1
|
Lebreton O, Seddiki R, Abba S, Vignes S. [Pretibial myxedema after Graves' disease: A differential diagnosis of lymphedema]. Rev Med Interne 2023; 44:641-645. [PMID: 37827928 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pretibial myxedema is a rare manifestation of Graves' disease, and pseudotumoral forms may be confused with lower limb lymphedema. OBSERVATIONS We reported 3 cases of pretibial myxedema in 2 women and 1 man, aged 72, 66, and 49 years, treated for Graves' disease 3, 25 and 32 years previously. Two patients were active smokers. Lymphedema diagnosis of the lower limbs was suspected in the presence of bilateral pseudotumoral lesions of the feet, toes and ankles and the presence of a Stemmer's sign (skin thickening at the base of the 2nd toe, pathognomonic of lymphedema). Lymphoscintigraphy in one case was normal, not confirming lymphedema. CONCLUSION Pretibial pseudotumoral myxedema is a differential diagnosis of lower limb lymphedema. This diagnosis is confirmed by questioning the patient about preexisting Graves' disease, the underlying etiology, to decide the appropriate treatment and to encourage cessation of smoking, which is a risk factor for pretibial myxedema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Lebreton
- Unité de lymphologie, site constitutif du centre national de référence des lymphœdèmes primaires, hôpital Cognacq-Jay, 15, rue Eugène-Millon, 75015 Paris, France
| | - R Seddiki
- Unité de lymphologie, site constitutif du centre national de référence des lymphœdèmes primaires, hôpital Cognacq-Jay, 15, rue Eugène-Millon, 75015 Paris, France
| | - S Abba
- Unité de lymphologie, site constitutif du centre national de référence des lymphœdèmes primaires, hôpital Cognacq-Jay, 15, rue Eugène-Millon, 75015 Paris, France
| | - S Vignes
- Unité de lymphologie, site constitutif du centre national de référence des lymphœdèmes primaires, hôpital Cognacq-Jay, 15, rue Eugène-Millon, 75015 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cohen B, Cadesky A, Jaggi S. Dermatologic manifestations of thyroid disease: a literature review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1167890. [PMID: 37251685 PMCID: PMC10214500 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1167890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Thyroid hormone is considered one of the key regulatory hormones for skin homeostasis. Multiple organs are affected by the release of peripheral thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) further regulating various functions at a cellular level. Specifically, skin is considered an important target organ in which the thyroid hormone has a significant impact. Multiple skin diseases are associated with thyroid hormone dysregulation. However, other striking dermatologic manifestations are seen in nails and hair as well. Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid cancer can have an array of cutaneous manifestations, and we present the recent updates in this field. Methods A PubMed search was performed for updates in any new skin disease findings and treatments between 2010 and 2022. Research published in the past decade and previously known foundational skin findings associated with thyroid disease were presented in this review. Conclusion Cutaneous manifestations of thyroid disease is one of the first notable signs of thyroid hormone dysregulation. This article reviews the recent updates on the thyroid and skin interplay, and it further discusses overt visible findings and various available treatment modalities.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ly S, Nedosekin D, Wong HK. Review of an Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases of the Skin. Am J Clin Dermatol 2023; 24:247-273. [PMID: 36630066 PMCID: PMC9838371 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-022-00751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Biologic therapies targeting B-cells are emerging as an effective strategy to treat a variety of immune-mediated diseases. One of the most studied B-cell-targeted therapies is rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that exemplifies B-cell depletion therapy and has served as the prototype for other anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies and the development of biosimilars. While there are multiple studies on the use of rituximab in dermatology, a comprehensive review of rituximab therapy in autoimmune skin conditions is lacking. In this literature review, we summarize indications, treatment efficacy, and safety of rituximab among common autoimmune diseases of the skin: pemphigus vulgaris, cutaneous lupus erythematous, dermatomyositis, systemic sclerosis, thyroid dermopathy, autoimmune pemphigoid diseases, and cutaneous vasculitis diseases. Existing data on rituximab support the approach of rituximab, biosimilars, and newer B-cell-targeting therapies in immune-mediated cutaneous diseases. Overall, rituximab, which targets CD20, provides an effective alternative or concomitant option to traditional immunosuppressants in the management of various autoimmune diseases of the skin. Further studies are necessary to expand the understanding and possible utility of B-cell-targeted therapies among autoimmune skin diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ly
- grid.241054.60000 0004 4687 1637College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Dmitry Nedosekin
- grid.241054.60000 0004 4687 1637College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Henry K. Wong
- grid.241054.60000 0004 4687 1637Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Slot #576, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gubbi S, Araque KA, Avadhanula S, Azam A, Merkel R, Cochran C, Burbelo PD, Waldman M, Neumann S, Gershengorn MC, Skarulis M, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J. Combined Immunosuppressive Therapy for Severe Graves Dermopathy. Ann Intern Med 2021; 174:1478-1480. [PMID: 34152827 PMCID: PMC9473454 DOI: 10.7326/l21-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Gubbi
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katherine Andrea Araque
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Asma Azam
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Roxanne Merkel
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Craig Cochran
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter Denis Burbelo
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Meryl Waldman
