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Rodriguez-Martinez H, Martinez EA, Calvete JJ, Peña Vega FJ, Roca J. Seminal Plasma: Relevant for Fertility? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094368. [PMID: 33922047 PMCID: PMC8122421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Seminal plasma (SP), the non-cellular component of semen, is a heterogeneous composite fluid built by secretions of the testis, the epididymis and the accessory sexual glands. Its composition, despite species-specific anatomical peculiarities, consistently contains inorganic ions, specific hormones, proteins and peptides, including cytokines and enzymes, cholesterol, DNA and RNA-the latter often protected within epididymis- or prostate-derived extracellular vesicles. It is beyond question that the SP participates in diverse aspects of sperm function pre-fertilization events. The SP also interacts with the various compartments of the tubular genital tract, triggering changes in gene function that prepares for an eventual successful pregnancy; thus, it ultimately modulates fertility. Despite these concepts, it is imperative to remember that SP-free spermatozoa (epididymal or washed ejaculated) are still fertile, so this review shall focus on the differences between the in vivo roles of the SP following semen deposition in the female and those regarding additions of SP on spermatozoa handled for artificial reproduction, including cryopreservation, from artificial insemination to in vitro fertilization. This review attempts, including our own results on model animal species, to critically summarize the current knowledge of the reproductive roles played by SP components, particularly in our own species, which is increasingly affected by infertility. The ultimate goal is to reconcile the delicate balance between the SP molecular concentration and their concerted effects after temporal exposure in vivo. We aim to appraise the functions of the SP components, their relevance as diagnostic biomarkers and their value as eventual additives to refine reproductive strategies, including biotechnologies, in livestock models and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto Rodriguez-Martinez
- Department of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences (BKV), BKH/Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-132-869-25
| | - Emilio A. Martinez
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.A.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Juan J. Calvete
- Laboratorio de Venómica Estructural y Funcional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Fernando J. Peña Vega
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 10003 Caceres, Spain;
| | - Jordi Roca
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.A.M.); (J.R.)
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Ivanova MG, Georgiev BA, Taushanova PS, Gradinarska DG, Tsvetkov TS, Shekerov ZA. Comparative evaluation of seminal plasma proteins in Holsteiner and East Bulgarian horse breeds in relation to functional parameters of spermatozoa. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research was focused on the differentiation of specific proteins in the seminal plasma (SP) of two horse breeds - Holsteiner (n=4) and East Bulgarian (n=4) and their relation with individual or breed characteristics, kinematic parameters of spermatozoa and the sperm head area. After CASA analysis of 8 ejaculates, no statistical differences in the kinematic parameters of the sperms between the two horse breeds were found out with the exception of the sperm head area (P<0.05), which can be considered as a morphometric marker of breed affiliation. The values for rapid sperm in East Bulgarian and Holsteiners were 28.1±0.2 μm2 and 19.9±0.3 μm2 respectively. The chromatographic analysis demonstrated specific quantitative and qualitative protein content of the individual chromatographic peaks (11 for Holsteiner and 15 for the Eastern Bulgarian breed), with similarity to the basic proteins. Three specific proteins with a molecular mass of 76 kDa, 21.6 kDa and 24.3 kDa, were differentiated by SDS PAGE in the Holsteiner breed, whereas in the Eastern Bulgarian horse breed they had a lower protein mass - 30.1 kDa and 14.2 kDa and 12.6 kDa. In conclusion, differences in the specific protein profile of Holsteiner and Eastern Bulgarian horse breeds are individually and naturally determined without significant effect on sperm kinematics. The sperm head area was a breed-specific difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Ivanova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction "Acad. K. Bratanov”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - B. A. Georgiev
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction "Acad. K. Bratanov”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - P. S. Taushanova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction "Acad. K. Bratanov”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - D. G. Gradinarska
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction "Acad. K. Bratanov”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - T. S. Tsvetkov
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction "Acad. K. Bratanov”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Z. A. Shekerov
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction "Acad. K. Bratanov”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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3
