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Wen J, Satyanarayanan SK, Li A, Yan L, Zhao Z, Yuan Q, Su KP, Su H. Unraveling the impact of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and glymphatic function. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:335-355. [PMID: 37914102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other forms of dementia represent major public health challenges but effective therapeutic options are limited. Pathological brain aging is associated with microvascular changes and impaired clearance systems. The application of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 or omega-3 PUFAs) is one of the most promising nutritional interventions in neurodegenerative disorders from epidemiological data, clinical and pre-clinical studies. As essential components of neuronal membranes, n-3 PUFAs have shown neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as modulatory effects through microvascular pathophysiology, amyloid-beta (Aβ) clearance and glymphatic pathways. This review meticulously explores these underlying mechanisms that contribute to the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs against AD and dementia, synthesizing evidence from both animal and interventional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Lingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Ziai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Qiuju Yuan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Mind-Body Interface Research Center (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau.
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González LM, Bourissai A, Lessard-Beaudoin M, Lebel R, Tremblay L, Lepage M, Graham RK. Amelioration of Cognitive and Olfactory System Deficits in APOE4 Transgenic Mice with DHA Treatment. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5624-5641. [PMID: 37329383 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction and atrophy of olfactory brain regions are observed early in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Despite substantial evidence showing neuroprotective effects in MCI/AD with treatment of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid, few studies have assessed DHA and its effects on the olfactory system deficits. We therefore performed structural (MRI), functional (olfactory behavior, novel object recognition), and molecular (markers of apoptosis and inflammation) assessments of APOE4 and wild-type mice ± DHA treatment at 3, 6, and 12 months of age. Our results demonstrate that APOE4 mice treated with the control diet show recognition memory deficits, abnormal olfactory habituation, and discrimination abilities and an increase in IBA-1 immunoreactivity in the olfactory bulb. These phenotypes were not present in APOE4 mice treated with a DHA diet. Alterations in some brain regions' weights and/or volumes were observed in the APOPE4 mice and may be due to caspase activation and/or neuroinflammatory events. These results suggest that the consumption of a diet rich in DHA may provide some benefit to E4 carriers but may not alleviate all symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martínez González
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, QC, J1H 5N4, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Adam Bourissai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Mélissa Lessard-Beaudoin
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, QC, J1H 5N4, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Réjean Lebel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Luc Tremblay
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Martin Lepage
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Rona K Graham
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, QC, J1H 5N4, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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Gao X, Su X, Han X, Wen H, Cheng C, Zhang S, Li W, Cai J, Zheng L, Ma J, Liao M, Ni W, Liu T, Liu D, Ma W, Han S, Zhu S, Ye Y, Zeng FF. Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Mental Disorders: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:2217-2236. [PMID: 36041185 PMCID: PMC9776730 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated fatty acids might be involved in the prevention of and improvement in mental disorders, but the evidence on these associations has not been comprehensively assessed. This umbrella review aimed to appraise the credibility of published evidence evaluating the associations between unsaturated fatty acids and mental disorders. In this umbrella review, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies comparing unsaturated fatty acids (including supplementation, dietary intake, and blood concentrations) in participants with mental disorders with healthy individuals were included. We reanalyzed summary estimates, between-study heterogeneity, predictive intervals, publication bias, small-study effects, and excess significance bias for each meta-analysis. Ninety-five meta-analyses from 29 systematic reviews were included, encompassing 43 studies on supplementation interventions, 32 studies on dietary factors, and 20 studies on blood biomarkers. Suggestive evidence was only observed for dietary intake, in which higher intake of fish was associated with reduced risk of depression (RR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.89) and Alzheimer disease (RR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.87), and higher intake of total PUFAs might be associated with a lower risk of mild cognitive impairment (RR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.84). Evidence showed that PUFA supplementation was favorable but had weak credibility in anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), dementia, mild cognitive impairment, Huntington's disease, and schizophrenia (P-random effects <0.001-0.040). There was also weak evidence on the effect of decreased circulating n-3 (ɷ-3) PUFAs among patients on risk of ADHD, ASD, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia (P-random effects <10-6-0.037). Our results suggest that higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids may relieve symptoms or reduce the risk of various mental disorders; however, the strength of the associations and credibility of the evidence were generally weak. Future high-quality research is needed to identify whether PUFA interventions should be prioritized to alleviate mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Gao
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiyan Wen
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanlin Li
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Junrong Ma
