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Wang L, Bergstrom J, Hahn J, Young M, Zijlstra R. Acid-binding capacity of feed in swine nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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Wei X, Tsai T, Howe S, Zhao J. Weaning Induced Gut Dysfunction and Nutritional Interventions in Nursery Pigs: A Partial Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1279. [PMID: 33946901 PMCID: PMC8146462 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Weaning is one of the most stressful events in the life of a pig. Unsuccessful weaning often leads to intestinal and immune system dysfunctions, resulting in poor growth performance as well as increased morbidity and mortality. The gut microbiota community is a complex ecosystem and is considered an "organ," producing various metabolites with many beneficial functions. In this review, we briefly introduce weaning-associated gut microbiota dysbiosis. Then, we explain the importance of maintaining a balanced gut microbiota. Finally, we discuss dietary supplements and their abilities to restore intestinal balance and improve the growth performance of weaning pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (X.W.); (T.T.); (S.H.)
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3
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Lee JS, Kim TH, Song MH, Oh HJ, Yun W, Lee JH, Kim YJ, Lee BK, Kim HB, Cho JH. Effects of microencapsulated organic acids on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial counts, and blood profiles in weaning pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:104-113. [PMID: 33987588 PMCID: PMC7882838 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of a microencapsulated
mixture of organic acids (MOA) with low protein in piglet feed on growth
performance, diarrhea score, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial counts, and
blood profiles in weaning pigs. A total of 80 pigs [(Landrace ×
Yorkshire) × Duroc; 6.8 ± 0.48 kg] were randomly assigned to four
dietary treatment groups: high protein (HP); low protein (LP); MOA1, LP + 0.2%
MOA; and MOA2, LP + 0.3% MOA. The MOA2 group had higher average daily weight
gains (during days 0–14 and days 0–28), diarrhea score (during
days 0–14, during days 14–28 and days 0–28) and greater
digestibility of dry matter (days 14 and 28) compared to the LP group
(p < 0.05). However, there were no significant
differences (p > 0.05) between the pigs fed diets with
the MOA1 and MOA2 in blood profiles and fecal microflora. In conclusion, this
study indicates that piglets fed 0.3% MOA in low protein diets maintained
similar growth performance and nutrient digestibility, but alleviated the
incidence of diarrhea compared to piglets fed high protein diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Soeng Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Tae Heon Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Min Ho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Won Yun
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yong Ju Kim
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | | | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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4
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Luise D, Correa F, Bosi P, Trevisi P. A Review of the Effect of Formic Acid and Its Salts on the Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Performance of Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E887. [PMID: 32438743 PMCID: PMC7278376 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Out of the alternatives to antibiotics and zinc oxide, organic acids, or simply acidifiers, play significant roles, especially in ensuring gut health and the growth performance of pigs. Regarding acidifiers, formic acid and its salts have shown very promising results in weaning, growing and finishing pigs. Although it is known that the main mechanisms by which acidifiers can improve livestock performance and health are related to the regulation of gastrointestinal pH, an improvement in intestinal digestibility and mineral utilization, and their antimicrobial properties against specific pathogens has been observed, while poor consensus remains in relation to the effect of acidifers on bacteria and the complex microbiome. Therefore, the aim of the present review was to critically evaluate the effects of formic acid and its salts on the performance and the gastrointestinal microbiota balance of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (F.C.); (P.B.); (P.T.)
