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Castillo-Bravo R, Fort A, Cashell R, Brychkova G, McKeown PC, Spillane C. Parent-of-Origin Effects on Seed Size Modify Heterosis Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:835219. [PMID: 35330872 PMCID: PMC8940307 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.835219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Parent-of-origin effects arise when a phenotype depends on whether it is inherited maternally or paternally. Parent-of-origin effects can exert a strong influence on F1 seed size in flowering plants, an important agronomic and life-history trait that can contribute to biomass heterosis. Here we investigate the natural variation in the relative contributions of the maternal and paternal genomes to F1 seed size across 71 reciprocal pairs of F1 hybrid diploids and the parental effect on F1 seed size heterosis. We demonstrate that the paternally derived genome influences F1 seed size more significantly than previously appreciated. We further demonstrate (by disruption of parental genome dosage balance in F1 triploid seeds) that hybridity acts as an enhancer of genome dosage effects on F1 seed size, beyond that observed from hybridity or genome dosage effects on their own. Our findings indicate that interactions between genetic hybridity and parental genome dosage can enhance heterosis effects in plants, opening new avenues for boosting heterosis breeding in crop plants.
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Intersexual conflict over seed size is stronger in more outcrossed populations of a mixed-mating plant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11561-11566. [PMID: 30282740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810979115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In polyandrous species, fathers benefit from attracting greater maternal investment toward their offspring at the expense of the offspring of other males, while mothers should usually allocate resources equally among offspring. This conflict can lead to an evolutionary arms race between the sexes, manifested through antagonistic genes whose expression in offspring depends upon the parent of origin. The arms race may involve an increase in the strength of maternally versus paternally derived alleles engaged in a "tug of war" over maternal provisioning or repeated "recognition-avoidance" coevolution where growth-enhancing paternally derived alleles evolve to escape recognition by maternal genes targeted to suppress their effect. Here, we develop predictions to distinguish between these two mechanisms when considering crosses among populations that have reached different equilibria in this intersexual arms race. We test these predictions using crosses within and among populations of Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae) that presumably have experienced different intensities of intersexual conflict, as inferred from their historical differences in mating system. In crosses where the paternal population was more outcrossed than the maternal population, hybrid seeds were larger than those normally produced in the maternal population, whereas when the maternal population was more outcrossed, hybrid seeds were smaller than normal. These results confirm the importance of mating systems in determining the intensity of intersexual conflict over maternal investment and provide strong support for a tug-of-war mechanism operating in this conflict. They also yield clear predictions for the fitness consequences of gene flow among populations with different mating histories.
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Cailleau A, Grimanelli D, Blanchet E, Cheptou PO, Lenormand T. Dividing a Maternal Pie among Half-Sibs: Genetic Conflicts and the Control of Resource Allocation to Seeds in Maize. Am Nat 2018; 192:577-592. [PMID: 30332585 DOI: 10.1086/699653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Resource allocation to offspring is the battleground for various intrafamilial conflicts. Understanding these conflicts requires knowledge of how the different actors (mother, siblings with different paternal genotypes) influence resource allocation. In angiosperms, allocation of resources to seeds happens postfertilization, and the paternally inherited genome in offspring can therefore influence resource allocation. However, the precise mode of resource allocation-and, in particular, the occurrence of sibling rivalry-has rarely been investigated in plants. In this article, we develop a new method for analyzing the resource-allocation traits of the different actors (maternal sporophyte and half-sibs) using data obtained from a large-scale diallel cross experiment in maize involving mixed hand pollination and color markers to assess seed weight of known paternity. We found strong evidence for the occurrence of sibling rivalry: resources invested in an ear were allocated competitively, and offspring with different paternal genotypes aggressively competed for these resources, entailing a measurable direct cost to the mother. We also show how resource allocation can be described for each genotype by two maternal traits (source effect, average sink responsiveness) and two offspring traits (ability to attract maternal resources, competitive ability toward siblings). We will discuss how these findings help to understand how genetic conflicts shape resource-allocation traits in angiosperms.