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Minqi Liao
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wanze Ni
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Shasha Han
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sui Zhu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanbin Ye
- Address correspondence to YY (E-mail: )
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Vallés AS, Barrantes FJ. The synaptic lipidome in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:184033. [PMID: 35964712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adequate homeostasis of lipid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism is essential for cells to perform highly specific tasks in our organism, and the brain, with its uniquely high energetic requirements, posesses singular characteristics. Some of these are related to its extraordinary dotation of synapses, the specialized subcelluar structures where signal transmission between neurons occurs in the central nervous system. The post-synaptic compartment of excitatory synapses, the dendritic spine, harbors key molecules involved in neurotransmission tightly packed within a minute volume of a few femtoliters. The spine is further compartmentalized into nanodomains that facilitate the execution of temporo-spatially separate functions in the synapse. Lipids play important roles in this structural and functional compartmentalization and in mechanisms that impact on synaptic transmission. This review analyzes the structural and dynamic processes involving lipids at the synapse, highlighting the importance of their homeostatic balance for the physiology of this complex and highly specialized structure, and underscoring the pathologies associated with disbalances of lipid metabolism, particularly in the perinatal and late adulthood periods of life. Although small variations of the lipid profile in the brain take place throughout the adult lifespan, the pathophysiological consequences are clinically manifested mostly during late adulthood. Disturbances in lipid homeostasis in the perinatal period leads to alterations during nervous system development, while in late adulthood they favor the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Vallés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (UNS-CONICET), 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Francisco J Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), UCA-CONICET, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, Buenos Aires C1107AAZ, Argentina.
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Lo Van A, Bernoud-Hubac N, Lagarde M. Esterification of Docosahexaenoic Acid Enhances Its Transport to the Brain and Its Potential Therapeutic Use in Brain Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:4550. [PMID: 36364810 PMCID: PMC9656701 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid-containing lysophosphatidylcholine (DHA-LysoPC) is presented as the main transporter of DHA from blood plasma to the brain. This is related to the major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2A (Mfsd2a) symporter expression in the blood-brain barrier that recognizes the various lyso-phospholipids that have choline in their polar head. In order to stabilize the DHA moiety at the sn-2 position of LysoPC, the sn-1 position was esterified by the shortest acetyl chain, creating the structural phospholipid 1-acetyl,2-docosahexaenoyl-glycerophosphocholine (AceDoPC). This small structure modification allows the maintaining of the preferential brain uptake of DHA over non-esterified DHA. Additional properties were found for AceDoPC, such as antioxidant properties, especially due to the aspirin-like acetyl moiety, as well as the capacity to generate acetylcholine in response to the phospholipase D cleavage of the polar head. Esterification of DHA within DHA-LysoPC or AceDoPC could elicit more potent neuroprotective effects against neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lo Van
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, LaMCoS, UMR5259, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
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Heath RJ, Klevebro S, Wood TR. Maternal and Neonatal Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Risk of Neurodevelopmental Impairment in Premature Infants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020700. [PMID: 35054885 PMCID: PMC8775484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The N3 and N6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) are essential for proper neurodevelopment in early life. These fatty acids are passed from mother to infant via the placenta, accreting into fetal tissues such as brain and adipose tissue. Placental transfer of LCPUFA is highest in the final trimester, but this transfer is abruptly severed with premature birth. As such, efforts have been made to supplement the post-natal feed of premature infants with LCPUFA to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes. This narrative review analyzes the current body of evidence pertinent to neurodevelopmental outcomes after LCPUFA supplementation in prematurely born infants, which was identified via the reference lists of systematic and narrative reviews and PubMed search engine results. This review finds that, while the evidence is weakened by heterogeneity, it may be seen that feed comprising 0.3% DHA and 0.6% AA is associated with more positive neurodevelopmental outcomes than LCPUFA-deplete feed. While no new RCTs have been performed since the most recent Cochrane meta-analysis in 2016, this narrative review provides a wider commentary; the wider effects of LCPUFA supplementation in prematurely born infants, the physiology of LCPUFA accretion into preterm tissues, and the physiological effects of LCPUFA that affect neurodevelopment. We also discuss the roles of maternal LCPUFA status as a modifiable factor affecting the risk of preterm birth and infant neurodevelopmental outcomes. To better understand the role of LCPUFAs in infant neurodevelopment, future study designs must consider absolute and relative availabilities of all LCPUFA species and incorporate the LCPUFA status of both mother and infant in pre- and postnatal periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory J. Heath
- Emergency Medicine Department, Derriford Hospital, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Foundation Trust, Plymouth PL68DH, UK;
| | - Susanna Klevebro
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Thomas R. Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL 32502, USA
- Correspondence:
