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Anti- Trypanosoma cruzi Properties of Sesquiterpene Lactones Isolated from Stevia spp.: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020647. [PMID: 36839969 PMCID: PMC9961625 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stevia species (Asteraceae) have been a rich source of terpenoid compounds, mainly sesquiterpene lactones, several of which show antiprotozoal activity. In the search for new trypanocidal compounds, S. satureiifolia var. satureiifolia and S. alpina were studied. Two sesquiterpene lactones, santhemoidin C and 2-oxo-8-deoxyligustrin, respectively, were isolated. These compounds were assessed in vitro against Trypanosoma cruzi stages, showing IC50 values of 11.80 and 4.98 on epimastigotes, 56.08 and 26.19 on trypomastigotes and 4.88 and 20.20 µM on amastigotes, respectively. Cytotoxicity was evaluated on Vero cells by the MTT assay. The effect of the compounds on trypanothyone reductase (TcTR), Trans-sialidase (TcTS) and the prolyl oligopeptidase of 80 kDa (Tc80) as potential molecular targets of T. cruzi was investigated. Santhemoidin C inhibited oligopeptidase activity when tested against recombinant Tc80 using a fluorometric assay, reaching an IC50 of 34.9 µM. Molecular docking was performed to study the interaction between santhemoidin C and the Tc80 protein, reaching high docking energy levels. Plasma membrane shedding and cytoplasmic vacuoles, resembling autophagosomes, were detected by transmission microscopy in parasites treated with santhemoidin C. Based on these results, santhemoidin C represents a promising candidate for further studies in the search for new molecules for the development of trypanocidal drugs.
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Kumar A, Chauhan N, Singh S. Understanding the Cross-Talk of Redox Metabolism and Fe-S Cluster Biogenesis in Leishmania Through Systems Biology Approach. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:15. [PMID: 30778378 PMCID: PMC6369582 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites possess an exceptional oxidant and chemical defense mechanism, involving a very unique small molecular weight thiol, trypanothione (T[SH]2), that helps the parasite to manage its survival inside the host macrophage. The reduced state of T[SH]2 is maintained by NADPH-dependent trypanothione reductase (TryR) by recycling trypanothione disulfide (TS2). Along with its most important role as central reductant, T[SH]2 have also been assumed to regulate the activation of iron-sulfur cluster proteins (Fe/S). Fe/S clusters are versatile cofactors of various proteins and execute a much broader range of essential biological processes viz., TCA cycle, redox homeostasis, etc. Although, several Fe/S cluster proteins and their roles have been identified in Leishmania, some of the components of how T[SH]2 is involved in the regulation of Fe/S proteins remains to be explored. In pursuit of this aim, a systems biology approach was undertaken to get an insight into the overall picture to unravel how T[SH]2 synthesis and reduction is linked with the regulation of Fe/S cluster proteins and controls the redox homeostasis at a larger scale. In the current study, we constructed an in silico kinetic model of T[SH]2 metabolism. T[SH]2 reduction reaction was introduced with a perturbation in the form of its inhibition to predict the overall behavior of the model. The main control of reaction fluxes were exerted by TryR reaction rate that affected almost all the important reactions in the model. It was observed that the model was more sensitive to the perturbation introduced in TryR reaction, 5 to 6-fold. Furthermore, due to inhibition, the T[SH]2 synthesis rate was observed to be gradually decreased by 8 to 14-fold. This has also caused an elevated level of free radicals which apparently affected the activation of Fe/S cluster proteins. The present kinetic model has demonstrated the importance of T[SH]2 in leishmanial cellular redox metabolism. Hence, we suggest that, by designing highly potent and specific inhibitors of TryR enzyme, inhibition of T[SH]2 reduction and overall inhibition of most of the downstream pathways including Fe/S protein activation reactions, can be accomplished.
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Khan MOF. Trypanothione Reductase: A Viable Chemotherapeutic Target for Antitrypanosomal and Antileishmanial Drug Design. Drug Target Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117739280700200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Omar F. Khan
- College of Pharmacy, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096, U.S.A
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Antoniou AI, Pepe DA, Aiello D, Siciliano C, Athanassopoulos CM. Chemoselective Protection of Glutathione in the Preparation of Bioconjugates: The Case of Trypanothione Disulfide. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4353-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia I. Antoniou
- Synthetic
Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Dionissia A. Pepe
- Synthetic
Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
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Indazoles: a new top seed structure in the search of efficient drugs against Trypanosoma cruzi. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1843-59. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For years, Chagas disease treatment has been limited to only two drugs of highly questionable and controversial use (Nifurtimox® and Benznidazole®). In the search of effective drugs, many efforts have been made, but only a few structures have emerged as actual candidates. Heading into this, the multitarget-directed approach appears as the best choice. In this framework, indazoles were shown to be potent Trypanosoma cruzi growth inhibitors, being able to lead both the formation of reactive oxygen species and the inhibition of trypanothione reductase. Herein, we discuss the main structural factors that rule the anti-T. cruzi properties of indazoles, and how they would be involved in the biological properties as well as in the action mechanisms, attempting to make parallels between the old paradigms and current evidences in order to outline what could be the next steps to follow in regard to the future drug design for Chagas disease treatment.