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Pélabon C, Hennet L, Bolstad GH, Albertsen E, Opedal ØH, Ekrem RK, Armbruster WS. Does stronger pollen competition improve offspring fitness when pollen load does not vary? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:522-531. [PMID: 26451034 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Competition among pollen grains from a single donor is expected to increase the quality of the offspring produced because of the recessive deleterious alleles expressed during pollen-tube growth. However, evidence for such an effect is inconclusive; a large number of studies suffer from confounding variation in pollen competition with variation in pollen load. METHODS In this study, we tested the effect of pollen competition on offspring performance independently of pollen-load variation. We compared seed mass and early seedling performance in Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae) between crosses in which variation in pollen competition was achieved, without variation in pollen load, by manipulating the dispersion of pollen grains on the stigmas. KEY RESULTS Despite a large sample size (211 crosses on 20 maternal plants), we failed to find an effect of pollen competition on seed characteristics or early seedling performance. Paternal effects were always limited, and pollen competition never reduced the within-father (residual) variance. CONCLUSION These results suggest that limited within-donor variation in genetic quality of pollen grains reduces the potential benefits of pollen competition in the study population. The lack of paternal effects on early sporophyte performance further suggests that benefits of pollen competition among pollen from multiple donors should be limited as well, and it raises questions about the significance of pollen competition as a mechanism of sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pélabon
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lauriane Hennet
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir H Bolstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elena Albertsen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øystein H Opedal
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Runa K Ekrem
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - W Scott Armbruster
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway School of Biological Sciences, King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775 USA
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Quantitative Genetics Identifies Cryptic Genetic Variation Involved in the Paternal Regulation of Seed Development. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005806. [PMID: 26811909 PMCID: PMC4727937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic development requires a correct balancing of maternal and paternal genetic information. This balance is mediated by genomic imprinting, an epigenetic mechanism that leads to parent-of-origin-dependent gene expression. The parental conflict (or kinship) theory proposes that imprinting can evolve due to a conflict between maternal and paternal alleles over resource allocation during seed development. One assumption of this theory is that paternal alleles can regulate seed growth; however, paternal effects on seed size are often very low or non-existent. We demonstrate that there is a pool of cryptic genetic variation in the paternal control of Arabidopsis thaliana seed development. Such cryptic variation can be exposed in seeds that maternally inherit a medea mutation, suggesting that MEA acts as a maternal buffer of paternal effects. Genetic mapping using recombinant inbred lines, and a novel method for the mapping of parent-of-origin effects using whole-genome sequencing of segregant bulks, indicate that there are at least six loci with small, paternal effects on seed development. Together, our analyses reveal the existence of a pool of hidden genetic variation on the paternal control of seed development that is likely shaped by parental conflict.
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Pélabon C, Albertsen E, Falahati-Anbaran M, Wright J, Armbruster W. Does multiple paternity affect seed mass in angiosperms? An experimental test in Dalechampia scandens. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1719-33. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Pélabon
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - E. Albertsen
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - M. Falahati-Anbaran
- School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
- Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - J. Wright
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - W.S. Armbruster
- Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- School of Biological Sciences; King Henry Building; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology; University of Alaska; Fairbanks AK USA
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Groszmann M, Gonzalez-Bayon R, Greaves IK, Wang L, Huen AK, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. Intraspecific Arabidopsis hybrids show different patterns of heterosis despite the close relatedness of the parental genomes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:265-80. [PMID: 25073707 PMCID: PMC4149712 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.243998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heterosis is important for agriculture; however, little is known about the mechanisms driving hybrid vigor. Ultimately, heterosis depends on the interactions of specific alleles and epialleles provided by the parents, which is why hybrids can exhibit different levels of heterosis, even within the same species. We characterize the development of several intraspecific Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) F1 hybrids that show different levels of heterosis at maturity. We identify several phases of heterosis beginning during embryogenesis and culminating in a final phase of vegetative maturity and seed production. During each phase, the hybrids show different levels and patterns of growth, despite the close relatedness of the parents. For instance, during the vegetative phases, the hybrids develop larger leaves than the parents to varied extents, and they do so by exploiting increases in cell size and cell numbers in different ratios. Consistent with this finding, we observed changes in the expression of genes known to regulate leaf size in developing rosettes of the hybrids, with the patterns of altered expression differing between combinations. The data show that heterosis is dependent on changes in development throughout the growth cycle of the hybrid, with the traits of mature vegetative biomass and reproductive yield as cumulative outcomes of heterosis at different levels, tissues, and times of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Groszmann
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia (M.G., R.G.-B., I.K.G., L.W., A.K.H., W.J.P., E.S.D.); andUniversity of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (E.S.D., W.J.P.)
