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Khammari I, Saghrouni F, Lakhal S, Bouratbine A, Ben Said M, Boukadida J. A new IgG immunoblot kit for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:493-9. [PMID: 25352697 PMCID: PMC4210731 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the accurate immune status of pregnant women is crucial in order to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis. Equivocal results with conventional serological techniques are not uncommon when IgG titers are close to the cut-off value of the test, so that a confirmatory technique is needed. For this purpose, we developed a homemade immunoblot (IB) using soluble extract of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and assessed it by testing 154 positive, 100 negative, and 123 equivocal sera obtained from pregnant women. In order to select the more valuable bands in terms of sensitivity and specificity, we used the Youden Index (YI). The highest YIs were those given by the 32, 36, 98, 21, and 33 bands. The simultaneous presence on the same blot of at least 3 bands showed a much higher YI (0.964) and was adapted as the positivity criterion. The analysis of results showed that our homemade IB correlated well with the commercial LDBIO Toxo II IgG® kit recently recommended as a confirmatory test (96.7% of concordance).
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Khammari
- Research Unit, UR12SP34, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Ibn Jazzar Street, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Saghrouni
- Research Unit, UR12SP34, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Ibn Jazzar Street, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
| | - Sami Lakhal
- Research Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, LR 11 IPT06 Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, B.P. 74, 1002 Tunis, Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Aida Bouratbine
- Research Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, LR 11 IPT06 Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, B.P. 74, 1002 Tunis, Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Ben Said
- Research Unit, UR12SP34, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Ibn Jazzar Street, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
| | - Jalel Boukadida
- Research Unit, UR12SP34, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Ibn Jazzar Street, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
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Garcia JL, Gennari SM, Navarro IT, Machado RZ, Sinhorini IL. Toxoplasma gondii: isolation of tachyzoites rhoptries and incorporation into Iscom. Exp Parasitol 2004; 108:40-6. [PMID: 15491547 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Revised: 05/11/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rhoptries have been isolated from Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites by subcellular fractionation in isopynic density sucrose gradient. Five bands were observed, and transmission electron microscopy of these indicated that rhoptries were in band 3. This band had a density of 1.17 g/cm(3). Fraction 1 had membrane structures of the parasite. Fraction 2 contained membranes and mitochondria. Fraction 4 had mostly conoid structure and fraction 5 showed ghosts. The electrophoretic and Western blotting analysis of the fractions indicated the presence of a number of proteins. Iscoms were constructed from band 3, which contained the rhoptry structures. Iscom showed a only protein incorporated of 55 kDa. Isolation of the parasite organelles has got in this work is necessary to identification, characterization, and function elucidation of the organelle proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Luis Garcia
- Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste-Unicentro, R. Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá, 03, Bairro Cascavel, 85040-080 Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.
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Abstract
Since the first isolation of the apicomplexan parasite Neospora caninum, a range of serological assays have been developed for use in dogs, cattle and a variety of other potential host species. The tests include the indirect fluorescent antibody test, the direct agglutination test and different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. This article reviews the principles and properties of the available tests which are discussed in relation to different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Björkman
- Department of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite which invades many different cell types and tissues. It causes neosporosis, namely stillbirth and abortion in cattle and neuromuscular disease in dogs, and has been found in several other animal species. N. caninum is closely related to Toxoplasma gondii, and controversial opinions exist with respect to its phylogenetical status. Initially, two stages of N. caninum had been identified, namely asexually proliferating tachyzoites and bradyzoites. The sexually produced stage of this parasite, oocysts containing sporozoites, has been found only recently. In order to answer the many open questions regarding its basic biology and its relationship with the host, a number of diagnostic tools have been developed. These techniques are based on the detection of antibodies against parasites in body fluids, the direct visualization of the parasite within tissue samples by immunohistochemistry, or the specific amplification of parasite DNA by PCR. Other studies have been aiming at the identification of specific antigenic components of N. caninum, and the molecular and functional characterization of these antigens with respect to the cell biology of the parasite. Clearly, molecular approaches will also be used increasingly to elucidate