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susanne Neumann
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marvin Carl Gershengorn
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Monica Skarulis
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Taleb El Houda FZ, Haraj NE, El Aziz S, Chadli A. [Infiltrative lesions of the feet]. Rev Med Interne 2020; 42:367-368. [PMID: 33223196 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2020.10.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Z Taleb El Houda
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Maroc; Laboratoire de Neuroscience et Santé Mentale, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Maroc
| | - N E Haraj
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Maroc; Laboratoire de Neuroscience et Santé Mentale, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Maroc
| | - S El Aziz
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Maroc; Laboratoire de Neuroscience et Santé Mentale, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Maroc
| | - A Chadli
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Maroc; Laboratoire de Neuroscience et Santé Mentale, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Maroc.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kraus CN, Sodha P, Vaidyanathan P, Kirkorian AY. Thyroid dermopathy and acropachy in pediatric patients. Pediatr Dermatol 2018; 35:e371-e374. [PMID: 30187962 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The extrathyroid manifestations of Graves disease (GD) include thyroid orbitopathy, dermopathy, and acropachy. Thyroid dermopathy (TD), also known as pretibial myxedema, classically presents as nonpitting edema or plaquelike lesions on the pretibial region, while thyroid acropachy (TA) is seen in cases of severe TD, characterized by soft tissue swelling and clubbing of fingers and toes, as well as a periosteal reaction of the bones of the hands and feet. Both TD and TA are rare manifestations of thyroid disease and uncommonly reported in pediatric patients. Our aim was to increase awareness of dermatological manifestations associated with pediatric GD and review the literature of pediatric thyroid dermopathy as well as report a case of acropachy in a child.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Kraus
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Pooja Sodha
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Priya Vaidyanathan
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia.,George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - A Yasmine Kirkorian
- George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia.,Division of Dermatology, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee JH, Park SM, Lew BL, Sim WY. Pretibial Myxedema Presenting as Severe Elephantiasis. Ann Dermatol 2018; 30:592-596. [PMID: 33911484 PMCID: PMC7992468 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2018.30.5.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elephantiasis is a symptom characterized by the thickening of the skin and underlying tissues in the legs. Pretibial myxedema (PTM) is a non-frequent manifestation of autoimmune thyroiditis, particularly Graves' disease. Lesions of myxedema occur most commonly on the pretibial surfaces, also develop at sites of previous injury or scars and other areas. A 49-year-old male presented with severe elephantiasis on the both pretibial areas, dorsum of the feet, ankles and toes. Twenty years previously, he had received radioactive iodine treatment for thyrotoxicosis. Laboratory tests showed that the patient's thyroid function was normal, but the level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antibodies was very high (>40 IU/L). The biopsy confirmed PTM. Interestingly, the connective tissue was stained with the TSH receptor antibodies in the deep dermis. Elephantiasic PTM is a severe form of the myxedema and there is few reported case. We report a rare case of PTM with appearance of severe elephantiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Myung Park
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bark-Lynn Lew
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Young Sim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ferreira-Hermosillo A, Casados-V R, Paúl-Gaytán P, Mendoza-Zubieta V. Utility of rituximab treatment for exophthalmos, myxedema, and osteoarthropathy syndrome resistant to corticosteroids due to Graves' disease: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2018; 12:38. [PMID: 29448964 PMCID: PMC5815205 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-018-1571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exophthalmos, myxedema, and osteoarthropathy syndrome is a very rare condition that is associated with Graves’ disease. The presence of dermopathy and the involvement of joint/bone tissues indicate that it seems to be related with the severity of the autoimmune process. Owing to its low incidence, there is a lack of information regarding its treatment and clinical follow-up. Some cases improved after use of high doses of steroids; however, some patients do not respond to this treatment. Recently, the effectiveness of rituximab for treatment of Graves’ ophthalmopathy resistant to corticosteroids has been demonstrated. However, it has never been used for the treatment of exophthalmos, myxedema, and osteoarthropathy syndrome (particularly for the treatment of osteoarticular manifestations). Case presentation We present the case of a 54-year-old Mexican woman previously treated for Graves’ disease who developed post-iodine hypothyroidism and exophthalmos, myxedema, and osteoarthropathy that did not improve after high doses of steroids (intravenous and oral). Her exophthalmos, myxedema, and osteoarthropathy syndrome symptoms improved as early as 6 months after treatment with rituximab. Conclusion Exophthalmos, myxedema, and osteoarthropathy syndrome is a non-classical presentation of Graves’ disease, whose clinical manifestations could improve after treatment with rituximab, particularly in those patients with lack of response to high doses of corticosteroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Ferreira-Hermosillo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Endocrinología Experimental, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Cuauhtémoc 330, colonia Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City, CP 06720, Mexico.