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Pearlin BV, Muthuvel S, Govidasamy P, Villavan M, Alagawany M, Ragab Farag M, Dhama K, Gopi M. Role of acidifiers in livestock nutrition and health: A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:558-569. [PMID: 31912950 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the European ban on use of in-feed antibiotics in food animals, the search for alternate antibiotic-free growth promoter is undertaken worldwide. There are few alternatives such as probiotics, pre-biotics, phytochemicals, enzymes and organic acids. Among these alternatives, the organic acids or simply acidifiers play an important role in gut health in animals. The acidifiers could be used to favourably manipulate the intestinal microbial populations and improve the immune response, hence perform an activity similar to antibiotics in food animals in countering pathogenic bacteria. Acidifiers also improve the digestibility of nutrients and increase the absorption of minerals. The incorporation of organic acids also leads to thinning of the intestinal lining which facilitates better absorption of nutrients and its efficient utilization. However, their effect will not be similar among all types of organic acids as their mechanism of activity is based on its pKa value. Moreover, there are claims about the neutralization of acids by the secretion of bicarbonates in the initial part of intestine, reactivity with metallic items in feed mills and reduced palatability due its bitter taste demands non-reactive and targeted delivery for better performance. Currently, coated salts of acidifiers are available commercially for use in food animals especially pigs and poultry. The present review highlights the role of different acidifiers in livestock nutrition with their potent applications in improving nutrient digestibility, mineral utilization, meat quality, enhancing immunity, antimicrobial effects in countering pathogenic bacteria, boosting performance and production, and thus safeguarding health of livestock animals and poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beulah Vermilion Pearlin
- Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Shanmathy Muthuvel
- Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Prabakar Govidasamy
- Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Manojkumar Villavan
- Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mayada Ragab Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Marappan Gopi
- Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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6
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Liu Y, Espinosa CD, Abelilla JJ, Casas GA, Lagos LV, Lee SA, Kwon WB, Mathai JK, Navarro DM, Jaworski NW, Stein HH. Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2018; 4:113-125. [PMID: 30140751 PMCID: PMC6103469 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A number of feed additives are marketed to assist in boosting the pigs' immune system, regulate gut microbiota, and reduce negative impacts of weaning and other environmental challenges. The most commonly used feed additives include acidifiers, zinc and copper, prebiotics, direct-fed microbials, yeast products, nucleotides, and plant extracts. Inclusion of pharmacological levels of zinc and copper, certain acidifiers, and several plant extracts have been reported to result in improved pig performance or improved immune function of pigs. It is also possible that use of prebiotics, direct-fed microbials, yeast, and nucleotides may have positive impacts on pig performance, but results have been less consistent and there is a need for more research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | | | | | - Gloria A. Casas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Production, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia
| | - L. Vanessa Lagos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Su A. Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Woong B. Kwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John K. Mathai
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | - Hans H. Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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7
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Omonijo FA, Ni L, Gong J, Wang Q, Lahaye L, Yang C. Essential oils as alternatives to antibiotics in swine production. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2018; 4:126-136. [PMID: 30140752 PMCID: PMC6104524 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review article summarizes the efficacy, feasibility and potential mechanisms of the application of essential oils as antibiotic alternatives in swine production. Although there are numerous studies demonstrating that essential oils have several properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, feed palatability enhancement and improvement in gut growth and health, there is still a need of further investigations to elucidate the mechanisms underlying their functions. In the past, the results has been inconsistent in both laboratory and field studies because of the varied product compositions, dosages, purities and growing stages and conditions of animals. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oils needed for killing enteric pathogens may not ensure the optimal feed intake and the essential oils inclusion cost may be too high in swine production. With the lipophilic and volatile nature of essential oils, there is a challenge in effective delivery of essential oils within pig gut and this challenge can partially be resolved by microencapsulation and nanotechnology. The effects of essential oils on inflammation, oxidative stress, microbiome, gut chemosensing and bacterial quorum sensing (QS) have led to better production performance of animals fed essential oils in a number of studies. It has been demonstrated that essential oils have good potential as antibiotic alternatives in feeds for swine production. The combination of different essential oils and other compounds (synergistic effect) such as organic acids seems to be a promising approach to improve the efficacy and safety of essential oils in applications. High-throughput systems technologies have been developed recently, which will allow us to dissect the mechanisms underlying the functions of essential oils and facilitate the use of essential oils in swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith A. Omonijo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Liju Ni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Shanghai Lab-Animal Research Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Ludovic Lahaye
