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Seefeldt LC, Yang ZY, Lukoyanov DA, Harris DF, Dean DR, Raugei S, Hoffman BM. Reduction of Substrates by Nitrogenases. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5082-5106. [PMID: 32176472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogenase is the enzyme that catalyzes biological N2 reduction to NH3. This enzyme achieves an impressive rate enhancement over the uncatalyzed reaction. Given the high demand for N2 fixation to support food and chemical production and the heavy reliance of the industrial Haber-Bosch nitrogen fixation reaction on fossil fuels, there is a strong need to elucidate how nitrogenase achieves this difficult reaction under benign conditions as a means of informing the design of next generation synthetic catalysts. This Review summarizes recent progress in addressing how nitrogenase catalyzes the reduction of an array of substrates. New insights into the mechanism of N2 and proton reduction are first considered. This is followed by a summary of recent gains in understanding the reduction of a number of other nitrogenous compounds not considered to be physiological substrates. Progress in understanding the reduction of a wide range of C-based substrates, including CO and CO2, is also discussed, and remaining challenges in understanding nitrogenase substrate reduction are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance C Seefeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Dmitriy A Lukoyanov
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Derek F Harris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Dennis R Dean
- Biochemistry Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Simone Raugei
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Brian M Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Köthe C, Limberg C. Late Metal Scaffolds that Activate Both, Dinitrogen and Reduced Dinitrogen Species NxHy. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dugan T, Bill E, MacLeod KC, Brennessel WW, Holland PL. Synthesis, spectroscopy, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange in high-spin iron(II) hydride complexes. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:2370-80. [PMID: 24555749 PMCID: PMC3993920 DOI: 10.1021/ic4013137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Very few hydride complexes are known in which the metals have a high-spin electronic configuration. We describe the characterization of several high-spin iron(II) hydride/deuteride isotopologues and their exchange reactions with one another and with H2/D2. Though the hydride/deuteride signal is not observable in NMR spectra, the choice of isotope has an influence on the chemical shifts of distant protons in the dimers through the paramagnetic isotope effect on chemical shift. This provides the first way to monitor the exchange of H and D in the bridging positions of these hydride complexes. The rate of exchange depends on the size of the supporting ligand, and this is consistent with the idea that H2/D2 exchange into the hydrides occurs through the dimeric complexes rather than through a transient monomer. The understanding of H/D exchange mechanisms in these high-spin iron hydride complexes may be relevant to postulated nitrogenase mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
R. Dugan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - K. Cory MacLeod
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - William W. Brennessel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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Field LD, Li HL, Dalgarno SJ, Jensen P, McIntosh RD. Synthesis and characterization of iron(II) and ruthenium(II) hydrido hydrazine complexes. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:5468-76. [PMID: 21618998 DOI: 10.1021/ic102519f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of trans-[MHCl(dmpe)(2)] (M = Fe, Ru) with hydrazine afforded the hydrido hydrazine complexes cis- and trans-[MH(N(2)H(4))(dmpe)(2)](+) which have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy ((1)H, (31)P, and (15)N). Both cis and trans isomers of the Fe complex and the trans isomer of the Ru complex were characterized by X-ray crystallography. Reactions with acid and base afforded a range of N(2)H(x) complexes, including several unstable hydrido hydrazido complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie D Field
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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Wander MCF, Kubicki JD, Schoonen MAA. Reduction of N2 by Fe2+ via homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions Part 2: the role of metal binding in activating N2 for reduction; a requirement for both pre-biotic and biological mechanisms. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2008; 38:195-209. [PMID: 18452061 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-008-9133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen reduction by ferrous iron has been suggested as an important mechanism in the formation of ammonia on pre-biotic Earth. This paper examines the effects of adsorption of ferrous iron onto a goethite (alpha-FeOOH) substrate on the thermodynamic driving force and rate of a ferrous iron-mediated reduction of N2 as compared with the homogeneous aqueous reaction. Utilizing density functional theory and Marcus Theory of proton coupled electron transfer reactions, the following two reactions were studied: Fe2+aq + N2aq + H2Oaq --> N2H* + FeOH2+aq and triple bond Fe2+ads + N2aq + 2H2Oaq --> N2H* + alpha-FeOOHs + 2H+aq. Although the rates of both reactions were calculated to be approximately zero at 298 K, the model results suggest that adsorption alters the thermodynamic driving force for the reaction but has no other effect on the direct electron transfer kinetics. Given that simply altering the thermodynamic driving force will not reduce dinitrogen, we can make mechanistic connections between possible prebiotic pathways and biological N2 reduction. The key to reduction in both cases is N2 adsorption to multiple transition metal centers with competitive H2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C F Wander
- PSARC, Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2100, USA.