| | - Ruben Casados-V
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pedro Paúl-Gaytán
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victoria Mendoza-Zubieta
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ren Z, He M, Deng F, Chen Y, Chai L, Chen B, Deng W. Treatment of pretibial myxedema with intralesional immunomodulating therapy. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2017; 13:1189-1194. [PMID: 28932121 PMCID: PMC5598751 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s143711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Local immune regulation therapy has been one of the therapeutic methods used for the treatment of autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with pretibial myxedema (PTM). However, the poor response rate and high recurrence rate are still major problems. Whether a premixed corticosteroid, compound betamethasone, could enhance remission rate and decrease recurrence rate in patients with PTM was investigated in the present study. Subjects and methods We have performed a clinical utility observation of compound betamethasone with intralesional injections based on basic thyroid disease treatment in 32 PTM patients between January 2008 and August 2016. The patients were followed up for 2 years, and the clinical outcomes and side effects were calculated and analyzed. Results All patients had a complete remission after different times of injection. A total of 21.7% patients had complete remission with one time of injection, 34.8% with two times of injection, 17.4% with three times of injection, 4.3% with four times of injection, and 4.3% with five times of injection. In all, 56.3% patients with a disease duration of <6 months had complete remission after a 1-month treatment, 37.5% patients with a disease duration between 6 months and 12 months had complete remission after a 2-month treatment, 3.1% patients with a disease duration of 2 years had complete remission after a 5-month treatment, and 3.1% with a disease duration of 5 years had complete remission after a 7-month treatment. Conclusion Compound betamethasone with multipoint intralesional injection is a feasible, effective, and secure novel strategy in the treatment of PTM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Hospital (The Fourth People's Hospital of Chongqing)
| | - Min He
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Hospital (The Fourth People's Hospital of Chongqing)
| | - Liyin Chai
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Hospital (The Fourth People's Hospital of Chongqing)
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuquan Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Hospital (The Fourth People's Hospital of Chongqing)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
di Meo N, Nan K, Noal C, Trevisini S, Fadel M, Damiani G, Vichi S, Trevisan G. Polypoid and fungating form of elephantiasic pretibial myxedema with involvement of the hands. Int J Dermatol 2016; 55:e413-5. [PMID: 26873132 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola di Meo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Nan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cecilia Noal
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Trevisini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mattia Fadel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni Damiani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Vichi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giusto Trevisan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Elephantiasic pretibial myxedema in a patient with graves disease that resolved after 131I treatment. Clin Nucl Med 2015; 39:758-9. [PMID: 24830877 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000000459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pretibial myxedema is a rare manifestation of Graves disease and is generally associated with ophthalmopathy. Steroids, immunoglobulin, or rituximab can have some therapeutic effect but not curative. Here we reported a 45-year-old man with history of hyperthyroidism for 20 years who developed severe bilateral pretibial myxedema. Three months after the treatment with I for his Graves disease, his pretibial myxedema was significantly improved.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sendhil Kumaran M, Dutta P, Sakia U, Dogra S. Long-term follow-up and epidemiological trends in patients with pretibial myxedema: an 11-year study from a tertiary care center in northern India. Int J Dermatol 2015; 54:e280-6. [PMID: 26019115 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pretibial myxedema (PTM) is a rare manifestation of Graves' disease. There is paucity of data regarding long-term follow-up and response to treatment in PTM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective study wherein 30 patients of PTM presenting during 2001-2011 attending dermatology and endocrinology outpatient departments were analyzed. RESULTS Among 30 patients with PTM, 12 were males and 18 females with a ratio of 1 : 1.5 males/females. Four morphological forms were identified: plaques (18 patients), diffuse non-pitting edema of both lower legs (five), nodules (five), and elephantiasis lesions (two). Eighty percent were diagnosed with hyperthyroidism before the development of dermopathy. Twenty-six patients presented with ophthalmopathy. Fourteen patients with plaque had an excellent response to topical clobetasol propionate ointment and attained complete resolution by 3.6 years. Out of 16 patients treated with combination therapy, which included nine treated with topical corticosteroids/intralesional triamcinolone and seven treated with oral, intralesional, and topical corticosteroids, nine attained complete resolution in the lesions by 3.4 years, and none relapsed anytime during four years of post-treatment follow-up. However, the remaining patients (elephantiasis and diffuse forms) failed to achieve complete resolution. CONCLUSIONS Plaques and nodules are common variants with a favorable clinical response to topical and intralesional corticosteroid; elephantine and diffuse forms responded poorly to therapy. Studies analyzing larger cohorts of patients with PTM and their long-term follow-up are limited, hence more such studies are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Sendhil Kumaran