the immunological and pathogenetic events during infection, but also to prepare potential new immunotherapeutic tools for future vaccination against N. caninum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Björkman C, Hemphill A. Characterization of Neospora caninum iscom antigens using monoclonal antibodies. Parasite Immunol 1998; 20:73-80. [PMID: 9572050 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.1998.00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a cyst-forming coccidian parasite which in cattle can cause abortion and birth of feeble calves. For the serological diagnosis of neosporosis, antibodies directed to the parasite can be demonstrated by ELISA, utilizing N. caninum proteins incorporated into iscoms (immunostimulating complexes) as antigen. Electrophoretic and immunoblotting studies had earlier revealed that N. caninum iscoms contained a restricted number of proteins compared with soluble parasite extracts, but the cellular origin of the incorporated proteins has not yet been determined. In the present study, monoclonal antibodies were raised against N. caninum iscoms. Six of these, named Ncmab-4, 7, 10, 13, 17 and 24, were used to characterize the N. caninum iscom antigen. The nature of the reactive epitopes and their localization within N. caninum tachyzoites were determined by means of immunological methods, including immunoblot, IFAT and immunogold electron microscopy. The apparent molecular weights of the dominant iscom antigens were found to be 18, 30, 32, 41 and 61 kDa. While the 61 kDa antigen was located intracellularly, the others were found on the parasite surface as well as within distinct intracellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Björkman
- Department of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Björkman C, Lundén A. Application of iscom antigen preparations in ELISAs for diagnosis of Neospora and Toxoplasma infections. Int J Parasitol 1998; 28:187-93. [PMID: 9504345 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(97)00174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunostimulating complexes (iscoms) are cage-like structures of about 40 nm composed of Quil A, cholesterol, phospholipids and antigen. Their main area of use has been as adjuvants and carriers of immunogens in vaccines. Iscoms can also be used for selection of surface membrane proteins of micro-organisms for use in immunoassays, thus decreasing the number of internal proteins that might cause problems with non-specific binding and cross-reactivity. Enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs) utilising parasite antigens incorporated into iscoms have been developed for demonstration of antibodies directed to the intracellular coccidian parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. These iscom ELISAs have proved very reliable, with high sensitivity and specificity. The preparation of T. gondii and N. caninum iscoms is described, and ELISAs based on iscom antigen preparations that have so far been used for diagnosis of protozoal infections are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Björkman
- Department of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
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Björkman C, Holmdahl OJ, Uggla A. An indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for demonstration of antibodies to Neospora caninum in serum and milk of cattle. Vet Parasitol 1997; 68:251-60. [PMID: 9066070 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(96)01076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum in serum from cattle is described. Extracted tachyzoite proteins incorporated into immunostimulating complexes (iscoms) were used as coating antigen and a mouse monoclonal antibody to bovine immunoglobulin G1 as conjugate. Western blot analysis of the iscom preparation revealed a restricted number of antigens compared with whole parasite homogenates. When probed with a serum from an experimentally infected calf, heavily stained antigens with apparent molecular masses of 28, 35, 45 and 78 kDa were seen. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA was 100% and 96%, respectively, against an indirect fluorescent antibody test as indicator of true status. The applicability of the ELISA for demonstration of antibodies in milk was evaluated and the agreement between serum and milk ELISA was 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Björkman
- Dept. Cattle and Sheep Diseases, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lundén A, Lövgren Bengtsson K, Sjölander A, Uggla A. Iscoms in parasitological research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 12:320-3. [PMID: 15275184 DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(96)10022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
During the history of vaccine development, a number of adjuvants and adjuvant formulations have been tested and evaluated for their ability to increase the immunogenicity of different antigens. In this review, Anna Lundén, Karin Lövgren Bengtsson, Anders Sjölander and Arvid Uggla focus on iscoms (immune stimulating complexes), their characteristics and applications to different types of parasitic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lundén
