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Fernandes TG, Duarte ST, Ghazvini M, Gaspar C, Santos DC, Porteira AR, Rodrigues GMC, Haupt S, Rombo DM, Armstrong J, Sebastião AM, Gribnau J, Garcia-Cazorla À, Brüstle O, Henrique D, Cabral JMS, Diogo MM. Neural commitment of human pluripotent stem cells under defined conditions recapitulates neural development and generates patient-specific neural cells. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1578-88. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kumar SS, Alarfaj AA, Munusamy MA, Singh AJAR, Peng IC, Priya SP, Hamat RA, Higuchi A. Recent developments in β-cell differentiation of pluripotent stem cells induced by small and large molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23418-47. [PMID: 25526563 PMCID: PMC4284775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells, including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), hold promise as novel therapeutic tools for diabetes treatment because of their self-renewal capacity and ability to differentiate into beta (β)-cells. Small and large molecules play important roles in each stage of β-cell differentiation from both hESCs and hiPSCs. The small and large molecules that are described in this review have significantly advanced efforts to cure diabetic disease. Lately, effective protocols have been implemented to induce hESCs and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to differentiate into functional β-cells. Several small molecules, proteins, and growth factors promote pancreatic differentiation from hESCs and hMSCs. These small molecules (e.g., cyclopamine, wortmannin, retinoic acid, and sodium butyrate) and large molecules (e.g. activin A, betacellulin, bone morphogentic protein (BMP4), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), noggin, transforming growth factor (TGF-α), and WNT3A) are thought to contribute from the initial stages of definitive endoderm formation to the final stages of maturation of functional endocrine cells. We discuss the importance of such small and large molecules in uniquely optimized protocols of β-cell differentiation from stem cells. A global understanding of various small and large molecules and their functions will help to establish an efficient protocol for β-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suresh Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universities Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Abdullah A Alarfaj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Murugan A Munusamy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - A J A Ranjith Singh
- Department of Bioscience, Jacintha Peter College of Arts and Sciences, Ayakudi, Tenkasi, Tamilnadu 627852, India.
| | - I-Chia Peng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda RD., Jhongli, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
| | - Sivan Padma Priya
- Department of Basic Science and Department of Surgical Sciences, Ajman University of Science and Technology-Fujairah Campus, P.O. Box 9520, Al Fujairah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rukman Awang Hamat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universities Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Akon Higuchi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Turner J, Quek LE, Titmarsh D, Krömer JO, Kao LP, Nielsen L, Wolvetang E, Cooper-White J. Metabolic profiling and flux analysis of MEL-2 human embryonic stem cells during exponential growth at physiological and atmospheric oxygen concentrations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112757. [PMID: 25412279 PMCID: PMC4239018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) steadily progress towards regenerative medicine applications there is an increasing emphasis on the development of bioreactor platforms that enable expansion of these cells to clinically relevant numbers. Surprisingly little is known about the metabolic requirements of hESCs, precluding the rational design and optimisation of such platforms. In this study, we undertook an in-depth characterisation of MEL-2 hESC metabolic behaviour during the exponential growth phase, combining metabolic profiling and flux analysis tools at physiological (hypoxic) and atmospheric (normoxic) oxygen concentrations. To overcome variability in growth profiles and the problem of closing mass balances in a complex environment, we developed protocols to accurately measure uptake and production rates of metabolites, cell density, growth rate and biomass composition, and designed a metabolic flux analysis model for estimating internal rates. hESCs are commonly considered to be highly glycolytic with inactive or immature mitochondria, however, whilst the results of this study confirmed that glycolysis is indeed highly active, we show that at least in MEL-2 hESC, it is supported by the use of oxidative phosphorylation within the mitochondria utilising carbon sources, such as glutamine to maximise ATP production. Under both conditions, glycolysis was disconnected from the mitochondria with all of the glucose being converted to lactate. No difference in the growth rates of cells cultured under physiological or atmospheric oxygen concentrations was observed nor did this cause differences in fluxes through the majority of the internal metabolic pathways associated with biogenesis. These results suggest that hESCs display the conventional Warburg effect, with high aerobic activity despite high lactate production, challenging the idea of an anaerobic metabolism with low mitochondrial activity. The results of this study provide new insight that can be used in rational bioreactor design and in the development of novel culture media for hESC maintenance and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Turner
