1
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MacLean LM, Ariyanayagam M, Sastry L, Paterson C, De Rycker M, Fairlamb AH. Validation of Trypanosoma cruzi inactivation techniques for laboratory use. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300021. [PMID: 38635818 PMCID: PMC11025933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is the causative agent of Chagas' disease, a parasitic infection responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in Latin America. The current treatments have many serious drawbacks and new drugs are urgently required. In the UK, T. cruzi is classified by the Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) as a Hazard Group 3 organism and strict safety practices must be adhered to when handling this pathogen in the laboratory. Validated inactivation techniques are required for safe T. cruzi waste disposal and removal from Containment Level 3 (CL3) facilities for storage, transportation and experimental analysis. Here we assess three T. cruzi. inactivation methods. These include three freeze-thaw cycles, chemical inactivation with Virkon disinfectant, and air drying on Whatman FTA cards (A, B, C, Elute) and on a Mitra microsampling device. After each treatment parasite growth was monitored for 4-6 weeks by microscopic examination. Three freeze-thaw cycles were sufficient to inactivate all T. cruzi CLBrener Luc life cycle stages and Silvio x10/7 A1 large epimastigote cell pellets up to two grams wet weight. Virkon treatment for one hour inactivated T. cruzi Silvio x10/7 subclone A1 and CLBrener Luc both in whole blood and cell culture medium when incubated at a final concentration of 2.5% Virkon, or at ≥1% Virkon when in tenfold excess of sample volume. Air drying also inactivated T. cruzi CLBrener Luc spiked blood when dried on FTA A, B or Elute cards for ≥30 minutes and on a Mitra Microsampler for two hours. However, T. cruzi CLBrener Luc were not inactivated on FTA C cards when dried for up to two hours. These experimentally confirmed conditions provide three validated T. cruzi inactivation methods which can be applied to other related ACDP Hazard Group 2-3 kinetoplastid parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna M. MacLean
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Ariyanayagam
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Lalitha Sastry
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Christy Paterson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Manu De Rycker
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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2
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Wyllie S, Thomas M, Patterson S, Crouch S, De Rycker M, Lowe R, Gresham S, Urbaniak MD, Otto TD, Stojanovski L, Simeons FRC, Manthri S, MacLean LM, Zuccotto F, Homeyer N, Pflaumer H, Boesche M, Sastry L, Connolly P, Albrecht S, Berriman M, Drewes G, Gray DW, Ghidelli-Disse S, Dixon S, Fiandor JM, Wyatt PG, Ferguson MAJ, Fairlamb AH, Miles TJ, Read KD, Gilbert IH. Author Correction: Cyclin-dependent kinase 12 is a drug target for visceral leishmaniasis. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06364-2. [PMID: 37402863 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wyllie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Michael Thomas
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Stephen Patterson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Manu De Rycker
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Rhiannon Lowe
- David Jack Centre for R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, UK
| | | | - Michael D Urbaniak
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Centre of Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Frederick R C Simeons
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Sujatha Manthri
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lorna M MacLean
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nadine Homeyer
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Hannah Pflaumer
- Cellzome GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Boesche
- Cellzome GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lalitha Sastry
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Paul Connolly
- GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, UK
| | - Sebastian Albrecht
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Gerard Drewes
- Cellzome GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David W Gray
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Susan Dixon
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Stockley Park West, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | - Paul G Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Michael A J Ferguson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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3
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Fairlamb AH, Wyllie S. The critical role of mode of action studies in kinetoplastid drug discovery. Front Drug Discov (Lausanne) 2023; 3:fddsv.2023.1185679. [PMID: 37600222 PMCID: PMC7614965 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2023.1185679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the target and mode of action of compounds identified by phenotypic screening can greatly facilitate the process of drug discovery and development. Here, we outline the tools currently available for target identification against the neglected tropical diseases, human African trypanosomiasis, visceral leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease. We provide examples how these tools can be used to identify and triage undesirable mechanisms, to identify potential toxic liabilities in patients and to manage a balanced portfolio of target-based campaigns. We review the primary targets of drugs that are currently in clinical development that were initially identified via phenotypic screening, and whose modes of action affect protein turnover, RNA trans-splicing or signalling in these protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan H. Fairlamb
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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4
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Pacheco JDS, Costa DDS, Cunha-Júnior EF, Andrade-Neto VV, Fairlamb AH, Wyllie S, Goulart MOF, Santos DC, Silva TL, Alves MA, Costa PRR, Dias AG, Torres-Santos EC. Monocyclic Nitro-heteroaryl Nitrones with Dual Mechanism of Activation: Synthesis and Antileishmanial Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1405-1412. [PMID: 34531949 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Nitro-furan nitrones (1) and 5-nitro-thiophene nitrones (2) were synthesized in one step. Compounds 1a-c had the most potent leishmanicidal activity against intracellular amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis and L. infantum (from 0.019 to 2.76 μM), with excellent selectivity (from 39 to 5673). The comparison of the leishmanicidal activity in promastigotes of wild type L. donovani with those overexpressing nitroreductases NRT1 or NRT2 shows that 1a,b are activated by both, which could slow the development of resistance. Their redox potential (E redox) obtained by cyclic voltammetry (-0.67 and -0.62 V) shows that the reduction of the nitro group is modulated by the nitrone group. Oral administration of 1b to mice infected by L. infantum reduced the parasite load on the spleen by 76.6 and 95.0% with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively, administered twice a day, for 5 days. In the liver, the parasite load suppression was above 75% with either treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana da Silva Pacheco
- FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Débora de Souza Costa
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Valter Viana Andrade-Neto
- FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wyllie
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Marília O. F. Goulart
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Danyelle C. Santos
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Thaissa L. Silva
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Núcleo de Ciências Exatas, Campus de Arapiraca, Arapiraca, AL, Brazil
| | - Marina A. Alves
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. R. Costa
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ayres G. Dias
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia e Ciências, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Caio Torres-Santos
- FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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5
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Abstract
A unique experiment in bringing academic and industrial scientists together to tackle endemic infectious diseases has proved a success. The Tres Cantos Open Lab Foundation, guided and advised by independent experts, funds extended stays of academics at the campus of a pharmaceutical company, where they access the firm's resources in partnership with company scientists. Progress in tackling tuberculosis, protozoal infections, and enteric bacterial diseases has sustained the decade-long evolution of the model, whose distinctive features complement other public-private partnerships with similar goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Calderón
- Global Health Pharma Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Mike Strange
- Global Health Pharma Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.,Global Health Pharma Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, London, UK
| | - Pauline Williams
- Global Health Pharma Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.,Global Health Pharma Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, London, UK
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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6
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Paradela LS, Wall RJ, Carvalho S, Chemi G, Corpas-Lopez V, Moynihan E, Bello D, Patterson S, Güther MLS, Fairlamb AH, Ferguson MAJ, Zuccotto F, Martin J, Gilbert IH, Wyllie S. Multiple unbiased approaches identify oxidosqualene cyclase as the molecular target of a promising anti-leishmanial. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:711-721.e8. [PMID: 33691122 PMCID: PMC8153249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic screening identified a benzothiophene compound with activity against Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Using multiple orthogonal approaches, oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), a key enzyme of sterol biosynthesis, was identified as the target of this racemic compound and its enantiomers. Whole genome sequencing and screening of a genome-wide overexpression library confirmed that OSC gene amplification is associated with resistance to compound 1. Introduction of an ectopic copy of the OSC gene into wild-type cells reduced susceptibility to these compounds confirming the role of this enzyme in resistance. Biochemical analyses demonstrated the accumulation of the substrate of OSC and depletion of its product in compound (S)-1-treated-promastigotes and cell-free membrane preparations, respectively. Thermal proteome profiling confirmed that compound (S)-1 binds directly to OSC. Finally, modeling and docking studies identified key interactions between compound (S)-1 and the LdOSC active site. Strategies to improve the potency for this promising anti-leishmanial are proposed. Genetics and chemo-proteomics identify the target of a promising anti-leishmanial Biochemical assays confirm the direct inhibition of oxidosqualene cyclase in cells Docking and modeling studies identify key interactions between compound and target Strategies to improve the potency of this benzothiophene are proposed
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana S Paradela
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Richard J Wall
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Giulia Chemi
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Victoriano Corpas-Lopez
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Eoin Moynihan
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Davide Bello
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Stephen Patterson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Maria Lucia S Güther
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Michael A J Ferguson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Julio Martin
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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7
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Fersing C, Boudot C, Castera-Ducros C, Pinault E, Hutter S, Paoli-Lombardo R, Primas N, Pedron J, Seguy L, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Sournia-Saquet A, Stigliani JL, Brossas JY, Paris L, Valentin A, Wyllie S, Fairlamb AH, Boutet-Robinet É, Corvaisier S, Since M, Malzert-Fréon A, Destere A, Mazier D, Rathelot P, Courtioux B, Azas N, Verhaeghe P, Vanelle P. 8-Alkynyl-3-nitroimidazopyridines display potent antitrypanosomal activity against both T. b. brucei and cruzi. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 202:112558. [PMID: 32652409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An antikinetoplastid pharmacomodulation study was done at position 8 of a previously identified pharmacophore in 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine series. Twenty original derivatives bearing an alkynyl moiety were synthesized via a Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction and tested in vitro, highlighting 3 potent (40 nM ≤ EC50 blood stream form≤ 70 nM) and selective (500 ≤ SI ≤ 1800) anti-T. brucei brucei molecules (19, 21 and 22), in comparison with four reference drugs. Among these hit molecules, compound 19 also showed the same level of activity against T. cruzi (EC50 amastigotes = 1.2 μM) as benznidazole and fexinidazole. An in vitro comet assay showed that nitroaromatic derivative 19 was not genotoxic. It displayed a low redox potential value (-0.68 V/NHE) and was shown to be bioactivated by type 1 nitroreductases both in Leishmania and Trypanosoma. The SAR study indicated that an alcohol function improved aqueous solubility while maintaining good activity and low cytotoxicity when the hydroxyl group was at position beta of the alkyne triple bond. Hit-compound 19 was also evaluated regarding in vitro pharmacokinetic data: 19 is BBB permeable (PAMPA assay), has a 16 min microsomal half-life and a high albumin binding (98.5%). Moreover, compound 19 was orally absorbed and was well tolerated in mouse after both single and repeated administrations at 100 mg/kg. Its mouse plasma half-life (10 h) is also quite encouraging, paving the way toward further efficacy evaluations in parasitized mouse models, looking for a novel antitrypanosomal lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Fersing
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Clotilde Boudot
- Université de Limoges, UMR Inserm 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges, France
| | - Caroline Castera-Ducros
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Emilie Pinault
- Université de Limoges, BISCEm Mass Spectrometry Platform, CBRS, 2 rue du Pr. Descottes, F-87025, Limoges, France
| | - Sébastien Hutter
- Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME, Tropical Eukaryotic Pathogens, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Paoli-Lombardo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Julien Pedron
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Line Seguy
- LCC-CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Yves Brossas
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Luc Paris
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Susan Wyllie
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Élisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Marc Since
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CERMN, 14000, Caen, France