- Department of Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and National Veterinary Institute, PO Box 7073, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lundén A. Immune responses in sheep after immunization with Toxoplasma gondii antigens incorporated into iscoms. Vet Parasitol 1995; 56:23-35. [PMID: 7732647 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(94)00670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An immunization and infection experiment using 12 sheep was conducted to study the immune responses elicited by an experimental vaccine consisting of Toxoplasma gondii antigens incorporated into immunostimulating complexes (iscoms). Five sheep were immunized subcutaneously with Toxoplasma iscoms. Two doses were given, with a 6 week interval, and 22 days after the second immunization, these five sheep and five non-immunized sheep were inoculated orally with T. gondii oocysts. The two remaining animals served as non-immunized, uninfected controls. The antibody response was analysed by an indirect fluorescent antibody test detecting IgM and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detecting IgG. The first immunization induced low levels of both IgM and IgG, and the second resulted in high levels of IgG but no marked IgM response. After infection, a further increase in IgG was observed in the immunized animals. In the non-immunized sheep, substantial IgM and IgG levels were detected following infection. Immunoblotting analysis indicated that the antibody response to immunization was directed against the same T. gondii antigen as the early antibody response after infection in the non-immunized sheep. Antibodies recognizing the P30 antigen appeared first, followed by antibodies to P22 and other antigens which were probably also of membrane origin. Lymphocyte stimulation tests were performed 15 and 21 days after the last immunization and 105 days after infection. Significant antigen-induced proliferative responses were observed after immunization as well as after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lundén
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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Björkman C, Lundén A, Holmdahl J, Barber J, Trees AJ, Uggla A. Neospora caninum in dogs: detection of antibodies by ELISA using an iscom antigen. Parasite Immunol 1994; 16:643-8. [PMID: 7708430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1994.tb00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An indirect enzyme linked immunsorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum in serum from dogs is described. Extracted tachyzoite proteins incorporated into immunostimulating complexes (iscoms) were used as coating antigen. A mixture of a monoclonal antibody to dog immunoglobulin G and a horse radish peroxidase conjugated antibody to mouse Ig was used to detect bound antibody. When the iscom preparation was analysed by means of sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it appeared to consist of a restricted number of proteins compared with whole parasite homogenates. In immunoblot analysis, using N. caninum positive sera from rabbits and dogs as probes, the major antigens recognized had approximate molecular weights between 30 and 45 and 17 to 19 kDa. Compared with an ELISA using a crude solubilized tachyzoite antigen, the iscom ELISA substantially improved the sensitivity and specificity (to 97.6% and 95.6%, respectively, against an immunofluorescence test, IFAT, as indicator of true status). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between IFAT titres and iscom ELISA OD450 values. The iscom ELISA absorbances (and the IFAT titres) of dogs with proven clinical infections were not higher than those from nonclinically affected, putatively infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Björkman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, Uppsala
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Lundén A, Lövgren K, Uggla A, Araujo FG. Immune responses and resistance to Toxoplasma gondii in mice immunized with antigens of the parasite incorporated into immunostimulating complexes. Infect Immun 1993; 61:2639-43. [PMID: 8500902 PMCID: PMC280895 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.6.2639-2643.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulating complexes were prepared with antigens extracted from tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii and were used to immunize mice. The major antigens incorporated into the immunostimulating complexes were the P30 and P22 antigens and an antigen with an approximate molecular weight of 6,000. Other antigens of molecular weights above 30,000 were also present. High antibody titers to T. gondii antigens and a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction were noted for the immunized mice. Challenge of these mice with tachyzoites injected interperitoneally or with oocysts administered orally resulted in a statistically significant (P < 0.001) conditional probability of survival compared with that of controls. In contrast, the differences between immunized mice and controls challenged with tissue cysts did not attain statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lundén
- Department of Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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Hirvelä-Koski V. Evaluation of ELISA for the detection of Toxoplasma antibodies in swine sera. Acta Vet Scand 1991. [PMID: 2099619 DOI: 10.1186/bf03547523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is compared with the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), the indirect haemagglutination test (IHAT) and the latex agglutination (LA) test for the detection of toxoplasma antibodies in swine sera. The 100 swine sera examined represent ELISA values from greater than 0 to 154 EIU. The agreement was highest (0.67) between ELISA and IFAT with an ELISA cut-off value of 30 EIU, and between ELISA and the LA test with an ELISA cut-off value of 50 EIU (0.74). All sera giving less than 10 EIU were negative in the other tests, and all those with greater than 70 EIU were positive in 1, 2 or all of the reference tests. In order to avoid false positive results with ELISA, all sera giving 10-70 EIU should be confirmed with a test which has a good specificity, e.g. IFAT. ELISA is a sensitive test and is highly suitable for the screening of large amounts of samples, but it may be too complicated for screening toxoplasma antibodies in the laboratories of abattoirs.