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Stem Cell Engineering Group, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lake-Ee Quek
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Drew Titmarsh
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Stem Cell Engineering Group, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jens O. Krömer
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Metabolomics Australia, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Li-Pin Kao
- Stem Cell Engineering Group, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lars Nielsen
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Metabolomics Australia, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ernst Wolvetang
- Stem Cell Engineering Group, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (EW); (JCW)
| | - Justin Cooper-White
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (EW); (JCW)
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Fujimori H, Shikanai M, Teraoka H, Masutani M, Yoshioka KI. Induction of cancerous stem cells during embryonic stem cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36777-91. [PMID: 22961983 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.372557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell maintenance depends on their surrounding microenvironment, and aberrancies in the environment have been associated with tumorigenesis. However, it remains to be elucidated whether an environmental aberrancy can act as a carcinogenic stress for cellular transformation of differentiating stem cells into cancer stem cells. Here, utilizing mouse embryonic stem cells as a model, it was illustrated that environmental aberrancy during differentiation leads to the emergence of pluripotent cells showing cancerous characteristics. Analogous to precancerous stages, DNA lesions were spontaneously accumulated during embryonic stem cell differentiation under aberrational environments, which activates barrier responses such as senescence and apoptosis. However, overwhelming such barrier responses, piled-up spheres were subsequently induced from the previously senescent cells. The sphere cells exhibit aneuploidy and dysfunction of the Arf-p53 module as well as enhanced tumorigenicity and a strong self-renewal capacity, suggesting development of cancerous stem cells. Our current study suggests that stem cells differentiating in an aberrational environment are at risk of cellular transformation into malignant counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Fujimori
- Division of Genome Stability Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Talebi S, Aleyasin A, Soleimani M, Massumi M. Derivation of islet-like cells from mesenchymal stem cells using PDX1-transducing lentiviruses. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2012; 59:205-12. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Berthiaume F, Maguire TJ, Yarmush ML. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: history, progress, and challenges. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2012; 2:403-30. [PMID: 22432625 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The past three decades have seen the emergence of an endeavor called tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in which scientists, engineers, and physicians apply tools from a variety of fields to construct biological substitutes that can mimic tissues for diagnostic and research purposes and can replace (or help regenerate) diseased and injured tissues. A significant portion of this effort has been translated to actual therapies, especially in the areas of skin replacement and, to a lesser extent, cartilage repair. A good amount of thoughtful work has also yielded prototypes of other tissue substitutes such as nerve conduits, blood vessels, liver, and even heart. Forward movement to clinical product, however, has been slow. Another offshoot of these efforts has been the incorporation of some new exciting technologies (e.g., microfabrication, 3D printing) that may enable future breakthroughs. In this review we highlight the modest beginnings of the field and then describe three application examples that are in various stages of development, ranging from relatively mature (skin) to ongoing proof-of-concept (cartilage) to early stage (liver). We then discuss some of the major issues that limit the development of complex tissues, some of which are fundamentals-based, whereas others stem from the needs of the end users.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Hernandez D, Ruban L, Mason C. Feeder-Free Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Scalable Expansion in a Reproducible Manner. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1089-98. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hernandez
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ludmila Ruban
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Mason
