1
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Hulverson MA, Bruzual I, McConnell EV, Huang W, Vidadala RSR, Choi R, Arnold SLM, Whitman GR, McCloskey MC, Barrett LK, Rivas KL, Scheele S, DeRocher AE, Parsons M, Ojo KK, Maly DJ, Fan E, Van Voorhis WC, Doggett JS. Pharmacokinetics and In Vivo Efficacy of Pyrazolopyrimidine, Pyrrolopyrimidine, and 5-Aminopyrazole-4-Carboxamide Bumped Kinase Inhibitors against Toxoplasmosis. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1464-1473. [PMID: 30423128 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) have been shown to be potent inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 1. Pyrazolopyrimidine and 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide scaffold-based BKIs are effective in acute and chronic experimental models of toxoplasmosis. Through further exploration of these 2 scaffolds and a new pyrrolopyrimidine scaffold, additional compounds have been identified that are extremely effective against acute experimental toxoplasmosis. The in vivo efficacy of these BKIs demonstrates that the cyclopropyloxynaphthyl, cyclopropyloxyquinoline, and 2-ethoxyquinolin-6-yl substituents are associated with efficacy across scaffolds. In addition, a broad range of plasma concentrations after oral dosing resulted from small structural changes to the BKIs. These select BKIs include anti-Toxoplasma compounds that are effective against acute experimental toxoplasmosis and are not toxic in human cell assays, nor to mice when administered for therapy. The BKIs described here are promising late leads for improving anti-Toxoplasma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Igor Bruzual
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Oregon
| | | | - Wenlin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Molly C McCloskey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | | | - Amy E DeRocher
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
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Huang W, Hulverson MA, Choi R, Arnold SLM, Zhang Z, McCloskey MC, Whitman GR, Hackman RC, Rivas KL, Barrett LK, Ojo KK, Van Voorhis WC, Fan E. Development of 5-Aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide-based Bumped-Kinase Inhibitors for Cryptosporidiosis Therapy. J Med Chem 2019; 62:3135-3146. [PMID: 30830766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of pediatric diarrhea worldwide. Currently, there is neither a vaccine nor a consistently effective drug available for this disease. Selective 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide-based bumped-kinase inhibitors (BKIs) are effective in both in vitro and in vivo models of Cryptosporidium parvum. Potential cardiotoxicity in some BKIs led to the continued exploration of the 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide scaffold to find safe and effective drug candidates for Cryptosporidium. A series of newly designed BKIs were tested for efficacy against C. parvum using in vitro and in vivo (mouse infection model) assays and safety issues. Compound 6 (BKI 1708) was found to be efficacious at 8 mg/kg dosed once daily (QD) for 5 days with no observable signs of toxicity up to 200 mg/kg dosed QD for 7 days. Compound 15 (BKI 1770) was found to be efficacious at 30 mg/kg dosed twice daily (BID) for 5 days with no observable signs of toxicity up to 300 mg/kg dosed QD for 7 days. Compounds 6 and 15 are promising preclinical leads for cryptosporidiosis therapy with acceptable safety parameters and efficacy in the mouse model of cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | | | - Molly C McCloskey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Robert C Hackman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Disease (CERID) , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
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3
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Sánchez-Sánchez R, Ferre I, Re M, Vázquez P, Ferrer LM, Blanco-Murcia J, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Pizarro Díaz M, González-Huecas M, Tabanera E, García-Lunar P, Benavides J, Castaño P, Hemphill A, Hulverson MA, Whitman GR, Rivas KL, Choi R, Ojo KK, Barrett LK, Van Voorhis WC, Ortega-Mora LM. Safety and efficacy of the bumped kinase inhibitor BKI-1553 in pregnant sheep experimentally infected with Neospora caninum tachyzoites. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:112-124. [PMID: 29501973 PMCID: PMC6114101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is one of the main causes of abortion in cattle, and recent studies have highlighted its relevance as an abortifacient in small ruminants. Vaccines or drugs for the control of neosporosis are lacking. Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs), which are ATP-competitive inhibitors of calcium dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1), were shown to be highly efficacious against several apicomplexan parasites in vitro and in laboratory animal models. We here present the pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of BKI-1553 in pregnant ewes and foetuses using a pregnant sheep model of N. caninum infection. BKI-1553 showed exposure in pregnant ewes with trough concentrations of approximately 4 μM, and of 1 μM in foetuses. Subcutaneous BKI-1553 administration increased rectal temperatures shortly after treatment, and resulted in dermal nodules triggering a slight monocytosis after repeated doses at short intervals. BKI-1553 treatment decreased fever in infected pregnant ewes already after two applications, resulted in a 37–50% reduction in foetal mortality, and modulated immune responses; IFNγ levels were increased early after infection and IgG levels were reduced subsequently. N. caninum was abundantly found in placental tissues; however, parasite detection in foetal brain tissue decreased from 94% in the infected/untreated group to 69–71% in the treated groups. In summary, BKI-1553 confers partial protection against abortion in a ruminant experimental model of N. caninum infection during pregnancy. In addition, reduced parasite detection, parasite load and lesions in foetal brains were observed. BKI-1553 showed excellent exposure in pregnant ewes and foetuses. BKI-1553 confers partial protection against abortion in N. caninum infected ewes. Treatment reduces parasite detection, parasite load and lesions in foetal brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ferre