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Vieira LA, Matás C, Torrecillas A, Saez F, Gadea J. Seminal plasma components from fertile stallions involved in the epididymal sperm freezability. Andrology 2020; 9:728-743. [PMID: 33185013 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seminal plasma (SP) plays a crucial role in sperm protection and functionality. However, the effect of SP on the sperm cryopreservation is dependent on the stallion and SP composition. The use of epididymal spermatozoa incubated in the presence of SP could help the identification of the components of SP that are able to confer protection upon the spermatozoa during freezing. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were (i) to identify SP components involved in the potential protection of epididymal spermatozoa during the freeze-thawing process and (ii) to identify and evaluate the proteins likely related to sperm freezability, using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Epididymal spermatozoa from 4 stallions were incubated with SP (80%, v/v) or without SP (control) before freezing. Sperm parameters were evaluated after thawing (viability, chromatin condensation, acrosomal integrity, reactive oxygen species [ROS]) and SP composition: total antioxidant capacity (TAC), fatty acid composition, total protein concentration, and protein components by 2D-DIGE. RESULTS After thawing, the proportions of viable and acrosome-intact spermatozoa were higher than control when SP from two stallions was used (F and O). The SP of all stallions reduced ROS production in comparison with the control. After analyzing the SP components, it was found that total protein concentration, TAC, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and eight specific proteins identified by 2D-DIGE were different between stallions. DISCUSSION These studies allow the identification of SP components that could be involved in sperm protection or cryotolerance. Use of this information could help in the selection of stallions according to their semen freezing capacity. CONCLUSION The composition of the SP probably contributes to semen cryotolerance capacity. Total protein, TAC, PUFA, and some proteins such as cysteine-rich secreted protein 3 could be used as biomarkers for the selection for sperm cryotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Vieira
- Department of Physiology, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Matás
- Department of Physiology, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Fara Saez
- Research Support Service, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Gadea
- Department of Physiology, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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4
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Gaitskell-Phillips G, Martín-Cano FE, Ortiz-Rodríguez JM, Silva-Rodríguez A, Rodríguez-Martínez H, Gil MC, Ortega-Ferrusola C, Peña FJ. Seminal plasma AnnexinA2 protein is a relevant biomarker for stallions which require removal of seminal plasma for sperm survival upon refrigeration†. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:1275-1288. [PMID: 32857155 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Some stallions yield ejaculates that do not tolerate conservation by refrigeration prior to artificial insemination (AI), showing improvement after removal of most of the seminal plasma (SP) by centrifugation. In this study, the SP-proteome of 10 different stallions was defined through high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analysis in relation to the ability of the ejaculates to maintain semen quality when cooled and stored at 5°C. Stallions were classified into three groups, depending on this ability: those maintaining good quality after direct extension in a commercial extender (good), stallions requiring removal of seminal plasma (RSP) to maintain seminal quality (good-RSP), and stallions, unable to maintain good semen quality even after RSP (poor). Pathway enrichment analysis of the proteins identified in whole equine SP using human orthologs was performed using g: profiler showing enriched Reactome and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways related to hexose metabolism, vesicle mediated transport, post translational modification of proteins and immune response. Specific proteins overrepresented in stallions tolerating conservation by refrigeration included a peroxiredoxin-6 like protein, and transcobalamin-2, a primary vitamin B12-binding, and transport protein. Also, the protein involved in protein glycosylation, ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 was present in good stallions. These proteins were nearly absent in poor stallions. Particularly, annexinA2 appeared as to be the most powerful discriminant variable for identification of stallions needing RSP prior to refrigeration, with a P = 0.002 and a q value = 0.005. Overall this is the first detailed study of the equine SP-proteome, showing the potential value of specific proteins as discriminant bio-markers for clinical classification of stallions for AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Gaitskell-Phillips
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco E Martín-Cano
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - José M Ortiz-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Antonio Silva-Rodríguez
- Facility of Innovation and Analysis in Animal Source Foodstuffs, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Heriberto Rodríguez-Martínez
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria C Gil
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Cristina Ortega-Ferrusola
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Fernando J Peña