- Jefo Nutrition Inc., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7B6, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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8
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Huyben D, Vidakovic A, Nyman A, Langeland M, Lundh T, Kiessling A. Effects of dietary yeast inclusion and acute stress on post-prandial whole blood profiles of dorsal aorta-cannulated rainbow trout. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:421-434. [PMID: 27677483 PMCID: PMC5374170 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Yeast is a potential alternative to fish meal in diets for farmed fish, yet replacing more than 50 % of fish meal results in reduced fish growth. In a 4-week experiment, 15 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were cannulated and fed three diets each week: 30 % fish meal as a control (FM); 60 % replacement of fish meal protein, on a digestible basis, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC); and 60 % replacement with Wickerhamomyces anomalus and S. cerevisiae mix (WA). Blood was collected at 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after feeding. In the final week, fish were exposed to a 1-min netting stressor to evaluate possible diet-stress interactions. Significant increases in pH, TCO2, HCO3 and base excess were found after fish were fed the SC and WA diets compared with FM, which elevated blood alkaline tides. Yeast ingredients had lower buffering capacity and ash content than fish meal, which explained the increase in alkaline tides. In addition, fish fed the WA diet had significantly reduced erythrocyte area and fish fed SC and WA diets had increased mean corpuscular haemoglobin levels, indicating haemolytic anaemia. Higher levels of nucleic acid in yeast-based diets and potentially higher production of reactive oxygen species were suspected of damaging haemoglobin, which require replacement by smaller immature erythrocytes. Acute stress caused the expected rise in cortisol and glucose levels, but no interaction with diet was found. These results show that replacing 60 % of fish meal protein with yeasts can induce haemolytic anaemia in rainbow trout, which may limit yeast inclusion in diets for farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Huyben
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7024, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aleksandar Vidakovic
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7024, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Nyman
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7024, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus Langeland
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7024, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Lundh
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7024, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anders Kiessling
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7024, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Kara K, Özkaya S, Erbaş S, Baytok E. Effect of dietary formic acid on the in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters of barley-based concentrated mix feed of beef cattle. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1284073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanber Kara
- The Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Serkan Özkaya
- The Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Sabri Erbaş
- The Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Erol Baytok
- The Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Yang C, Chowdhury MAK, Huo Y, Gong J. Phytogenic compounds as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics: potentials and challenges in application. Pathogens 2015; 4:137-56. [PMID: 25806623 PMCID: PMC4384076 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This article summarizes current experimental knowledge on the efficacy, possible mechanisms and feasibility in the application of phytogenic products as feed additives for food-producing animals. Phytogenic compounds comprise a wide range of plant-derived natural bioactive compounds and essential oils are a major group. Numerous studies have demonstrated that phytogenic compounds have a variety of functions, including antimicrobial/antiviral, antioxidative and anti-inflammation effects and improvement in the palatability of feed and gut development/health. However, the mechanisms underlying their functions are still largely unclear. In the past, there has been a lack of consistency in the results from both laboratory and field studies, largely due to the varied composition of products, dosages, purities and growing conditions of animals used. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of phytogenic compounds required for controlling enteric pathogens may not guarantee the best feed intake, balanced immunity of animals and cost-effectiveness in animal production. The lipophilic nature of photogenic compounds also presents a challenge in effective delivery to the animal gut and this can partially be resolved by microencapsulation and combination with other compounds (synergistic effect). Interestingly, the effects of photogenic compounds on anti-inflammation, gut chemosensing and possible disruption of bacterial quorum sensing could explain a certain number of studies with different animal species for the better production performance of animals that have received phytogenic feed additives. It is obvious that phytogenic compounds have good potential as an alternative to antibiotics in feed for food animal production and the combination of different phytogenic compounds appears to be an approach to improve the efficacy and safety of phytogenic compounds in the application. It is our expectation that the recent development of high-throughput and "omics" technologies can significantly advance the studies on the mechanisms underlying phytogenic compounds' functions and, therefore, guide the effective use of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbo Yang
- Jefo Nutrition Inc., 5020 Jefo Avenue, C.P. 325, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7B6, Canada.