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QUANTUM CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE PROBLEM OF BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION: SELLMANN-TYPE METAL–SULFUR MODEL COMPLEXES. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(04)56003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The strength of hydrogen bonds has been investigated in various dinuclear diazene FeII, FeIII, and RuII complexes by use of the recently developed shared-electron number approach. Hydrogen bonding in these compounds plays an essential role in view of designing a model system for nitrogenase activity. The general conclusions for iron-sulfur complexes are: hydrogen bonds can stabilize diazene by at least 20% of the total coordination energy; the strength of the hydrogen bonds can be directly controlled through the hydrogen-sulfur bond length; reducing FeIII centers to FeII can double the hydrogen bond energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reiher
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Sellmann D, Hautsch B, Rösler A, Heinemann FW. [Ru(N2)(PiPr3)(`N2Me2S2')]: Coordination of Molecular N2 to Metal Thiolate Cores under Mild Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20010417)113:8<1553::aid-ange1553>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sellmann D, Hautsch B, Rösler A, Heinemann FW. [Ru(N2)(PiPr3)(`N2Me2S2')]: Coordination of Molecular N2 to Metal Thiolate Cores under Mild Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:1505-1507. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010417)40:8<1505::aid-anie1505>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2000] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sellmann D, Engl K, Heinemann F, Sieler J. Coordination of CO, NO, N2H2, and Other Nitrogenase Relevant Small Molecules to Sulfur-Rich Ruthenium Complexes with the New Ligand ‘tpS4’2– = 1,2-Bis(2-mercaptophenylthio)phenylene(2–). Eur J Inorg Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0682(200005)2000:5<1079::aid-ejic1079>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sellmann D, Utz J, Blum N, Heinemann FW. On the function of nitrogenase FeMo cofactors and competitive catalysts: chemical principles, structural blue-prints, and the relevance of iron sulfur complexes for N2 fixation. Coord Chem Rev 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(99)00108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Leigh G, McKenna CE, Mc Mahon C. Protonation of cyclopropene complexes of platinum(0) and the reduction of cyclopropene by nitrogenases. Inorganica Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(98)00203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sellmann D, Sutter J. In Quest of Competitive Catalysts for Nitrogenases and Other Metal Sulfur Enzymes. Acc Chem Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ar960158h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Sellmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Sutter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- G. J. Leigh
- The author is at the School of Chemistry, Physics, and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
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Eady RR. Structureminus signFunction Relationships of Alternative Nitrogenases. Chem Rev 1996; 96:3013-3030. [PMID: 11848850 DOI: 10.1021/cr950057h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Eady
- Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, John Innes Institute, Colney Lane Norwich NR4 7UH U.K
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Holm RH, Kennepohl P, Solomon EI. Structural and Functional Aspects of Metal Sites in Biology. Chem Rev 1996; 96:2239-2314. [PMID: 11848828 DOI: 10.1021/cr9500390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1850] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard H. Holm
- Departments of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, and Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K. Burgess
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92717-3900, and Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
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Affiliation(s)
- James B. Howard
- Department of Biochemistry, 435 Delaware Street, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 147-75CH, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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McKenna CE, Simeonov AM, Eran H, Bravo-Leerabhandh M. Reduction of cyclic and acyclic diazene derivates by Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase: diazirine and trans-dimethyldiazene. Biochemistry 1996; 35:4502-14. [PMID: 8605200 DOI: 10.1021/bi950964g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogenase reduces N2 to NH3, but the mechanistic details are unclear. Diazene (N2H2), a proposed 2e-/2H+ intermediate on the reduction pathway, is labile under typical enzyme assay conditions, and no firm evidence is available on whether or not it can be reduced by or inhibit nitrogenase. In this paper, we compare the interactions of Azotobacter vinelandii (Av) nitrogenase with two diazene analogues: diazirine, a photolabile diazene containing the azo (-N=N-) group in a strained, three-membered ring, and trans-dimethyldiazene, a diazene containing an unstrained trans-disubstituted N=N bond. Diazirine is reduced by nitrogenase under specific conditions to methane, methylamine, and ammonia in a ratio of ca. 1:2:4-5 with a Km value for all three products similar (0.05-0.09 mM) to that of dinitrogen (0.06-0.12 mM). The Km value of diazirine does not depend on the ratio of nitrogenase Fe protein (Av2) to nitrogenase MoFe protein (Av1) at Av2:Av1 ratios of 0.71 and 14.9. Diazirine potently and competitively inhibits acetylene reduction by Av nitrogenase with Ki = 0.03 mM and is predicted to inhibit H2 evolution completely at pressures >> Km. The experimental Henry's Law constant (1.50 M/atm) determined for trans-dimethyldiazene in H2O shows that it has about 20-fold higher solubility than diazirine in water at 30 degrees C. trans-Dimethyldiazene is reduced by nitrogenase under specific conditions to ammonia, methane and methylamine in a ratio of ca. 1:1:1 with Km values for the three products of 0.51-0.58 M. The product ratio does not change significantly when the component ratio (Av2:Av1 ) is varied over 2.06-13.62. trans-Dimethyldiazene reduction is inhibited noncompetitively by CO and C2H2 with Ki values of ca. 0.0008 and 0.006 atm, respectively. The results are discussed with respect to the stereoelectronic differences between the two azo substrates. A "random-edge" reduction is compared with alternative schemes for the diazirine reduction. For trans-dimethyldiazene, initial C-N cleavage is proposed to yield CH4 and a bound CH3N2H species, which is then reduced to CH3NH2 and NH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-0744, USA
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