| | - Rebeca Gonzalez-Bayon
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia (M.G., R.G.-B., I.K.G., L.W., A.K.H., W.J.P., E.S.D.); andUniversity of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (E.S.D., W.J.P.)
| | - Ian K Greaves
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia (M.G., R.G.-B., I.K.G., L.W., A.K.H., W.J.P., E.S.D.); andUniversity of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (E.S.D., W.J.P.)
| | - Li Wang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia (M.G., R.G.-B., I.K.G., L.W., A.K.H., W.J.P., E.S.D.); andUniversity of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (E.S.D., W.J.P.)
| | - Amanda K Huen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia (M.G., R.G.-B., I.K.G., L.W., A.K.H., W.J.P., E.S.D.); andUniversity of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (E.S.D., W.J.P.)
| | - W James Peacock
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia (M.G., R.G.-B., I.K.G., L.W., A.K.H., W.J.P., E.S.D.); andUniversity of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (E.S.D., W.J.P.)
| | - Elizabeth S Dennis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia (M.G., R.G.-B., I.K.G., L.W., A.K.H., W.J.P., E.S.D.); andUniversity of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia (E.S.D., W.J.P.)
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Heritability of seed weight in Maritime pine, a relevant trait in the transmission of environmental maternal effects. Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 114:116-24. [PMID: 25160045 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative seed provisioning is an important life-history trait with strong effects on offspring phenotype and fitness. As for any other trait, heritability estimates are vital for understanding its evolutionary dynamics. However, being a trait in between two generations, estimating additive genetic variation of seed provisioning requires complex quantitative genetic approaches for distinguishing between true genetic and environmental maternal effects. Here, using Maritime pine as a long-lived plant model, we quantified additive genetic variation of cone and seed weight (SW) mean and SW within-individual variation. We used a powerful approach combining both half-sib analysis and parent-offspring regression using several common garden tests established in contrasting environments to separate G, E and G × E effects. Both cone weight and SW mean showed significant genetic variation but were also influenced by the maternal environment. Most of the large variation in SW mean was attributable to additive genetic effects (h(2)=0.55-0.74). SW showed no apparent G × E interaction, particularly when accounting for cone weight covariation, suggesting that the maternal genotypes actively control the SW mean irrespective of the amount of resources allocated to cones. Within-individual variation in SW was low (12%) relative to between-individual variation (88%), and showed no genetic variation but was largely affected by the maternal environment, with greater variation in the less favourable sites for pine growth. In summary, results were very consistent between the parental and the offspring common garden tests, and clearly indicated heritable genetic variation for SW mean but not for within-individual variation in SW.