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michela Re
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Vázquez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ferrer
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Blanco-Murcia
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Regidor-Cerrillo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Pizarro Díaz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta González-Huecas
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Tabanera
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula García-Lunar
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Livestock Health and Production Institute (ULE-CSIC), 24346, León, Spain
| | - Pablo Castaño
- Livestock Health and Production Institute (ULE-CSIC), 24346, León, Spain
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Hulverson MA, Choi R, Arnold SLM, Schaefer DA, Hemphill A, McCloskey MC, Betzer DP, Müller J, Vidadala RSR, Whitman GR, Rivas KL, Barrett LK, Hackman RC, Love MS, McNamara CW, Shaughnessy TK, Kondratiuk A, Kurnick M, Banfor PN, Lynch JJ, Freiberg GM, Kempf DJ, Maly DJ, Riggs MW, Ojo KK, Van Voorhis WC. Advances in bumped kinase inhibitors for human and animal therapy for cryptosporidiosis. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:753-763. [PMID: 28899690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Improvements have been made to the safety and efficacy of bumped kinase inhibitors, and they are advancing toward human and animal use for treatment of cryptosporidiosis. As the understanding of bumped kinase inhibitor pharmacodynamics for cryptosporidiosis therapy has increased, it has become clear that better compounds for efficacy do not necessarily require substantial systemic exposure. We now have a bumped kinase inhibitor with reduced systemic exposure, acceptable safety parameters, and efficacy in both the mouse and newborn calf models of cryptosporidiosis. Potential cardiotoxicity is the limiting safety parameter to monitor for this bumped kinase inhibitor. This compound is a promising pre-clinical lead for cryptosporidiosis therapy in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Deborah A Schaefer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Molly C McCloskey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dana P Betzer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rama S R Vidadala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Robert C Hackman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Melissa S Love
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Case W McNamara
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew Kurnick
- Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | | | - James J Lynch
- Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Gail M Freiberg
- Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Dale J Kempf
- Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael W Riggs
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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5
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Hulverson MA, Vinayak S, Choi R, Schaefer DA, Castellanos-Gonzalez A, Vidadala RSR, Brooks CF, Herbert GT, Betzer DP, Whitman GR, Sparks HN, Arnold SLM, Rivas KL, Barrett LK, White AC, Maly DJ, Riggs MW, Striepen B, Van Voorhis WC, Ojo KK. Bumped-Kinase Inhibitors for Cryptosporidiosis Therapy. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1275-1284. [PMID: 28329187 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) of Cryptosporidium parvum calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CpCDPK1) are leading candidates for treatment of cryptosporidiosis-associated diarrhea. Potential cardiotoxicity related to anti-human ether-à-go-go potassium channel (hERG) activity of the first-generation anti-Cryptosporidium BKIs triggered further testing for efficacy. A luminescence assay adapted for high-throughput screening was used to measure inhibitory activities of BKIs against C. parvum in vitro. Furthermore, neonatal and interferon γ knockout mouse models of C. parvum infection identified BKIs with in vivo activity. Additional iterative experiments for optimum dosing and selecting BKIs with minimum levels of hERG activity and frequencies of other safety liabilities included those that investigated mammalian cell cytotoxicity, C. parvum proliferation inhibition in vitro, anti-human Src inhibition, hERG activity, in vivo pharmacokinetic data, and efficacy in other mouse models. Findings of this study suggest that fecal concentrations greater than parasite inhibitory concentrations correlate best with effective therapy in the mouse model of cryptosporidiosis, but a more refined model for efficacy is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Hulverson
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Sumiti Vinayak
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Deborah A Schaefer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | | | | | - Carrie F Brooks
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Gillian T Herbert
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Dana P Betzer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | | | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - A Clinton White