| | | | - Alexandre Destere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacovigilance, CHU Limoges, INSERM, UMR 1248, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Dominique Mazier
- CIMI-Paris, Sorbonne Université 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Rathelot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Université de Limoges, UMR Inserm 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025, Limoges, France
| | - Nadine Azas
- Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME, Tropical Eukaryotic Pathogens, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | | | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CS30064, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
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8
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Torrie LS, Robinson DA, Thomas MG, Hobrath JV, Shepherd SM, Post JM, Ko EJ, Ferreira RA, Mackenzie CJ, Wrobel K, Edwards DP, Gilbert IH, Gray DW, Fairlamb AH, De Rycker M. Discovery of an Allosteric Binding Site in Kinetoplastid Methionyl-tRNA Synthetase. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1044-1057. [PMID: 32275825 PMCID: PMC7294809 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
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Methionyl-tRNA
synthetase (MetRS) is a chemically validated drug target in kinetoplastid
parasites Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania
donovani. To date, all kinetoplastid MetRS inhibitors described
bind in a similar way to an expanded methionine pocket and an adjacent,
auxiliary pocket. In the current study, we have identified a structurally
novel class of inhibitors containing a 4,6-diamino-substituted pyrazolopyrimidine
core (the MetRS02 series). Crystallographic studies revealed that
MetRS02 compounds bind to an allosteric pocket in L. major MetRS not previously described, and enzymatic studies demonstrated
a noncompetitive mode of inhibition. Homology modeling of the Trypanosoma cruzi MetRS enzyme revealed key differences
in the allosteric pocket between the T. cruzi and Leishmania enzymes. These provide a likely explanation for
the lower MetRS02 potencies that we observed for the T. cruzi enzyme compared to the Leishmania enzyme. The identification
of a new series of MetRS inhibitors and the discovery of a new binding
site in kinetoplastid MetRS enzymes provide a novel strategy in the
search for new therapeutics for kinetoplastid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah S. Torrie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - David A. Robinson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Michael G. Thomas
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Judith V. Hobrath
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Sharon M. Shepherd
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - John M. Post
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Eun-Jung Ko
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Rafael Alves Ferreira
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Claire J. Mackenzie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Karolina Wrobel
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Darren P. Edwards
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - David W. Gray
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Manu De Rycker
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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9
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Pedron J, Boudot C, Brossas JY, Pinault E, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Sournia-Saquet A, Boutet-Robinet E, Destere A, Tronnet A, Bergé J, Bonduelle C, Deraeve C, Pratviel G, Stigliani JL, Paris L, Mazier D, Corvaisier S, Since M, Malzert-Fréon A, Wyllie S, Milne R, Fairlamb AH, Valentin A, Courtioux B, Verhaeghe P. New 8-Nitroquinolinone Derivative Displaying Submicromolar in Vitro Activities against Both Trypanosoma brucei and cruzi. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:464-472. [PMID: 32292551 PMCID: PMC7153024 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An antikinetoplastid pharmacomodulation study was conducted at position 6 of the 8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-one pharmacophore. Fifteen new derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in vitro against L. infantum, T. brucei brucei, and T. cruzi, in parallel with a cytotoxicity assay on the human HepG2 cell line. A potent and selective 6-bromo-substituted antitrypanosomal derivative 12 was revealed, presenting EC50 values of 12 and 500 nM on T. b. brucei trypomastigotes and T. cruzi amastigotes respectively, in comparison with four reference drugs (30 nM ≤ EC50 ≤ 13 μM). Moreover, compound 12 was not genotoxic in the comet assay and showed high in vitro microsomal stability (half life >40 min) as well as favorable pharmacokinetic behavior in the mouse after oral administration. Finally, molecule 12 (E° = -0.37 V/NHE) was shown to be bioactivated by type 1 nitroreductases, in both Leishmania and Trypanosoma, and appears to be a good candidate to search for novel antitrypanosomal lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pedron
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Clotilde Boudot
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Yves Brossas
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Emilie Pinault
- Université de Limoges, BISCEm Mass Spectrometry Platform, CBRS, 2 rue du Pr. Descottes, F-87025 Limoges, France
| | | | | | - Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Destere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacovigilance, CHU Limoges, France, INSERM, UMR 1248, University of Limoges, F-87025 Limoges, France
| | - Antoine Tronnet
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Justine Bergé
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Colin Bonduelle
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Deraeve
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Luc Paris
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Mazier
- CIMI-Paris, Sorbonne Université, 91 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Corvaisier
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), Normandie Université, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Marc Since
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), Normandie Université, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Aurélie Malzert-Fréon
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), Normandie Université, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Susan Wyllie
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Milne
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Pierre Verhaeghe
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
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10
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Wall RJ, Carvalho S, Milne R, Bueren-Calabuig JA, Moniz S, Cantizani-Perez J, MacLean L, Kessler A, Cotillo I, Sastry L, Manthri S, Patterson S, Zuccotto F, Thompson S, Martin J, Marco M, Miles TJ, De Rycker M, Thomas MG, Fairlamb AH, Gilbert IH, Wyllie S. The Q i Site of Cytochrome b is a Promiscuous Drug Target in Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania donovani. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:515-528. [PMID: 31967783 PMCID: PMC7076694 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Available treatments for Chagas' disease and visceral leishmaniasis are inadequate, and there is a pressing need for new therapeutics. Drug discovery efforts for both diseases principally rely upon phenotypic screening. However, the optimization of phenotypically active compounds is hindered by a lack of information regarding their molecular target(s). To combat this issue we initiate target deconvolution studies at an early stage. Here, we describe comprehensive genetic and biochemical studies to determine the targets of three unrelated phenotypically active compounds. All three structurally diverse compounds target the Qi active-site of cytochrome b, part of the cytochrome bc1 complex of the electron transport chain. Our studies go on to identify the Qi site as a promiscuous drug target in Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma cruzi with a propensity to rapidly mutate. Strategies to rapidly identify compounds acting via this mechanism are discussed to ensure that drug discovery portfolios are not overwhelmed with inhibitors of a single target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Wall
- Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives
Research, School of Life Sciences, University
of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives
Research, School of Life Sciences, University
of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Milne
- Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives
Research, School of Life Sciences, University
of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Juan A. Bueren-Calabuig
- Drug Discovery Unit,
Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Moniz
- Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives
Research, School of Life Sciences, University
of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lorna MacLean
- Drug Discovery Unit,
Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Albane Kessler
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | - Ignacio Cotillo
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | - Lalitha Sastry
- Drug Discovery Unit,
Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sujatha Manthri
- Drug Discovery Unit,
Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Patterson
- Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives
Research, School of Life Sciences, University
of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Drug Discovery Unit,
Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Thompson
- Drug Discovery Unit,
Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Julio Martin
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | - Maria Marco
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | | | - Manu De Rycker
- Drug Discovery Unit,
Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G. Thomas
- Drug Discovery Unit,
Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives
Research, School of Life Sciences, University
of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit,
Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives
Research, School of Life Sciences, University
of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
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11
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Abstract
On November 15, 2018, Fexinidazole Winthrop received a positive opinion from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) (under Article 58) for treatment of first-stage (hemolymphatic) and second-stage (meningoencephalitic) human African trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma gambiense (gHAT) in adults and children 6 years and older and weighing 20 or more kg. This is the first oral regimen for gHAT that is effective in treating both disease stages. Although fexinidazole has potential to simplify current therapies, it does not entirely eliminate the need for disease staging by lumbar puncture because patients with severe stage 2 disease (CSF WBC [cerebrospinal fluid white blood cells] greater than 100 cells/µL) should only be treated with fexinidazole if no other suitable treatment is available. Nausea and vomiting are a common side effect and the drug must be administered during or after the patient's main meal under direct observation by trained health personnel. Due to late relapses, the EMA recommends follow-up to 24 months after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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12
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Patterson S, Fairlamb AH. Current and Future Prospects of Nitro-compounds as Drugs for Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4454-4475. [PMID: 29701144 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180426164352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Interest in nitroheterocyclic drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases has undergone a resurgence in recent years. Here we review the current status of monocyclic and bicyclic nitroheterocyclic compounds as existing or potential new treatments for visceral leishmaniasis, Chagas' disease and human African trypanosomiasis. Both monocyclic (nifurtimox, benznidazole and fexinidazole) and bicyclic (pretomanid (PA-824) and delamanid (OPC-67683)) nitro-compounds are prodrugs, requiring enzymatic activation to exert their parasite toxicity. Current understanding of the nitroreductases involved in activation and possible mechanisms by which parasites develop resistance is discussed along with a description of the pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic behaviour and chemical structure-activity relationships of drugs and experimental compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Patterson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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13
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Norcross NR, Wilson C, Baragaña B, Hallyburton I, Osuna‐Cabello M, Norval S, Riley J, Fletcher D, Sinden R, Delves M, Ruecker A, Duffy S, Meister S, Antonova‐Koch Y, Crespo B, de Cózar C, Sanz LM, Gamo FJ, Avery VM, Frearson JA, Gray DW, Fairlamb AH, Winzeler EA, Waterson D, Campbell SF, Willis PA, Read KD, Gilbert IH. Substituted Aminoacetamides as Novel Leads for Malaria Treatment. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1329-1335. [PMID: 31188540 PMCID: PMC6899483 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe the optimization of a phenotypic hit against Plasmodium falciparum based on an aminoacetamide scaffold. This led to N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-2-{[4-methyl-3-(morpholinosulfonyl)phenyl]amino}propanamide (compound 28) with low-nanomolar activity against the intraerythrocytic stages of the malaria parasite, and which was found to be inactive in a mammalian cell counter-screen up to 25 μm. Inhibition of gametes in the dual gamete activation assay suggests that this family of compounds may also have transmission blocking capabilities. Whilst we were unable to optimize the aqueous solubility and microsomal stability to a point at which the aminoacetamides would be suitable for in vivo pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies, compound 28 displayed excellent antimalarial potency and selectivity; it could therefore serve as a suitable chemical tool for drug target identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R. Norcross
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD1 5EHUK
| | - Caroline Wilson
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD1 5EHUK
| | - Beatriz Baragaña
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD1 5EHUK
| | - Irene Hallyburton
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD1 5EHUK
| | - Maria Osuna‐Cabello
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD1 5EHUK
| | - Suzanne Norval
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD1 5EHUK
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD1 5EHUK
| | - Daniel Fletcher
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD1 5EHUK
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Duffy
- Discovery BiologyGriffith Institute for Drug DiscoveryGriffith UniversityNathanQueensland4111Australia
| | - Stephan Meister
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San Diego School of Medicine9500 Gilman Drive 0741La JollaCA92093USA
| | - Yevgeniya Antonova‐Koch
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San Diego School of Medicine9500 Gilman Drive 0741La JollaCA92093USA
| | - Benigno Crespo
- GlaxoSmithKline, Diseases of the Developing World – Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campusc/ Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos28760MadridSpain