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Liu P, Qi M, Wang Y, Chang M, Liu C, Sun M, Yang W, Ren H. Arabidopsis RAN1 mediates seed development through its parental ratio by affecting the onset of endosperm cellularization. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:1316-1328. [PMID: 24719465 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although previous studies have demonstrated that endosperm development is influenced by its parental genome constitution, the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms that control parent-of-origin effects require further elucidation. Here we show that the Ras-related nuclear protein 1 (RAN1) regulates endosperm development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Reciprocal crosses between wild-type (WT) and transgenic lines misexpressing RAN1 (msRAN1) gave rise to small F1 seeds when RAN1 down-regulated/up-regulated individuals were used as a male/female parent; in contrast, F1 seeds were aborted when RAN1 down-regulated/up-regulated plants were used as a female/male parent, suggesting that seed development is affected by the parental genome ratio of RAN1. Whereas RAN1 expression in wild-type plants is reduced before the onset of endosperm cellularization, F1 seeds from reciprocal crosses between WT and msRAN1 showed abnormal endosperm cellularization and ectopic expression of RAN1. The expression of MINISEED3 (MINI3)-a gene that also controls endosperm cellularization-was also affected in these reciprocal crosses, and the misregulation of MINI3 activity rescued F1 seeds when msRAN1 plants were used in reciprocal crosses. Taken together, our results suggest that the parental ratio of RAN1 regulates the onset of endosperm cellularization through its genetic interaction with MINI3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ming Qi
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mingqin Chang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengxiang Sun
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Weicai Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haiyun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Abstract
Seeds are complex structures that unite diploid maternal tissues with filial tissues that may be haploid (gametophyte), diploid (embryo), or triploid (endosperm). Maternal tissues are predicted to favor smaller seeds than are favored by filial tissues, and filial genes of maternal origin are predicted to favor smaller seeds than are favored by filial genes of paternal origin. Consistent with these predictions, seed size is determined by an interplay between growth of maternal integuments, which limits seed size, and of filial endosperm, which promotes larger seeds. Within endosperm, genes of paternal origin favor delayed cellularization of endosperm and larger seeds, whereas genes of maternal origin favor early cellularization and smaller seeds. The ratio of maternal and paternal gene products in endosperm contributes to the failure of crosses between different ploidy levels of the same species and crosses between species. Maternally expressed small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are predicted to associate with growth-enhancing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Haig
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;
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11
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Voigt-Zielinski ML, Piwczyński M, Sharbel TF. Differential effects of polyploidy and diploidy on fitness of apomictic Boechera. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 25:97-109. [DOI: 10.1007/s00497-012-0181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Herridge RP, Day RC, Baldwin S, Macknight RC. Rapid analysis of seed size in Arabidopsis for mutant and QTL discovery. PLANT METHODS 2011; 7:3. [PMID: 21303553 PMCID: PMC3046896 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-7-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabidopsis thaliana is a useful model organism for deciphering the genetic determinants of seed size; however the small size of its seeds makes measurements difficult. Bulk seed weights are often used as an indicator of average seed size, but details of individual seed is obscured. Analysis of seed images is possible but issues arise from variations in seed pigmentation and shadowing making analysis laborious. We therefore investigated the use of a consumer level scanner to facilitate seed size measurements in conjunction with open source image-processing software. RESULTS By using the transmitted light from the slide scanning function of a flatbed scanner and particle analysis of the resulting images, we have developed a method for the rapid and high throughput analysis of seed size and seed size distribution. The technical variation due to the approach was negligible enabling us to identify aspects of maternal plant growth that contribute to biological variation in seed size. By controlling for these factors, differences in seed size caused by altered parental genome dosage and mutation were easily detected. The method has high reproducibility and sensitivity, such that a mutant with a 10% reduction in seed size was identified in a screen of endosperm-expressed genes. Our study also generated average seed size data for 91 Arabidopsis accessions and identified a number of quantitative trait loci from two recombinant inbred line populations, generated from Cape Verde Islands and Burren accessions crossed with Columbia. CONCLUSIONS This study describes a sensitive, high-throughput approach for measuring seed size and seed size distribution. The method provides a low cost and robust solution that can be easily implemented into the workflow of studies relating to various aspects of seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan P Herridge
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Robert C Day
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Baldwin
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Lincoln, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Richard C Macknight
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Ayasse M, Arroyo J. Pollination and plant reproductive biology. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13 Suppl 1:1-6. [PMID: 21134081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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