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Michael W Riggs
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Boris Striepen
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging & Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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6
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Hewitt SN, Dranow DM, Horst BG, Abendroth JA, Forte B, Hallyburton I, Jansen C, Baragaña B, Choi R, Rivas KL, Hulverson MA, Dumais M, Edwards TE, Lorimer DD, Fairlamb AH, Gray DW, Read KD, Lehane AM, Kirk K, Myler PJ, Wernimont A, Walpole C, Stacy R, Barrett LK, Gilbert IH, Van Voorhis WC. Biochemical and Structural Characterization of Selective Allosteric Inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum Drug Target, Prolyl-tRNA-synthetase. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:34-44. [PMID: 27798837 PMCID: PMC5241706 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) prolyl-tRNA synthetase (ProRS) is one of the few chemical-genetically validated drug targets for malaria, yet highly selective inhibitors have not been described. In this paper, approximately 40,000 compounds were screened to identify compounds that selectively inhibit PfProRS enzyme activity versus Homo sapiens (Hs) ProRS. X-ray crystallography structures were solved for apo, as well as substrate- and inhibitor-bound forms of PfProRS. We identified two new inhibitors of PfProRS that bind outside the active site. These two allosteric inhibitors showed >100 times specificity for PfProRS compared to HsProRS, demonstrating this class of compounds could overcome the toxicity related to HsProRS inhibition by halofuginone and its analogues. Initial medicinal chemistry was performed on one of the two compounds, guided by the cocrystallography of the compound with PfProRS, and the results can instruct future medicinal chemistry work to optimize these promising new leads for drug development against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Nakazawa Hewitt
- Center for Emerging
and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - David M. Dranow
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Beryllium Discovery Corporation, 7869 N.E. Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110, United States
| | - Benjamin G. Horst
- Center for Emerging
and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Jan A. Abendroth
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Beryllium Discovery Corporation, 7869 N.E. Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110, United States
| | - Barbara Forte
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug
Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Hallyburton
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug
Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Chimed Jansen
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug
Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Baragaña
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug
Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Choi
- Center for Emerging
and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Kasey L. Rivas
- Center for Emerging
and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Matthew A. Hulverson
- Center for Emerging
and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Mitchell Dumais
- Center for Emerging
and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Thomas E. Edwards
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Beryllium Discovery Corporation, 7869 N.E. Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110, United States
| | - Donald D. Lorimer
- Beryllium Discovery Corporation, 7869 N.E. Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110, United States
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug
Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Gray
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug
Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug
Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Adele M. Lehane
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Kiaran Kirk
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Peter J. Myler
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Departments of Global Health and Biomedical
Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Amy Wernimont
- Structure-guided Drug Discovery Coalition (SDDC), Structural Genomic Consortium, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Chris Walpole
- Structure-guided Drug Discovery Coalition (SDDC), Structural Genomic Consortium, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Robin Stacy
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Lynn K. Barrett
- Center for Emerging
and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit (DDU), Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug
Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging
and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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7