| | - M A Kabir Chowdhury
- Jefo Nutrition Inc., 5020 Jefo Avenue, C.P. 325, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7B6, Canada.
| | - Yongqing Huo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
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Upadhaya SD, Lee KY, Kim IH. Protected organic Acid blends as an alternative to antibiotics in finishing pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:1600-7. [PMID: 25358320 PMCID: PMC4213705 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2014.14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A total of 120 finishing pigs ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of 49.72 ±1.72 kg were used in 12-wk trial to evaluate the effects of protected organic acids on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal micro flora, meat quality and fecal gas emission. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (10 replication pens with 4 pigs per pen) in a randomly complete block design based on their initial BW. Each dietary treatment consisted of: Control (CON/basal diet), OA1 (basal diet+0.1% organic acids) and OA2 (basal diet+0.2% organic acids). Dietary treatment with protected organic acid blends linearly improved (p<0.001) average daily gain during 0 to 6 week, 6 to 12 week as well as overall with the increase in their inclusion level in the diet. The dry matter, N, and energy digestibility was higher (linear effect, p<0.001) with the increase in the dose of protected organic acid blends during 12 week. During week 6, a decrease (linear effect, p = 0.01) in fecal ammonia contents was observed with the increase in the level of protected organic acid blends on d 3 and d 5 of fermentation. Moreover, acetic acid emission decreased linearly (p = 0.02) on d7 of fermentation with the increase in the level of protected organic acid blends. During 12 weeks, linear decrease (p<0.001) in fecal ammonia on d 3 and d 5 and acetic acid content on d 5 of fermentation was observed with the increase in the level of protected organic acid blends. Supplementation of protected organic acid blends linearly increased the longissimus muscle area with the increasing concentration of organic acids. Moreover, color of meat increased (linear effect, quadratic effect, p<0.001, p<0.002 respectively) and firmness of meat showed quadratic effect (p = 0.003) with the inclusion of increasing level of protected organic acid in the diet. During the 6 week, increment in the level of protected organic acid blends decreased (linear effect, p = 0.01) Escherichia coli (E. coli) counts and increased (linear effect, p = 0.004) Lactobacillus counts. During 12-wk of experimental trial, feces from pigs fed diet supplemented with organic acid blends showed linear reduction (p<0.001) of E. coli counts and the tendency of linear increase (p = 0.06) in Lactobacillus count with the increase in the level of organic acid blends. In conclusion, 0.2% protected organic acids blends positively affected growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal gas emission and meat quality in finishing pigs without any adverse effects on blood parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Y Lee
- Morningbio Co., LTD., Cheonan 331-963, Korea
| | - I H Kim
- Morningbio Co., LTD., Cheonan 331-963, Korea
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12
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Abstract
AbstractOrganic acids and their salts appear to be potential alternatives to prophylactic in-feed antibiotics and growth promoters in order to improve the performance of weaned piglets, fattening pigs and reproductive sows, although their growth-promoting effects are generally less than that of antibiotics. Based on an analysis of published data, the growth-promoting effect of formates, fumarates and citrates did not differ in weaned piglets. In fattening pigs, formates were the most effective followed by fumarates, whereas propionates did not improve growth performance. These acids improved the feedgain ratio of both weaned piglets and fattening pigs. In weaned piglets, the growth-promoting effects of dietary organic acids appear to depend greatly on their influence on feed intake. In sows, organic acids may have anti-agalactia properties. Successful application of organic acids in the diets for pigs requires an understanding of their modes of action. It is generally considered that dietary organic acids or their salts lower gastric pH, resulting in increased activity of proteolytic enzymes and gastric retention time, and thus improved protein digestion. Reduced gastric pH and increased retention time have been difficult to demonstrate, whereas improved apparent ileal digestibilities of protein and amino acids have been observed with growing pigs, but not in weaned piglets. Organic acids may influence mucosal morphology, as well as stimulate pancreatic secretions, and they also serve as substrates in intermediary metabolism. These may further contribute to improved digestion, absorption and retention of many dietary nutrients. Organic acid supplementation reduces dietary buffering capacity, which is expected to slow down the proliferation and|or colonization of undesirable microbes, e.g. Escherichia coli, in the gastro-ileal region. However, reduced scouring has been observed in only a few studies. As performance responses to dietary organic acids in pigs often varies, more specific studies are necessary to elucidate an explanation.