| | - Cristina de Cózar
- GlaxoSmithKline, Diseases of the Developing World – Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campusc/ Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos28760MadridSpain
| | - Laura M. Sanz
- GlaxoSmithKline, Diseases of the Developing World – Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campusc/ Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos28760MadridSpain
| | - Francisco Javier Gamo
- GlaxoSmithKline, Diseases of the Developing World – Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campusc/ Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos28760MadridSpain
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Discovery BiologyGriffith Institute for Drug DiscoveryGriffith UniversityNathanQueensland4111Australia
| | - Julie A. Frearson
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD1 5EHUK
| | - David W. Gray
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD1 5EHUK
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD1 5EHUK
| | - Elizabeth A. Winzeler
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San Diego School of Medicine9500 Gilman Drive 0741La JollaCA92093USA
| | - David Waterson
- Medicines for Malaria VentureInternational Centre, Cointrin, Entrance G, 3rd FloorRoute de Pré-Bois 20, PO Box 1826Geneva1215Switzerland
| | - Simon F. Campbell
- Medicines for Malaria VentureInternational Centre, Cointrin, Entrance G, 3rd FloorRoute de Pré-Bois 20, PO Box 1826Geneva1215Switzerland
| | - Paul A. Willis
- Medicines for Malaria VentureInternational Centre, Cointrin, Entrance G, 3rd FloorRoute de Pré-Bois 20, PO Box 1826Geneva1215Switzerland
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD1 5EHUK
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeDD1 5EHUK
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14
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Wyllie S, Brand S, Thomas M, De Rycker M, Chung CW, Pena I, Bingham RP, Bueren-Calabuig JA, Cantizani J, Cebrian D, Craggs PD, Ferguson L, Goswami P, Hobrath J, Howe J, Jeacock L, Ko EJ, Korczynska J, MacLean L, Manthri S, Martinez MS, Mata-Cantero L, Moniz S, Nühs A, Osuna-Cabello M, Pinto E, Riley J, Robinson S, Rowland P, Simeons FRC, Shishikura Y, Spinks D, Stojanovski L, Thomas J, Thompson S, Viayna Gaza E, Wall RJ, Zuccotto F, Horn D, Ferguson MAJ, Fairlamb AH, Fiandor JM, Martin J, Gray DW, Miles TJ, Gilbert IH, Read KD, Marco M, Wyatt PG. Preclinical candidate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis that acts through proteasome inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9318-9323. [PMID: 30962368 PMCID: PMC6511062 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820175116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the protozoan parasites Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum, is one of the major parasitic diseases worldwide. There is an urgent need for new drugs to treat VL, because current therapies are unfit for purpose in a resource-poor setting. Here, we describe the development of a preclinical drug candidate, GSK3494245/DDD01305143/compound 8, with potential to treat this neglected tropical disease. The compound series was discovered by repurposing hits from a screen against the related parasite Trypanosoma cruzi Subsequent optimization of the chemical series resulted in the development of a potent cidal compound with activity against a range of clinically relevant L. donovani and L. infantum isolates. Compound 8 demonstrates promising pharmacokinetic properties and impressive in vivo efficacy in our mouse model of infection comparable with those of the current oral antileishmanial miltefosine. Detailed mode of action studies confirm that this compound acts principally by inhibition of the chymotrypsin-like activity catalyzed by the β5 subunit of the L. donovani proteasome. High-resolution cryo-EM structures of apo and compound 8-bound Leishmania tarentolae 20S proteasome reveal a previously undiscovered inhibitor site that lies between the β4 and β5 proteasome subunits. This induced pocket exploits β4 residues that are divergent between humans and kinetoplastid parasites and is consistent with all of our experimental and mutagenesis data. As a result of these comprehensive studies and due to a favorable developability and safety profile, compound 8 is being advanced toward human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wyllie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Brand
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Thomas
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Manu De Rycker
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Chun-Wa Chung
- Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Imanol Pena
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Spain
| | - Ryan P Bingham
- Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Juan A Bueren-Calabuig
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Cantizani
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Spain
| | - David Cebrian
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Spain
| | - Peter D Craggs
- Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Ferguson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Panchali Goswami
- Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Hobrath
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Howe
- David Jack Centre for R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Jeacock
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Eun-Jung Ko
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Justyna Korczynska
- Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna MacLean
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sujatha Manthri
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sonia Moniz
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Nühs
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Osuna-Cabello
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Pinto
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Robinson
- David Jack Centre for R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Rowland
- Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick R C Simeons
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Yoko Shishikura
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Spinks
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - John Thomas
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Thompson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabet Viayna Gaza
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Wall
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - David Horn
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A J Ferguson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jose M Fiandor
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Spain
| | - Julio Martin
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Spain
| | - David W Gray
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Miles
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Spain
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom;
| | - Maria Marco
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Spain;
| | - Paul G Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom;
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15
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Corpas-Lopez V, Moniz S, Thomas M, Wall RJ, Torrie LS, Zander-Dinse D, Tinti M, Brand S, Stojanovski L, Manthri S, Hallyburton I, Zuccotto F, Wyatt PG, De Rycker M, Horn D, Ferguson MAJ, Clos J, Read KD, Fairlamb AH, Gilbert IH, Wyllie S. Pharmacological Validation of N-Myristoyltransferase as a Drug Target in Leishmania donovani. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:111-122. [PMID: 30380837 PMCID: PMC6332449 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the protozoan parasites Leishmania donovani and L. infantum, is responsible for ∼30 000 deaths annually. Available treatments are inadequate, and there is a pressing need for new therapeutics. N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) remains one of the few genetically validated drug targets in these parasites. Here, we sought to pharmacologically validate this enzyme in Leishmania. A focused set of 1600 pyrazolyl sulfonamide compounds was screened against L. major NMT in a robust high-throughput biochemical assay. Several potent inhibitors were identified with marginal selectivity over the human enzyme. There was little correlation between the enzyme potency of these inhibitors and their cellular activity against L. donovani axenic amastigotes, and this discrepancy could be due to poor cellular uptake due to the basicity of these compounds. Thus, a series of analogues were synthesized with less basic centers. Although most of these compounds continued to suffer from relatively poor antileishmanial activity, our most potent inhibitor of LmNMT (DDD100097, K i of 0.34 nM) showed modest activity against L. donovani intracellular amastigotes (EC50 of 2.4 μM) and maintained a modest therapeutic window over the human enzyme. Two unbiased approaches, namely, screening against our cosmid-based overexpression library and thermal proteome profiling (TPP), confirm that DDD100097 (compound 2) acts on-target within parasites. Oral dosing with compound 2 resulted in a 52% reduction in parasite burden in our mouse model of VL. Thus, NMT is now a pharmacologically validated target in Leishmania. The challenge in finding drug candidates remains to identify alternative strategies to address the drop-off in activity between enzyme inhibition and in vitro activity while maintaining sufficient selectivity over the human enzyme, both issues that continue to plague studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoriano Corpas-Lopez
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Moniz
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Thomas
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Wall
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Leah S. Torrie
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothea Zander-Dinse
- Leishmaniasis Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute
for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg D-20359, Germany
| | - Michele Tinti
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Brand
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sujatha Manthri
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Hallyburton
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Zuccotto
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G. Wyatt
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Manu De Rycker
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - David Horn
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. J. Ferguson
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Clos
- Leishmaniasis Group, Bernhard Nocht Institute
for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg D-20359, Germany
| | - Kevin D. Read
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wyllie
- The Wellcome Trust
Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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16
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Fersing C, Basmaciyan L, Boudot C, Pedron J, Hutter S, Cohen A, Castera-Ducros C, Primas N, Laget M, Casanova M, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Piednoel M, Sournia-Saquet A, Belle Mbou V, Courtioux B, Boutet-Robinet É, Since M, Milne R, Wyllie S, Fairlamb AH, Valentin A, Rathelot P, Verhaeghe P, Vanelle P, Azas N. Nongenotoxic 3-Nitroimidazo[1,2- a]pyridines Are NTR1 Substrates That Display Potent in Vitro Antileishmanial Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:34-39. [PMID: 30655943 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty nine original 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives, bearing a phenylthio (or benzylthio) moiety at position 8 of the scaffold, were synthesized. In vitro evaluation highlighted compound 5 as an antiparasitic hit molecule displaying low cytotoxicity for the human HepG2 cell line (CC50 > 100 μM) alongside good antileishmanial activities (IC50 = 1-2.1 μM) against L. donovani, L. infantum, and L. major; and good antitrypanosomal activities (IC50 = 1.3-2.2 μM) against T. brucei brucei and T. cruzi, in comparison to several reference drugs such as miltefosine, fexinidazole, eflornithine, and benznidazole (IC50 = 0.6 to 13.3 μM). Molecule 5, presenting a low reduction potential (E° = -0.63 V), was shown to be selectively bioactivated by the L. donovani type 1 nitroreductase (NTR1). Importantly, molecule 5 was neither mutagenic (negative Ames test), nor genotoxic (negative comet assay), in contrast to many other nitroaromatics. Molecule 5 showed poor microsomal stability; however, its main metabolite (sulfoxide) remained both active and nonmutagenic, making 5 a good candidate for further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Fersing
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | | | - Clotilde Boudot
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Julien Pedron
- LCC−CNRS Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Anita Cohen
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Castera-Ducros
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Michèle Laget
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, UMR MD1, U1261,
SSA, MCT, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Casanova
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | | | - Mélanie Piednoel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | | | - Valère Belle Mbou
- CHU de Limoges, Service d’anatomopathologie, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Université de Limoges, UMR INSERM 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Élisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT,
INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Since
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, Normandie Univ., UNICAEN, CERMN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Rachel Milne
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wyllie
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Rathelot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | | | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Équipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Nadine Azas
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
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17
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Webster LA, Thomas M, Urbaniak M, Wyllie S, Ong H, Tinti M, Fairlamb AH, Boesche M, Ghidelli-Disse S, Drewes G, Gilbert IH. Development of Chemical Proteomics for the Folateome and Analysis of the Kinetoplastid Folateome. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1475-1486. [PMID: 30264983 PMCID: PMC6199744 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The folate pathway has been extensively
studied in a number of organisms, with its essentiality exploited
by a number of drugs. However, there has been little success in developing
drugs that target folate metabolism in the kinetoplastids. Despite
compounds being identified which show significant inhibition of the
parasite enzymes, this activity does not translate well into cellular
and animal models of disease. Understanding to which enzymes antifolates
bind under physiological conditions and how this corresponds to the
phenotypic response could provide insight on how to target the folate
pathway in these organisms. To facilitate this, we have adopted a
chemical proteomics approach to study binding of compounds to enzymes
of folate metabolism. Clinical and literature antifolate compounds
were immobilized onto resins to allow for “pull down”
of the proteins in the “folateome”. Using competition
studies, proteins, which bind the beads specifically and nonspecifically,
were identified in parasite lysate (Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major) for each antifolate compound.