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Cao H, Chu Y, Zhu H, Sun J, Pu Y, Gao Z, Yang C, Peng S, Dou Z, Hua J. Characterization of immortalized mesenchymal stem cells derived from foetal porcine pancreas. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:19-32. [PMID: 21199007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2010.00714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet replacement therapy is limited by shortage of donor islet cells. Usage of islet cells derived from porcine pancreatic stem cells (PSCs) is currently viewed as the most promising alternative for human islet transplantation. However, PSCs are rare and have a finite proliferative lifespan. In this study, we isolated and established an immortalized mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) line derived from foetal porcine pancreas, by transfecting human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and called these immortalized pancreatic mesenchymal stem cells (iPMSCs). The iPMSCs have been cultured for more than 80 passages and have capacity to differentiate into neurons, cardiomyocytes, germ cells and islet-like cells, analysed by morphology, RT-PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry and transplantation assay. Islets derived from iPMSCs reversed hyperglycaemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and secreted insulin and C-peptide in vitro. These results demonstrated that iPMSCs might provide unlimited resources for islet replacement therapy and models for functional cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Center of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Key Lab for Reproductive Physiology and Embryo Biotechnology of Agriculture Ministry of China, Shaanxi, China
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Lee JE, Kang MS, Park MH, Shim SH, Yoon TK, Chung HM, Lee DR. Evaluation of 28 Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines for Use as Unrelated Donors in Stem Cell Therapy: Implications of HLA and ABO Genotypes. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:1383-95. [DOI: 10.3727/096368910x513991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to be used clinically, it is imperative that immune responses evoked by hESCs and their derivates after transplantation should be prevented. Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and ABO blood group antigens are important histocompatibility factors in graft rejection. HLA matching between recipient and unrelated donors, in particular, is important in improving outcomes in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). We have established and successfully maintained 29 hESC lines and analyzed the HLA and ABO genotypes of these lines. HLA-A, -B, -C and -DR (DRB1) genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequence-based typing and ABO genotyping was carried out by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. To determine what proportion of the Korean population would be covered by these cell lines in organ transplantation, 27 cell lines with HLA-A, -B, and -DR data were evaluated for HCT (cord blood) donors and 28 cell lines with HLA-DR and ABO data were evaluated for solid organ (kidney) transplantation donors, and then compared the data with those from 6,740 donated cord bloods. When 2 HLA mismatches are allowed for HCT, as currently accepted for cord blood transplantation, it was estimated that about 16% and 25% of the possible recipients can find one or more donor cell lines with ≤2 mismatches at A, B, DRB1 allele level and at A, B antigen/DRB1 allele level, respectively. When HLA-DR antigen level matching and ABO compatibility was considered for solid organ (kidney) transplantation, it was estimated that about 29% and 96% of the possible recipients can find one or more ABO-compatible donor cell lines with 0 and 1 DR mismatches, respectively. We provided the first report on the HLA and ABO genotypes of hESC lines, and estimated the degree of HLA and ABO matching in organ transplantation for the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myung Seo Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myoung Hee Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Han Shim
- Fertility Center, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Ki Yoon
- Fertility Center, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Min Chung
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
- CHA Bio & Diostech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ryul Lee
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
- Fertility Center, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
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Jones MB, Chu CH, Pendleton JC, Betenbaugh MJ, Shiloach J, Baljinnyam B, Rubin JS, Shamblott MJ. Proliferation and pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells maintained on type I collagen. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:1923-35. [PMID: 20367282 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) require a balance of growth factors and signaling molecules to proliferate and retain pluripotency. Conditioned medium (CM) from a human embryonic germ-cell-derived cell culture, SDEC, was observed to support the growth of hESC on type I collagen (COL I) and on Matrigel (MAT) biomatricies. After 1 month, the population doubling of hESC grown in SDEC CM on COL I was equivalent to that of hESC grown in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) CM on MAT. hESC grown in SDEC CM on COL I expressed OCT4, NANOG, SSEA-4, alkaline phosphatase (AP), and TRA-1-60; retained a normal karyotype; and were capable of forming teratomas. DNA microarray analysis was used to compare the transcriptional profiles of SDEC and the less supportive WI38 and Detroit 551 human cell lines. The mRNA level of secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP-1), a known antagonist of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, was significantly reduced in SDEC as compared with the other 2 cell lines, whereas the mRNA levels of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2 or COX-2) and prostaglandin I₂ synthase (PGIS), two prostaglandin biosynthesis genes, were significantly increased in SDEC. The level of sFRP-1 protein was significantly reduced, and levels of 2 prostaglandins that are downstream products of PTGS2 and PGIS, prostaglandin E₂ and 6-keto-prostaglandin F(1α), were significantly elevated in SDEC CM compared with WI38, Detroit 551, and MEF CM. Further, addition of purified sFRP-1 to SDEC CM reduced the proliferation of hESC grown on COL I as well as MAT in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith B Jones