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Oliveira SN, Andrade LRP, Silva LFMC, Araujo EAB, Rayashi RM, Segabinazzi LGTM, Alvarenga MA, Dell'Aqua CP, Dell'Aqua JA, Papa FO. Fractionated semen collection as a tool to rescue fertility in stallions with seminal vesiculitis. Theriogenology 2020; 157:110-120. [PMID: 32810788 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Treatments for seminal vesiculitis have poor outcomes in stallions; thus, the development of alternative strategies is warranted. This study aimed to evaluate fractionated semen collection as a method to restore the fertility of stallions diagnosed with seminal vesiculitis. Eighteen ejaculates from six stallions (three ejaculates/stallion) diagnosed with seminal vesiculitis were harvested in fractions, as follows: Fraction A (FA), the first two jets; Fraction B (FB), the third and fourth jets; and Fraction C (FC), the fifth and remaining jets of the ejaculate. All fractions were subject to standard semen evaluations that were performed in addition to cytology and bacterial aerobic cultures. Fractions were extended and cooled to 5 °C. As a proof of concept, 20 mares (48 estrous cycles, ∼8 cycles/stallion) were bred with 1 billion sperm from FA (cooled at 5 °C for 24 h). In our study, FA had negative bacterial cultures, absent macroscopic or microscopic abnormalities; FB had positive bacterial cultures in two stallions and presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in all samples, but with no macroscopic abnormalities; and FC had positive bacterial cultures, purulent appearance, and the presence of degenerated PMNs, just as noted in the whole semen. Overall, post-cooling sperm motility results were superior (P < 0.05) for FA in comparison with FB and FC. First cycle pregnancy rates using FA varied from 66% to 86%. None of the non-pregnant mares developed endometritis. In conclusion, fractionated semen collection can be used to obtain semen free of contamination and to achieve satisfactory pregnancy rates from stallions with seminal vesiculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidnei N Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil.
| | - Luiz R P Andrade
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luis F M C Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Endrigo A B Araujo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Rafaella M Rayashi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Lorenzo G T M Segabinazzi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marco A Alvarenga
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Camila Pf Dell'Aqua
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Jose A Dell'Aqua
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Frederico O Papa
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
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6
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Johannisson A, Al-Essawe EM, Al-Saffar AK, Karkehabadi S, Lima-Verde I, Wulf M, Aurich C, Morrell JM. Season does not have a deleterious effect on proportions of stallion seminal plasma proteins. J Reprod Dev 2020; 66:215-221. [PMID: 32051351 PMCID: PMC7297632 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2019-072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which the content of the major groups of seminal plasma proteins in stallion semen changes between the breeding and non-breeding seasons remains unknown. Here, we
investigated the proportions of non-heparin-binding, phosphorylcholine-binding, and heparin-binding proteins in seminal plasma with the aim of relating them to sperm quality and testosterone
levels in good and bad freezer stallions. Only minor variations in the major protein groups were found between the breeding and non-breeding seasons. In the non-breeding season, a higher
content of a subset of non-heparin binding proteins as well as of heparin-binding proteins was found. Analysis of semen characteristics revealed a somewhat contrasting picture. While only
minor variations in sperm kinematics and sperm morphology were found between seasons, the flow-cytometric measurements of mitochondrial membrane potential and also, to some extent, reactive
oxygen species production indicated lower sperm quality in the breeding season. Chromatin integrity and testosterone levels were unchanged between seasons. The results suggest that stallion
ejaculates could be used year-round for freezing, since only minor differences in protein composition exist between the breeding and non-breeding seasons, as well as between good and bad
freezers. In addition, sperm quality is not impaired during the non-breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Johannisson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Essraa M Al-Essawe
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Uppsala 75007, Sweden.,Al-Nahrain University-High Institute of Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Clinical Reproductive Physiology, Baghdad 10007, Iraq
| | - Anas Kh Al-Saffar
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.,Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad 10081, Iraq
| | - Saeid Karkehabadi
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Molecular Sciences, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Isabel Lima-Verde
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Manuela Wulf
- Graf Lehndorff Institute for Equine Sciences, Vetmeduni, Vienna, Austria, and Neustadt (Dosse) 16845, Germany
| | - Christine Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Jane M Morrell
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