Proteins were identified through tryptic digest, tandem mass tag (TMT)
labeling of peptides followed by LC-MS/MS. This approach was further
exploited by creating a combined folate resin (folate beads). The
resin could pull down up to 9 proteins from the folateome. This information
could be exploited in gaining a better understanding of folate metabolism
in kinetoplastids and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Webster
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Thomas
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Urbaniak
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Han Ong
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Tinti
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Boesche
- Cellzome - a GSK company, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany
| | | | - Gerard Drewes
- Cellzome - a GSK company, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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18
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Field MC, Horn D, Fairlamb AH, Ferguson MAJ, Gray DW, Read KD, De Rycker M, Torrie LS, Wyatt PG, Wyllie S, Gilbert IH. Author Correction: Anti-trypanosomatid drug discovery: an ongoing challenge and a continuing need. Nat Rev Microbiol 2018; 16:714. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Wall RJ, Moniz S, Thomas MG, Norval S, Ko EJ, Marco M, Miles TJ, Gilbert IH, Horn D, Fairlamb AH, Wyllie S. Antitrypanosomal 8-Hydroxy-Naphthyridines Are Chelators of Divalent Transition Metals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e00235-18. [PMID: 29844044 PMCID: PMC6105827 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00235-18;e00235-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of information regarding the mechanisms of action (MoA) or specific molecular targets of phenotypically active compounds can prove a barrier to their development as chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we report the results of our orthogonal genetic, molecular, and biochemical studies to determine the MoA of a novel 7-substituted 8-hydroxy-1,6-naphthyridine (8-HNT) series that displays promising activity against Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania donovani High-throughput loss-of-function genetic screens in T. brucei highlighted two probable zinc transporters associated with resistance to these compounds. These transporters localized to the parasite Golgi apparatus. Directed by these findings, the role of zinc and other divalent cations in the MoA of these compounds was investigated. 8-HNT compounds were found to directly deplete intracellular levels of Zn2+, while the addition of exogenous Zn2+ and Fe2+ reduced the potency of compounds from this series. Detailed biochemical analyses confirmed that 8-HNT compounds bind directly to a number of divalent cations, predominantly Zn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+, forming 2:1 complexes with one of these cations. Collectively, our studies demonstrate transition metal depletion, due to chelation, as the MoA of the 8-HNT series of compounds. Strategies to improve the selectivity of 8-HNT compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Wall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Moniz
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G Thomas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Norval
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Eun-Jung Ko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Marco
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Madrid, Spain
| | - Timothy J Miles
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - David Horn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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20
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Sienkiewicz N, Ong HB, Fairlamb AH. Characterisation of a putative glutamate 5-kinase from Leishmania donovani. FEBS J 2018; 285:2662-2678. [PMID: 29777624 PMCID: PMC6099280 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous metabolic studies have demonstrated that leishmania parasites are able to synthesise proline from glutamic acid and threonine from aspartic acid. The first committed step in both biosynthetic pathways involves an amino acid kinase, either a glutamate 5‐kinase (G5K; http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/7/2/11.html) or an aspartokinase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/7/2/4.html). Bioinformatic analysis of multiple leishmania genomes identifies a single amino acid‐kinase gene (LdBPK 262740.1) variously annotated as either a putative glutamate or aspartate kinase. To establish the catalytic function of this Leishmania donovani gene product, we have determined the physical and kinetic properties of the recombinant enzyme purified from Escherichia coli. The findings indicate that the enzyme is a bona fide G5K with no activity as an aspartokinase. Tetrameric G5K displays kinetic behaviour similar to its bacterial orthologues and is allosterically regulated by proline, the end product of the pathway. The structure‐activity relationships of proline analogues as inhibitors are broadly similar to the bacterial enzyme. However, unlike G5K from E. coli, leishmania G5K lacks a C‐terminal PUA (pseudouridine synthase and archaeosine transglycosylase) domain and does not undergo higher oligomerisation in the presence of proline. Gene replacement studies are suggestive, but not conclusive that G5K is essential. Enzymes Glutamate 5‐kinase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/7/2/11.html); aspartokinase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/7/2/4.html).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Sienkiewicz
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Han B Ong
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
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21
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Hallyburton I, Grimaldi R, Woodland A, Baragaña B, Luksch T, Spinks D, James D, Leroy D, Waterson D, Fairlamb AH, Wyatt PG, Gilbert IH, Frearson JA. Screening a protein kinase inhibitor library against Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 2017; 16:446. [PMID: 29115999 PMCID: PMC5678585 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein kinases have been shown to be key drug targets, especially in the area of oncology. It is of interest to explore the possibilities of protein kinases as a potential target class in Plasmodium spp., the causative agents of malaria. However, protein kinase biology in malaria is still being investigated. Therefore, rather than assaying against individual protein kinases, a library of 4731 compounds with protein kinase inhibitor-like scaffolds was screened against the causative parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. This approach is more holistic and considers the whole kinome, making it possible to identify compounds that inhibit more than one P. falciparum protein kinase, or indeed other malaria targets. Results As a result of this screen, 9 active compound series were identified; further validation was carried out on 4 of these series, with 3 being progressed into hits to lead chemistry. The detailed evaluation of one of these series is described. Discussion This screening approach proved to be an effective way to identify series for further optimisation against malaria. Compound optimisation was carried out in the absence of knowledge of the molecular target. Some of the series had to be halted for various reasons. Mode of action studies to find the molecular target may be useful when problems prevent further chemical optimisation. Conclusions Progressible series were identified through phenotypic screening of a relatively small focused kinase scaffold chemical library.![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-017-2085-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Hallyburton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Raffaella Grimaldi
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Andrew Woodland
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Beatriz Baragaña
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Torsten Luksch
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Daniel Spinks
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Daniel James
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Didier Leroy
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - David Waterson
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Paul G Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
| | - Julie A Frearson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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22
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Torrie LS, Brand S, Robinson DA, Ko EJ, Stojanovski L, Simeons FRC, Wyllie S, Thomas J, Ellis L, Osuna-Cabello M, Epemolu O, Nühs A, Riley J, MacLean L, Manthri S, Read KD, Gilbert IH, Fairlamb AH, De Rycker M. Chemical Validation of Methionyl-tRNA Synthetase as a Druggable Target in Leishmania donovani. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:718-727. [PMID: 28967262 PMCID: PMC5663395 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
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Methionyl-tRNA synthetase
(MetRS) has been chemically validated as a drug target in the kinetoplastid
parasite Trypanosoma brucei. In the present study,
we investigate the validity of this target in the related trypanosomatid Leishmania donovani. Following development of a robust high-throughput
compatible biochemical assay, a compound screen identified DDD806905
as a highly potent inhibitor of LdMetRS (Ki of 18 nM). Crystallography revealed this compound
binds to the methionine pocket of MetRS with enzymatic studies confirming
DDD806905 displays competitive inhibition with respect to methionine
and mixed inhibition with respect to ATP binding. DDD806905 showed
activity, albeit with different levels of potency, in various Leishmania cell-based viability assays, with on-target activity
observed in both Leishmania promastigote cell assays
and a Leishmania tarentolae in vitro translation
assay. Unfortunately, this compound failed to show efficacy in an
animal model of leishmaniasis. We investigated the potential causes
for the discrepancies in activity observed in different Leishmania cell assays and the lack of efficacy in the animal model and found
that high protein binding as well as sequestration of this dibasic
compound into acidic compartments may play a role. Despite medicinal
chemistry efforts to address the dibasic nature of DDD806905 and analogues,
no progress could be achieved with the current chemical series. Although
DDD806905 is not a developable antileishmanial compound, MetRS remains
an attractive antileishmanial drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah S. Torrie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Brand
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Robinson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Eun Jung Ko
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick R. C. Simeons
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - John Thomas
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Ellis
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Osuna-Cabello
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ola Epemolu
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Nühs
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna MacLean
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sujatha Manthri
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Manu De Rycker
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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23
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Field MC, Horn D, Fairlamb AH, Ferguson MAJ, Gray DW, Read KD, De Rycker M, Torrie LS, Wyatt PG, Wyllie S, Gilbert IH. Anti-trypanosomatid drug discovery: an ongoing challenge and a continuing need. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:217-231. [PMID: 28239154 PMCID: PMC5582623 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The WHO recognizes human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease and the leishmaniases as neglected tropical diseases. These diseases are caused by parasitic trypanosomatids and range in severity from mild and self-curing to near invariably fatal. Public health advances have substantially decreased the effect of these diseases in recent decades but alone will not eliminate them. In this Review, we discuss why new drugs against trypanosomatids are required, approaches that are under investigation to develop new drugs and why the drug discovery pipeline remains essentially unfilled. In addition, we consider the important challenges to drug discovery strategies and the new technologies that can address them. The combination of new drugs, new technologies and public health initiatives is essential for the management, and hopefully eventual elimination, of trypanosomatid diseases from the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Field
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - David Horn
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Michael A J Ferguson
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - David W Gray
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kevin D Read
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Manu De Rycker
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Leah S Torrie
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Paul G Wyatt
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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24
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Hewitt SN, Dranow DM, Horst BG, Abendroth JA, Forte B, Hallyburton I, Jansen C, Baragaña B, Choi R, Rivas KL, Hulverson MA, Dumais M, Edwards TE, Lorimer DD, Fairlamb AH, Gray DW, Read KD, Lehane AM, Kirk K, Myler PJ, Wernimont A, Walpole C, Stacy R, Barrett LK, Gilbert IH, Van Voorhis WC. Biochemical and Structural Characterization of Selective Allosteric Inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum Drug Target, Prolyl-tRNA-synthetase. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:34-44. [PMID: 27798837 PMCID: PMC5241706 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) prolyl-tRNA synthetase (ProRS) is one of the few chemical-genetically validated drug targets for malaria, yet highly selective inhibitors have not been described. In this paper, approximately 40,000 compounds were screened to identify compounds that selectively inhibit PfProRS enzyme activity versus Homo sapiens (Hs) ProRS. X-ray crystallography structures were solved for apo, as well as substrate- and inhibitor-bound forms of PfProRS. We identified two new inhibitors of PfProRS that bind outside the active site. These two allosteric inhibitors showed >100 times specificity for PfProRS compared to HsProRS, demonstrating this class of compounds could overcome the toxicity related to HsProRS inhibition by halofuginone and its analogues. Initial medicinal chemistry was performed on one of the two compounds, guided by the cocrystallography of the compound with PfProRS, and the results can instruct future medicinal chemistry work to optimize these promising new leads for drug development against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Nakazawa Hewitt
- Center for Emerging
and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - David M. Dranow
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Beryllium Discovery Corporation, 7869 N.E. Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110, United States
| | - Benjamin G. Horst
- Center for Emerging
and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Jan A. Abendroth