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Chen X, Li T, Li X, Xie Y, Guo X, Ji S, Niu Y, Yu Y, Ding C, Yao R, Yang S, Ji W, Zhou Q. Neural progenitors derived from monkey embryonic stem cells in a simple monoculture system. Reprod Biomed Online 2010; 19:426-33. [PMID: 19778491 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple monoculture system, combined with a chemically defined medium containing hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and G5 supplement, was used to induce rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells (rESC) directly into neuroepithelial (NE) cells. Under these conditions, the generation of NE cells did not require the formation of embryoid bodies or co-culture with other cell types. The NE cells could further develop to generate neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. These results demonstrate a simple approach to obtain enriched and expandable populations of neural progenitors. Importantly, unlike other systems, the neural progenitors obtained using this approach may possess the potential to differentiate into various regional neural cells. Finally, the results suggest that the time-dependent shift in the differentiation potential of the rESC-derived neural progenitors in vitro reflects the developmental events that occur during neurogenesis in vivo. Thus, this system can be used to study the mechanisms of cell fate specification during non-human primate neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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12
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Fernandes AM, Meletti T, Guimarães R, Stelling MP, Marinho PAN, Valladão AS, Rehen SK. Worldwide Survey of Published Procedures to Culture Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:509-23. [DOI: 10.3727/096368909x485067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their derivation 11 years ago, human embryonic stem (hES) cells have become a powerful tool in both basic biomedical research and developmental biology. Their capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into any tissue type has also brought interest from fields such as cell therapy and drug screening. We conducted an extensive analysis of 750 papers (51% of the total published about hES cells between 1998 and 2008) to present a spectrum of hES cell research including culture protocols developed worldwide. This review may stimulate discussions about the importance of having unvarying methods to culture hES cells, in order to facilitate comparisons among data obtained by research groups elsewhere, especially concerning preclinical studies. Moreover, the description of the most widely used cell lines, reagents, and procedures adopted internationally will help newcomers on deciding the best strategies for starting their own studies. Finally, the results will contribute with the efforts of stem cell researchers on comparing the performance of different aspects related to hES cell culture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Fernandes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T. Meletti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R. Guimarães
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M. P. Stelling
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P. A. N. Marinho
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A. S. Valladão
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S. K. Rehen
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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George S, Heng BC, Vinoth KJ, Kishen A, Cao T. Comparison of the response of human embryonic stem cells and their differentiated progenies to oxidative stress. Photomed Laser Surg 2010; 27:669-74. [PMID: 19530910 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2008.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of oxidative stress on human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and their spontaneously differentiated fibroblastic progenies (at passage 5). BACKGROUND DATA In ischemic disease models, high levels of free radicals and reactive oxygen species are critical factors in decreasing survivability and engraftment of transplanted/transfused cells. Hence, it is imperative to characterize response of hESC and their differentiated progenies to oxidative stress. METHODS Oxidative stress was induced either by (i) varying durations (0 to 40 min) of photodynamic treatment (diode laser, 664 nm, 30 mW) in the presence of 10 microM methylene blue as a photosensitizer, or by (ii) exposure to varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0 to 50 microM) for a fixed duration of 40 min. Additionally, the effects of heat shock and mild oxidative stress preconditioning on oxidative stress