1
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Amati A, Moning SU, Javor S, Schär S, Deutschmann S, Reymond JL, von Ballmoos C. Overcoming Protein Orientation Mismatch Enables Efficient Nanoscale Light-Driven ATP Production. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1355-1364. [PMID: 38569139 PMCID: PMC11036485 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-producing modules energized by light-driven proton pumps are powerful tools for the bottom-up assembly of artificial cell-like systems. However, the maximum efficiency of such modules is prohibited by the random orientation of the proton pumps during the reconstitution process into lipid-surrounded nanocontainers. Here, we overcome this limitation using a versatile approach to uniformly orient the light-driven proton pump proteorhodopsin (pR) in liposomes. pR is post-translationally either covalently or noncovalently coupled to a membrane-impermeable protein domain guiding orientation during insertion into preformed liposomes. In the second scenario, we developed a novel bifunctional linker, trisNTA-SpyTag, that allows for the reversible connection of any SpyCatcher-containing protein and a HisTag-carrying protein. The desired protein orientations are verified by monitoring vectorial proton pumping and membrane potential generation. In conjunction with ATP synthase, highly efficient ATP production is energized by the inwardly pumping population. In comparison to other light-driven ATP-producing modules, the uniform orientation allows for maximal rates at economical protein concentrations. The presented technology is highly customizable and not limited to light-driven proton pumps but applicable to many membrane proteins and offers a general approach to overcome orientation mismatch during membrane reconstitution, requiring little to no genetic modification of the protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sacha Javor
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Schär
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph von Ballmoos
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Albanese P, Mavelli F, Altamura E. Light energy transduction in liposome-based artificial cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1161730. [PMID: 37064236 PMCID: PMC10091278 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1161730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we review the latest strategies for the bottom-up assembly of energetically autonomous artificial cells capable of transducing light energy into chemical energy and support internalized metabolic pathways. Such entities are built by taking inspiration from the photosynthetic machineries found in nature which are purified and reconstituted directly in the membrane of artificial compartments or encapsulated in form of organelle-like structures. Specifically, we report and discuss recent examples based on liposome-technology and multi-compartment (nested) architectures pointing out the importance of this matter for the artificial cell synthesis research field and some limitations and perspectives of the bottom-up approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Albanese
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Mavelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Fabio Mavelli, ; Emiliano Altamura,
| | - Emiliano Altamura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Fabio Mavelli, ; Emiliano Altamura,
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3
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Park H, Wang W, Min SH, Ren Y, Shin K, Han X. Artificial organelles for sustainable chemical energy conversion and production in artificial cells: Artificial mitochondrion and chloroplasts. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:011311. [PMID: 38510162 PMCID: PMC10903398 DOI: 10.1063/5.0131071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable energy conversion modules are the main challenges for building complex reaction cascades in artificial cells. Recent advances in biotechnology have enabled this sustainable energy supply, especially the adenosine triphosphate (ATP), by mimicking the organelles, which are the core structures for energy conversion in living cells. Three components are mainly shared by the artificial organelles: the membrane compartment separating the inner and outer parts, membrane proteins for proton translocation, and the molecular rotary machine for ATP synthesis. Depending on the initiation factors, they are further categorized into artificial mitochondrion and artificial chloroplasts, which use chemical nutrients for oxidative phosphorylation and light for photosynthesis, respectively. In this review, we summarize the essential components needed for artificial organelles and then review the recent progress on two different artificial organelles. Recent strategies, purified and identified proteins, and working principles are discussed. With more study on the artificial mitochondrion and artificial chloroplasts, they are expected to be very powerful tools, allowing us to achieve complex cascading reactions in artificial cells, like the ones that happen in real cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, South Korea
| | - Weichen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Seo Hyeon Min
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, South Korea
| | - Yongshuo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Kwanwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, South Korea
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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4
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Jiang W, Wu Z, Gao Z, Wan M, Zhou M, Mao C, Shen J. Artificial Cells: Past, Present and Future. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15705-15733. [PMID: 36226996 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Artificial cells are constructed to imitate natural cells and allow researchers to explore biological process and the origin of life. The construction methods for artificial cells, through both top-down or bottom-up approaches, have achieved great progress over the past decades. Here we present a comprehensive overview on the development of artificial cells and their properties and applications. Artificial cells are derived from lipids, polymers, lipid/polymer hybrids, natural cell membranes, colloidosome, metal-organic frameworks and coacervates. They can be endowed with various functions through the incorporation of proteins and genes on the cell surface or encapsulated inside of the cells. These modulations determine the properties of artificial cells, including producing energy, cell growth, morphology change, division, transmembrane transport, environmental response, motility and chemotaxis. Multiple applications of these artificial cells are discussed here with a focus on therapeutic applications. Artificial cells are used as carriers for materials and information exchange and have been shown to function as targeted delivery systems of personalized drugs. Additionally, artificial cells can function to substitute for cells with impaired function. Enzyme therapy and immunotherapy using artificial cells have been an intense focus of research. Finally, prospects of future development of cell-mimic properties and broader applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Jiang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ziyu Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zheng Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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5
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Li Z, Xu X, Yu F, Fei J, Li Q, Dong M, Li J. Oriented Nanoarchitectonics of Bacteriorhodopsin for Enhancing ATP Generation in a F o F 1 -ATPase-Based Assembly System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116220. [PMID: 35129265 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Energy conversion plays an important role in the metabolism of photosynthetic organisms. Improving energy transformation by promoting a proton gradient has been a great challenge for a long time. In the present study, we realize a directional proton migration through the construction of oriented bacteriorhodopsin (BR) microcapsules coated by Fo F1 -ATPase molecular motors through layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly. The changes in the conformation of BR under illumination lead to proton transfer in a radial direction, which generates a higher proton gradient to drive the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by Fo F1 -ATPase. Furthermore, to promote the photosynthetic activity, optically matched quantum dots were introduced into the artificial coassembly system of BR and Fo F1 -ATPase. Such a design creates a new path for the use of light energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Fanchen Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbo Fei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
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6
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Li Z, Xu X, Yu F, Fei J, Li Q, Dong M, Li J. Oriented Nanoarchitectonics of Bacteriorhodopsin for Enhancing ATP Generation in a F
o
F
1
‐ATPase‐Based Assembly System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Xia Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) CAS Key Lab of Colloid Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 100190 Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing China
| | - Fanchen Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) CAS Key Lab of Colloid Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 100190 Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing China
| | - Jinbo Fei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) CAS Key Lab of Colloid Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 100190 Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) CAS Key Lab of Colloid Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 100190 Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing China
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7
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Mengele AK, Weixler D, Amthor S, Eikmanns BJ, Seibold GM, Rau S. Transforming