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da Rocha Pita SS, Albuquerque MG, Rodrigues CR, Castro HC, Hopfinger AJ. Receptor-dependent 4D-QSAR analysis of peptidemimetic inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi trypanothione reductase with receptor-based alignment. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 79:740-8. [PMID: 22269140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-dependent four-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (RD-4D-QSAR) studies were applied on a series of 21 peptides reversible inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi trypanothione reductase (TR) (Amino Acids, 20, 2001, 145). The RD-4D-QSAR (J Chem Inform Comp Sci, 43, 2003, 1591) approach can evaluate multiple conformations from molecular dynamics simulation and several superposition structure alignments inside a box composed by unitary cubic cells. The descriptors are the occupancy frequency of the atoms types inside the grid cells. We could develop 3D-QSAR models that were highly predictive (q(2) above 0.71). The 3D-QSAR models can be visualized as a spatial map of atom types that are important on the comprehension of the ligand-enzyme interaction mechanism, pointing main pharmacophoric groups and TR subsites described in the literature. We were able also to identify some TR subsites for further development in the drug discovery process against tropical diseases not yet studied.
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Trypanothione reductase high-throughput screening campaign identifies novel classes of inhibitors with antiparasitic activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2824-33. [PMID: 19364854 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01568-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening of 100,000 lead-like compounds led to the identification of nine novel chemical classes of trypanothione reductase (TR) inhibitors worthy of further investigation. Hits from five of these chemical classes have been developed further through different combinations of preliminary structure-activity relationship rate probing and assessment of antiparasitic activity, cytotoxicity, and chemical and in vitro metabolic properties. This has led to the identification of novel TR inhibitor chemotypes that are drug-like and display antiparasitic activity. For one class, a series of analogues have displayed a correlation between TR inhibition and antiparasitic activity. This paper explores the process of identifying, investigating, and evaluating a series of hits from a high-throughput screening campaign.
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Holloway GA, Baell JB, Fairlamb AH, Novello PM, Parisot JP, Richardson J, Watson KG, Street IP. Discovery of 2-iminobenzimidazoles as a new class of trypanothione reductase inhibitor by high-throughput screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1422-7. [PMID: 17194585 PMCID: PMC3428904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput screening campaign of a library of 100,000 lead-like compounds identified 2-iminobenzimidazoles as a novel class of trypanothione reductase inhibitors. These 2-iminobenzimidazoles display potent trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, do not inhibit closely related human glutathione reductase and have low cytotoxicity against mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina A. Holloway
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Biotechnology Centre, 4 Research Avenue, La Trobe Research and Development Park, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia
| | - Jonathan B. Baell
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Biotechnology Centre, 4 Research Avenue, La Trobe Research and Development Park, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Patrizia M. Novello
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Biotechnology Centre, 4 Research Avenue, La Trobe Research and Development Park, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia
| | - John P. Parisot
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Biotechnology Centre, 4 Research Avenue, La Trobe Research and Development Park, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia
| | - John Richardson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Keith G. Watson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Biotechnology Centre, 4 Research Avenue, La Trobe Research and Development Park, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia
| | - Ian P. Street
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Biotechnology Centre, 4 Research Avenue, La Trobe Research and Development Park, Bundoora, Vic. 3086, Australia
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Hamilton CJ, Saravanamuthu A, Eggleston IM, Fairlamb AH. Ellman's-reagent-mediated regeneration of trypanothione in situ: substrate-economical microplate and time-dependent inhibition assays for trypanothione reductase. Biochem J 2003; 369:529-37. [PMID: 12416994 PMCID: PMC1223126 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2002] [Revised: 10/17/2002] [Accepted: 11/05/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanothione reductase (TryR) is a key enzyme involved in the oxidative stress management of the Trypanosoma and Leishmania parasites, which helps to maintain an intracellular reducing environment by reduction of the small-molecular-mass disulphide trypanothione (T[S](2)) to its di-thiol derivative dihydrotrypanothione (T[SH](2)). TryR inhibition studies are currently impaired by the prohibitive costs of the native enzyme substrate T[S](2). Such costs are particularly notable in time-dependent and high-throughput inhibition assays. In the present study we report a protocol that greatly decreases the substrate quantities needed for such assays. This is achieved by coupling the assay with the