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Heath RJ, Wood TR. Why Have the Benefits of DHA Not Been Borne Out in the Treatment and Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease? A Narrative Review Focused on DHA Metabolism and Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11826. [PMID: 34769257 PMCID: PMC8584218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid rich in seafood, is linked to Alzheimer's Disease via strong epidemiological and pre-clinical evidence, yet fish oil or other DHA supplementation has not consistently shown benefit to the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Furthermore, autopsy studies of Alzheimer's Disease brain show variable DHA status, demonstrating that the relationship between DHA and neurodegeneration is complex and not fully understood. Recently, it has been suggested that the forms of DHA in the diet and plasma have specific metabolic fates that may affect brain uptake; however, the effect of DHA form on brain uptake is less pronounced in studies of longer duration. One major confounder of studies relating dietary DHA and Alzheimer's Disease may be that adipose tissue acts as a long-term depot of DHA for the brain, but this is poorly understood in the context of neurodegeneration. Future work is required to develop biomarkers of brain DHA and better understand DHA-based therapies in the setting of altered brain DHA uptake to help determine whether brain DHA should remain an important target in the prevention of Alzheimer's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory J. Heath
- Emergency Medicine Department, Derriford Hospital, University Hospitals Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK;
| | - Thomas R. Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL 32502, USA
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Retinoid X Receptor α Regulates DHA-Dependent Spinogenesis and Functional Synapse Formation In Vivo. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107649. [PMID: 32433958 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated intracellular and extracellular signaling is critical to synapse development and functional neural circuit wiring. Here, we report that unesterified docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) regulates functional synapse formation in vivo via retinoid X receptor α (Rxra) signaling. Using Rxra conditional knockout (cKO) mice and virus-mediated transient gene expression, we show that endogenous Rxra plays important roles in regulating spinogenesis and excitatory synaptic transmission in cortical pyramidal neurons. We further show that the effects of RXRA are mediated through its DNA-binding domain in a cell-autonomous and reversible manner. Moreover, unesterified DHA increases spine formation and excitatory synaptic transmission in vivo in an Rxra-dependent fashion. Rxra cKO mice generally behave normally but show deficits in behavior tasks associated with social memory. Together, these results demonstrate that unesterified DHA signals through RXRA to regulate spinogenesis and functional synapse formation, providing insight into the mechanism through which DHA promotes brain development and cognitive function.
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Mahmoud S, Latif Y, Orban H, Ibrahim A, Hussein J. Docosahexaenoic acid modulates oxidative stress and monoamines levels in brain of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ACTA FACULTATIS MEDICAE NAISSENSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/afmnai38-28984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing in many countries. A lower prevalence of DM type 2 and other glucose metabolism disorders was observed in populations consuming larger amounts of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, existing mainly in fish. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an important signaling molecule required for the central nervous system continuous maintenance of brain functioning. The aim of this research is to highlight the role of DHA in controlling glycemic measures and modulating the oxidant/antioxidant status and levels of neurotransmitters in brains of diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced with a single s.c. injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (6.0 mg/0.5 ml/100 g body weight). Experimental male Wister rats (n=40) were randomly divided into four groups: control group, DHA, STZ-diabetic, and STZ + DHA. All rats were decapitated after 30 days to evaluate glucose and insulin levels, brain oxidative stress and also to estimate monoamines levels. DHA administration significantly improved fasting blood glucose and insulin levels compared to the DHA+STZ group and decreased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine level in their urine. In addition, DHA treatment to STZ-treated rats showed a decrease in malondialdehyde content and advanced oxidation protein product and significantly increased glutathione content in brains of DHA + STZ-treated rats, and decreased the level of monoamines in rat's brain. To conclude: DHA modulated the elevated oxidative stress and neurotransmitters levels, and also acetylcholinesterase activity in diabetic rat brain via enhancing insulin level in serum
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Hossain S, Hussain J, Bhowmick S, Sarkar M, Basunia M, Al Mamun A, Tanabe Y, Matsuzaki K, Hashimoto M, Shido O. Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA, C22:6, ω-3) Composition of Milk and Mammary Gland Tissues of Lactating Mother Rats Is Severely Affected by Lead (Pb) Exposure. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 195:525-534. [PMID: 31463761 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6, ω-3), an ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), is critical for brain growth, development, and cognitive ability. It is consumed by offspring via milk during lactation. However, the toxic heavy metal lead (Pb) readily passes into the mammary glands of mother animals and then to offspring through milk. Here, we investigated whether DHA composition of milk and mammary gland tissues is affected by Pb exposure. Mother rats were exposed to Pb via drinking water (0.1%). The fatty acid profile and levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxide (LPO), and pro-inflammatory TNF-α in milk and mammary tissues were measured. Levels of DHA and antioxidant GSH decreased (P < 0.05), while LPO and TNF-α levels increased (P < 0.05) both in milk and mammary tissues. Our results suggest that toxic Pb exposure can upset the level of milk DHA, which may affect brain growth and development, and hence cognitive ability in adulthood and later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahdat Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.
