of histone H1 degrees, free in solution and bound to the DNA. The NH(2)-terminal domain has little structure in aqueous solution, but it acquires a substantial amount of alpha-helical structure in the presence of trifluoroethanol (TFE). As in other H1 subtypes, the basic residues of the NH(2)-terminal domain of histone H1 degrees are clustered in its COOH-terminal half. According to the NMR results, the helical region comprises the basic cluster (Lys(11)-Lys(20)) and extends until Asp(23). The fractional helicity of this region in 90% TFE is about 50%. His(24) together with Pro(25) constitute the joint between the NH(2)-terminal helix and helix I of the globular domain. Infrared spectroscopy shows that interaction with the DNA induces an amount of alpha-helical structure equivalent to that observed in TFE. As coulombic interactions are involved in complex formation, it is highly likely in the complexes with DNA that the minimal region with alpha-helical structure is that containing the basic cluster. In chromatin, the high positive charge density of the inducible NH(2)-terminal helical element may contribute to the binding stability of the globular domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vila
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Karymov MA, Tomschik M, Leuba SH, Caiafa P, Zlatanova J. DNA methylation-dependent chromatin fiber compaction in vivo and in vitro: requirement for linker histone. FASEB J 2001; 15:2631-41. [PMID: 11726539 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0345com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic alterations in chromatin structure mediated by postsynthetic histone modifications and DNA methylation constitute a major regulatory mechanism in DNA functioning. DNA methylation has been implicated in transcriptional silencing, in part by inducing chromatin condensation. To understand the methylation-dependent chromatin structure, we performed atomic force microscope (AFM) studies of fibers isolated from cultured cells containing normal or elevated levels of m5C. Chromatin fibers were reconstituted on control or methylated DNA templates in the presence or absence of linker histone. Visual inspection of AFM images, combined with quantitative analysis of fiber structural parameters, suggested that DNA methylation induced fiber compaction only in the presence of linker histones. This conclusion was further substantiated by biochemical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Karymov
- Physical Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-5055, USA
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37
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Vila R, Ponte I, Collado M, Arrondo JL, Suau P. Induction of secondary structure in a COOH-terminal peptide of histone H1 by interaction with the DNA: an infrared spectroscopy study. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:30898-903. [PMID: 11413144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104189200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the conformation of the peptide Ac-EPKRSVAFKKTKKEVKKVATPKK (CH-1), free in solution and bound to the DNA, by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The peptide belongs to the COOH-terminal domain of histone H1(0) (residues 99-121) and is adjacent to the central globular domain of the protein. In aqueous (D(2)O) solution the amide I' is dominated by component bands at 1643 cm(-1) and 1662 cm(-1), which have been assigned to random coil conformations and turns, respectively. In accordance with previous NMR results, the latter component has been interpreted as arising in turn-like conformations in rapid equilibrium with unfolded states. The peptide becomes fully structured either in 90% trifluoroethanol (TFE) solution or upon interaction with the DNA. In these conditions, the contributions of turn (1662 cm(-1)) and random coil components virtually disappear. In TFE, the spectrum is dominated by the alpha-helical component (1654 cm(-1)). The band at 1662 cm(-1) shifts to 1670 cm(-1), and has been assigned to the COOH-terminal TPKK motif in a more stable turn conformation. A band at 1637 cm(-1), also present in TFE, has been assigned to 3(10) helical structure. The amide I' band of the complexes with the DNA retains the components that were attributed to 3(10) helix and the TPKK turn. In the complexes with the DNA, the alpha-helical component observed in TFE splits into two components at 1657 cm(-1) and 1647 cm(-1). Both components are inside the spectral region of alpha-helical structures. Our results support the presence of inducible helical and turn elements, both sharing the character of DNA-binding motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vila
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Abstract
Genes encoding linker histone variants have evolved to link their expression to signals controlling the proliferative capacities of cells, i.e. cycling and growth-arrested cells express distinct and specific H1 subtypes. In metazoan, these variants show a tripartite structure, with considerably divergent sequences in their amino and carboxyl terminus domains. The aim of this review is to show how specific regulatory signals control the expression of an individual H1 and to discuss the functional significance of the two variables associated with a linker histone: its primary sequence and the timing of its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khochbin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de la Différenciation - INSERM U309, Equipe chromatine et expression des gènes, Institut Albert Bonniot, Faculté de Médecine, Domaine de la Merci, 38706 La Tronche Cedex, France.