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13
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Effect of adding Lactobacillus plantarum or a formic acid containing-product to fermented liquid feed on gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance of piglets. Livest Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Biagi G, Piva A, Moschini M, Vezzali E, Roth FX. Effect of gluconic acid on piglet growth performance, intestinal microflora, and intestinal wall morphology. J Anim Sci 2008; 84:370-8. [PMID: 16424265 DOI: 10.2527/2006.842370x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluconic acid (GA) derives from the incomplete oxidation of glucose by some Gluconobacter strains. When fed to nonruminant animals, GA is only poorly absorbed in the small intestine and is primarly fermented to butyric acid in the lower gut. This study investigated the effect of GA on in vitro growth response and metabolism of swine cecal microflora and on animal growth performance, intestinal wall morphology, and intestinal microflora. During a 24-h in vitro cecal fermentation, total gas production and maximum rate of gas production were increased by GA (linear, P < 0.001). Ammonia in cecal liquor was reduced by GA after 4, 8, and 24 h of fermentation (quadratic, P < 0.01). After 24 h of fermentation, total short-chain fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid, n-butyric acid, acetic to propionic acid ratio, and acetic + butyric to propionic acid ratio were linearly increased by GA (P < 0.001). In the in vivo study, 48 piglets were divided into 4 groups and housed in individual cages for 6 wk. Piglets received a basal diet with a) no addition (control) or with GA addition at b) 3,000 ppm, c) 6,000 ppm, or d) 12,000 ppm. After 6 wk, 4 animals per treatment were killed, and samples of intestinal content and mucosa were collected. Compared with control, GA tended to increase average daily gain (+13 and +14% for GA at 3,000 and 6,000 ppm, respectively; P of the model = 0.11; quadratic, P < 0.05). Daily feed consumption and gain to feed ratio were not influenced by GA. Intestinal counts of clostridia, enterobacteriaceae, and lactic acid bacteria were not affected by GA. Gluconic acid tended to increase total short-chain fatty acids in the jejunum (+174, +87, and +74% for GA at 3,000, 6,000, and 12,000 ppm, respectively; P of the model = 0.07; quadratic, P = 0.07). Morphological evaluation of intestinal mucosa from jejunum, ileum, and cecum did not show any significant differences among treatments. This study showed that feeding GA influences the composition and activity of the intestinal microflora and may improve growth performance of piglets after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Biagi
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, Università di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Italy.