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Schaefer DA, Betzer DP, Smith KD, Millman ZG, Michalski HC, Menchaca SE, Zambriski JA, Ojo KK, Hulverson MA, Arnold SLM, Rivas KL, Vidadala RSR, Huang W, Barrett LK, Maly DJ, Fan E, Van Voorhis WC, Riggs MW. Novel Bumped Kinase Inhibitors Are Safe and Effective Therapeutics in the Calf Clinical Model for Cryptosporidiosis. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1856-1864. [PMID: 27923949 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis, caused by the apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum, is a diarrheal disease that has produced a large global burden in mortality and morbidity in humans and livestock. There are currently no consistently effective parasite-specific pharmaceuticals available for this disease. Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) specific for parasite calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) have been shown to reduce infection in several parasites having medical and veterinary importance, including Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, and C. parvum In the present study, BKIs were screened for efficacy against C. parvum infection in the neonatal mouse model. Three BKIs were then selected for safety and clinical efficacy evaluation in the calf model for cryptosporidiosis. Significant BKI treatment effects were observed for virtually all clinical and parasitological scoring parameters, including diarrhea severity, oocyst shedding, and overall health. These results provide proof of concept for BKIs as therapeutic drug leads in an animal model for human cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Schaefer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Dana P Betzer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Kylie D Smith
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Zachary G Millman
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Hannah C Michalski
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Sarah E Menchaca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Jennifer A Zambriski
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | | | - Wenlin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease
| | - Michael W Riggs
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson
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8
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Ojo KK, Dangoudoubiyam S, Verma SK, Scheele S, DeRocher AE, Yeargan M, Choi R, Smith TR, Rivas KL, Hulverson MA, Barrett LK, Fan E, Maly DJ, Parsons M, Dubey JP, Howe DK, Van Voorhis WC. Selective inhibition of Sarcocystis neurona calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis therapy. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:871-880. [PMID: 27729271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sarcocystis neurona is the most frequent cause of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, a debilitating neurological disease of horses that can be difficult to treat. We identified SnCDPK1, the S. neurona homologue of calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1), a validated drug target in Toxoplasma gondii. SnCDPK1 shares the glycine "gatekeeper" residue of the well-characterized T. gondii enzyme, which allows the latter to be targeted by bumped kinase inhibitors. This study presents detailed molecular and phenotypic evidence that SnCDPK1 can be targeted for rational drug development. Recombinant SnCDPK1 was tested against four bumped kinase inhibitors shown to potently inhibit both T. gondii (Tg) CDPK1 and T. gondii tachyzoite growth. SnCDPK1 was inhibited by low nanomolar concentrations of these BKIs and S. neurona growth was inhibited at 40-120nM concentrations. Thermal shift assays confirmed these bumped kinase inhibitors bind CDPK1 in S. neurona cell lysates. Treatment with bumped kinase inhibitors before or after invasion suggests that bumped kinase inhibitors interfere with S. neurona mammalian host cell invasion in the 0.5-2.5μM range but interfere with intracellular division at 2.5μM. In vivo proof-of-concept experiments were performed in a murine model of S. neurona infection. The experimental infected groups treated for 30days with compound BKI-1553 (n=10 mice) had no signs of disease, while the infected control group had severe signs and symptoms of infection. Elevated antibody responses were found in 100% of control infected animals, but only 20% of BKI-1553 treated infected animals. Parasites were found in brain tissues of 100% of the control infected animals, but only in 10% of the BKI-1553 treated animals. The bumped kinase inhibitors used in these assays have been chemically optimized for potency, selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties, and hence are good candidates for treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Sriveny Dangoudoubiyam
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shiv K Verma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Suzanne Scheele
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Amy E DeRocher
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michelle Yeargan
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tess R Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marilyn Parsons
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jitender P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Daniel K Howe
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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9
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Vidadala RSR, Rivas KL, Ojo KK, Hulverson MA, Zambriski JA, Bruzual I, Schultz TL, Huang W, Zhang Z, Scheele S, DeRocher AE, Choi R, Barrett LK, Siddaramaiah LK, Hol WGJ, Fan E, Merritt EA, Parsons M, Freiberg G, Marsh K, Kempf DJ, Carruthers VB, Isoherranen N, Doggett JS, Van Voorhis WC, Maly DJ. Development of an Orally Available and Central Nervous System (CNS) Penetrant Toxoplasma gondii Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 (TgCDPK1) Inhibitor with Minimal Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene (hERG) Activity for the Treatment of Toxoplasmosis. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6531-46. [PMID: 27309760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New therapies are needed for the treatment of toxoplasmosis, which is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. To this end, we previously developed a potent and selective inhibitor (compound 1) of Toxoplasma gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (TgCDPK1) that possesses antitoxoplasmosis activity in vitro and in vivo. Unfortunately, 1 has potent human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) inhibitory activity, associated with long Q-T syndrome, and consequently presents a cardiotoxicity risk. Here, we describe the identification of an optimized TgCDPK1 inhibitor 32, which does not have a hERG liability and possesses a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in small and large animals. 32 is CNS-penetrant and highly effective in acute and latent mouse models of T. gondii infection, significantly reducing the amount of parasite in the brain, spleen, and peritoneal fluid and reducing brain cysts by >85%. These properties make 32 a promising lead for the development of a new antitoxoplasmosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Subba Rao Vidadala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kasey L Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Jennifer A Zambriski