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7
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Kareskoski AM, Palviainen M, Johannisson A, Katila T. Upregulation of CRISP-3 and kallikrein in stallion seminal plasma is associated with poor tolerance of cooled storage. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:496-502. [PMID: 31965650 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For unknown reasons, stallion fertility and sperm longevity during cooled storage of semen vary markedly between individuals. Spermatozoa from individual stallions react differently to the presence, or the removal, of seminal plasma (SP). The aim was to evaluate differences in protein content in stallion seminal plasma with either a positive or a negative effect on sperm chromatin integrity during storage. Stallion semen samples from different ejaculate fractions were stored at 5°C for 24 hr. Sperm survival was assessed after storage using a sperm chromatin structure assay. Protein expression in SP with either positive or negative effects on sperm survival during storage was studied using two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Lower sperm chromatin integrity was associated with upregulation of the proteins kallikrein, CRISP-3 and HSP-1, while higher chromatin integrity was associated with upregulation of TIMP-2. In the sperm-rich fractions, kallikrein and CRISP-3 differed significantly between SP samples with differing effects on sperm chromatin integrity. In the sperm-poor fractions, TIMP-2 and HSP-1 differed significantly between the two SP groups. Differences in the seminal plasma proteome are associated with sperm longevity during cooled storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Kareskoski
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Mari Palviainen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Central Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Johannisson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Terttu Katila
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
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8
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Yu JF, Lai YH, Wang TE, Wei YS, Chang YJ, Li SH, Chin SC, Joshi R, Chang HW, Tsai PS. The effects of type I collagenase on the degelification of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) semen plug and sperm quality. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:58. [PMID: 29482549 PMCID: PMC5828100 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semen from the chimpanzee species becomes a colloidal solid after ejaculation. The formation of this copulatory plug is believed to prevent additional spermatozoa of subsequent mating events from accessing the ova. However, this naturally preserved strategy hampers the processes for sperm preparation. In this study, we investigated whether collagenase can be used to degelify the semen plug and accelerate the semen liquefaction process in zoo captive chimpanzee species (Pan troglodytes). RESULTS We showed that incubation of chimpanzee ejaculates with 0.1% type I collagenase efficiently and significantly (p < 0.05) releases 2.7-fold more spermatozoa from the coagulated ejaculates, and this degelification process did not alter sperm morphology or viability; nor did it stimulate spontaneous capacitation or an acrosome reaction as assessed by tyrosine phosphorylation and peanut agglutinin stains; moreover, based on computer assisted sperm analysis assay, motility-related parameters remained similar to those of untreated spermatozoa. When collagenase effects were evaluated on cryopreserved sperm samples, we observed post collagenase treatment in which 2.5% glycerol, as a cryoprotectant, preserved sperm acrosome integrity better than 7.8%; however, 7.8% glycerol, as a cryoprotectant, maintained sperm motility better than that of 2.5% glycerol. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated for the first time that type I collagenase can be used to obtain a significantly higher number of spermatozoa from colloid chimpanzee semen ejaculate without affecting the physiological properties of spermatozoa, and these results are critical for the subsequent gamete development. Our results would benefit sperm preparation processes and cryopreservation efficiency per ejaculate, as more unaffected spermatozoa can be released from the semen plug within a shorter period of time. These results would also benefit the genetic diversity of the chimpanzee species, using sperm cells from less dominant individuals, and for achieving better pregnancy success in primates with significantly higher amounts of sperm for artificial insemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane-Fang Yu
- Conservation and Research Center, Taipei Zoo, 30 Xinguang Road, Section 2, Wenshan, Taipei, 11656, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hua Lai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tse-En Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Syuan Wei
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Conservation and Research Center, Taipei Zoo, 30 Xinguang Road, Section 2, Wenshan, Taipei, 11656, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Li
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, No. 92, Section 2, Zhongshan N. Rd, 251, Tamshui, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chien Chin
- Conservation and Research Center, Taipei Zoo, 30 Xinguang Road, Section 2, Wenshan, Taipei, 11656, Taiwan
| | - Radhika Joshi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shiue Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan.