- Department of Dermatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pinaki Dutta
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Uma Sakia
- Department of Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bartalena L, Fatourechi V. Extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves' disease: a 2014 update. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:691-700. [PMID: 24913238 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Graves' orbitopathy (GO), thyroid dermopathy (also called pretibial myxedema) and acropachy are the extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves' disease. They occur in 25, 1.5, and 0.3 % of Graves' patients, respectively. Thus, GO is the main and most common extrathyroidal manifestation. Dermopathy is usually present if the patient is also affected with GO. The very rare acropachy occurs only in patients who also have dermopathy. GO and dermopathy have an autoimmune origin and are probably triggered by autoimmunity to the TSH receptor and, likely, the IGF-1 receptor. Both GO and dermopathy may be mild to severe. MANAGEMENT Mild GO usually does not require any treatment except for local measures and preventive actions (especially refraining from smoking). Currently, moderate-to-severe and active GO is best treated by systemic glucocorticoids, but response to treatment is not optimal in many instances, and retreatments and use of other modalities (glucocorticoids, orbital radiotherapy, cyclosporine) and, in the end, rehabilitative surgery are often needed. Dermopathy is usually managed by local glucocorticoid treatment. No specific treatment is available for acropachy. PERSPECTIVES Novel treatments are presently being investigated for GO, and particular attention is paid to the use of rituximab. It is unknown whether novel treatments for GO might be useful for the other extrathyroidal manifestations. Future novel therapies shown to be beneficial for GO in randomized studies may be empirically used for dermopathy and acropachy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bartalena
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Endocrine Unit, Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Vahab Fatourechi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mitchell AL, Gan EH, Morris M, Johnson K, Neoh C, Dickinson AJ, Perros P, Pearce SHS. The effect of B cell depletion therapy on anti-TSH receptor antibodies and clinical outcome in glucocorticoid-refractory Graves' orbitopathy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 79:437-42. [PMID: 23320840 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This case series documents the response of nine individuals with glucocorticoid-refractory Graves' orbitopathy (GO) to B cell depletion therapy with rituximab (RTX). CONTEXT Graves' disease (GD) is one of the commonest autoimmune conditions and is frequently associated with inflammatory changes around the eyes (GO). GO frequently results in significant functional visual impairment, and in the most severe cases, it can result in permanent loss of sight. RTX is a therapeutic monoclonal antibody, which targets cell-surface CD-20, resulting in depletion of circulating B lymphocytes. It has been found to be useful for the treatment of a number of autoimmune conditions including, in preliminary studies, GO. DESIGN AND PATIENTS We have treated nine individuals (1 male, 8 female, age range 37-87 years) with glucocorticoid-resistant GO with RTX since 2008. RTX was administered in divided doses at fortnightly intervals, following 500 mg IV methylprednisolone pretreatment. MEASUREMENTS Each patient underwent thorough assessment before and after RTX therapy, including thyroid function tests, B cell counts, thyroid autoantibody levels and detailed clinical assessment according to EUGOGO standard protocols. All patients have now been followed up for 16 months or more. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in thyrotropin receptor binding inhibitory immunoglobulin (TBII) levels in all patients following RTX treatment and a reduction in the clinical activity score (CAS) was seen in all cases. We also report striking improvement in pretibial thyroid dermopathy in one patient following RTX. CONCLUSIONS This case series adds to the growing literature demonstrating that RTX, administered in our patients with concomitant methylprednisolone, is safe and clinically effective in the treatment of active, moderate to severe and sight-threatening GO. Randomized controlled trials are now needed to confirm the efficacy of RTX for GO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Mitchell
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shen S, Chan A, Sfikakis PP, Hsiu Ling AL, Detorakis ET, Boboridis KG, Mavrikakis I. B-Cell Targeted Therapy With Rituximab for Thyroid Eye Disease: Closer to the Clinic. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 58:252-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|