response was also investigated. RESULTS Consistently higher survivability (MTT assay) of hESC was observed compared to their differentiated fibroblastic progenies, upon exposure to equivalent levels of oxidative stress. Further experiments demonstrated that heat-shock pretreatment (42 degrees C for 90 min) did not enhance the resistance of either hESC or their differentiated progenies to oxidative stress (photodynamic treatment), but in fact had a slightly detrimental effect on their survivability upon subsequent exposure to oxidative stress. Similarly, preconditioning of both undifferentiated hESC and their differentiated progenies with low levels of oxidative stress also did not enhance cellular survivability upon subsequent exposure to much higher levels of oxidative stress induced by photodynamic treatment. CONCLUSIONS Undifferentiated hESC are intrinsically more resistant to oxidative stress compared to their spontaneously differentiated fibroblastic progenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saji George
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Lee H, Park J, Forget BG, Gaines P. Induced pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine: an argument for continued research on human embryonic stem cells. Regen Med 2009; 4:759-69. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be induced to differentiate into a wide range of tissues that soon could be used for therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine. Despite their developmental potential, sources used to generate human ESC lines raise serious ethical concerns, which recently prompted efforts to reprogram somatic cells back to a pluripotent state. These efforts resulted in the generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that are functionally similar to ESCs. However, the genetic manipulations required to generate iPS cells may complicate their growth and developmental characteristics, which poses serious problems in predicting how they will behave when used for tissue-regenerative purposes. In this article we summarize the recently developed methodologies used to generate iPS cells, including those that minimize their genetic manipulation, and discuss several important complicating features of iPS cells that may compromise their future use for therapies in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lee
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Genetics,New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jung Park
- Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Bernard G Forget
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Peter Gaines
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Department of Biological Sciences, 515 Olsen Hall, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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15
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Genetic control of wayward pluripotent stem cells and their progeny after transplantation. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 4:289-300. [PMID: 19341619 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The proliferative capacity of pluripotent stem cells and their progeny brings a unique aspect to therapeutics, in that once a transplant is initiated the therapist no longer has control of the therapy. In the context of the recent FDA approval of a human ESC trial and report of a neuronal-stem-cell-derived tumor in a human trial, strategies need to be developed to control wayward pluripotent stem cells. Here, we focus on one approach: direct genetic modification of the cells prior to transplantation with genes that can prevent the adverse events and/or eliminate the transplanted cells and their progeny.
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16
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Mountford JC. Human embryonic stem cells: origins, characteristics and potential for regenerative therapy. Transfus Med 2008; 18:1-12. [PMID: 18279188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2007.00807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells and their use in regenerative therapies are currently hot topics in both biology and medicine. For transfusion scientists the concept of cell therapy is not a new idea but rather a fundamental practice in this field. Bone marrow transplantation was pioneered in the 1960s and relies on the capacity of haemopoietic stem cells in the donated bone marrow to completely reconstitute the blood system of the recipient. Although this capacity of adult (or somatic) stem cells to regenerate the tissue from which they arise is extremely important, the isolation and cultivation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have opened up the possibility to generate any cell or tissue of the body. This characteristic of hESC offers the hope of cell replacement and regenerative therapy for a whole array of diseases, many of which are currently untreatable. However, in order to understand the potential advantages and disadvantages of using stem cells in regenerative medicine, it is necessary to fully understand their origin, characteristics and potential. This review will concentrate particularly on hESCs and their derivation, characterization and capacity to differentiate into clinically useful tissue including haemopoietic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Mountford
- Experimental Haematology, University of Glasgow and Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, ATMU, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK.