Escherichia coli
Proteomembranes into Artificial Chloroplasts Using Molecular Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Materials and Catalysis Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Dominik Weixler
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Sebastian Amthor
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Materials and Catalysis Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Bernhard J. Eikmanns
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Gerd M. Seibold
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Section of Synthetic Biology Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Technical University of Denmark Søltoftsplads 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Materials and Catalysis Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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8
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Mengele AK, Weixler D, Amthor S, Eikmanns BJ, Seibold GM, Rau S. Transforming Escherichia coli Proteomembranes into Artificial Chloroplasts Using Molecular Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114842. [PMID: 34932847 PMCID: PMC9306768 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
During the light‐dependent reaction of photosynthesis, green plants couple photoinduced cascades of redox reactions with transmembrane proton translocations to generate reducing equivalents and chemical energy in the form of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate), respectively. We mimic these basic processes by combining molecular ruthenium polypyridine‐based photocatalysts and inverted vesicles derived from Escherichia coli. Upon irradiation with visible light, the interplay of photocatalytic nicotinamide reduction and enzymatic membrane‐located respiration leads to the simultaneous formation of two biologically active cofactors, NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and ATP, respectively. This inorganic‐biologic hybrid system thus emulates the cofactor delivering function of an active chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Klaus Mengele
- Ulm University, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, GERMANY
| | - Dominik Weixler
- Ulm University, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, GERMANY
| | - Sebastian Amthor
- Ulm University, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, GERMANY
| | - Bernhard Johannes Eikmanns
- Ulm University, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, GERMANY
| | - Gerd Michael Seibold
- Technical University of Denmark, Section of Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Søltoftsplads, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, DENMARK
| | - Sven Rau
- University of Ulm, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Materials and Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, GERMANY
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9
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Sharma B, Moghimianavval H, Hwang SW, Liu AP. Synthetic Cell as a Platform for Understanding Membrane-Membrane Interactions. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:912. [PMID: 34940413 PMCID: PMC8706075 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the pursuit of understanding life, model membranes made of phospholipids were envisaged decades ago as a platform for the bottom-up study of biological processes. Micron-sized lipid vesicles have gained great acceptance as their bilayer membrane resembles the natural cell membrane. Important biological events involving membranes, such as membrane protein insertion, membrane fusion, and intercellular communication, will be highlighted in this review with recent research updates. We will first review different lipid bilayer platforms used for incorporation of integral membrane proteins and challenges associated with their functional reconstitution. We next discuss different methods for reconstitution of membrane fusion and compare their fusion efficiency. Lastly, we will highlight the importance and challenges of intercellular communication between synthetic cells and synthetic cells-to-natural cells. We will summarize the review by highlighting the challenges and opportunities associated with studying membrane-membrane interactions and possible future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bineet Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (B.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Hossein Moghimianavval
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (B.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Sung-Won Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (B.S.); (H.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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10
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Kleineberg C, Wölfer C, Abbasnia A, Pischel D, Bednarz C, Ivanov I, Heitkamp T, Börsch M, Sundmacher K, Vidaković‐Koch T. Light-Driven ATP Regeneration in Diblock/Grafted Hybrid Vesicles. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2149-2160. [PMID: 32187828 PMCID: PMC7496644 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven ATP regeneration systems combining ATP synthase and bacteriorhodopsin have been proposed as an energy supply in the field of synthetic biology. Energy is required to power biochemical reactions within artificially created reaction compartments like protocells, which are typically based on either lipid or polymer membranes. The insertion of membrane proteins into different hybrid membranes is delicate, and studies comparing these systems with liposomes are needed. Here we present a detailed study of membrane protein functionality in different hybrid compartments made of graft polymer PDMS-g-PEO and diblock copolymer PBd-PEO. Activity of more than 90 % in lipid/polymer-based hybrid vesicles could prove an excellent biocompatibility. A significant enhancement of long-term stability (80 % remaining activity after 42 days) could be demonstrated in polymer/polymer-based hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Kleineberg
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Process Systems EngineeringSandtorstraße 139106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Christian Wölfer
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Process Systems EngineeringSandtorstraße 139106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Amirhossein Abbasnia
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Process Systems EngineeringSandtorstraße 139106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Dennis Pischel
- Otto von Guericke UniversityProcess Systems EngineeringUniversitätsplatz 239106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Claudia Bednarz
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Process Systems EngineeringSandtorstraße 139106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Process Systems EngineeringSandtorstraße 139106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Thomas Heitkamp
- Jena University Hospital; Single-Molecule Microscopy GroupNonnenplan 2–407743JenaGermany
| | - Michael Börsch
- Jena University Hospital; Single-Molecule Microscopy GroupNonnenplan 2–407743JenaGermany
| | - Kai Sundmacher
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Process Systems EngineeringSandtorstraße 139106MagdeburgGermany
- Otto von Guericke UniversityProcess Systems EngineeringUniversitätsplatz 239106MagdeburgGermany
| | - Tanja Vidaković‐Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Process Systems EngineeringSandtorstraße 139106MagdeburgGermany
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11
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Peng HM, Valentín-Goyco J, Im SC, Han B, Liu J, Qiao J, Auchus RJ. Expression in Escherichia Coli, Purification, and Functional Reconstitution of Human Steroid 5α-Reductases. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqaa117. [PMID: 32716491 PMCID: PMC7383974 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potent androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone irreversibly derives from testosterone via the activity of steroid 5α-reductases (5αRs). The major 5αR isoforms in most species, 5αR1 and 5αR2, have not been purified to homogeneity. We report here the heterologous expression of polyhistidine-tagged, codon-optimized human 5αR1 and 5αR2 cDNAs in Escherichia coli. A combination of the nonionic detergents Triton X-100 and Nonidet P-40 enabled solubilization of these extremely hydrophobic integral membrane proteins and facilitated purification with affinity and cation-exchange chromatography methods. For functional reconstitution, we incorporated the purified isoenzymes into Triton X-100-saturated dioleoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes and removed excess detergent with polystyrene beads. Kinetic studies indicated that the 2 isozymes differ in biochemical properties, with 5αR2 having a lower apparent Km for testosterone, androstenedione, progesterone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone than 5αR1; however, 5αR1 had a greater capacity for steroid conversion, as reflected by a higher Vmax than 5αR2. Both enzymes preferred progesterone as substrate over other steroids, and the catalytic efficiency of purified reconstituted 5αR2 exhibited a sharp pH optimum at pH 5. Intriguingly, we found that the prostate-cancer drug-metabolite 3-keto-∆ 4-abiraterone is metabolized by 5αR1 but not 5αR2, which may serve as a structural basis for isoform selectivity and inhibitor design. The functional characterization results with the purified reconstituted isoenzymes paralleled trends obtained with HEK-293 cell lines stably expressing native 5αR1 and 5αR2. Access to purified human 5αR1 and 5αR2 will advance studies of these important enzymes and might help to clarify their contributions to steroid anabolism and catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwei-Ming Peng
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Juan Valentín-Goyco
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sang-Choul Im
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Bing Han
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jiayan Liu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jie Qiao