chemical oxidant 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), which can rapidly re-oxidize the T[SH](2) product back into the disulphide substrate T[S](2), thereby maintaining constant substrate concentrations and avoiding deviations from rate linearity due to substrate depletion. This has enabled the development of a continuous microplate assay for both classical and time-dependent TryR inhibition in which linear reaction rates can be maintained for 60 min or more using minimal substrate concentrations (<1 microM, compared with a substrate K (m) value of 30 microM) that would normally be completely consumed within seconds. In this manner, substrate requirements are decreased by orders of magnitude. The characterization of a novel time-dependent inhibitor, cis -3-oxo-8,9b-bis-(N(1)-acrylamidospermidyl)-1,2,3,4,4a,9b-hexahydrobenzofuran (PK43), is also described using these procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Hamilton
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Carnelley Building, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
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Paulino M, Iribarne F, Hansz M, Vega M, Seoane G, Cerecetto H, Di Maio R, Caracelli I, Zukerman-Schpector J, Olea C, Stoppani AO, Berriman M, Fairlamb AH, Tapia O. Computer assisted design of potentially active anti-trypanosomal compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(02)00009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Smith HK, Bradley M. Comparison of resin and solution screening methodologies in combinatorial chemistry and the identification of a 100 nM inhibitor of trypanothione reductase. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 1999; 1:326-32. [PMID: 10748738 DOI: 10.1021/cc990013c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two identical polyamine peptide conjugate libraries were screened against the parasitic enzyme trypanothione reductase. One of these libraries was in a solution format, while the other was resin-based and was used in two resin-based screens (a diminution assay and a direct bead screening). Potent inhibitors (100 nM) of trypanothione reductase were identified both in the solution screen and in the resin-based screens when using the PEGA resin of Meldal. Resin screening of both types failed to work with TentaGel resin. Importantly there was excellent agreement between the solution and resin-based assays, suggesting both methods are reliable for the screening of combinatorial libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, U.K
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13
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Inhibition of the tissue factor/factor VIIa complex — Lead optimisation using combinatorial chemistry. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Davioud-Charvet E, Becker K, Landry V, Gromer S, Logé C, Sergheraert C. Synthesis of 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzamides) as alternative substrates for trypanothione reductase and thioredoxin reductase: a microtiter colorimetric assay for inhibitor screening. Anal Biochem 1999; 268:1-8. [PMID: 10036154 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanothione reductases (TR; EC 1.6.4.8) and thioredoxin reductases (TrxR; EC 1.6.4.5.) are enzymes central to cellular thiol metabolism. Trypanosoma cruzi TR (TcTR) is therefore considered as a potential candidate for drug design against trypanosomiasis. Inhibition of human TrxR (hTrxR) is likely to be beneficial in psoriasis, cancer, and autoimmune diseases, while inhibition of a putative TrxR from Plasmodium falciparum (PfTrxR) might prove effective against malaria. The natural substrates of the first two enzymes are very expensive and difficult to obtain; in the case of PfTrxR, the physiological substrate has not yet been identified. We have therefore synthesized and tested three different 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzamides) as alternative substrates of the above enzymes. As with 5, 5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB), which can be reduced by TRs and TrxRs, the new compounds are converted to their corresponding chromophoric thiolates; however, they have much lower Km values and are therefore less likely to interfere with inhibitor testing. Using the new substrates, a novel enzyme assay has been developed which is identical for all three enzymes, can be performed in a microtiter plate, and is amenable to automation. Thus, the assay provides a versatile and inexpensive tool for kinetic studies and high-throughput inhibitor screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Davioud-Charvet
- Institut de Biologie de Lille-Institut Pasteur de Lille, URA CNRS 1309, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, Lille Cedex, 59021, France.
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Page P, Burrage S, Baldock L, Bradley M. The synthesis of symmetrical spermine conjugates using solid-phase chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1751-6. [PMID: 9873428 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The utility of spermine, selectively functionalised and immobilised on a solid support by means of the Wang "oxycarbonyl" linker is demonstrated by the solid-phase synthesis of a number of spermine conjugates including the natural product and potent antihypertensive agent kukoamine. The synthesis opens up the area of solid-phase spermine chemistry and library generation based on the symmetrical spermine scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, UK
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Marsh IR, Bradley M. Solid phase synthesis of polyamine conjugates for the study of trypanothione reductase. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)10156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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