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Beryllium Discovery Corporation, 7869 N.E. Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110, United States
| | - Barbara Forte
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug
Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Hallyburton
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug
Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Chimed Jansen
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug
Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Baragaña
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug
Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Choi
- Center for Emerging
and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Kasey L. Rivas
- Center for Emerging
and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Matthew A. Hulverson
- Center for Emerging
and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Mitchell Dumais
- Center for Emerging
and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Thomas E. Edwards
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Beryllium Discovery Corporation, 7869 N.E. Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110, United States
| | - Donald D. Lorimer
- Beryllium Discovery Corporation, 7869 N.E. Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110, United States
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug
Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Gray
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug
Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug
Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Adele M. Lehane
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Kiaran Kirk
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Peter J. Myler
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Departments of Global Health and Biomedical
Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Amy Wernimont
- Structure-guided Drug Discovery Coalition (SDDC), Structural Genomic Consortium, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Chris Walpole
- Structure-guided Drug Discovery Coalition (SDDC), Structural Genomic Consortium, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Robin Stacy
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Lynn K. Barrett
- Center for Emerging
and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug
Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging
and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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25
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Wyllie S, Roberts AJ, Norval S, Patterson S, Foth BJ, Berriman M, Read KD, Fairlamb AH. Activation of Bicyclic Nitro-drugs by a Novel Nitroreductase (NTR2) in Leishmania. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005971. [PMID: 27812217 PMCID: PMC5094698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery pipelines for the “neglected diseases” are now heavily populated with nitroheterocyclic compounds. Recently, the bicyclic nitro-compounds (R)-PA-824, DNDI-VL-2098 and delamanid have been identified as potential candidates for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Using a combination of quantitative proteomics and whole genome sequencing of susceptible and drug-resistant parasites we identified a putative NAD(P)H oxidase as the activating nitroreductase (NTR2). Whole genome sequencing revealed that deletion of a single cytosine in the gene for NTR2 that is likely to result in the expression of a non-functional truncated protein. Susceptibility of leishmania was restored by reintroduction of the wild-type gene into the resistant line, which was accompanied by the ability to metabolise these compounds. Overexpression of NTR2 in wild-type parasites rendered cells hyper-sensitive to bicyclic nitro-compounds, but only marginally to the monocyclic nitro-drugs, nifurtimox and fexinidazole sulfone, known to be activated by a mitochondrial oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase (NTR1). Conversely, a double knockout NTR2 null cell line was completely resistant to bicyclic nitro-compounds and only marginally resistant to nifurtimox. Sensitivity was fully restored on expression of NTR2 in the null background. Thus, NTR2 is necessary and sufficient for activation of these bicyclic nitro-drugs. Recombinant NTR2 was capable of reducing bicyclic nitro-compounds in the same rank order as drug sensitivity in vitro. These findings may aid the future development of better, novel anti-leishmanial drugs. Moreover, the discovery of anti-leishmanial nitro-drugs with independent modes of activation and independent mechanisms of resistance alleviates many of the concerns over the continued development of these compound series. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) is a serious vector borne disease afflicting people, particularly in parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America. There are approximately 400,000 new cases and an estimated 40,000 deaths each year, making it the second biggest parasitic killer after malaria. We recently discovered that delamanid–an oral nitro-drug used for the treatment of tuberculosis–shows promise for the treatment of leishmaniasis with potential to provide a much needed alternative to the current unsatisfactory anti-leishmanial drugs. Understanding how a drug works is important for selecting the most appropriate partner drugs to be used to increase efficacy and decrease toxicity in patients, to minimise the risk of drug resistance emerging and in designing second generation drugs. Using a combination of biochemical and genetic approaches we have discovered a novel nitroreductase (NTR2) that is necessary and sufficient for the anti-leishmanial activity of delamanid and related experimental drugs containing a nitro-group attached to two fused rings. This enzyme is responsible for activating bicyclic nitro-compounds to form toxic products that kill the parasite. In contrast, the previously identified nitroreductase (NTR1), which specifically activates monocyclic drugs, is not involved in this process. This knowledge can be applied to develop novel treatments for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wyllie
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Building, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SW); (AHF)
| | - Adam J. Roberts
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Building, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Norval
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Building, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Patterson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Building, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo J. Foth
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Building, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Building, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SW); (AHF)
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26
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Dewar S, Sienkiewicz N, Ong HB, Wall RJ, Horn D, Fairlamb AH. The Role of Folate Transport in Antifolate Drug Action in Trypanosoma brucei. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24768-24778. [PMID: 27703008 PMCID: PMC5114424 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.750422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify and characterize mechanisms of resistance to antifolate drugs in African trypanosomes. Genome-wide RNAi library screens were undertaken in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei exposed to the antifolates methotrexate and raltitrexed. In conjunction with drug susceptibility and folate transport studies, RNAi knockdown was used to validate the functions of the putative folate transporters. The transport kinetics of folate and methotrexate were further characterized in whole cells. RNA interference target sequencing experiments identified a tandem array of genes encoding a folate transporter family, TbFT1-3, as major contributors to antifolate drug uptake. RNAi knockdown of TbFT1-3 substantially reduced folate transport into trypanosomes and reduced the parasite's susceptibly to the classical antifolates methotrexate and raltitrexed. In contrast, knockdown of TbFT1-3 increased susceptibly to the non-classical antifolates pyrimethamine and nolatrexed. Both folate and methotrexate transport were inhibited by classical antifolates but not by non-classical antifolates or biopterin. Thus, TbFT1-3 mediates the uptake of folate and classical antifolates in trypanosomes, and TbFT1-3 loss-of-function is a mechanism of antifolate drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Dewar
- From the Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Building, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Sienkiewicz
- From the Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Building, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Han B Ong
- From the Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Building, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Wall
- From the Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Building, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David Horn
- From the Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Building, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- From the Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Building, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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27
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Baragaña B, Norcross NR, Wilson C, Porzelle A, Hallyburton I, Grimaldi R, Osuna-Cabello M, Norval S, Riley J, Stojanovski L, Simeons FRC, Wyatt PG, Delves MJ, Meister S, Duffy S, Avery VM, Winzeler EA, Sinden RE, Wittlin S, Frearson JA, Gray DW, Fairlamb AH, Waterson D, Campbell SF, Willis P, Read KD, Gilbert IH. Discovery of a Quinoline-4-carboxamide Derivative with a Novel Mechanism of Action, Multistage Antimalarial Activity, and Potent in Vivo Efficacy. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9672-9685. [PMID: 27631715 PMCID: PMC5108032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The antiplasmodial activity, DMPK
properties, and efficacy of a series of quinoline-4-carboxamides are
described. This series was identified from a phenotypic screen against
the blood stage of Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) and
displayed moderate potency but with suboptimal physicochemical properties
and poor microsomal stability. The screening hit (1,
EC50 = 120 nM) was optimized to lead molecules with low
nanomolar in vitro potency. Improvement of the pharmacokinetic profile
led to several compounds showing excellent oral efficacy in the P. berghei malaria mouse model with ED90 values
below 1 mg/kg when dosed orally for 4 days. The favorable potency,
selectivity, DMPK properties, and efficacy coupled with a novel mechanism
of action, inhibition of translation elongation factor 2 (PfEF2), led to progression of 2 (DDD107498)
to preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Baragaña
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Neil R Norcross
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Caroline Wilson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Achim Porzelle
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Irene Hallyburton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Raffaella Grimaldi
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Maria Osuna-Cabello
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Suzanne Norval
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Frederick R C Simeons
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Paul G Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Michael J Delves
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College , London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Stephan Meister
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sandra Duffy
- Eskitis Institute, Griffith University , Brisbane Innovation Park, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Eskitis Institute, Griffith University , Brisbane Innovation Park, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Robert E Sinden
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College , London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Swiss TPH, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel , CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julie A Frearson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - David W Gray
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - David Waterson
- Medicines for Malaria Venture , International Centre Cointrin, Entrance G, 3rd Floor, Route de Pré-Bois 20, P.O. Box 1826, CH-1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Simon F Campbell
- Medicines for Malaria Venture , International Centre Cointrin, Entrance G, 3rd Floor, Route de Pré-Bois 20, P.O. Box 1826, CH-1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Paul Willis
- Medicines for Malaria Venture , International Centre Cointrin, Entrance G, 3rd Floor, Route de Pré-Bois 20, P.O. Box 1826, CH-1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
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28
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Abstract
Protein N-myristoylation is catalysed by N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), an essential and druggable target in Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease. Here we have employed whole cell labelling with azidomyristic acid and click chemistry to identify N-myristoylated proteins in different life cycle stages of the parasite. Only minor differences in fluorescent-labelling were observed between the dividing forms (the insect epimastigote and mammalian amastigote stages) and the non-dividing trypomastigote stage. Using a combination of label-free and stable isotope labelling of cells in culture (SILAC) based proteomic strategies in the presence and absence of the NMT inhibitor DDD85646, we identified 56 proteins enriched in at least two out of the three experimental approaches. Of these, 6 were likely to be false positives, with the remaining 50 commencing with amino acids MG at the N-terminus in one or more of the T. cruzi genomes. Most of these are proteins of unknown function (32), with the remainder (18) implicated in a diverse range of critical cellular and metabolic functions such as intracellular transport, cell signalling and protein turnover. In summary, we have established that 0.43-0.46% of the proteome is N-myristoylated in T. cruzi approaching that of other eukaryotic organisms (0.5-1.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Roberts
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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29
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Norcross NR, Baragaña B, Wilson C, Hallyburton I, Osuna-Cabello M, Norval S, Riley J, Stojanovski L, Simeons FRC, Porzelle A, Grimaldi R, Wittlin S, Duffy S, Avery VM, Meister S, Sanz L, Jiménez-Díaz B, Angulo-Barturen I, Ferrer S, Martínez MS, Gamo FJ, Frearson JA, Gray DW, Fairlamb AH, Winzeler EA, Waterson D, Campbell SF, Willis P, Read KD, Gilbert IH. Trisubstituted Pyrimidines as Efficacious and Fast-Acting Antimalarials. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6101-20. [PMID: 27314305 PMCID: PMC4947981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In this paper we describe the optimization
of a phenotypic hit
against Plasmodium falciparum, based on a trisubstituted
pyrimidine scaffold. This led to compounds with good pharmacokinetics
and oral activity in a P. berghei mouse model of
malaria. The most promising compound (13) showed a reduction
in parasitemia of 96% when dosed at 30 mg/kg orally once a day for
4 days in the P. berghei mouse model of malaria.