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Igor Bruzual
- Portland VA Medical Center , Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Tracey L Schultz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Wenlin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zhongsheng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Suzanne Scheele
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Amy E DeRocher
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | | | - Wim G J Hol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ethan A Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Marilyn Parsons
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Gail Freiberg
- AbbVie , North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kennan Marsh
- AbbVie , North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Dale J Kempf
- AbbVie , North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Vern B Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - J Stone Doggett
- Portland VA Medical Center , Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98109, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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10
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Crowther GJ, Hillesland HK, Keyloun KR, Reid MC, Lafuente-Monasterio MJ, Ghidelli-Disse S, Leonard SE, He P, Jones JC, Krahn MM, Mo JS, Dasari KS, Fox AMW, Boesche M, El Bakkouri M, Rivas KL, Leroy D, Hui R, Drewes G, Maly DJ, Van Voorhis WC, Ojo KK. Biochemical Screening of Five Protein Kinases from Plasmodium falciparum against 14,000 Cell-Active Compounds. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149996. [PMID: 26934697 PMCID: PMC4774911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2010 the identities of thousands of anti-Plasmodium compounds were released publicly to facilitate malaria drug development. Understanding these compounds' mechanisms of action--i.e., the specific molecular targets by which they kill the parasite--would further facilitate the drug development process. Given that kinases are promising anti-malaria targets, we screened ~14,000 cell-active compounds for activity against five different protein kinases. Collections of cell-active compounds from GlaxoSmithKline (the ~13,000-compound Tres Cantos Antimalarial Set, or TCAMS), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (260 compounds), and the Medicines for Malaria Venture (the 400-compound Malaria Box) were screened in biochemical assays of Plasmodium falciparum calcium-dependent protein kinases 1 and 4 (CDPK1 and CDPK4), mitogen-associated protein kinase 2 (MAPK2/MAP2), protein kinase 6 (PK6), and protein kinase 7 (PK7). Novel potent inhibitors (IC50 < 1 μM) were discovered for three of the kinases: CDPK1, CDPK4, and PK6. The PK6 inhibitors are the most potent yet discovered for this enzyme and deserve further scrutiny. Additionally, kinome-wide competition assays revealed a compound that inhibits CDPK4 with few effects on ~150 human kinases, and several related compounds that inhibit CDPK1 and CDPK4 yet have limited cytotoxicity to human (HepG2) cells. Our data suggest that inhibiting multiple Plasmodium kinase targets without harming human cells is challenging but feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. Crowther
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Heidi K. Hillesland
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Katelyn R. Keyloun
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Molly C. Reid
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Sonja Ghidelli-Disse
- Cellzome GmbH, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen E. Leonard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Panqing He
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jackson C. Jones
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mallory M. Krahn
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jack S. Mo
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kartheek S. Dasari
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anna M. W. Fox
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Markus Boesche
- Cellzome GmbH, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Majida El Bakkouri
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kasey L. Rivas
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Didier Leroy
- Drug Discovery, Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raymond Hui
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerard Drewes
- Cellzome GmbH, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dustin J. Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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11
