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Wang J, Lee RC. Tamoxifen Upregulates Collagenase Gene Expression in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2024; 12:e5609. [PMID: 38348464 PMCID: PMC10860976 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Background Tamoxifen is a known inhibitor of fibroblast transforming growth factor beta biosynthesis and wound scar formation. Tamoxifen is also known to be an estrogen antagonist and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. Cells treated with tamoxifen and other PKC/calmodulin inhibitors depolymerize their membrane focal adhesion complexes and cytoskeletal protein structures. These effects result in substrate detachment, cell shape rounding, and upregulation of collagenase synthesis and extracellular matrix degradation. The purpose of our study was to test the hypothesis that tamoxifen treatment of human foreskin fibroblasts results in alteration of cytoskeletal protein organization, cell detachment and rounding, and increased collagenase synthesis similar to known PKC/calmodulin inhibitors such as H-7. Methods We characterized the effects of PKC/calmodulin inhibitors tamoxifen and H-7 on human dermal fibroblast morphology, cytoskeletal protein organization, and collagenase gene expression in monolayer culture and within collagen gels. Results We found that fibroblasts responded to tamoxifen by initiation of actin filament depolymerization followed by alteration from spindle to spheroidal shapes. This change in cell shape led to increased collagenase synthesis in cells treated with either tamoxifen or H-7 compared with controls. There was also a 23% increase of hydroxyproline release from tamoxifen-treated fibroblast-populated collagen matrices. Conclusions Tamoxifen may reduce scarring by inhibiting fibroblast PKC/calmodulin activity, which down-regulates pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor beta signaling and upregulates collagenase production. These effects mimic those of the known PKC/calmodulin inhibitor H-7. Overall, these findings suggest that tamoxifen and its analogues are promising agents for clinical investigation as small molecule regulators of fibrosis and scarring disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Wang
- From the Departments of Surgery, Medicine, and Integrated Biosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Raphael C. Lee
- From the Departments of Surgery, Medicine, and Integrated Biosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
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Aortic Remodelling Is Improved by 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside Involving the Smad3 Pathway in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:789027. [PMID: 26693246 PMCID: PMC4677031 DOI: 10.1155/2015/789027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a common health problem that substantially increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The condition increases blood pressure, which causes alterations in vascular structure and leads to the development of vascular pathologies. 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), a resveratrol analogue extracted from a Chinese medicinal plant, has been proven to have numerous vascular protection functions. This study investigated whether THSG can improve vascular remodeling, which has thus far remained unclear. Orally administering THSG to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) aged 12 weeks for 14 weeks significantly inhibited intima-media thickness in the lower parts of the aortic arch, increased the vascular diastolic rate in response to acetylcholine, and reduced remodelling-related mRNA expression, such as that of ACTA2, CCL3, COL1A2, COL3A1, TIMP1 WISP2, IGFBP1, ECE1, KLF5, MYL1 BMP4, FN1, and PAI-1. Immunofluorescence staining also showed an inhibitory effect similar to that of THSG on PAI-1 protein expression in rat aortas. Results from immunoprecipitation and a Western blot assay showed that THSG inhibited the acetylation of Smad3. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that THSG prevented Smad3 binding to the PAI-1 proximal promoter in SHR aortas. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of THSG on aortic remodelling involved the deacetylating role of Smad3 with increasing blood flow and with constant blood pressure.
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Shukla SK, Khatoon J, Prasad KN, Rai RP, Singh AK, Kumar S, Ghoshal UC, Krishnani N. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) modulates Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in absence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with gastric cancer. Cytokine 2015; 77:176-9. [PMID: 26239415 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), a multifunctional cytokine, acts as a key factor for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation. We investigated the role of TGF-β1 in latent and lytic stages of EBV in relation to Helicobacter pylori infection among patients with gastric cancer (GC) and peptic ulcer disease (PUD). METHOD Gastric mucosal TGF-β1 expression was determined in 95 EBV positive patients with gastroduodenal pathology [GC 40, PUD 19 and non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) 36] by quantitative real time PCR. Presence of H. pylori infection was diagnosed when either culture or any two of three tests (RUT, histopathology and specific ureA PCR) were positive. Serum level of TGF-β1 was detected among 60 patients using ELISA. RESULTS Mucosal TGF-β1 mRNA expression was detected in 85 of 95 EBV positive patients and it was significantly higher in patients with GC (p=0.042). TGF-β1 expression tended to be higher among H. pylori non-infected than infected patients (3.80±6.24 vs. 2.07±2.50, p=0.085). Both mRNA and serum level had significant association with lytic stage of EBV in absence of H. pylori infection when compared with its presence (5.21±4.00 vs. 2.29±2.89, p=0.040 and 842.00 [669.55] vs. 662.63 [628.76], p=0.049; respectively). CONCLUSION TGF-β1 expression was significantly associated with GC. TGF-β1 was higher both at expression and translational levels in lytic EBV infection without H. pylori suggests that H. pylori infection might play important role in preventing EBV reactivation through attenuated TGF-β1 expression. This might be a "wise host defense against EBV reactivation".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Kumar Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania-School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jahanarah Khatoon
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India
| | - Kashi Nath Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India.