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9
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Boar seminal plasma exosomes maintain sperm function by infiltrating into the sperm membrane. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58832-58847. [PMID: 27542209 PMCID: PMC5312279 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminal plasma ingredients are important for maintenance of sperm viability. This study focuses on the effect of boar seminal plasma exosomes on sperm function during long-term liquid storage. Boar seminal plasma exosomes had typical nano-structure morphology as measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular markers such as AWN, CD9 and CD63 by western blot analysis. The effect on sperm parameters of adding different ratio of boar seminal plasma exosomes to boar sperm preparations was analyzed. Compared to the diluent without exosomes, the diluent with four times or sixteen times exosomes compared to original semen had higher sperm motility, prolonged effective survival time, improved sperm plasma membrane integrity (p < 0.05), increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activity and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The diluent containing four times concentration of exosomes compared to original semen was determined to inhibit premature capacitation, but not to influence capacitation induced in vitro. Inhibition of premature capacitation is likely related to the concentration of exosomes which had been demonstrated to transfer proteins including AWN and PSP-1 into sperm. In addition, using fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis, it was demonstrated that exosomes in diluent were directly binding to the membrane of sperm head which could improve sperm plasma membrane integrity.
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10
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Quality of seminal fluids varies with type of stimulus at ejaculation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44339. [PMID: 28287188 PMCID: PMC5347088 DOI: 10.1038/srep44339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The theory of ejaculate economics was mainly built around different sperm competition scenarios but also predicts that investments into ejaculates depend on female fecundity. Previous tests of this prediction focused on invertebrates and lower vertebrate, and on species with high female reproductive potential. It remains unclear whether the prediction also holds for polygynous mammals with low female reproductive potential (due to low litter size and long inter-birth intervals). We used horses (Equus caballus) to experimentally test whether semen characteristics are adjusted to the oestrous cycle of the mare a stallion is exposed to during few moments before ejaculation. We analysed 122 weekly semen samples collected from 16 stallions during exposure to either an oestrous or a dioestrous mare. Semen volume and the rate of motile sperm were higher when stallions were exposed to an oestrous than to a diestrous mare, while total sperm counts and sperm velocity remained unchanged. Sperm collected after exposure to an oestrous mare also showed reduced oxidative degeneration of cell membranes over a period of 48 hours. We conclude that stallions invest more into their seminal fluids when the chance of fertilization is elevated, and that this adjustment of ejaculate quality can happen very quickly.