It also demonstrated a rapid rate of clearance of the erythrocytic
stage of P. falciparum in the SCID mouse model with
an ED90 of 11.7 mg/kg when dosed orally. Unfortunately,
the compound is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes, probably
due to a 4-pyridyl substituent. Nevertheless, this is a lead molecule
with a potentially useful antimalarial profile, which could either
be further optimized or be used for target hunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Norcross
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Beatriz Baragaña
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Caroline Wilson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Irene Hallyburton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Maria Osuna-Cabello
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Suzanne Norval
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Frederick R C Simeons
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Achim Porzelle
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Raffaella Grimaldi
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH) , Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel , CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Duffy
- Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Stephan Meister
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine , 9500 Gilman Drive, 0741, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Laura Sanz
- Diseases of the Developing World-Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline , c/Severo Ochoa, 2, Tres Cantos, 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Jiménez-Díaz
- Diseases of the Developing World-Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline , c/Severo Ochoa, 2, Tres Cantos, 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñigo Angulo-Barturen
- Diseases of the Developing World-Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline , c/Severo Ochoa, 2, Tres Cantos, 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ferrer
- Diseases of the Developing World-Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline , c/Severo Ochoa, 2, Tres Cantos, 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Santos Martínez
- Diseases of the Developing World-Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline , c/Severo Ochoa, 2, Tres Cantos, 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gamo
- Diseases of the Developing World-Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline , c/Severo Ochoa, 2, Tres Cantos, 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Frearson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - David W Gray
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine , 9500 Gilman Drive, 0741, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - David Waterson
- Medicines for Malaria Venture , International Center Cointrin, Entrance G, 3rd Floor, Route de Pré-Bois 20, P.O. Box 1826, CH-1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Simon F Campbell
- Medicines for Malaria Venture , International Center Cointrin, Entrance G, 3rd Floor, Route de Pré-Bois 20, P.O. Box 1826, CH-1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Paul Willis
- Medicines for Malaria Venture , International Center Cointrin, Entrance G, 3rd Floor, Route de Pré-Bois 20, P.O. Box 1826, CH-1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
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30
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Patterson S, Wyllie S, Norval S, Stojanovski L, Simeons FR, Auer JL, Osuna-Cabello M, Read KD, Fairlamb AH. The anti-tubercular drug delamanid as a potential oral treatment for visceral leishmaniasis. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27215734 PMCID: PMC4878867 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent requirement for safe, oral and cost-effective drugs for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). We report that delamanid (OPC-67683), an approved drug for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, is a potent inhibitor of Leishmania donovani both in vitro and in vivo. Twice-daily oral dosing of delamanid at 30 mg kg-1 for 5 days resulted in sterile cures in a mouse model of VL. Treatment with lower doses revealed a U-shaped (hormetic) dose-response curve with greater parasite suppression at 1 mg kg-1 than at 3 mg kg-1 (5 or 10 day dosing). Dosing delamanid for 10 days confirmed the hormetic dose-response and improved the efficacy at all doses investigated. Mechanistic studies reveal that delamanid is rapidly metabolised by parasites via an enzyme, distinct from the nitroreductase that activates fexinidazole. Delamanid has the potential to be repurposed as a much-needed oral therapy for VL. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09744.001 Better, safer, oral drugs are desperately needed for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, a parasitic infectious disease that causes an estimated 40,000 deaths a year, predominantly in South America, East Africa and the Indian subcontinent. The parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis is transmitted between individuals by blood-sucking sandflies, and there are currently no vaccines that protect against the disease. In addition, all currently available drug treatments have serious limitations – they are expensive, toxic, have to be applied over a long period of time (mainly by injection) and may become ineffective as the parasites adapt to resist the drug. A cost-effective way to find a new treatment for a disease is to repurpose existing clinically approved drugs that are used to treat other diseases. Patterson, Wyllie et al. now report that a drug called delamanid, which was recently approved for the treatment of tuberculosis, can cure visceral leishmaniasis in mice. The drug worked when applied orally at doses that might be achievable in human patients, and can also kill parasites obtained from human patients. Patterson, Wyllie et al. also provide evidence that suggests that delamanid is processed in the parasites by an unknown enzyme. However, this enzyme is not the one that activates a different class of drugs that are used to treat visceral leishmaniasis. Future studies now need to identify the enzyme that is targeted by delamanid, and could investigate combinations of drugs that slow the emergence of resistant parasites and improve delamanid’s safety and effectiveness. Clinical trials are required to test how well delamanid treats visceral leishmaniasis in humans. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09744.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Patterson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Norval
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick Rc Simeons
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L Auer
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Osuna-Cabello
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D Read
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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31
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Gibson MW, Dewar S, Ong HB, Sienkiewicz N, Fairlamb AH. Trypanosoma brucei DHFR-TS Revisited: Characterisation of a Bifunctional and Highly Unstable Recombinant Dihydrofolate Reductase-Thymidylate Synthase. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004714. [PMID: 27175479 PMCID: PMC4866688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS) is a chemically and genetically validated target in African trypanosomes, causative agents of sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle. Here we report the kinetic properties and sensitivity of recombinant enzyme to a range of lipophilic and classical antifolate drugs. The purified recombinant enzyme, expressed as a fusion protein with elongation factor Ts (Tsf) in ThyA- Escherichia coli, retains DHFR activity, but lacks any TS activity. TS activity was found to be extremely unstable (half-life of 28 s) following desalting of clarified bacterial lysates to remove small molecules. Stability could be improved 700-fold by inclusion of dUMP, but not by other pyrimidine or purine (deoxy)-nucleosides or nucleotides. Inclusion of dUMP during purification proved insufficient to prevent inactivation during the purification procedure. Methotrexate and trimetrexate were the most potent inhibitors of DHFR (Ki 0.1 and 0.6 nM, respectively) and FdUMP and nolatrexed of TS (Ki 14 and 39 nM, respectively). All inhibitors showed a marked drop-off in potency of 100- to 1,000-fold against trypanosomes grown in low folate medium lacking thymidine. The most potent inhibitors possessed a terminal glutamate moiety suggesting that transport or subsequent retention by polyglutamylation was important for biological activity. Supplementation of culture medium with folate markedly antagonised the potency of these folate-like inhibitors, as did thymidine in the case of the TS inhibitors raltitrexed and pemetrexed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc W. Gibson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Dewar
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Han B. Ong
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Sienkiewicz
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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32
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Ballell L, Strange M, Cammack N, Fairlamb AH, Borysiewicz L. Open Lab as a source of hits and leads against tuberculosis, malaria and kinetoplastid diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:292. [PMID: 27020099 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Ballell
- Department of Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mike Strange
- Department of Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicholas Cammack
- Department of Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, Calle de Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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33
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Fairlamb AH, Gow NAR, Matthews KR, Waters AP. Erratum: Corrigendum: Drug resistance in eukaryotic microorganisms. Nat Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Bruhn DF, Wyllie S, Rodríguez-Cortés A, Carrillo AK, Rakesh, Guy RK, Fairlamb AH, Lee RE. Pentacyclic nitrofurans that rapidly kill nifurtimox-resistant trypanosomes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 71:956-63. [PMID: 26682963 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In response to reports of Trypanosoma brucei resistance to the nitroaromatic drug nifurtimox, we evaluated the potential of antituberculosis nitrofuran isoxazolines as inhibitors of trypanosome growth. METHODS The susceptibility of T. brucei brucei was assessed in vitro. The lowest effective concentration to inhibit growth (EC90) against drug-susceptible and -resistant parasites, time-kill kinetics, reversibility of inhibition and propensity for P-glycoprotein-mediated exclusion from the blood-brain barrier were determined. RESULTS Nitrofuran isoxazolines were potent inhibitors of T. brucei brucei proliferation at nanomolar concentrations, with pentacyclic nitrofurans being 100-fold more potent than nifurtimox. Activity was sustained against nifurtimox-resistant parasites, suggesting the possibility of a unique mechanism of activation and potential for use in the treatment of drug-resistant infections. Exposure of parasites to the maximum concentrations of Compound 15 achieved in vivo with oral dosing yielded >2 logs of irreversible killing in <4 h, indicating rapid trypanocidal activity. CONCLUSIONS Pentacyclic nitrofuran isoxazolines warrant further development for the treatment of drug-susceptible and nifurtimox-resistant trypanosome infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Bruhn
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA Avista Pharma Solutions, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Adaris Rodríguez-Cortés
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Angela K Carrillo
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rakesh
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Richard E Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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35
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Jones DC, Foth BJ, Urbaniak MD, Patterson S, Ong HB, Berriman M, Fairlamb AH. Genomic and Proteomic Studies on the Mode of Action of Oxaboroles against the African Trypanosome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004299. [PMID: 26684831 PMCID: PMC4689576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SCYX-7158, an oxaborole, is currently in Phase I clinical trials for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Here we investigate possible modes of action against Trypanosoma brucei using orthogonal chemo-proteomic and genomic approaches. SILAC-based proteomic studies using an oxaborole analogue immobilised onto a resin was used either in competition with a soluble oxaborole or an immobilised inactive control to identify thirteen proteins common to both strategies. Cell-cycle analysis of cells incubated with sub-lethal concentrations of an oxaborole identified a subtle but significant accumulation of G2 and >G2 cells. Given the possibility of compromised DNA fidelity, we investigated long-term exposure of T. brucei to oxaboroles by generating resistant cell lines in vitro. Resistance proved more difficult to generate than for drugs currently used in the field, and in one of our three cell lines was unstable. Whole-genome sequencing of the resistant cell lines revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms in 66 genes and several large-scale genomic aberrations. The absence of a simple consistent mechanism among resistant cell lines and the diverse list of binding partners from the proteomic studies suggest a degree of polypharmacology that should reduce the risk of resistance to this compound class emerging in the field. The combined genetic and chemical biology approaches have provided lists of candidates to be investigated for more detailed information on the mode of action of this promising new drug class. The mode of action of a new class of boron-containing chemicals (the oxaboroles), currently under development for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis, is unknown. Here we identify a number of potential candidate proteins that could be involved either in the mode of action of these compounds or in the mechanism of resistance. This information could prove critical in protecting the compounds against resistance emerging in the field as well as opening up new avenues for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deuan C. Jones
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo J. Foth
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Urbaniak
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Patterson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Han B. Ong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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36