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
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12
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Abstract
Molecular machines are an important and emerging frontier in research encompassing interdisciplinary subjects of chemistry, physics, biology, and nanotechnology. Although there has been major interest in creating synthetic molecular machines, research on natural molecular machines is also crucial. Biomolecular motors are natural molecular machines existing in nearly every living systems. They play a vital role in almost every essential process ranging from intracellular transport to cell division, muscle contraction and the biosynthesis of ATP that fuels life processes. The construction of biomolecular motor-based biomimetic systems can help not only to deeply understand the mechanisms of motor proteins in the biological process but also to push forward the development of bionics and biomolecular motor-based devices or nanomachines. From combination of natural biomolecular motors with supramolecular chemistry, great opportunities could emerge toward the development of intelligent molecular machines and biodevices. In this Account, we describe our efforts to design and reconstitute biomolecular motor-based active biomimetic systems, in particular, the combination of motor proteins with layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled cellular structures. They are divided into two parts: (i) reconstitution of rotary molecular motor FOF1-ATPase, which is coated on the surface of LbL assembled microcapsules or multilayers and synthesizes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through creating a proton gradient; (ii) molecular assembly of linear molecular motors, the kinesin-based active biomimetic systems, which are coated on a planar surface or LbL assembled tubular structure and drive the movement of microtubules. LbL assembled structures offer motor proteins with an environment that resembles the natural cell. This enables high activity and optimized function of the motor proteins. The assembled biomolecular motors can mimic their functionalities from the natural system. In addition, LbL assembly provides facile integration of functional components into motor protein-based active biomimetic systems and achieves the manipulation of FOF1-ATPase and kinesin. For FOF1-ATPase, the light-driven proton gradient and controlled ATP synthesis are highlighted. For kinesin, the strategies used for the direction and velocity control of kinesin-based molecular shuttles are discussed. We hope this research can inspire new ideas and propel the actual applications of biomolecular motor-based devices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Berhanu S, Ueda T, Kuruma Y. Artificial photosynthetic cell producing energy for protein synthesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1325. [PMID: 30902985 PMCID: PMC6430821 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts to construct an artificial cell have widened our understanding of living organisms. Many intracellular systems have been reconstructed by assembling molecules, however the mechanism to synthesize its own constituents by self-sufficient energy has to the best of our knowledge not been developed. Here, we combine a cell-free protein synthesis system and small proteoliposomes, which consist of purified ATP synthase and bacteriorhodopsin, inside a giant unilamellar vesicle to synthesize protein by the production of ATP by light. The photo-synthesized ATP is consumed as a substrate for transcription and as an energy for translation, eventually driving the synthesis of bacteriorhodopsin or constituent proteins of ATP synthase, the original essential components of the proteoliposome. The de novo photosynthesized bacteriorhodopsin and the parts of ATP synthase integrate into the artificial photosynthetic organelle and enhance its ATP photosynthetic activity through the positive feedback of the products. Our artificial photosynthetic cell system paves the way to construct an energetically independent artificial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Berhanu
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bldg. FSB-401, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Takuya Ueda
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bldg. FSB-401, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
| | - Yutetsu Kuruma
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-IE-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan. .,JST, PRESTO, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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Xu Y, Fei J, Li G, Yuan T, Xu X, Li J. Nanozyme‐Catalyzed Cascade Reactions for Mitochondria‐Mimicking Oxidative Phosphorylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youqian Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Key Lab of ColloidInterface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jinbo Fei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Key Lab of ColloidInterface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Guangle Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Key Lab of ColloidInterface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Tingting Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Key Lab of ColloidInterface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xia Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Key Lab of ColloidInterface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Key Lab of ColloidInterface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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16
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Xu Y, Fei J, Li G, Yuan T, Xu X, Li J. Nanozyme‐Catalyzed Cascade Reactions for Mitochondria‐Mimicking Oxidative Phosphorylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5572-5576. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youqian Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Key Lab of ColloidInterface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jinbo Fei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Key Lab of ColloidInterface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Guangle Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Key Lab of ColloidInterface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Tingting Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Key Lab of ColloidInterface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xia Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Key Lab of ColloidInterface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Key Lab of ColloidInterface and Chemical ThermodynamicsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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17
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Otrin L, Kleineberg C, Caire da Silva L, Landfester K, Ivanov I, Wang M, Bednarz C, Sundmacher K, Vidaković-Koch T. Artificial Organelles for Energy Regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800323. [PMID: 32648709 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the critical steps in sustaining life-mimicking processes in synthetic cells is energy, i.e., adenosine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration. Previous studies have shown that the simple addition of ATP or ATP regeneration systems, which do not regenerate ATP directly from ADP and Pi , have no or only limited success due to accumulation of ATP hydrolysis products. In general, ATP regeneration can be achieved by converting light or chemical energy into ATP, which may also involve redox transformations of cofactors. The present contribution provides an overview of the existing ATP regeneration strategies and the related nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) redox cycling, with a focus on compartmentalized systems. Special attention is being paid to those approaches where so-called artificial organelles are developed. They comprise a semipermeable membrane functionalized by biological or man-made components and employ external energy in the form of light or nutrients in order to generate a transmembrane proton gradient, which is further utilized for ATP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lado Otrin
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christin Kleineberg
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lucas Caire da Silva
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Minhui Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Bednarz
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kai Sundmacher
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Vidaković-Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
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18
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Photosynthetic artificial organelles sustain and control ATP-dependent reactions in a protocellular system. Nat Biotechnol 2018; 36:530-535. [PMID: 29806849 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inside cells, complex metabolic reactions are distributed across the modular compartments of organelles. Reactions in organelles have been recapitulated in vitro by reconstituting functional protein machineries into membrane systems. However, maintaining and controlling these reactions is challenging. Here we designed, built, and tested a switchable, light-harvesting organelle that provides both a sustainable energy source and a means of directing intravesicular reactions. An ATP (ATP) synthase and two photoconverters (plant-derived photosystem II and bacteria-derived proteorhodopsin) enable ATP synthesis. Independent optical activation of the two photoconverters allows dynamic control of ATP synthesis: red light facilitates and green light impedes ATP synthesis. We encapsulated the photosynthetic organelles in a giant vesicle to form a protocellular system and demonstrated optical control of two ATP-dependent reactions, carbon fixation and actin polymerization, with the latter altering outer vesicle morphology. Switchable photosynthetic organelles may enable the development of biomimetic vesicle systems with regulatory networks that exhibit homeostasis and complex cellular behaviors.