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Parseghian MH, Hamkalo BA. A compendium of the histone H1 family of somatic subtypes: An elusive cast of characters and their characteristics. Biochem Cell Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/o01-099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The last 35 years has seen a substantial amount of information collected about the somatic H1 subtypes, yet much of this work has been overshadowed by research into highly divergent isoforms of H1, such as H5. Reports from several laboratories in the past few years have begun to call into question some of the traditional views regarding the general function of linker histones and their heterogeneity. Hence, the impression in some circles is that less is known about these ubiquitous nuclear proteins as compared with the core histones. The goal of the following review is to acquaint the reader with the ubiquitous somatic H1s by categorizing them and their characteristics into several classes. The reasons for our current state of misunderstanding is put into a historical context along with recent controversies centering on the role of H1 in the nucleus. Finally, we propose a model that may explain the functional role of H1 heterogeneity in chromatin compaction.Key words: histone H1, linker histones, chromatin organization, chromatin compaction, heat shock.
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40
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Parseghian MH, Newcomb RL, Winokur ST, Hamkalo BA. The distribution of somatic H1 subtypes is non-random on active vs. inactive chromatin: distribution in human fetal fibroblasts. Chromosome Res 2001; 8:405-24. [PMID: 10997781 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009262819961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin immunoprecipitation was employed to determine whether or not the previously reported depletion of histone H1 on actively transcribed sequences was selective with respect to H1 subtypes. DNA of immunofractionated chromatin was analyzed by slot-blots for repetitive sequences and PCR for single and low-copy sequences. Based on the analysis of a diverse set of sequences, we report distinct differences in subtype distributions. Actively transcribed chromatin, as well as chromatin poised for transcription, is characterized by a relative depletion of somatic H1 subtypes 2 and 4 (H1s-2 and H1s-4),whereas facultative and constitutive heterochromatin contain all four somatic subtypes. These results support a model in which subtypes are selectively depleted upon gene expression. In turn, the data also support the possibility that the somatic subtypes have different functional roles based on their selective depletion from different classes of DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Parseghian
- Research and Development, Techniclone Corporation, Tustin, CA 92780, USA
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41
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Abstract
In most eukaryotes, histones, which are the major structural components of chromatin, are expressed as a family of sequence variants encoded by multiple genes. Because different histone variants can contribute to a distinct or unique nucleosomal architecture, this heterogeneity can be exploited to regulate a wide range of nuclear functions, and evidence is accumulating that histone variants do indeed have distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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42
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Lemercier C, Duncliffe K, Boibessot I, Zhang H, Verdel A, Angelov D, Khochbin S. Involvement of retinoblastoma protein and HBP1 in histone H1(0) gene expression. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:6627-37. [PMID: 10958660 PMCID: PMC86159 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.18.6627-6637.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The histone H1(0)-encoding gene is expressed in vertebrates in differentiating cells during the arrest of proliferation. In the H1(0) promoter, a specific regulatory element, which we named the H4 box, exhibits features which implicate a role in mediating H1(0) gene expression in response to both differentiation and cell cycle control signals. For instance, within the linker histone gene family, the H4 box is found only in the promoters of differentiation-associated subtypes, suggesting that it is specifically involved in differentiation-dependent expression of these genes. In addition, an element nearly identical to the H4 box is conserved in the promoters of histone H4-encoding genes and is known to be involved in their cell cycle-dependent expression. The transcription factors interacting with the H1(0) H4 box were therefore expected to link differentiation-dependent expression of H1(0) to the cell cycle control machinery. The aim of this work was to identify such transcription factors and to obtain information concerning the regulatory pathway involved. Interestingly, our cloning strategy led to the isolation of a retinoblastoma protein (RB) partner known as HBP1. HBP1, a high-mobility group box transcription factor, interacted specifically with the H1(0) H4 box and moreover was expressed in a differentiation-dependent manner. We also showed that the HBP1-encoding gene is able to produce different forms of HBP1. Finally, we demonstrated that both HBP1 and RB were involved in the activation of H1(0) gene expression. We therefore propose that HBP1 mediates a link between the cell cycle control machinery and cell differentiation signals. Through modulating the expression of specific chromatin-associated proteins such as histone H1(0), HBP1 plays a vital role in chromatin remodeling events during the arrest of cell proliferation in differentiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lemercier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de la Différentiation-INSERM U309, Equipe, Chromatine et Expression des Gènes, Institut Albert Bonniot, Faculté de Médecine, Domaine de la Merci, La Tronche Cedex, France
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43
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Rogner UC, Spyropoulos DD, Le Novère N, Changeux JP, Avner P. Control of neurulation by the nucleosome assembly protein-1-like 2. Nat Genet 2000; 25:431-5. [PMID: 10932189 DOI: 10.1038/78124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neurulation is a complex process of histogenesis involving the precise temporal and spatial organization of gene expression. Genes influencing neurulation include proneural genes determining primary cell fate, neurogenic genes involved in lateral inhibition pathways and genes controlling the frequency of mitotic events. This is reflected in the aetiology and genetics of human and mouse neural tube defects, which are of both multifactorial and multigenic origin. The X-linked gene Nap1l2, specifically expressed in neurons, encodes a protein that is highly similar to the nucleosome assembly (NAP) and SET proteins. We inactivated Nap1l2 in mice by gene targeting, leading to embryonic lethality from mid-gestation onwards. Surviving mutant chimaeric embryos showed extensive surface ectoderm defects as well as the presence of open neural tubes and exposed brains similar to those observed in human spina bifida and anencephaly. These defects correlated with an overproduction of neuronal precursor cells. Protein expression studies showed that the Nap1l2 protein binds to condensing chromatin during S phase and in apoptotic cells, but remained cytoplasmic during G1 phase. Nap1l2 therefore likely represents a class of tissue-specific factors interacting with chromatin to regulate neuronal cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- U C Rogner
- Génétique Moléculaire Murine CNRS URA 1947, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex 15, France.