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15
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Kluge H, Broz J, Eder K. Effect of benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, gastrointestinal microflora and parameters of microbial metabolism in piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2006; 90:316-24. [PMID: 16867077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and gastrointestinal microflora of piglets, we conducted a performance experiment and a separate balance study. The performance experiment involved four different dietary treatments: (1) basal diet (negative control); (2) basal diet supplemented with benzoic acid at 5 g/kg; (3) basal diet supplemented with benzoic acid at 10 g/kg; (4) basal diet supplemented with potassium diformate at 12 g/kg. Each dietary treatment was assigned to nine replicate groups, each consisting of two piglets. Live weight, daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were monitored as performance parameters over a 35-day period. Supplementation of the diet with benzoic acid resulted in a dose-dependent increase in feed intake and body weight gain and an improved feed conversion ratio. Piglets fed the diet supplemented with benzoic acid at 10 g/kg outperformed the control piglets in mean feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio by 9%, 15% and 6% respectively. Growth performance of the piglets fed the diet with benzoic acid at 10 g/kg was similar to that of piglets fed the diet supplemented with potassium diformate. In the balance experiment three groups of six piglets each were fed either a control diet or diets supplemented with benzoic acid at 5 or 10 g/kg respectively. Benzoic acid did not significantly affect nutrient digestibility but increased nitrogen retention. Piglets fed the diets supplemented with benzoic acid at 5 or 10 g/kg retained 5% and 6% more nitrogen, respectively, than control piglets. Supplementation of benzoic acid did not influence the pH value or the concentration of ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract but reduced the number of bacteria in the digesta. In the stomach the number of total aerobic, total anaerobic, lactic acid forming and gram-negative bacteria was reduced; in the duodenum the presence of benzoic acid reduced the number of gram-negative bacteria and in the ileum the number of total aerobic bacteria in a dose-dependent manner. Benzoic acid also considerably reduced the concentration of acetic acid in the duodenum. In conclusion, the data of this study suggest that benzoic acid exerts strong antimicrobial effects in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets and therefore enhances growth performance and nitrogen retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kluge
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Emil-Abderhaldenstrasse 26, D-06108 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Abstract
Two feeding trials using 48 weaned crossbred piglets each were carried out to determine the effect of acidifying diets with potassium diformate (K-diformate), formic or sorbic acid on dietary preferences in piglets. In Exp. 1 two reference groups were fed either an unacidified diet or a diet containing 2.4% of K-diformate with no choice for selection. Furthermore, piglets in choice group 1 and 2 had the choice between an unacidified diet and a diet supplemented with 1.2 and 2.4% K-diformate, respectively. In Exp. 2, animals of three reference groups received exclusively an unacidified diet or diets supplemented with 1.2% formic acid or 1.2% sorbic acid, respectively. The animals of the choice groups had the choice between an unacidified diet and diets with 1.2% formic acid or 1.2% sorbic acid, respectively. In Exp. 1 average daily feed intake, daily gain and feed conversion ratio were 751 g, 458 g and 1.64 kg/kg, respectively, with no significant differences between treatments. In both choice feeding groups animals chose the diets on offer at random (each around 50%). In Exp. 2 growth and feed intake were not affected by the treatment, but feed conversion ratio was enhanced due to the 1.2% formic acid supplementation. Animals of both organic acid choice groups showed a significant preference for the unacidified diets in each experimental week. The formic acid and sorbic acid diets represented on average only 13.5% and 23.5% of the total feed intake. The present results demonstrate that the inclusion of 1.2% sorbic or formic acid or 2.4% of K-diformate in piglet diets has no negative impact on feed intake, but in a situation of choice feeding, piglets will refuse diets acidified with 1.2% formic or sorbic acid, presumably because of negative taste cues. Acidifying the diets with varying amounts of a K-diformate had no effect on dietary preferences of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ettle