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19
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Göpfrich K, Platzman I, Spatz JP. Mastering Complexity: Towards Bottom-up Construction of Multifunctional Eukaryotic Synthetic Cells. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:938-951. [PMID: 29685820 PMCID: PMC6100601 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the ultimate aim to construct a living cell, bottom-up synthetic biology strives to reconstitute cellular phenomena in vitro - disentangled from the complex environment of a cell. Recent work towards this ambitious goal has provided new insights into the mechanisms governing life. With the fast-growing library of functional modules for synthetic cells, their classification and integration become increasingly important. We discuss strategies to reverse-engineer and recombine functional parts for synthetic eukaryotes, mimicking the characteristics of nature's own prototype. Particularly, we focus on large outer compartments, complex endomembrane systems with organelles, and versatile cytoskeletons as hallmarks of eukaryotic life. Moreover, we identify microfluidics and DNA nanotechnology as two technologies that can integrate these functional modules into sophisticated multifunctional synthetic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Göpfrich
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cellular Biophysics, Jahnstraße 29, D 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cellular Biophysics, Jahnstraße 29, D 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cellular Biophysics, Jahnstraße 29, D 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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Rideau E, Dimova R, Schwille P, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Liposomes and polymersomes: a comparative review towards cell mimicking. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:8572-8610. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00162f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Minimal cells: we compare and contrast liposomes and polymersomes for a bettera priorichoice and design of vesicles and try to understand the advantages and shortcomings associated with using one or the other in many different aspects (properties, synthesis, self-assembly, applications).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Rideau
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces
- Wissenschaftspark Potsdam-Golm
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry
- 82152 Martinsried
- Germany
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21
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Xu Y, Fei J, Li G, Yuan T, Li J. Compartmentalized Assembly of Motor Protein Reconstituted on Protocell Membrane toward Highly Efficient Photophosphorylation. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10175-10183. [PMID: 28933821 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecule assembly and functionalization of protocells have achieved a great success. However, the yield efficiency of photophosphorylation in the present cell-like systems is limited. Herein, inspired by natural photobacteria, we construct a protocell membrane reconstituting motor protein for highly efficient light-mediated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis through a layer-by-layer technique. The assembled membrane, compartmentally integrating photoacid generator, proton conductor, and ATP synthase, possesses excellent transparency, fast proton production, and quick proton transportation. Remarkably, these favorable features permit the formation of a large proton gradient in a confined region to drive ATP synthase to produce ATP with high efficiency (873 ATP s-1). It is the highest among the existing artificial photophosphorylation systems. Such a biomimetic system provides a bioenergy-supplying scenario for early photosynthetic life and holds promise in remotely controlled ATP-consumed biosensors, biocatalysts, and biodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youqian Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinbo Fei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guangle Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingting Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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22
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Lipid-mediated Protein-protein Interactions Modulate Respiration-driven ATP Synthesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24113. [PMID: 27063297 PMCID: PMC4827085 DOI: 10.1038/srep24113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy conversion in biological systems is underpinned by membrane-bound proton
transporters that generate and maintain a proton electrochemical gradient across the
membrane which used, e.g. for generation of ATP by the ATP synthase. Here, we have
co-reconstituted the proton pump cytochrome bo3 (ubiquinol
oxidase) together with ATP synthase in liposomes and studied the effect of changing
the lipid composition on the ATP synthesis activity driven by proton pumping. We
found that for 100 nm liposomes, containing 5 of each proteins, the ATP synthesis
rates decreased significantly with increasing fractions of DOPA, DOPE, DOPG or
cardiolipin added to liposomes made of DOPC; with e.g. 5% DOPG, we observed an
almost 50% decrease in the ATP synthesis rate. However, upon increasing the average
distance between the proton pumps and ATP synthases, the ATP synthesis rate dropped
and the lipid dependence of this activity vanished. The data indicate that protons
are transferred along the membrane, between cytochrome bo3 and the
ATP synthase, but only at sufficiently high protein densities. We also argue that
the local protein density may be modulated by lipid-dependent changes in
interactions between the two proteins complexes, which points to a mechanism by
which the cell may regulate the overall activity of the respiratory chain.
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23
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von Ballmoos C, Biner O, Nilsson T, Brzezinski P. Mimicking respiratory phosphorylation using purified enzymes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1857:321-31. [PMID: 26707617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation is a striking example of the functional association of multiple enzyme complexes, working together to form ATP from cellular reducing equivalents. These complexes, such as cytochrome c oxidase or the ATP synthase, are typically investigated individually and therefore, their functional interplay is not well understood. Here, we present methodology that allows the co-reconstitution of purified terminal oxidases and ATP synthases in synthetic liposomes. The enzymes are functionally coupled via proton translocation where upon addition of reducing equivalents the oxidase creates and maintains a transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient that energizes the synthesis of ATP by the F1F0 ATP synthase. The method has been tested with the ATP synthases from Escherichia coli and spinach chloroplasts, and with the quinol and cytochrome c oxidases from E. coli and Rhodobacter sphaeroides, respectively. Unlike in experiments with the ATP synthase reconstituted alone, the setup allows in vitro ATP synthesis under steady state conditions, with rates up to 90 ATP×s(-1)×enzyme(-1). We have also used the novel system to study the phenomenon of "mild uncoupling" as observed in mitochondria upon addition of low concentrations of ionophores (e.g. FCCP, SF6847) and the recoupling effect of 6-ketocholestanol. While we could reproduce the described effects, our data with the in vitro system does not support the idea of a direct interaction between a mitochondrial protein and the uncoupling agents as proposed earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph von Ballmoos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Olivier Biner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Nilsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Brzezinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Lu H, Yuan W, Zhou J, Chong PLG. Glucose Synthesis in a Protein-Based Artificial Photosynthesis System. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:105-17. [PMID: 26170084 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to understand glucose synthesis of a protein-based artificial photosynthesis system affected by operating conditions, including the concentrations of reactants, reaction temperature, and illumination. Results from non-vesicle-based glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) and glucose synthesis showed that the initial concentrations of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lighting source, and temperature significantly affected glucose synthesis. Higher initial concentrations of RuBP and ATP significantly enhanced GAP synthesis, which was linearly correlated to glucose synthesis, confirming the proper functions of all catalyzing enzymes in the system. White fluorescent light inhibited artificial photosynthesis and reduced glucose synthesis by 79.2 % compared to in the dark. The reaction temperature of 40 °C was optimum, whereas lower or higher temperature reduced glucose synthesis. Glucose synthesis in the vesicle-based artificial photosynthesis system reconstituted with bacteriorhodopsin, F 0 F 1 ATP synthase, and polydimethylsiloxane-methyloxazoline-polydimethylsiloxane triblock copolymer was successfully demonstrated. This system efficiently utilized light-induced ATP to drive glucose synthesis, and 5.2 μg ml(-1) glucose was synthesized in 0.78-ml reaction buffer in 7 h. Light-dependent reactions were found to be the bottleneck of the studied artificial photosynthesis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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25