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11
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Santolaria P, Soler C, Recreo P, Carretero T, Bono A, Berné JM, Yániz JL. Morphometric and kinematic sperm subpopulations in split ejaculates of normozoospermic men. Asian J Androl 2017; 18:831-834. [PMID: 27624985 PMCID: PMC5109871 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.186874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to analyze the sperm kinematic and morphometric subpopulations in the different fractions of the ejaculate in normozoospermic men. Ejaculates from eight normozoospermic men were collected by masturbation in three fractions after 3–5 days of sexual abstinence. Analyses of sperm motility by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA-Mot), and of sperm morphometry by computer-assisted sperm morphometry analysis (CASA-Morph) using fluorescence were performed. Clustering and discriminant procedures were performed to identify sperm subpopulations in the kinematic and morphometric data obtained. Clustering procedures resulted in the classification of spermatozoa into three kinematic subpopulations (slow with low ALH [35.6% of all motile spermatozoa], with circular trajectories [32.0%], and rapid with high ALH [32.4%]), and three morphometric subpopulations (large-round [33.9% of all spermatozoa], elongated [32.0%], and small [34.10%]). The distribution of kinematic sperm subpopulations was different among ejaculate fractions (P < 0.001), with higher percentages of spermatozoa exhibiting slow movements with low ALH in the second and third portions, and with a more homogeneous distribution of kinematic sperm subpopulations in the first portion. The distribution of morphometric sperm subpopulations was also different among ejaculate fractions (P < 0.001), with more elongated spermatozoa in the first, and of small spermatozoa in the third, portion. It is concluded that important variations in the distribution of kinematic and morphometric sperm subpopulations exist between ejaculate fractions, with possible functional implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Santolaria
- TECNOGAM research group, Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), Department of Animal Production and Food Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Carles Soler
- Department of Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.,R+D Department, Proiser R+D, Scientific Park, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Recreo
- TECNOGAM research group, Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), Departament of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences of Huesca, Plaza Universidad 3, 22002, Huesca, Spain
| | - Teresa Carretero
- TECNOGAM research group, Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), Departament of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences of Huesca, Plaza Universidad 3, 22002, Huesca, Spain
| | - Araceli Bono
- TECNOGAM research group, Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), Hospital General San Jorge de Huesca, Area de Urología, Av. Martínez de Velasco, 36, 22004, Huesca, Spain
| | - José M Berné
- TECNOGAM research group, Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), Hospital General San Jorge de Huesca, Area de Urología, Av. Martínez de Velasco, 36, 22004, Huesca, Spain
| | - Jesús L Yániz
- TECNOGAM research group, Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), Department of Animal Production and Food Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
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12
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Atikuzzaman M, Sanz L, Pla D, Alvarez-Rodriguez M, Rubér M, Wright D, Calvete JJ, Rodriguez-Martinez H. Selection for higher fertility reflects in the seminal fluid proteome of modern domestic chicken. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2016; 21:27-40. [PMID: 27852008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The high egg-laying capacity of the modern domestic chicken (i.e. White Leghorn, WL) has arisen from the low egg-laying ancestor Red Junglefowl (RJF) via continuous trait selection and breeding. To investigate whether this long-term selection impacted the seminal fluid (SF)-proteome, 2DE electrophoresis-based proteomic analyses and immunoassays were conducted to map SF-proteins/cytokines in RJF, WL and a 9th generation Advanced Intercross Line (AIL) of RJF/WL-L13, including individual SF (n=4, from each RJF, WL and AIL groups) and pools of the SF from 15 males of each group, analyzed by 2DE to determine their degree of intra-group (AIL, WL, and RJF) variability using Principal Component Analysis (PCA); respectively an inter-breed comparative analysis of intergroup fold change of specific SF protein spots intensity between breeds. The PCA clearly highlighted a clear intra-group similarity among individual roosters as well as a clear inter-group variability (e.g. between RJF, WL and AIL) validating the use of pools to minimize confounding individual variation. Protein expression varied considerably for processes related to sperm motility, nutrition, transport and survival in the female, including signaling towards immunomodulation. The major conserved SF-proteins were serum albumin and ovotransferrin. Aspartate aminotransferase, annexin A5, arginosuccinate synthase, glutathione S-transferase 2 and l-lactate dehydrogenase-A were RJF-specific. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase appeared specific to the WL-SF while angiotensin-converting enzyme, γ-enolase, coagulation factor IX, fibrinogen α-chain, hemoglobin subunit α-D, lysozyme C, phosphoglycerate kinase, Src-substrate protein p85, tubulins and thioredoxin were AIL-specific. The RJF-SF contained fewer immune system process proteins and lower amounts of the anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory TGF-β2 compared to WL and AIL, which had low levels- or lacked pro-inflammatory CXCL10 compared to RJF. The seminal fluid proteome differs between ancestor and modern chicken, with a clear enrichment of proteins and peptides related to immune-modulation for sperm survival in the female and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Atikuzzaman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Libia Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Davinia Pla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Marie Rubér
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Dominic Wright
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain.