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Wyllie S, Foth BJ, Kelner A, Sokolova AY, Berriman M, Fairlamb AH. Nitroheterocyclic drug resistance mechanisms in Trypanosoma brucei. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 71:625-34. [PMID: 26581221 PMCID: PMC4743696 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to identify the mechanisms of resistance to nifurtimox and fexinidazole in African trypanosomes. METHODS Bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei were selected for resistance to nifurtimox and fexinidazole by stepwise exposure to increasing drug concentrations. Clones were subjected to WGS to identify putative resistance genes. Transgenic parasites modulating expression of genes of interest were generated and drug susceptibility phenotypes determined. RESULTS Nifurtimox-resistant (NfxR) and fexinidazole-resistant (FxR) parasites shared reciprocal cross-resistance suggestive of a common mechanism of action. Previously, a type I nitroreductase (NTR) has been implicated in nitro drug activation. WGS of resistant clones revealed that NfxR parasites had lost >100 kb from one copy of chromosome 7, rendering them hemizygous for NTR as well as over 30 other genes. FxR parasites retained both copies of NTR, but lost >70 kb downstream of one NTR allele, decreasing NTR transcription by half. A single knockout line of NTR displayed 1.6- and 1.9-fold resistance to nifurtimox and fexinidazole, respectively. Since NfxR and FxR parasites are ∼6- and 20-fold resistant to nifurtimox and fexinidazole, respectively, additional factors must be involved. Overexpression and knockout studies ruled out a role for a putative oxidoreductase (Tb927.7.7410) and a hypothetical gene (Tb927.1.1050), previously identified in a genome-scale RNAi screen. CONCLUSIONS NTR was confirmed as a key resistance determinant, either by loss of one gene copy or loss of gene expression. Further work is required to identify which of the many dozens of SNPs identified in the drug-resistant cell lines contribute to the overall resistance phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wyllie
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Building, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Bernardo J Foth
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Anna Kelner
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Building, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Antoaneta Y Sokolova
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Building, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Building, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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37
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Perry MR, Prajapati VK, Menten J, Raab A, Feldmann J, Chakraborti D, Sundar S, Fairlamb AH, Boelaert M, Picado A. Arsenic exposure and outcomes of antimonial treatment in visceral leishmaniasis patients in Bihar, India: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003518. [PMID: 25730310 PMCID: PMC4346263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the late twentieth century, emergence of high rates of treatment failure with antimonial compounds (SSG) for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused a public health crisis in Bihar, India. We hypothesize that exposure to arsenic through drinking contaminated groundwater may be associated with SSG treatment failure due to the development of antimony-resistant parasites. Methods A retrospective cohort design was employed, as antimony treatment is no longer in routine use. The study was performed on patients treated with SSG between 2006 and 2010. Outcomes of treatment were assessed through a field questionnaire and treatment failure used as a proxy for parasite resistance. Arsenic exposure was quantified through analysis of 5 water samples from within and surrounding the patient’s home. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between arsenic exposure and treatment failure. In a secondary analysis survival curves and Cox regression models were applied to assess the risk of mortality in VL patients exposed to arsenic. Results One hundred and ten VL patients treated with SSG were analysed. The failure rate with SSG was 59%. Patients with high mean local arsenic level had a non-statistically significant higher risk of treatment failure (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 0.7–4.6, p = 0.23) than patients using wells with arsenic concentration <10 μg/L. Twenty one patients died in our cohort, 16 directly as a result of VL. Arsenic levels ≥ 10 μg/L increased the risk of all-cause (HR 3.27; 95% CI: 1.4–8.1) and VL related (HR 2.65; 95% CI: 0.96–7.65) deaths. This was time dependent: 3 months post VL symptom development, elevated risks of all-cause mortality (HR 8.56; 95% CI: 2.5–29.1) and of VL related mortality (HR 9.27; 95% CI: 1.8–49.0) were detected. Discussion/Conclusion This study indicates a trend towards increased treatment failure in arsenic exposed patients. The limitations of the retrospective study design may have masked a strong association between arsenic exposure and selection for antimonial resistance in the field. The unanticipated strong correlation between arsenic exposure and VL mortality warrants further investigation. The parasitic disease visceral leishmaniasis (VL) causes a significant burden of illness and death in India. The main drug used to treat VL, which is based on the chemical element antimony, stopped working well in about half of all patients in the late twentieth century. We hypothesised that arsenic exposure of the Indian population, through contaminated groundwater, was contributing to treatment failure with antimony based drugs. Arsenic and antimony are similar chemical elements and exposure of the parasite to arsenic within the liver of arsenic-exposed patients could allow the parasite to become resistant to treatment with antimony. Using a field-based questionnaire study we retrospectively evaluated whether arsenic exposure was linked to antimonial treatment failure in a cohort of 110 antimonial treated patients. No significant association was found, although this may be because the number of patients in the study was low as antimony use was officially discontinued in 2005 due to high rates of treatment failure. However, arsenic exposure was found to increase risk of mortality from VL particularly if death occurred more than 3 months after the symptoms of VL developed. More research into the relationship between arsenic exposure and mortality in VL is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan R. Perry
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay K. Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangrah, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Joris Menten
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrea Raab
- College of Physical Sciences—Chemistry, Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joerg Feldmann
- College of Physical Sciences—Chemistry, Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Marleen Boelaert
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Albert Picado
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Sola I, Castellà S, Viayna E, Galdeano C, Taylor MC, Gbedema SY, Pérez B, Clos MV, Jones DC, Fairlamb AH, Wright CW, Kelly JM, Muñoz-Torrero D. Synthesis, biological profiling and mechanistic studies of 4-aminoquinoline-based heterodimeric compounds with dual trypanocidal-antiplasmodial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5156-67. [PMID: 25678015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dual submicromolar trypanocidal-antiplasmodial compounds have been identified by screening and chemical synthesis of 4-aminoquinoline-based heterodimeric compounds of three different structural classes. In Trypanosoma brucei, inhibition of the enzyme trypanothione reductase seems to be involved in the potent trypanocidal activity of these heterodimers, although it is probably not the main biological target. Regarding antiplasmodial activity, the heterodimers seem to share the mode of action of the antimalarial drug chloroquine, which involves inhibition of the haem detoxification process. Interestingly, all of these heterodimers display good brain permeabilities, thereby being potentially useful for late stage human African trypanosomiasis. Future optimization of these compounds should focus mainly on decreasing cytotoxicity and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sola
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Castellà
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Viayna
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Galdeano
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin C Taylor
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Y Gbedema
- Bradford School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1 DP, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Belén Pérez
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Victòria Clos
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Deuan C Jones
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Colin W Wright
- Bradford School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1 DP, United Kingdom
| | - John M Kelly
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Ong HB, Lee WS, Patterson S, Wyllie S, Fairlamb AH. Homoserine and quorum-sensing acyl homoserine lactones as alternative sources of threonine: a potential role for homoserine kinase in insect-stage Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Microbiol 2014; 95:143-56. [PMID: 25367138 PMCID: PMC4460637 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
De novo synthesis of threonine from aspartate occurs via the β-aspartyl phosphate pathway in plants, bacteria and fungi. However, the Trypanosoma brucei genome encodes only the last two steps in this pathway: homoserine kinase (HSK) and threonine synthase. Here, we investigated the possible roles for this incomplete pathway through biochemical, genetic and nutritional studies. Purified recombinant TbHSK specifically phosphorylates L-homoserine and displays kinetic properties similar to other HSKs. HSK null mutants generated in bloodstream forms displayed no growth phenotype in vitro or loss of virulence in vivo. However, following transformation into procyclic forms, homoserine, homoserine lactone and certain acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) were found to substitute for threonine in growth media for wild-type procyclics, but not HSK null mutants. The tsetse fly is considered to be an unlikely source of these nutrients as it feeds exclusively on mammalian blood. Bioinformatic studies predict that tsetse endosymbionts possess part (up to homoserine in Wigglesworthia glossinidia) or all of the β-aspartyl phosphate pathway (Sodalis glossinidius). In addition S. glossinidius is known to produce 3-oxohexanoylhomoserine lactone which also supports trypanosome growth. We propose that T. brucei has retained HSK and threonine synthase in order to salvage these nutrients when threonine availability is limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han B Ong
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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40
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Brand S, Norcross NR, Thompson S, Harrison JR, Smith VC, Robinson DA, Torrie LS, McElroy SP, Hallyburton I, Norval S, Scullion P, Stojanovski L, Simeons FRC, van Aalten D, Frearson JA, Brenk R, Fairlamb AH, Ferguson MAJ, Wyatt PG, Gilbert IH, Read KD. Lead optimization of a pyrazole sulfonamide series of Trypanosoma brucei N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors: identification and evaluation of CNS penetrant compounds as potential treatments for stage 2 human African trypanosomiasis. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9855-69. [PMID: 25412409 PMCID: PMC4269550 DOI: 10.1021/jm500809c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Trypanosoma bruceiN-myristoyltransferase
(TbNMT) is an attractive therapeutic
target for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). From
previous studies, we identified pyrazole sulfonamide, DDD85646 (1), a potent inhibitor of TbNMT. Although
this compound represents an excellent lead, poor central nervous system
(CNS) exposure restricts its use to the hemolymphatic form (stage
1) of the disease. With a clear clinical need for new drug treatments
for HAT that address both the hemolymphatic and CNS stages of the
disease, a chemistry campaign was initiated to address the shortfalls
of this series. This paper describes modifications to the pyrazole
sulfonamides which markedly improved blood–brain barrier permeability,
achieved by reducing polar surface area and capping the sulfonamide.
Moreover, replacing the core aromatic with a flexible linker significantly
improved selectivity. This led to the discovery of DDD100097 (40) which demonstrated partial efficacy in a stage 2 (CNS)
mouse model of HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Brand
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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Shameer S, Logan-Klumpler FJ, Vinson F, Cottret L, Merlet B, Achcar F, Boshart M, Berriman M, Breitling R, Bringaud F, Bütikofer P, Cattanach AM, Bannerman-Chukualim B, Creek DJ, Crouch K, de Koning HP, Denise H, Ebikeme C, Fairlamb AH, Ferguson MAJ, Ginger ML, Hertz-Fowler C, Kerkhoven EJ, Mäser P, Michels PAM, Nayak A, Nes DW, Nolan DP, Olsen C, Silva-Franco F, Smith TK, Taylor MC, Tielens AGM, Urbaniak MD, van Hellemond JJ, Vincent IM, Wilkinson SR, Wyllie S, Opperdoes FR, Barrett MP, Jourdan F. TrypanoCyc: a community-led biochemical pathways database for Trypanosoma brucei. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:D637-44. [PMID: 25300491 PMCID: PMC4384016 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic network of a cell represents the catabolic and anabolic reactions that interconvert small molecules (metabolites) through the activity of enzymes, transporters and non-catalyzed chemical reactions. Our understanding of individual metabolic networks is increasing as we learn more about the enzymes that are active in particular cells under particular conditions and as technologies advance to allow detailed measurements of the cellular metabolome. Metabolic network databases are of increasing importance in allowing us to contextualise data sets emerging from transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic experiments. Here we present a dynamic database, TrypanoCyc (http://www.metexplore.fr/trypanocyc/), which describes the generic and condition-specific metabolic network of Trypanosoma brucei, a parasitic protozoan responsible for human and animal African trypanosomiasis. In addition to enabling navigation through the BioCyc-based TrypanoCyc interface, we have also implemented a network-based representation of the information through MetExplore, yielding a novel environment in which to visualise the metabolism of this important parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanu Shameer
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331, TOXALIM (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Florence Vinson
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331, TOXALIM (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Ludovic Cottret
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR441, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), Auzeville, France
| | - Benjamin Merlet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331, TOXALIM (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Fiona Achcar
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Michael Boshart
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biocenter, 82152-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthew Berriman
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Rainer Breitling
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Darren J Creek
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | | | | | - Hubert Denise
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | | | | | | | - Michael L Ginger
- Divisionof Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | | | - Eduard J Kerkhoven
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| | | | - Archana Nayak
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Terry K Smith
- University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | | | - Aloysius G M Tielens
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 TD, The Netherlands Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Michael D Urbaniak
- Divisionof Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | | | | | | | - Susan Wyllie
- University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 4HN, UK
| | | | | | - Fabien Jourdan
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331, TOXALIM (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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42