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Wei C, Pohorille A. M2 proton channel: toward a model of a primitive proton pump. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2015; 45:241-8. [PMID: 25777465 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-015-9421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane proton transfer was essential to early cellular systems in order to transduce energy for metabolic functions. The reliable, efficient and controlled generation of proton gradients became possible only with the emergence of active proton pumps. On the basis of features shared by most modern proton pumps we identify the essential mechanistic steps in active proton transport. Further, we discuss the mechanism of action of a small, transmembrane M2 proton channel from influenza A virus as a model for proton transport in protocells. The M2 channel is a 94-residue long, α-helical tetramer that is activated at low pH and exhibits high selectivity and directionality. A shorter construct, built of transmembrane fragments that are only 24 amino acids in length, exhibits very similar proton transport properties. Molecular dynamics simulations on the microsecond time-scale carried out for the M2 channel provided atomic level details on the activation of the channel in response to protonation of the histidine residue, His37. The pathway of proton conduction is mediated by His37, which accepts and donates protons at different interconverting conformation states when pH is lower than 6.5. The Val27 and Trp41 gates and the salt bridge between Asp44 and Arg45 further enhance the directionality of proton transport. It is argued that the architecture and the mechanism of action similar to that found in the M2 channel might have been the perfect starting point for evolution towards the earliest proton pumps, indicating that active proton transport could have readily emerged from simple, passive proton channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wei
- NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 239-4, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
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26
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Rupp S. New bioproduction systems: from molecular circuits to novel reactor concepts in cell-free biotechnology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 137:103-23. [PMID: 23873094 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
: The last decades witnessed a strong growth in several areas of biotechnology, especially in fields related to health, as well as in industrial biotechnology. Advances in molecular engineering now enable biotechnologists to design more efficient pathways in order to convert a larger spectrum of renewable resources into industrially used biofuels and chemicals as well as into new pharmaceuticals and therapeutic proteins. In addition material sciences advanced significantly making it more and more possible to integrate biology and engineering. One of the key questions currently is how to develop new ways of engineering biological systems to cope with the complexity and limitations given by the cell. The options to integrate biology with classical engineering advanced cell free technologies in the recent years significantly. Cell free protein production using cellular extracts is now a well-established universal technology for production of proteins derived from many organisms even at the milligram scale. Among other applications it has the potential to supply the demand for a multitude of enzymes and enzyme variants facilitating in vitro metabolic engineering. This review will briefly address the recent achievements and limitations of cell free conversions. Especially, the requirements for reactor systems in cell free biotechnology, a currently underdeveloped field, are reviewed and some perspectives are given on how material sciences and biotechnology might be able to advance these new developments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Rupp
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany,
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27
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Kapoor V, Wendell D. Engineering bacterial efflux pumps for solar-powered bioremediation of surface waters. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:2189-2193. [PMID: 23581993 DOI: 10.1021/nl400691d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are difficult to selectively remove from surface waters by present treatment methods. Bacterial efflux pumps have evolved the ability to discriminately expel antibiotics and other noxious agents via proton and ATP driven pathways. Here, we describe light-dependent removal of antibiotics by engineering the bacterial efflux pump AcrB into a proteovesicle system. We have created a chimeric protein with the requisite proton motive force by coupling AcrB to the light-driven proton pump Delta-rhodopsin (dR) via a glycophorin A transmembrane domain. This creates a solar powered protein material capable of selectively capturing antibiotics from bulk solutions. Using environmental water and direct sunlight, our AcrB-dR vesicles removed almost twice as much antibiotic as the treatment standard, activated carbon. Altogether, the AcrB-dR system provides an effective means of extracting antibiotics from surface waters as well as potential antibiotic recovery through vesicle solubilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Kapoor
- School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and Medical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, 2901 Woodside Drive, 705 Engineering Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
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28
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Emami S, Fan Y, Munro R, Ladizhansky V, Brown LS. Yeast-expressed human membrane protein aquaporin-1 yields excellent resolution of solid-state MAS NMR spectra. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2013; 55:147-155. [PMID: 23344971 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-013-9710-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in solid-state NMR studies of membrane proteins is to obtain a homogeneous natively folded sample giving high spectral resolution sufficient for structural studies. Eukaryotic membrane proteins are especially difficult and expensive targets in this respect. Methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is a reliable producer of eukaryotic membrane proteins for crystallography and a promising economical source of isotopically labeled proteins for NMR. We show that eukaryotic membrane protein human aquaporin 1 can be doubly ((13)C/(15)N) isotopically labeled in this system and functionally reconstituted into phospholipids, giving excellent resolution of solid-state magic angle spinning NMR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Emami
- Departments of Physics, and Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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29
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Wendell D, Todd J, Montemagno C. Artificial photosynthesis in ranaspumin-2 based foam. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:3231-6. [PMID: 20205454 DOI: 10.1021/nl100550k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We present a cell-free artificial photosynthesis platform that couples the requisite enzymes of the Calvin cycle with a nanoscale photophosphorylation system engineered into a foam architecture using the Tungara frog surfactant protein Ranaspumin-2. This unique protein surfactant allowed lipid vesicles and coupled enzyme activity to be concentrated to the microscale Plateau channels of the foam, directing photoderived chemical energy to the singular purpose of carbon fixation and sugar synthesis, with chemical conversion efficiencies approaching 96%.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wendell
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Engineering Research Center, 2901 Woodside Drive, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
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30
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Xu J, Sigworth FJ, LaVan DA. Synthetic protocells to mimic and test cell function. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:120-7. [PMID: 20217710 PMCID: PMC2845179 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200901945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic protocells provide a new means to probe, mimic and deconstruct cell behavior; they are a powerful tool to quantify cell behavior and a useful platform to explore nanomedicine. Protocells are not simple particles; they mimic cell design and typically consist of a stabilized lipid bilayer with membrane proteins. With a finite number of well characterized components, protocells can be designed to maximize useful outputs. Energy conversion in cells is an intriguing output; many natural cells convert transmembrane ion gradients into electricity by membrane-protein regulated ion transport. Here, a synthetic cell system comprising two droplets separated by a lipid bilayer is described that functions as a biological battery. The factors that affect its electrogenic performance are explained and predicted by coupling equations of the electrodes, transport proteins and membrane behavior. We show that the output of such biological batteries can reach an energy density of 6.9 x 10(6) J m(-3), which is approximately 5% of the volumetric energy density of a lead-acid battery. The configuration with maximum power density has an energy conversion efficiency of 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 (USA)
| | - Fred J. Sigworth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 (USA)
| | - David A. LaVan
- Ceramics Division, Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (USA)