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13
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Pinyopummin A, Mahasawangkul S, Kornkaewrat K, Rattanapirom S, Leartsang W, Kitkha S. The presence of seminal plasma, especially derived from stallion semen, helps preserve chilled Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) sperm motility. Andrologia 2016; 49. [PMID: 27785817 DOI: 10.1111/and.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of seminal plasma (SP), derived from autologous, homologous and heterologous species (stallion, boar and dog) on chilled Asian elephant sperm quality, were determined. Semen was collected from eight males and samples with ≥30% motile spermatozoa were used in the study. Semen was diluted with Tris-glucose-egg yolk extender, supplemented with different SP types and preserved at 4°C for 48 hr. Experiment 1 (n = 31), showed that the presence of SP (autologous) helped to preserve sperm quality in terms of sperm motility and acrosome integrity (p < .05). Homologous SP did not result in better sperm quality than autologous SP. Heterologous SP from stallion provided higher sperm motility and velocities compared to autologous SP (p < .05). Experiment 2 (n = 14) determined the effect of different SP from four stallions. All stallion SP gave higher (p < .05) results for motile spermatozoa and sperm velocities than autologous SP. In conclusion, the presence of SP helps preserve Asian elephant sperm quality and stallion SP supports the motility of Asian elephant spermatozoa during cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pinyopummin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - S Mahasawangkul
- The National Elephant Institute, The Forest Industry Organization, Lampang, Thailand
| | - K Kornkaewrat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - S Rattanapirom
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - W Leartsang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - S Kitkha
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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de la Torre J, Sánchez-Martín P, Gosálvez J, Crespo F. Equivalent seminal characteristics in human and stallion at first and second ejaculated fractions. Andrologia 2016; 49. [PMID: 27660115 DOI: 10.1111/and.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm quality was assessed in normozoospermic human (n = 10) and Spanish breed stallion (n = 10) after sperm fractionation during ejaculation. The first ejaculated fraction was separated from the second. A third sample was reconstituted using equivalent proportion of both fractions (RAW). Fraction 1, Fraction 2 and RAW semen were incubated for 30 min at 37°C to homogenise the impact of iatrogenic damage between both species. Sperm concentration, motility and sperm DNA damage were assessed in each fraction and RAW semen. The results showed two important facts: (i) spermatozoa confined at Fraction 1 exhibit superior parameters than those included at Fraction 2 in both species, and (ii) there is a certain level of concordance between species in the proportion of benefit observed when Fraction 1 is compared to RAW semen. Altogether, these results call into question whether the standard practice of whole ejaculate collection can be considered the best strategy when using male gametes for artificial insemination. In fact, the reconstituted RAW semen exhibits poorer semen characteristics than those found in Fraction 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de la Torre
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - J Gosálvez
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Crespo
- Departamento de Reproducción, Centro Militar de Cría Caballar (FESCCR, Ministerio de Defensa), Ávila, Spain
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15
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Oliveira JVD, Oliveira PVDLF, Melo e Oña CM, Guasti PN, Monteiro GA, Sancler da Silva YFR, Papa PDM, Alvarenga MA, Dell’Aqua Junior JA, Papa FO. Strategies to improve the fertility of fresh and frozen donkey semen. Theriogenology 2016; 85:1267-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Zasiadczyk L, Fraser L, Kordan W, Wasilewska K. Individual and seasonal variations in the quality of fractionated boar ejaculates. Theriogenology 2015; 83:1287-303. [PMID: 25724288 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive seasonality has been shown to affect the quality of boar semen. In this study, effects of seasonal variations in the characteristics of spermatozoa and seminal plasma (SP) of fractioned ejaculates from individual boars have been investigated. Fractionated ejaculates, designated as fraction 1 (F1), fraction 2 (F2), and fraction 3 (F3), were collected from five mature boars during the autumn-winter (October through March) and spring-summer periods (April through September). A total of 10 fractionated ejaculates (F1, F2, and F3) were collected from each boar within each seasonal period. Assessments of the sperm quality characteristics included computer-assisted sperm analysis motion patterns, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), plasma membrane integrity, normal apical ridge acrosomes, and DNA