- Department of Animal Sciences, Technical University of Munich-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Partanen K, Siljander-Rasi H, Alaviuhkola T, Suomi K, Fossi M. Performance of growing–finishing pigs fed medium- or high-fibre diets supplemented with avilamycin, formic acid or formic acid–sorbate blend. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(01)00255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tsiloyiannis VK, Kyriakis SC, Vlemmas J, Sarris K. The effect of organic acids on the control of porcine post-weaning diarrhoea. Res Vet Sci 2001; 70:287-93. [PMID: 11676629 DOI: 10.1053/rvsc.2001.0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhoea syndrome (PWDS) of piglets is caused mainly by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains. Six organic acids were tested for their efficacy in the control of PWDS, using a total of 384 weaned piglets, in eight groups, during a 28-day period. One group (negative control) was offered a diet free of antimicrobials, one group (positive control) was offered the same diet medicated with 44 p.p.m. of lincomycin and 44 p.p.m. spectinomycin (Lincospectin 22 premix, Upjohn), and six groups were offered feed supplemented with either 1.0 per cent propionic acid, 1.6 per cent lactic acid, 1.2 per cent formic acid, 1.2 per cent malic acid, 1.5 per cent citric acid or 1.5 per cent fumaric acid. Groups were compared with regard to the appearance of clinical signs, mortality, weight gain and feed conversion. All groups supplemented with organic acids had reduced incidence and severity of diarrhoea, and performed significantly better than the negative control group (P<0.05). At the end of the trial, ETEC strains were detected in the control group not receiving antibiotics but not in the treated group. Organic acids and especially lactic acid are a useful tool in controlling PWDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Tsiloyiannis
- Clinic of Productive Animal Medicine, Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
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Paulicks BR, Roth FX, Kirchgessner M. Effects of potassium diformate (FormiR LHS) in combination with different grains and energy densities in the feed on growth performance of weaned piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0396.2000.00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kemme PA, Jongbloed AW, Mroz Z, Kogut J, Beynen AC. Digestibility of nutrients in growing–finishing pigs is affected by Aspergillus niger phytase, phytate and lactic acid levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(98)00203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kirchgessner M, Roth FX, Paulicks BR. Zur nutritiven Wirkung von Sorbinsäure in der Ferkelaufzucht. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1995.tb00457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kirchgessner M, Roth FX, Eidelsburger U. Zur nutritiven Wirksamkeit von Weinsäure und Äpfelsäure in der Ferkelaufzucht. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1993.tb00325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Eidelsburger U, Kirchgessner M, Roth FX. Zum Einfluß von Fumarsäure, Salzsäure, Natriumformiat, Tylosin und Toyocerin auf den Säure-Basen-Haushalt. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1992.tb00657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Eidelsburger U, Kirchgessner M, Roth FX. Zum Einfluß von Fumarsäure, Salzsäure, Natriumformiat, Tylosin und Toyocerin auf tägliche Zunahmen, Futteraufnahme, Futterverwertung und Verdaulichkeit. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1992.tb00620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Eidelsburger U, Kirchgessner M, Roth FX. Zum Einfluß von Ameisensäure, Calciumformiat und Natriumhydrogencarbonat auf pH-Wert, Trockenmassegehalt, Konzentration an Carbonsäuren und Ammoniak in verschiedenen Segmenten des Gastrointestinaltraktes. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1992.tb00614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Eidelsburger U, Roth FX, Kirchgessner M. Zum Einfluß von Ameisensäure, Calciumformiat und Natriumhydrogencarbonat auf den Säure-Basen-Haushalt. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1992.tb00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Eidelsburger U, Roth FX, Kirchgessner M. Zum Einfluß von Ameisensäure, Calciumformiat und Natriumhydrogencarbonat auf tägliche Zunahmen, Futteraufnahme, Futterverwertung und Verdaulichkeit. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1992.tb00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Eckel B, Roth FX, Kirchgessner M, Eidelsburger U. Zum Einfluß von Ameisensäure auf die Konzentrationen an Ammoniak und biogenen Aminen im Gastrointestinaltrakt. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1992.tb00601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kirchgessner M, Eckel B, Roth FX, Eidelsburger U. Zum Einfluß von Ameisensäure auf Körperzusammensetzung und Nährstoffretention. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1992.tb00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Grassmann E, Roth FX, Kirchgessner M. Intermediäre Effekte durch Einsatz von Ameisensäure. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1992.tb00607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Roth FX, Eckel B, Kirchgessner M, Eidelsburger U. Zum Einfluß von Ameisensäure auf pH-Wert, Trockenmassegehalt, Konzentrationen an flüchtigen Fettsäuren und Milchsäure im Gastrointestinaltrakt. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1992.tb00595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gedek B, Kirchgessner M, Eidelsburger U, Wiehler S, Bott A, Roth FX. Zum Einfluß von Ameisensäure auf die Keimzahlen der Mikroflora und deren Zusammensetzung in verschiedenen Segmenten des Gastrointestinaltraktes. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1992.tb00602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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