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Literature Alerts. J Microencapsul 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/02652049709056473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Summers DP, Noveron J, Basa RCB. Energy transduction inside of amphiphilic vesicles: encapsulation of photochemically active semiconducting particles. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2009; 39:127-40. [PMID: 19259781 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic bilayer membrane structures (vesicles) have been postulated to have been abiotically formed and spontaneously assemble on the prebiotic Earth, providing compartmentalization for the origin of life. These vesicles are similar to modern cellular membranes and can serve to contain water-soluble species, concentrate species, and have the potential to catalyze reactions. The origin of the use of photochemical energy in metabolism (i.e. energy transduction) is one of the central issues in the origin of life. This includes such questions as how energy transduction may have occurred before complex enzymatic systems, such as required by contemporary photosynthesis, had developed and how simple a photochemical system is possible. It has been postulated that vesicle structures developed the ability to capture and transduce light, providing energy for reactions. It has also been shown that pH gradients across the membrane surface can be photochemically created, but coupling these to drive chemical reactions has been difficult. Colloidal semiconducting mineral particles are known to photochemically drive redox chemistry. We propose that encapsulation of these particles has the potential to provide a source of energy transduction inside vesicles, and thereby drive protocellular chemistry, and represents a model system for early photosynthesis. In our experiments we show that TiO2 particles, in the approximately 20 nm size range, can be incorporated into vesicles and retain their photoactivity through the dehydration/rehydration cycles that have been shown to concentrate species inside a vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Summers
- Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe, SETI Institute, Mountain View, USA.
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Shi L, Ahmed MA, Zhang W, Whited G, Brown LS, Ladizhansky V. Three-Dimensional Solid-State NMR Study of a Seven-Helical Integral Membrane Proton Pump—Structural Insights. J Mol Biol 2009; 386:1078-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The nanoscale is not just the middle ground between molecular and macroscopic but a dimension that is specifically geared to the gathering, processing, and transmission of chemical-based information. Herein we consider the living cell as an integrated self-regulating complex chemical system run principally by nanoscale miniaturization, and propose that this specific level of dimensional constraint is critical for the emergence and sustainability of cellular life in its minimal form. We address key aspects of the structure and function of the cell interface and internal metabolic processing that are coextensive with the up-scaling of molecular components to globular nanoobjects (integral membrane proteins, enzymes, and receptors, etc) and higher-order architectures such as microtubules, ribosomes, and molecular motors. Future developments in nanoscience could provide the basis for artificial life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mann
- Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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Wendell DW, Patti J, Montemagno CD. Using biological inspiration to engineer functional nanostructured materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2006; 2:1324-9. [PMID: 17192981 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200600019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Humans have always looked to nature for design inspiration, and material design on the molecular level is no different. Here we explore how this idea applies to nanoscale biomimicry, specifically examining both recent advances and our own work on engineering lipid and polymer membrane systems with cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Wendell
- UCLA Department of Bioengineering, 20 Westwood Plaza, 7523 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600, USA
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Konno H, Suzuki T, Bald D, Yoshida M, Hisabori T. Significance of the epsilon subunit in the thiol modulation of chloroplast ATP synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 318:17-24. [PMID: 15110747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To understand the regulatory function of the gamma and epsilon subunits of chloroplast ATP synthase in the membrane integrated complex, we constructed a chimeric FoF1 complex of thermophilic bacteria. When a part of the chloroplast F1 gamma subunit was introduced into the bacterial FoF1 complex, the inverted membrane vesicles with this chimeric FoF1 did not exhibit the redox sensitive ATP hydrolysis activity, which is a common property of the chloroplast ATP synthase. However, when the whole part or the C-terminal alpha-helices region of the epsilon subunit was substituted with the corresponding region from CF1-epsilon together with the mutation of gamma, the redox regulation property emerged. In contrast, ATP synthesis activity did not become redox sensitive even if both the regulatory region of CF1-gamma and the entire epsilon subunit from CF1 were introduced. These results provide important features for the regulation of FoF1 by these subunits: (1) the interaction between gamma and epsilon is important for the redox regulation of FoF1 complex by the gamma subunit, and (2) a certain structural matching between these regulatory subunits and the catalytic core of the enzyme must be required to confer the complete redox regulation mechanism to the bacterial FoF1. In addition, a structural requirement for the redox regulation of ATP hydrolysis activity might be different from that for the ATP synthesis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Konno
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Rigaud
- Institut Curie, UMR-CNRS 168 and LRC-CEA 34V, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris, France
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Hazard A, Montemagno C. Improved purification for thermophilic F1F0 ATP synthase using n-dodecyl beta-D-maltoside. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 407:117-24. [PMID: 12392721 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a fast, simple purification for thermophilic F1F0 ATP synthase (TF1F0) that utilizes a cocktail of stabilizing reagents and the detergent n-dodecyl beta-D-maltoside to yield enzyme with an ATPase activity of 41 micromol/min/mg, 2.5-fold higher than that previously reported. ATPase activity was 80% inhibited by the F0-reactive reagent dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, indicating that F1-F0 interactions were largely intact. To measure ATP-driven proton pumping activity, purified TF1F0 was incorporated into liposomes, and the ATP-induced change in internal pH was measured using the fluorescent probe pyranine. In the presence of valinomycin, a maximum ATP-driven deltapH of 0.8 units was obtained. To measure ATP synthesis activity, TF1F0 was incorporated into liposomes with the light-dependent proton pump bacteriorhodopsin. Proteoliposomes were illuminated to generate an electrochemical gradient, after which ADP and inorganic phosphate were added to initiate ATP synthesis. A steady state ATP synthesis activity of 490 nmol/min/mg was achieved after an initial approximately 30-min lag phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hazard
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Rigaud JL. Membrane proteins: functional and structural studies using reconstituted proteoliposomes and 2-D crystals. Braz J Med Biol Res 2002; 35:753-66. [PMID: 12131914 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2002000700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstitution of membrane proteins into lipid bilayers is a powerful tool to analyze functional as well as structural areas of membrane protein research. First, the proper incorporation of a purified membrane protein into closed lipid vesicles, to produce proteoliposomes, allows the investigation of transport and/or catalytic properties of any membrane protein without interference by other membrane components. Second, the incorporation of a large amount of membrane proteins into lipid bilayers to grow crystals confined to two dimensions has recently opened a new way to solve their structure at high resolution using electron crystallography. However, reconstitution of membrane proteins into functional proteoliposomes or 2-D crystallization has been an empirical domain, which has been viewed for a long time more like "black magic" than science. Nevertheless, in the last ten years, important progress has been made in acquiring knowledge of lipid-protein-detergent interactions and has permitted to build upon a set of basic principles that has limited the empirical approach of reconstitution experiments. Reconstitution strategies have been improved and new strategies have been developed, facilitating the success rate of proteoliposome formation and 2-D crystallization. This review deals with the various strategies available to obtain proteoliposomes and 2-D crystals from detergent-solubilized proteins. It gives an overview of the methods that have been applied, which may be of help for reconstituting more proteins into lipid bilayers in a form suitable for functional studies at the molecular level and for high-resolution structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Rigaud
- Institut Curie, UMR-CNRS 168 and LRC-CEA 8, Paris, France.