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Ojo KK, Eastman RT, Vidadala R, Zhang Z, Rivas KL, Choi R, Lutz JD, Reid MC, Fox AMW, Hulverson MA, Kennedy M, Isoherranen N, Kim LM, Comess KM, Kempf DJ, Verlinde CLMJ, Su XZ, Kappe SHI, Maly DJ, Fan E, Van Voorhis WC. A specific inhibitor of PfCDPK4 blocks malaria transmission: chemical-genetic validation. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:275-84. [PMID: 24123773 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasites are transmitted by mosquitoes, and blocking parasite transmission is critical in reducing or eliminating malaria in endemic regions. Here, we report the pharmacological characterization of a new class of malaria transmission-blocking compounds that acts via the inhibition of Plasmodia CDPK4 enzyme. We demonstrate that these compounds achieved selectivity over mammalian kinases by capitalizing on a small serine gatekeeper residue in the active site of the Plasmodium CDPK4 enzyme. To directly confirm the mechanism of action of these compounds, we generated P. falciparum parasites that express a drug-resistant methionine gatekeeper (S147 M) CDPK4 mutant. Mutant parasites showed a shift in exflagellation EC50 relative to the wild-type strains in the presence of compound 1294, providing chemical-genetic evidence that CDPK4 is the target of the compound. Pharmacokinetic analyses suggest that coformulation of this transmission-blocking agent with asexual stage antimalarials such as artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) is a promising option for drug delivery that may reduce transmission of malaria including drug-resistant strains. Ongoing studies include refining the compounds to improve efficacy and toxicological properties for efficient blocking of malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode K Ojo
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
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12
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Jenwitheesuk E, Horst JA, Rivas KL, Van Voorhis WC, Samudrala R. Novel paradigms for drug discovery: computational multitarget screening. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 29:62-71. [PMID: 18190973 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An established paradigm in current drug development is (i) to identify a single protein target whose inhibition is likely to result in the successful treatment of a disease of interest; (ii) to assay experimentally large libraries of small-molecule compounds in vitro and in vivo to identify promising inhibitors in model systems; and (iii) to determine whether the findings are extensible to humans. This complex process, which is largely based on trial and error, is risk-, time- and cost-intensive. Computational (virtual) screening of drug-like compounds simultaneously against the atomic structures of multiple protein targets, taking into account protein-inhibitor dynamics, might help to identify lead inhibitors more efficiently, particularly for complex drug-resistant diseases. Here we discuss the potential benefits of this approach, using HIV-1 and Plasmodium falciparum infections as examples. We propose a virtual drug discovery 'pipeline' that will not only identify lead inhibitors efficiently, but also help minimize side-effects and toxicity, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekachai Jenwitheesuk
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357242, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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13
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Van Voorhis WC, Rivas KL, Bendale P, Nallan L, Hornéy C, Barrett LK, Bauer KD, Smart BP, Ankala S, Hucke O, Verlinde CLMJ, Chakrabarti D, Strickland C, Yokoyama K, Buckner FS, Hamilton AD, Williams DK, Lombardo LJ, Floyd D, Gelb MH. Efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of tetrahydroquinoline inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum protein farnesyltransferase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3659-71. [PMID: 17606674 PMCID: PMC2043286 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00246-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New antimalarials are urgently needed. We have shown that tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) protein farnesyltransferase (PFT) inhibitors (PFTIs) are effective against the Plasmodium falciparum PFT and are effective at killing P. falciparum in vitro. Previously described THQ PFTIs had limitations of poor oral bioavailability and rapid clearance from the circulation of rodents. In this paper, we validate both the Caco-2 cell permeability model for predicting THQ intestinal absorption and the in vitro liver microsome model for predicting THQ clearance in vivo. Incremental improvements in efficacy, oral absorption, and clearance rate were monitored by in vitro tests; and these tests were followed up with in vivo absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies. One compound, PB-93, achieved cure when it was given orally to P. berghei-infected rats every 8 h for a total of 72 h. However, PB-93 was rapidly cleared, and dosing every 12 h failed to cure the rats. Thus, the in vivo results corroborate the in vitro pharmacodynamics and demonstrate that 72 h of continuous high-level exposure to PFTIs is necessary to kill plasmodia. The metabolism of PB-93 was demonstrated by a novel technique that relied on double labeling with a radiolabel and heavy isotopes combined with radiometric liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The major liver microsome metabolite of PB-93 has the PFT Zn-binding N-methyl-imidazole removed; this metabolite is inactive in blocking PFT function. By solving the X-ray crystal structure of PB-93 bound to rat PFT, a model of PB-93 bound to malarial PFT was constructed. This model suggests areas of the THQ PFTIs that can be modified to retain efficacy and protect the Zn-binding N-methyl-imidazole from dealkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Room I-104-E, Health Sciences Building, Seattle, WA 98195-7185, USA.
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