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Oh SK, Choo AB. Advances and perspectives in human and mouse embryonic stem cell bioprocessing. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2008; 5:e105-e148. [PMID: 24125544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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18
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Hunt CJ. The Banking and Cryopreservation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Transfus Med Hemother 2007. [DOI: 10.1159/000104458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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O’Keeffe G, Barker RA. Cell repair in Parkinson’s disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/14796708.2.2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder with the cardinal clinical features of muscular rigidity, resting tremor and bradykinesia. The prevalence of this disease is approximately 2% of those aged over 65 years, thus causing significant morbidity. The disease is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, resulting in reduced dopaminergic input to the striatum. Significant clinical benefit can be achieved through the restoration of dopamine levels in this system with pharmacological interventions, although these therapies are only symptomatic and the disease progresses. Indeed, with disease progression other features often appear, including autonomic, affective and cognitive dysfunction, reflecting pathology at non-nigral sites. The occurrence of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult CNS, which, under certain conditions, are able to proliferate and renew neuronal numbers, has raised great expectations for alternative therapeutic applications in the treatment of PD. Indeed, it is potentially possible to harness this capacity either directly (increase of local proliferation, directed migration and differentiation) or indirectly (in vitro expansion before their transplantation), to facilitate the generation of specific cell types in order to replace missing neurons in neurodegenerative diseases. The manipulation of embryonic stem cells or their derivatives also offers a promising alternative as extensive proliferation may be achieved and, most importantly, directed differentiation to a dopaminergic phenotype is possible. Nevertheless, neuronal replacement will only be possible if proliferating or transplanted NSCs and their progeny can be harnessed at sites of pathology. It is the manipulation of stem cells both in vivo and in vitro, in the context of repairing the core pathological hallmark of PD, that is the main focus of this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O’Keeffe
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, CB2 2PY, UK
| | - RA Barker
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, CB2 2PY, UK
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Nikbin B, Bonab MM, Talebian F. Microchimerism and Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2007; 79:173-202. [PMID: 17531842 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(07)79008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Scientific advances have demonstrated that autoreactive cells are a component of the healthy immune repertoire. If we define autoimmunity as an active induction of autoreaction, the solution should be an active induction of self-tolerance, and may indicate the direction to explore the future therapies. Microchimerism (MC) refers to the presence of a limited number of nonhost cells in the body of an individual. These cells can enter via blood transfusion and organ transplantation or naturally through pregnancy. Chimeric cells engraft in the host body, develop, proliferate, and are accepted by the immune system as self. These include stem cells that enter the maternal body during fetal stages. These stem cells are also postulated to be helpful reservoirs in protecting the host body. MC has been considered a risk factor in autoimmune disease induction. However, today we know it is a natural phenomenon. MC can be considered a natural model of successful transplantation, the earliest engrafting cells being fetal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs have two notable features. They have an immunosuppressive quality when encountering the adoptive immune system and they display repair-inducing potential within damaged tissues. For the fetus, MC appears to be an effective factor in maternal tolerance induction toward the fetal graft and for the mother; these novel fetal cells might be useful in disease conditions occurring after pregnancy. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has become an accepted treatment option for both malignant and nonmalignant diseases and this unique procedure is now being investigated as a potential therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS). Due to the dichotomous properties of MSC, suppressing aggressive immune dysfunction while promoting damaged tissue repair, they may be appropriate therapy for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Nikbin
- Immunogenetic Research Center, Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
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Fang Y, Orner BP. Induction of pluripotency in fibroblasts through the expression of only four nuclear proteins. ACS Chem Biol 2006; 1:557-8. [PMID: 17168548 DOI: 10.1021/cb600402w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent cell lines have the potential to provide an unlimited supply of cells to therapeutically replace those damaged by various diseases. Understanding the nature of the pluripotency of these cells could result in more controlled methods for their propagation and differentiation and could help work around the politically based policy restrictions currently dogging the field. A recent paper describes how it is possible to generate pluripotent cell lines from differentiated adult murine fibroblast cells. Establishing a similar method for human cells would offer tissues for transplantation that elicit no rejection response and would provide an embryo-independent and patient-specific source of therapeutic cells that would quell ethical and political issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuequin Fang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Block 5 Level 3, Singapore 637616
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N/A, 程 英. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:2112-2115. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i21.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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