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41
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Abstract
A variety of techniques can now be used to alter the genome of a cell. Although these techniques are very powerful, they have limitations related to cost and efficiency of scale. Artificial cells designed for specific applications combine properties of biological systems such as nanoscale efficiency, self-organization and adaptability at relatively low cost. Individual components needed for such structures have already been developed, and now the main challenge is to integrate them in functional microscopic compartments. It will then become possible to design and construct communities of artificial cells that can perform different tasks related to therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pohorille
- Exobiology Branch, NASA-Ames Research Center, MS 239-4, 94035, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Recent progress in understanding the molecular structures and mechanisms of action of proton pumps has paved the way to their novel applications in biotechnology. Proton pumps, bacteriorhodopsin and ATP synthases in particular, are capable of continuous, renewable conversion of light to chemical, mechanical or electrical energy, which can be used in macro- or nano-scale devices. The capability of protein systems incorporated into liposomes to generate ATP, which can be used to drive chemical reactions and to act as molecular motors has been already demonstrated. Other possible applications of such biochemical devices include targeted drug delivery and biocatalytic reactors. All these devices might prove superior to their inorganic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Lanyi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4560, USA
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43
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Yokoyama K, Ohkuma S, Taguchi H, Yasunaga T, Wakabayashi T, Yoshida M. V-Type H+-ATPase/synthase from a thermophilic eubacterium, Thermus thermophilus. Subunit structure and operon. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:13955-61. [PMID: 10788522 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.18.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
V-type ATPase (V(o)V(1)) capable of ATP-driven H(+) pumping and of H(+) gradient driven ATP synthesis was isolated from a thermophilic eubacterium, Thermus thermophilus. When the enzyme was analyzed by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, it showed eight polypeptide bands of which four were subunits of V(1). We also isolated the V(o)V(1) operon, containing nine genes in the order of atpG-I-L-E-X-F-A-B-D, which encoded proteins with molecular sizes of 13, 43, 10, 20, 35, 11, 64, 53, and 25 kDa, respectively. The last four genes were identified as those for V(1) subunits; atpA, B, D, and F encoded the A, B, gamma, and delta subunits, respectively. The first five genes, atpG-atpX, were identified as genes for the V(o) subunits. The product of atpL, the proteolipid subunit, lacked a 19-amino acid presequence and, unlike V-type ATPases, contained two membrane-spanning domains rather than four. The hydrophobic 43-kDa product of atpI is the smallest member so far found of the eukaryotic 100-kDa subunit family. Its electrophoretic band overlapped with the band of the A subunit. Therefore, all the gene products were found in our purified V(o)V(1). We isolated the A(3)B(3) subcomplex reconstituted from the isolated subunits and the A(3)B(3)gamma subcomplex from subunit-expressing Escherichia coli. Electron microscopic observation of these subcomplexes revealed that the gamma subunit of V(1) filled the central cavity of A(3)B(3) and might be central subunit, similar to the gamma subunit of F(1)-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan. yokoken
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44
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Bald D, Muneyuki E, Amano T, Kruip J, Hisabori T, Yoshida M. The noncatalytic site-deficient alpha3beta3gamma subcomplex and FoF1-ATP synthase can continuously catalyse ATP hydrolysis when Pi is present. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 262:563-8. [PMID: 10336643 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated ATP hydrolysis by a mutant (DeltaNC) alpha3beta3gamma subcomplex of F0F1-ATP synthase from the thermophilic Bacillus PS3 that is defective in the noncatalytic nucleotide binding sites. This mutant subcomplex was activated by inorganic phosphate ions (Pi) and did not show continuous ATP hydrolysis activity in the absence of Pi. Pi also activated the wild-type alpha3beta3gamma subcomplex in a similar manner. Sulphate activated wild-type alpha3beta3gamma but not DeltaNC alpha3beta3gamma, indicating that Pi activation did not involve noncatalytic sites but that sulphate activation did. Pi also activated ATP hydrolysis and coupled proton translocation by the wild-type and DeltaNC F0F1-ATP synthases reconstituted into vesicle membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bald
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Research Laboratory for Resources Utilization, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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45
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Salvador JM, Inesi G, Rigaud JL, Mata AM. Ca2+ transport by reconstituted synaptosomal ATPase is associated with H+ countertransport and net charge displacement. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:18230-4. [PMID: 9660785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.29.18230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The synaptosomal plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) purified from pig brain was reconstituted with liposomes prepared by reverse phase evaporation at a lipid to protein ratio of 150/1 (w/w). ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake and H+ ejection by the reconstituted proteoliposomes were demonstrated by following light absorption and fluorescence changes undergone by arsenazo III and 8-hydroxy-1,3, 6-pyrene trisulfonate, respectively. Ca2+ uptake was increased up to 2-3-fold by the H+ ionophore carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, consistent with relief of an inhibitory transmembrane pH gradient (i.e. lumenal alkalinization) generated by H+ countertransport. The stoichiometric ratio of Ca2+/H+ countertransport was 1.0/0.6, and the ATP/Ca2+ coupling stoichiometry was 1/1 at 25 degrees C. The electrogenic character of the Ca2+/H+ countertransport was demonstrated by measuring light absorption changes undergone by oxonol VI. It was shown that a 20 mV steady state potential (positive on the lumenal side) was formed as a consequence of net charge transfer associated with the 1/1 Ca2+/H+ countertransport. Calmodulin stimulated ATPase activity, Ca2+ uptake, and H+ ejection, demonstrating that these parameters are linked by the same mechanism of PMCA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Salvador