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Gallo MBC, Marques ASF, Vieira PC, da Silva MFDGF, Fernandes JB, Silva M, Guido RV, Oliva G, Thiemann OH, Albuquerque S, Fairlamb AH. Enzymatic Inhibitory Activity and Trypanocidal Effects of Extracts and Compounds from Siphoneugena densiflora O. Berg and Vitex polygama Cham. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 63:371-82. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-2008-5-611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hexanic, methanolic, and hydroalcoholic extracts, and 34 isolated compounds from Vitex polygama Cham. (Lamiaceae, formely Verbenaceae) and Siphoneugena densiflora O. Berg (Myrtaceae) were screened for their trypanocidal effects on bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and T. brucei, as well as for their enzymatic inhibitory activities on glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) and trypanothione reductase (TR) enzymes from T. cruzi and adeninephosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) enzyme from Leishmania tarentolae. In general, polar extracts displayed strong effects and some of the tested compounds have shown good results in comparison to positive controls of the bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareth B. C. Gallo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, 13565-905, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Anna Sylvia F. Marques
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, 13565-905, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo C. Vieira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, 13565-905, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | | | - João B. Fernandes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, 13565-905, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio Silva
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 369, 13560-970, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael V. Guido
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 369, 13560-970, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Glaucius Oliva
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 369, 13560-970, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Otávio H. Thiemann
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 369, 13560-970, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Albuquerque
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Cafés/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- Division of Molecular Parasitology & Biological Chemistry, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
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Ong HB, Sienkiewicz N, Wyllie S, Patterson S, Fairlamb AH. Trypanosoma brucei (UMP synthase null mutants) are avirulent in mice, but recover virulence upon prolonged culture in vitro while retaining pyrimidine auxotrophy. Mol Microbiol 2013; 90:443-55. [PMID: 23980694 PMCID: PMC3868941 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomes are capable of both de novo synthesis and salvage of pyrimidines. The last two steps in de novo synthesis are catalysed by UMP synthase (UMPS) – a bifunctional enzyme comprising orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) and orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC). To investigate the essentiality of pyrimidine biosynthesis in Trypanosoma brucei, we generated a umps double knockout (DKO) line by gene replacement. The DKO was unable to grow in pyrimidine-depleted medium in vitro, unless supplemented with uracil, uridine, deoxyuridine or UMP. DKO parasites were completely resistant to 5-fluoroorotate and hypersensitive to 5-fluorouracil, consistent with loss of UMPS, but remained sensitive to pyrazofurin indicating that, unlike mammalian cells, the primary target of pyrazofurin is not OMPDC. The null mutant was unable to infect mice indicating that salvage of host pyrimidines is insufficient to support growth. However, following prolonged culture in vitro, parasites regained virulence in mice despite retaining pyrimidine auxotrophy. Unlike the wild-type, both pyrimidine auxotrophs secreted substantial quantities of orotate, significantly higher in the virulent DKO line. We propose that this may be responsible for the recovery of virulence in mice, due to host metabolism converting orotate to uridine, thereby bypassing the loss of UMPS in the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han B Ong
- Divisional of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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44
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Nguyen S, Jones DC, Wyllie S, Fairlamb AH, Phillips MA. Allosteric activation of trypanosomatid deoxyhypusine synthase by a catalytically dead paralog. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15256-67. [PMID: 23525104 PMCID: PMC3663545 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.461137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamine biosynthesis is a key drug target in African trypanosomes. The “resurrection drug” eflornithine (difluoromethylornithine), which is used clinically to treat human African trypanosomiasis, inhibits the first step in polyamine (spermidine) biosynthesis, a highly regulated pathway in most eukaryotic cells. Previously, we showed that activity of a key trypanosomatid spermidine biosynthetic enzyme, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, is regulated by heterodimer formation with a catalytically dead paralog (a prozyme). Here, we describe an expansion of this prozyme paradigm to the enzyme deoxyhypusine synthase, which is required for spermidine-dependent hypusine modification of a lysine residue in the essential translation factor eIF5A. Trypanosoma brucei encodes two deoxyhypusine synthase paralogs, one that is catalytically functional but grossly impaired, and the other is inactive. Co-expression in Escherichia coli results in heterotetramer formation with a 3000-fold increase in enzyme activity. This functional complex is also present in T. brucei, and conditional knock-out studies indicate that both DHS genes are essential for in vitro growth and infectivity in mice. The recurrent evolution of paralogous, catalytically dead enzyme-based activating mechanisms may be a consequence of the unusual gene expression in the parasites, which lack transcriptional regulation. Our results suggest that this mechanism may be more widely used by trypanosomatids to control enzyme activity and ultimately influence pathogenesis than currently appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suong Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041, USA
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45
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De Rycker M, O'Neill S, Joshi D, Campbell L, Gray DW, Fairlamb AH. A static-cidal assay for Trypanosoma brucei to aid hit prioritisation for progression into drug discovery programmes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1932. [PMID: 23209868 PMCID: PMC3510075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis is a vector-borne disease of sub-Saharan Africa that causes significant morbidity and mortality. Current therapies have many drawbacks, and there is an urgent need for new, better medicines. Ideally such new treatments should be fast-acting cidal agents that cure the disease in as few doses as possible. Screening assays used for hit-discovery campaigns often do not distinguish cytocidal from cytostatic compounds and further detailed follow-up experiments are required. Such studies usually do not have the throughput required to test the large numbers of hits produced in a primary high-throughput screen. Here, we present a 384-well assay that is compatible with high-throughput screening and provides an initial indication of the cidal nature of a compound. The assay produces growth curves at ten compound concentrations by assessing trypanosome counts at 4, 24 and 48 hours after compound addition. A reduction in trypanosome counts over time is used as a marker for cidal activity. The lowest concentration at which cell killing is seen is a quantitative measure for the cidal activity of the compound. We show that the assay can identify compounds that have trypanostatic activity rather than cidal activity, and importantly, that results from primary high-throughput assays can overestimate the potency of compounds significantly. This is due to biphasic growth inhibition, which remains hidden at low starting cell densities and is revealed in our static-cidal assay. The assay presented here provides an important tool to follow-up hits from high-throughput screening campaigns and avoid progression of compounds that have poor prospects due to lack of cidal activity or overestimated potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu De Rycker
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (vitamin B6) is an essential cofactor for many important enzymatic reactions such as transamination and decarboxylation. African trypanosomes are unable to synthesise vitamin B6de novo and rely on uptake of B6 vitamers such as pyridoxal and pyridoxamine from their hosts, which are subsequently phosphorylated by pyridoxal kinase (PdxK). A conditional null mutant of PdxK was generated in Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms showing that this enzyme is essential for growth of the parasite in vitro and for infectivity in mice. Activity of recombinant T. brucei PdxK was comparable to previously published work having a specific activity of 327 ± 13 mU mg−1 and a Kmapp with respect to pyridoxal of 29.6 ± 3.9 µM. A coupled assay was developed demonstrating that the enzyme has equivalent catalytic efficiency with pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine, and that ginkgotoxin is an effective pseudo substrate. A high resolution structure of PdxK in complex with ATP revealed important structural differences with the human enzyme. These findings suggest that pyridoxal kinase is an essential and druggable target that could lead to much needed alternative treatments for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deuan C Jones
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Wyllie S, Patterson S, Stojanovski L, Simeons FRC, Norval S, Kime R, Read KD, Fairlamb AH. The anti-trypanosome drug fexinidazole shows potential for treating visceral leishmaniasis. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:119re1. [PMID: 22301556 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Safer and more effective oral drugs are required to treat visceral leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease that kills 50,000 to 60,000 people each year in parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Here, we report that fexinidazole, a drug currently in phase 1 clinical trials for treating African trypanosomiasis, shows promise for treating visceral leishmaniasis. This 2-substituted 5-nitroimidazole drug is rapidly oxidized in vivo in mice, dogs, and humans to sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites. Both metabolites of fexinidazole were active against Leishmania donovani amastigotes grown in macrophages, whereas the parent compound was inactive. Pharmacokinetic studies with fexinidazole (200 mg/kg) showed that fexinidazole sulfone achieves blood concentrations in mice above the EC(99) (effective concentration inhibiting growth by 99%) value for at least 24 hours after a single oral dose. A once-daily regimen for 5 days at this dose resulted in a 98.4% suppression of infection in a mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis, equivalent to that seen with the drugs miltefosine and Pentostam, which are currently used clinically to treat this tropical disease. In African trypanosomes, the mode of action of nitro drugs involves reductive activation via a NADH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)-dependent bacterial-like nitroreductase. Overexpression of the leishmanial homolog of this nitroreductase in L. donovani increased sensitivity to fexinidazole by 19-fold, indicating that a similar mechanism is involved in both parasites. These findings illustrate the potential of fexinidazole as an oral drug therapy for treating visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wyllie
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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Spinks D, Torrie LS, Thompson S, Harrison JR, Frearson JA, Read KD, Fairlamb AH, Wyatt PG, Gilbert IH. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of Trypanosoma brucei trypanothione synthetase inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:95-106. [PMID: 22162199 PMCID: PMC3320663 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trypanothione synthetase (TryS) is essential for the survival of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, which causes human African trypanosomiasis. It is one of only a handful of chemically validated targets for T. brucei in vivo. To identify novel inhibitors of TbTryS we screened our in-house diverse compound library that contains 62,000 compounds. This resulted in the identification of six novel hit series of TbTryS inhibitors. Herein we describe the SAR exploration of these hit series, which gave rise to one common series with potency against the enzyme target. Cellular studies on these inhibitors confirmed on-target activity, and the compounds have proven to be very useful tools for further study of the trypanothione pathway in kinetoplastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spinks
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Capes A, Patterson S, Wyllie S, Hallyburton I, Collie IT, McCarroll AJ, Stevens MFG, Frearson JA, Wyatt PG, Fairlamb AH, Gilbert IH. Quinol derivatives as potential trypanocidal agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1607-15. [PMID: 22264753 PMCID: PMC3281193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quinols have been developed as a class of potential anti-cancer compounds. They are thought to act as double Michael acceptors, forming two covalent bonds to their target protein(s). Quinols have also been shown to have activity against the parasite Trypanosoma brucei, the causative organism of human African trypanosomiasis, but they demonstrated little selectivity over mammalian MRC5 cells in a counter-screen. In this paper, we report screening of further examples of quinols against T. brucei. We were able to derive an SAR, but the compounds demonstrated little selectivity over MRC5 cells. In an approach to increase selectivity, we attached melamine and benzamidine motifs to the quinols, because these moieties are known to be selectively concentrated in the parasite by transporter proteins. In general these transporter motif-containing analogues showed increased selectivity; however they also showed reduced levels of potency against T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Capes
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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Brand S, Cleghorn LAT, McElroy SP, Robinson DA, Smith VC, Hallyburton I, Harrison JR, Norcross NR, Spinks D, Bayliss T, Norval S, Stojanovski L, Torrie LS, Frearson JA, Brenk R, Fairlamb AH, Ferguson MAJ, Read KD, Wyatt PG, Gilbert IH. Discovery of a novel class of orally active trypanocidal N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 55:140-52. [PMID: 22148754 PMCID: PMC3256935 DOI: 10.1021/jm201091t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) represents a promising drug target for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), which is caused by the parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma brucei. We report the optimization of a high throughput screening hit (1) to give a lead molecule DDD85646 (63), which has potent activity against the enzyme (IC(50) = 2 nM) and T. brucei (EC(50) = 2 nM) in culture. The compound has good oral pharmacokinetics and cures rodent models of peripheral HAT infection. This compound provides an excellent tool for validation of T. brucei NMT as a drug target for HAT as well as a valuable lead for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Brand
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, U.K
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