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Toxoplasma gondii antigens: Analysis by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting; Relation with circulating antigens. Eur J Protistol 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0932-4739(11)80151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fossum C, Bergström M, Lövgren K, Watson DL, Morein B. Effect of iscoms and their adjuvant moiety (matrix) on the initial proliferation and IL-2 responses: comparison of spleen cells from mice inoculated with iscoms and/or matrix. Cell Immunol 1990; 129:414-25. [PMID: 2383899 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(90)90217-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the iscom, antigen is attached by hydrophobic interactions to a matrix which is built up by the adjuvant Quil A and lipids. Thus, the iscom presents antigen in multiple copies on a small particle with a built-in adjuvant. By studying the specific antibody response, in vitro proliferation and IL-2 secretion by splenocytes from mice following different in vivo treatments with iscoms and/or matrix, we attempted to distinguish between nonspecific stimulatory effects, caused by the matrix or iscoms, and specific responses to the antigens incorporated into iscoms. The results strongly suggest that matrix and also iscoms exert a nonspecific adjuvant activity by a transient high spontaneous proliferation of cells collected within 2 weeks after administration of iscoms or matrix. This high rate of proliferation was preceded by suppressed proliferation, 3 days after injection with matrix or iscom. The adjuvant component included in iscoms, i.e., the matrix, does not excert a mitogenic stimulation in vitro or influence the levels of specific antibodies in serum. Specific responses to the antigens included in iscoms were recorded both as increasing levels of serum antibodies and as iscom-induced proliferation of immune spleen cells in vitro. The recruitment of IL-2 was only related to the specific stimulation induced by the antigens in iscom.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fossum
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Uppsala, Sweden
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Fredriksson G, Buxton D, Uggla A, Kindahl H, Edqvist LE. The effect of Toxoplasma gondii infection in unvaccinated and iscom-vaccinated pregnant ewes as monitored by plasma levels of 15-ketodihydroprostaglandin F2 alpha, progesterone, and oestrone sulphate. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1990; 37:113-22. [PMID: 2113748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1990.tb00882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the effect of Toxoplasma infection on hormonal levels in pregnant ewes, twenty-eight Scottish Blackface ewes were dosed orally with Toxoplasma gondii oocytes at 91 +/- 1 days of gestation. Fifteen of these ewes were vaccinated with an experimental Toxoplasma iscom vaccine prior to inoculation. Further three ewes were used as non-infected controls. All challenged ewes became infected. Plasma was analysed for the content of 15-ketodihydro-PGF2 alpha, progesterone and oestrone sulphate. The endocrinological changes appeared to reflect the pathological changes in the uterus. Infected animals tended to show an increase in the levels of the prostaglandin metabolite between two and eleven days after challenge, followed by a decrease in progesterone and later also of oestrone sulphate levels. Following the initial phase, the pattern was more variable but related to the outcome of gestation. There was a marked tendency towards more normal endocrinological patterns in the vaccinated animals in comparison to unvaccinated challenged ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fredriksson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Buxton D, Uggla A, Lövgren K, Thomson K, Lundén A, Morein B, Blewett DA. Trial of a novel experimental Toxoplasma iscom vaccine in pregnant sheep. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1989; 145:451-7. [PMID: 2790436 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(89)90053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen vaccinated ewes (group 1) and 13 unvaccinated ewes (group 2) were each challenged orally with 2000 sporulated Toxoplasma gondii oocysts at 91 (+/- 1) days' gestation. Another four pregnant ewes acted as unvaccinated unchallenged controls. Lamb mortality in group 1 was 36.4% after a mean gestation of 141 days while in group 2 it was 64.7% after a mean gestation of 131.5 days. These differences were not statistically significant. However, substantially more specific antibody was detected in precolostral sera from live lambs from vaccinated ewes than in live lambs from unvaccinated ewes in group 2.
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Höglund S, Dalsgaard K, Lövgren K, Sundquist B, Osterhaus A, Morein B. ISCOMs and immunostimulation with viral antigens. Subcell Biochem 1989; 15:39-68. [PMID: 2678618 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1675-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Uggla A, Araujo FG, Lunden A, Lövgren K, Remington JS, Morein B. Immunizing effects in mice of two Toxoplasma gondii iscom preparations. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1988; 35:311-4. [PMID: 3420996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1988.tb00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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