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44
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Pałyga J, Górnicka-Michalska E, Kowalski A, Ksiazkiewicz J. Natural allelic variation of duck erythrocyte histone H1b. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2000; 32:665-75. [PMID: 10785363 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(99)00153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In our previous work (J. Palyga, Genetic polymorphisms of histone H1. b in duck erythrocytes. Hereditas 114, 85-89, 1991) we reported a genetic polymorphism of duck erythrocyte histone H1.b. Here, we screened H1 preparations in a two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel to refine the distribution of allelic forms of H1.b in fifteen duck populations. We have revealed that the frequency of H1.b allelic variants was significantly different among many conservative and breeding duck groups. While b(1) and b(3) were common in all populations screened, the allele b(2), with a slightly lower apparent molecular weight, was confined mainly to brown-feathered ducks (Khaki Campbell and Orpington) and descendent lines. The C- and N-terminal peptides released upon cleavage with N-bromosuccinimide and Staphylococcus aureus protease V8 from duck allelic histones H1. b2 and H1.b3, respectively, migrated differently in the gel, probably as a result of potential amino acid variation in a C-terminal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pałyga
- Department of Genetics, Wyzsza Szkola Pedagogiczna, ul. Konopnickiej 15, 25-406, Kielce, Poland.
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45
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46
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Abstract
The mechanisms which control the expression of developmentally regulated genes in trypanosomatids remain unclear. The genes are grouped together into transcription units that are co-transcribed to yield polycistronic RNAs. Trans-splicing and polyadenylation give rise to mature, monocistronic mRNAs. It is difficult to imagine that expression of these genes is controlled at the level of transcription initiation because this would suggest that the genes are transcribed at the same rate. This is not the case, because at any given developmental stage in trypanosomes or Leishmania, genes transcribed from the same transcription unit are expressed at different levels within the cell. Consequently, these parasites must rely on post-transcriptional or post-translational mechanisms to generate the appropriate levels of gene product within the cell. There are no well-established examples of RNA polymerase II promoters in trypanosomes or Leishmania. However, the promoters for genes encoding the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) and the procyclic acidic repetitive protein (PARP) have been identified and resemble ribosomal RNA polymerase I promoters. In higher eukaryotes where the mechanisms regulating transcription are clearer, there is increasing evidence that epigenetic factors, such as histones and modified bases, influence gene expression. Chemical modification of these factors can restructure chromatin and lead to gene activation or silencing. In trypanosomatids, an epigenetic mechanism for the control of developmentally expressed genes is a possibility. In this review, chromatin remodelling during the life and cell cycle of trypanosomes and Leishmania is explored, and the influence of epigenetic factors such as histones and modified bases on this process is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Belli
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Technology, Sydney, Westbourne Street, Gore Hill, NSW 2065, Australia.