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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Lambert O, Levy D, Ranck JL, Leblanc G, Rigaud JL. A new "gel-like" phase in dodecyl maltoside-lipid mixtures: implications in solubilization and reconstitution studies. Biophys J 1998; 74:918-30. [PMID: 9533703 PMCID: PMC1302571 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(98)74015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of dodecyl maltoside with lipids was investigated through the studies of solubilization and reconstitution processes. The solubilization of large unilamellar liposomes was analyzed through changes in turbidity and cryo-transmission electron microscopy. Solubilization was well described by the three-stage model previously reported for other detergents, and the critical detergent/phospholipid ratios at which lamellar-to-micellar transition occurred (Rsat = 1 mol/mol) and finished (Rsol = 1.6 mol/mol) were determined. The vesicle-micelle transition was further observed in the vitrified hydrated state by cryo-transmission electron microscopy. A striking feature of the solubilization process by dodecyl maltoside was the discovery of a new phase consisting of a very viscous "gel-like" sample. It is shown that this equilibrium cohesive phase is composed of long filamentous thread-like micelles, over microns in length. Similar structures were observed upon solubilization of sonicated liposomes, multilamellar liposomes, or biological Ca2+ ATPase membranes. This "gel-like" phase was also visualized during the process of liposome reconstitution after detergent removal from lipid-dodecyl maltoside micelles. The rate of detergent removal, controlled through the use of SM2 Bio-Beads, was demonstrated to drastically influence the morphology of reconstituted liposomes with a propensity for multilamellar liposome formation upon slow transition through the "gel-like" phase. Finally, on the basis of these observations, the mechanisms of dodecyl maltoside-mediated reconstitution of bacteriorhodopsin were analyzed, and optimal conditions for reconstitution were defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lambert
- Institut Curie, Section de Recherche, UMR-CNRS168 and LCR-CEA 8, Paris, France
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47
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Bald D, Amano T, Muneyuki E, Pitard B, Rigaud JL, Kruip J, Hisabori T, Yoshida M, Shibata M. ATP synthesis by F0F1-ATP synthase independent of noncatalytic nucleotide binding sites and insensitive to azide inhibition. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:865-70. [PMID: 9422743 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.2.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP hydrolyzing activity of a mutant alpha3beta3gamma subcomplex of F0F1-ATP synthase (DeltaNC) from the thermophilic Bacillus PS3, which lacked noncatalytic nucleotide binding sites, was inactivated completely soon after starting the reaction (Matsui, T., Muneyuki, E. , Honda, M., Allison, W. S., Dou, C., and Yoshida, M. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 8215-8221). This inactivation is caused by rapid accumulation of the "MgADP inhibited form" which, in the case of wild-type enzyme, would be relieved by ATP binding to noncatalytic sites. We reconstituted F0F1-ATP synthase into liposomes together with bacteriorhodopsin and measured illumination-driven ATP synthesis. Remarkably, DeltaNC F0F1-ATP synthase catalyzed continuous turnover of ATP synthesis while it could not promote ATP-driven proton translocation. ATP synthesis by DeltaNC F0F1-ATP synthase, as well as wild-type enzyme, proceeded even in the presence of azide, an inhibitor of ATP hydrolysis that stabilizes the MgADP inhibited form. The time course of ATP synthesis by DeltaNC F0F1-ATP synthase was linear, and gradual acceleration to the maximal rate, which was observed for the wild-type enzyme, was not seen. Thus, ATP synthesis can proceed without nucleotide binding to noncatalytic sites even though the rate is sub-maximal. These results indicate that the MgADP inhibited form is not produced in ATP synthesis reaction, and in this regard, ATP synthesis may not be a simple reversal of ATP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bald
- Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226, Japan
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48
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Angrand M, Briolay A, Ronzon F, Roux B. Detergent-mediated reconstitution of a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-protein into liposomes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 250:168-76. [PMID: 9432006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-1-00168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A three-step detergent-mediated reconstitution has been applied to the incorporation of a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-protein into liposomes. The protein studied was alkaline phosphatase from bovine intestine. Liposomes prepared by dialysis were treated with various amounts of two detergents, either n-octyl beta-D-glucoside or Triton X-100. At different steps of the solubilization process, protein was added and the detergent was removed by hydrophobic resins. The most efficient reconstitutions were obtained with an octyl glucoside concentration corresponding to the onset of liposome solubilization and with a Triton X-100 concentration leading to partial solubilization of the liposomes. The involvement of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor in alkaline phosphatase reconstitution was demonstrated by the inability of phosphoinositol-specific phospholipase-C-hydrolysed alkaline phosphatase to incorporate into liposomes. Between 70-85% of the protein associated with liposomes were anchored in the outer leaflet of the bilayer, oriented towards the outside of the liposome. The remainder was trapped within the lumen of the liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angrand
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Biologique, UPRESA CNRS 5013, UCB-Lyon I, France
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49
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Lacapère JJ, Stokes DL, Mosser G, Ranck JL, Leblanc G, Rigaud JL. Two-dimensional crystal formation from solubilized membrane proteins using Bio-Beads to remove detergent. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 834:9-18. [PMID: 9432924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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50
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Knowles AF, Penefsky HS. Reconstitution of beef heart mitochondrial F0F1 in reverse phase evaporation vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1329:311-20. [PMID: 9371423 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(97)00123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Beef heart mitochondrial F0F1 was reconstituted in proteoliposomes by a new procedure. MF0F1 was inserted in preformed reverse phase evaporation vesicles of large diameters prepared from asolectin (MF0F1-REV). Reconstitution was mediated by Triton X-100, which was subsequently removed by treatment with Bio-Beads. Parameters which resulted in optimal reconstitution were described. The MF0F1-REV proteoliposomes catalyzed an exchange between Pi and ATP and were capable of proton pumping. Both reactions were inhibited by oligomycin and uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. The range of Pi-ATP exchange activity of the proteoliposomes (70-110 nmol min[-1] mg[-1]) compared favorably with activities obtained in vesicles reconstituted by cholate dialysis or cholate dilution. The most important aspect of this method is that, unlike other reconstitution methods, exogenous F1 and other coupling factors are not required to obtain high Pi-ATP exchange activity by MF0F1-REV. This simple and rapid reconstitution procedure should be useful for future studies dealing with functional analysis of MF0F1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Knowles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Health Science Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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