| | - Ravi Prakash Rai
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India
| | - Aloukick Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India
| | - Uday Chand Ghoshal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India
| | - Narendra Krishnani
- Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India
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Garrido-Martín EM, Blanco FJ, Roquè M, Novensà L, Tarocchi M, Lang UE, Suzuki T, Friedman SL, Botella LM, Bernabéu C. Vascular injury triggers Krüppel-like factor 6 mobilization and cooperation with specificity protein 1 to promote endothelial activation through upregulation of the activin receptor-like kinase 1 gene. Circ Res 2012; 112:113-27. [PMID: 23048070 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.275586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Activin receptor-like kinase-1 (ALK1) is an endothelial transforming growth factor β receptor involved in angiogenesis. ALK1 expression is high in the embryo vasculature, becoming less detectable in the quiescent endothelium of adult stages. However, ALK1 expression becomes rapidly increased after angiogenic stimuli such as vascular injury. OBJECTIVE To characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of ALK1 on vascular injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Alk1 becomes strongly upregulated in endothelial (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells of mouse femoral arteries after wire-induced endothelial denudation. In vitro denudation of monolayers of human umbilical vein ECs also leads to an increase in ALK1. Interestingly, a key factor in tissue remodeling, Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) translocates to the cell nucleus during wound healing, concomitantly with an increase in the ALK1 gene transcriptional rate. KLF6 knock down in human umbilical vein ECs promotes ALK1 mRNA downregulation. Moreover, Klf6(+/-) mice have lower levels of Alk1 in their vasculature compared with their wild-type siblings. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays show that KLF6 interacts with ALK1 promoter in ECs, and this interaction is enhanced during wound healing. We demonstrate that KLF6 is transactivating ALK1 gene, and this transactivation occurs by a synergistic cooperative mechanism with specificity protein 1. Finally, Alk1 levels in vascular smooth muscle cells are not directly upregulated in response to damage, but in response to soluble factors, such as interleukin 6, released from ECs after injury. CONCLUSIONS ALK1 is upregulated in ECs during vascular injury by a synergistic cooperative mechanism between KLF6 and specificity protein 1, and in vascular smooth muscle cells by an EC-vascular smooth muscle cell paracrine communication during vascular remodeling.
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Weber AA, Schrör K. The significance of platelet-derived growth factors for proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Platelets 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09537109909169169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ma J, Zheng M, Shen Y, Wang L, Wang L, Zhu Y, Zhang X. Effects of cilostazol on thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) expression changes in the myocardium of diabetic rats. J Int Med Res 2008; 36:800-9. [PMID: 18652777 DOI: 10.1177/147323000803600423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial protective effects of the phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, cilostazol, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were investigated. Four weeks after induction of diabetes, we measured thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) expression in the left ventricular myocardium. Microstructural and ultrastructural changes were also analysed. Four weeks after the induction of diabetes there were significant differences in body weight and blood glucose between the control, diabetic and cilostazol-treated diabetic animals. TSP-1 expression was significantly increased in the myocardium of diabetic rats compared with the control group. Although significantly higher than the control group, TSP-1 expression was significantly lower in the cilostazol group compared with the diabetes group. There were obvious ultrastructural changes in the myocardium of diabetic rats, which were rarely seen in cilostazol-treated diabetic rats. In conclusion, this study provides experimental evidence that cilostazol treatment of diabetic rats effectively prevents pathological myocardial alterations, possibly via the down-regulation of TSP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ma
- Department of Cardiovasology, The Second Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Fahmi H, Cochet C, Hmama Z, Opolon P, Joab I. Transforming growth factor beta 1 stimulates expression of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 immediate-early gene product ZEBRA by an indirect mechanism which requires the MAPK kinase pathway. J Virol 2000; 74:5810-8. [PMID: 10846060 PMCID: PMC112075 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.13.5810-5818.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latency is mediated by ZEBRA, the protein product of the immediate-early EBV gene, BZLF1. In vitro, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC), induces reactivation of EBV. However, the physiological stimuli responsible for the disruption of viral latency are not well characterized. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) has also been shown to trigger the reactivation of EBV in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines; however, the effect of TGF-beta1 on ZEBRA expression has not been reported. To further understand this phenomenon, we have investigated the effect of TGF-beta1 on ZEBRA expression. Our results indicate that the treatment of different EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines with TGF-beta1 induces a time-dependent activation of BZLF1 transcription with a corresponding increase in the production of the protein ZEBRA. TGF-beta1 has been shown to exert its effects through a wide range of intracellular routes; in the present study, we have explored these pathways. Transient expression of Smad proteins on their own had no effect on ZEBRA expression. A specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), SB203580, did not affect TGF-beta1-induced ZEBRA expression, whereas treatment with the MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitors, PD98059 and U0126, dramatically decreased this induction. This suggests that TGF-beta1 effect on BZLF1 expression requires the MAPK pathway. However, in Raji and B95-8 cells additional routes can be used, as (i) the inhibition of ZEBRA induction by PD98059 or U0126 was incomplete, whereas these inhibitors completely abolished PMA-induced ZEBRA expression, (ii) TGF-beta1 induction of ZEBRA expression occurs in PKC-depleted cells, (iii) in Raji and in B95-8 cells, the effect of TGF-beta1 and PMA are additive. Transient transfection of the EBV-negative B-cell line DG75 with a BZLF1 promoter-fusion construct (Zp-CAT) showed that under conditions where the BZLF1 promoter is activated by PMA treatment, TGF-beta1 had no significant effect on the expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Furthermore, TGF-beta1 induction of BZLF1 transcripts is dependent on de novo protein synthesis, which suggests that TGF-beta1 induces BZLF1 expression by an indirect mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fahmi
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Expérimentale et Clinique, INSERM EPI 99-32, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, 75010 Paris, France
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Nakayama M, Fukuda N, Watanabe Y, Soma M, Hu WY, Kishioka H, Satoh C, Kubo A, Kanmatsuse K. Low dose of eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits the exaggerated growth of vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats through suppression of transforming growth factor-beta. J Hypertens 1999; 17:1421-30. [PMID: 10526902 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-199917100-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, on the exaggerated growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). DESIGN Cultured VSMC were prepared by an explant method from thoracic aortas in 8-week-old male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY)/Izumo rats and SHR/Izumo. Effects of EPA on basal DNA synthesis, expression of growth factors and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2) activity were examined in VSMC from WKY rats and SHR. METHODS The cell cycles were synchronized with serum deprivation, then DNA synthesis in VSMC was measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Fatty acid composition of the phospholipid fraction in VSMC was measured by gas chromatography. Expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A-chain, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNAs was evaluated by reverse-transcription and polymerase chain reaction analysis. Cdk2 activity was determined by autoradiography after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of VSMC extracts that had been immunoprecipitated with anti-cdk2 antibody and protein A sepharose, and then incubated with 32P-ATP and histone H1. RESULTS High concentrations (40 and 80 micromol/I) of EPA significantly inhibited basal DNA synthesis in VSMC from both rat strains. Low dose (20 micromol/l) of EPA significantly inhibited basal DNA synthesis in VSMC from SHR, whereas the same dose of EPA stimulated DNA synthesis in VSMC from WKY rats. In analysis of fatty acid composition, low dose of EPA was considerably incorporated in VSMC. Low dose of EPA significantly inhibited angiotensin II- and phorbol ester milisterol-stimulated DNA synthesis in VSMC from both rat strains, whereas EPA did not affect PDGF-AA-stimulated DNA synthesis in VSMC from either rat strain. Low dose of other polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid and linoleic acid did not significantly affect basal DNA synthesis in VSMC from either strain. Low dose of EPA significantly inhibited expression of TGF-beta1 mRNA in VSMC from SHR, whereas EPA did not affect expression of PDGF A-chain and bFGF mRNAs in VSMC from SHR. Cdk2 activity in VSMC from SHR was higher than that from WKY rats. Low dose of EPA inhibited cdk2 activity in VSMC from SHR, whereas it stimulated the activity in VSMC from WKY rats. CONCLUSION Low dose of EPA exerted specific inhibition of the exaggerated growth of VSMC from SHR through the suppression of TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakayama
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Goebel C, Kirchhoff K, Wasmuth H, Flohé S, Elliott RB, Kolb H. The gut cytokine balance as a target of lead toxicity. Life Sci 1999; 64:2207-14. [PMID: 10374910 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The impact of exposure to lead on gut cytokine gene expression and oral tolerance was analyzed. Oral tolerization with ovalbumin (OVA) increased levels of IL-10 and TGF-beta in gut tissue while IFN-gamma mRNA levels remained unchanged in both autoimmune diabetes prone NOD and normal C57BL/6 mice. This shift towards Th2/Th3 type cytokine gene expression was completely abolished by concomitant treatment with PbCl2 (6 x 0.5 mg/kg) in NOD mice while the cytokine balance in C57BL/6 mice was unaffected. Suppression of Th2/Th3 type cytokine expression was associated with a dampened oral tolerance response to OVA as determined by T cell proliferation assays. We conclude that in autoimmunity prone NOD mice environmental toxicants may disturb immune homeostasis by targeting the gut immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antigens/administration & dosage
- Cytokines/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Lead/toxicity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goebel
- Diabetes Research Institute, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany.
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