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47
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Vila R, Ponte I, Jiménez MA, Rico M, Suau P. A helix-turn motif in the C-terminal domain of histone H1. Protein Sci 2000; 9:627-36. [PMID: 10794405 PMCID: PMC2144612 DOI: 10.1110/ps.9.4.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The structural study of peptides belonging to the terminal domains of histone H1 can be considered as a step toward the understanding of the function of H1 in chromatin. The conformational properties of the peptide Ac-EPKRSVAFKKTKKEVKKVATPKK (CH-1), which belongs to the C-terminal domain of histone H1(o) (residues 99-121) and is adjacent to the central globular domain of the protein, were examined by means of 1H-NMR and circular dichroism. In aqueous solution, CH-1 behaved as a mainly unstructured peptide, although turn-like conformations in rapid equilibrium with the unfolded state could be present. Addition of trifluoroethanol resulted in a substantial increase of the helical content. The helical limits, as indicated by (i,i + 3) nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) cross correlations and significant up-field conformational shifts of the C(alpha) protons, span from Pro100 to Val116, with Glu99 and Ala117 as N- and C-caps. A structure calculation performed on the basis of distance constraints derived from NOE cross peaks in 90% trifluoroethanol confirmed the helical structure of this region. The helical region has a marked amphipathic character, due to the location of all positively charged residues on one face of the helix and all the hydrophobic residues on the opposite face. The peptide has a TPKK motif at the C-terminus, following the alpha-helical region. The observed NOE connectivities suggest that the TPKK sequence adopts a type (I) beta-turn conformation, a sigma-turn conformation or a combination of both, in fast equilibrium with unfolded states. Sequences of the kind (S/T)P(K/R)(K/R) have been proposed as DNA binding motifs. The CH-1 peptide, thus, combines a positively charged amphipathic helix and a turn as potential DNA-binding motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vila
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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48
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Ramón A, Muro-Pastor MI, Scazzocchio C, Gonzalez R. Deletion of the unique gene encoding a typical histone H1 has no apparent phenotype in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Microbiol 2000; 35:223-33. [PMID: 10632892 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned the H1 histone gene (hhoA) of Aspergillus nidulans. This single-copy gene codes for a typical linker histone with one central globular domain. The open reading frame is interrupted by six introns. The position of the first intron is identical to that of introns found in some plant histones. An H1-GFP fusion shows exclusive nuclear localization, whereas chromosomal localization can be observed during condensation at mitosis. Surprisingly, the deletion of hhoA results in no obvious phenotype. The nucleosomal repeat length and susceptibility to micrococcal nuclease digestion of A. nidulans chromatin are unchanged in the deleted strain. The nucleosomal organization of a number of promoters, including in particular the strictly regulated niiA-niaD bidirectional promoter is not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramón
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Bâtiment 409, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8621, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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49
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Barra JL, Rhounim L, Rossignol JL, Faugeron G. Histone H1 is dispensable for methylation-associated gene silencing in Ascobolus immersus and essential for long life span. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:61-9. [PMID: 10594009 PMCID: PMC85047 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.1.61-69.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/1999] [Accepted: 09/28/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene encoding a protein that shows sequence similarity with the histone H1 family only was cloned in Ascobolus immersus. The deduced peptide sequence presents the characteristic three-domain structure of metazoan linker histones, with a central globular region, an N-terminal tail, and a long positively charged C-terminal tail. By constructing an artificial duplication of this gene, named H1, it was possible to methylate and silence it by the MIP (methylation induced premeiotically) process. This resulted in the complete loss of the Ascobolus H1 histone. Mutant strains lacking H1 displayed normal methylation-associated gene silencing, underwent MIP, and showed the same methylation-associated chromatin modifications as did wild-type strains. However, they displayed an increased accessibility of micrococcal nuclease to chromatin, whether DNA was methylated or not, and exhibited a hypermethylation of the methylated genome compartment. These features are taken to imply that Ascobolus H1 histone is a ubiquitous component of chromatin which plays no role in methylation-associated gene silencing. Mutant strains lacking histone H1 reproduced normally through sexual crosses and displayed normal early vegetative growth. However, between 6 and 13 days after germination, they abruptly and consistently stopped growing, indicating that Ascobolus H1 histone is necessary for long life span. This constitutes the first observation of a physiologically important phenotype associated with the loss of H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Barra
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, CNRS/Université Paris 7/Université Paris 6, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France
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50
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Kikyo N, Wolffe AP. Reprogramming nuclei: insights from cloning, nuclear transfer and heterokaryons. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 1):11-20. [PMID: 10591621 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals and amphibians can be cloned following the transfer of embryonic nuclei into enucleated eggs or oocytes. As nuclear functions become more specialized in the differentiated cells of an adult, successful cloning using these nuclei as donors becomes more difficult. Differentiation involves the assembly of specialized forms of repressive chromatin including linker histones, Polycomb group proteins and methyl-CpG-binding proteins. These structures compartmentalize chromatin into functional domains and maintain the stability of the differentiated state through successive cell divisions. Efficient cloning requires the erasure of these structures. The erasure can be accomplished through use of molecular chaperones and enzymatic activities present in the oocyte, egg or zygote. We discuss the mechanisms involved in reprogramming nuclei after nuclear transfer and compare them with those that occur during remodeling of somatic nuclei after heterokaryon formation. Finally we discuss how one might alter the properties of adult nuclei to improve the efficiency of cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kikyo
- Laboratory of Molecular Embryology, Nat'l Inst. of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bldg 18T, Rm 106, Bethesda, MD 20892-5431 USA
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