fragmentation. Besides SDS-PAGE and densitometric analyses of the SP proteins, the antiperoxidant activity was monitored. There were marked differences in the sperm quality characteristics among the boars, except for sperm MMP. Distinct seasonal differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the ejaculate volume of F3 during the autumn-winter and spring-summer periods (107.78 ± 5.45 and 87.80 ± 4.75 mL, respectively). Significantly higher (P < 0.05) sperm concentration and the total number of spermatozoa in the fraction were observed during the autumn-winter period. Seasonal effects in MMP and plasma membrane integrity were manifested in significantly higher (P < 0.05) percentages of spermatozoa with functional mitochondria and intact plasma membrane during the autumn-winter period. However, the seasonal effects were less marked in either sperm normal apical ridge acrosomes or sperm DNA fragmentation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE and densitometric analyses revealed marked variations in the protein composition of the SP profiles among the boars, regardless of the ejaculate fraction and seasonal period. Distinct seasonal variations, observed in the SDS-PAGE profiles, were associated with an abundance of protein fractions of low-molecular and high-molecular weight components, particularly during the autumn-winter period. There were wide variations in antiperoxidant activity in the SP among the boars, being significantly higher in the autumn-winter period, irrespective of the ejaculate fraction. It can be suggested that marked deterioration of the quality of fractionated ejaculates during the spring-summer period was probably caused by impaired reproductive function in the boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zasiadczyk
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - L Fraser
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - W Kordan
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - K Wasilewska
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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17
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Soler C, Sancho M, García A, Fuentes MC, Núñez J, Cucho H. Ejaculate Fractioning Effect on Llama Sperm Head Morphometry as Assessed by the
ISAS
®
CASA
system. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 49:71-8. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Soler
- Biologia Funcional i Antropologia Física Universitat de València Burjassot Spain
| | | | | | | | - J Núñez
- Biologia Funcional i Antropologia Física Universitat de València Burjassot Spain
| | - H Cucho
- Carrera de Zootecnia Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco Cusco Peru
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18
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Restoration of seminal plasma to stallion spermatozoa selected by colloid centrifugation increases sperm progressive motility but is detrimental to chromatin integrity. Theriogenology 2012; 78:345-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rodríguez-Martínez H, Kvist U, Ernerudh J, Sanz L, Calvete JJ. Seminal plasma proteins: what role do they play? Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66 Suppl 1:11-22. [PMID: 21726334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Semen is a heterogeneous and complex cell suspension in a protein-rich fluid with different functions, some of them well known, others still obscure. METHOD OF STUDY This paper reviews, comparatively, our current knowledge on the growing field of proteomics of the SP and its relevance in relation to the in vivo situation, for the sake of reproductive biology, diagnostics and treatment. RESULTS Ejaculated spermatozoa, primarily bathing in cauda epididymal fluid, are (in vitro) bulky, exposed to most, if not all, secretions from the accessory sexual glands. In vivo, however, not all spermatozoa are necessarily exposed to all secretions from these glands, because sperm cohorts are delivered in differential order and bathe in seminal plasma (SP) with different concentrations of constituents, including peptides and proteins. Proteins are relevant for sperm function and relate to sperm interactions with the various environments along the female genital tract towards the oocyte vestments. Specific peptides and proteins act as signals for the female immune system to modulate sperm rejection or tolerance, perhaps even influencing the relative intrinsic fertility of the male and/or couple by attaining a status of maternal tolerance towards embryo and placental development. CONCLUSIONS Proteins of the seminal plasma have an ample panorama of action, and some appear responsible for establishing fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto Rodríguez-Martínez
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Ortega-Ferrusola C, Johannisson A, Peña Vega FJ, Tapia JA, Rodriguez-Martinez H, Dalin AM, Morrell JM. Effect of Different Extenders and Seminal Plasma on the Susceptibility of Equine Spermatozoa to Lipid Peroxidation After Single-Layer Centrifugation, Through Androcoll-E. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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