| | - Jakir Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Sujan Bhowmick
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Marzan Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mafroz Basunia
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanabe
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsuzaki
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Michio Hashimoto
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Osamu Shido
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
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Okuda M, Fujita Y, Sugimoto H. The Additive Effects of Low Dose Intake of Ferulic Acid, Phosphatidylserine and Curcumin, Not Alone, Improve Cognitive Function in APPswe/PS1dE9 Transgenic Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 42:1694-1706. [PMID: 31582657 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and its prevention and treatment is a worldwide issue. Many natural components considered to be effective against AD have been identified. However, almost all clinical trials of these components for AD reported inconclusive results. We thought that multiple factors such as amyloid β (Aβ) and tau progressed the pathology of AD and that a therapeutic effect would be obtained by using multiple active ingredients with different effects. Thus, in this study, we treated ferulic acid (FA), phosphatidylserine (PS) and curcumin (Cur) in combination or alone to APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice and evaluated cognitive function by Y-maze test. Consequently, only the three-ingredient group exhibited a significant improvement in cognitive function compared to the control group. In addition, we determined the amounts of Aβ, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin (IL)-1β, acetylcholine and phosphorylated tau in the mouse brains after the treatment. In the two-ingredient (FA and PS) group, a significant decrease in IL-1β and an increasing trend in acetylcholine were observed. In the Cur group, significant decreases in Aβ and phosphorylated tau and an increasing trend in BDNF were observed. In the three-ingredient group, all of them were observed. These results indicate that the intake of multiple active ingredients with different mechanisms of action for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiaki Okuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University.,Green Tech Co., Ltd
| | - Yuki Fujita
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University.,Green Tech Co., Ltd
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Omega-3 fatty acids as adjunctive therapeutics: prospective of nanoparticles in its formulation development. Ther Deliv 2020; 11:851-868. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2019-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3-PUFAs) are dietary components that have been extensively recognized for their therapeutic value and have shown diverse therapeutic effects including anti-inflammatory, antiarrhythmic, antithrombotic, immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities. Most of the ω-3-PUFAs are obtained through diet or supplements because the body does not synthesize them. The high instability of ω-3-PUFAs to oxidative deterioration, lower bioavailability at the target tissues and reduced bioactivity of ω-3-PUFAs is an impediment for achieving their therapeutic potential. The present review provides an overview of potential therapeutic activities of ω-3-PUFAs and different novel technical approaches based on nanotechnology, which have been emphasized to overcome instability problems as well as enhance the bioactivity of ω-3-PUFAs. Future prospects related to this area of research are also provided.
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ATMADJA T, KUSHARTO C, SINAGA T. Supplementation of Catfish (<i>Clarias gariepinus</i>) Oil Enriched with Omega-3 Soft Capsule Improves Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Function in Elderly. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2020; 66:S47-S50. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.66.s47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bowman GL, Dodge HH, Guyonnet S, Zhou N, Donohue J, Bichsel A, Schmitt J, Hooper C, Bartfai T, Andrieu S, Vellas B. A blood-based nutritional risk index explains cognitive enhancement and decline in the multidomain Alzheimer prevention trial. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2019; 5:953-963. [PMID: 31921969 PMCID: PMC6944714 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Multinutrient approaches may produce more robust effects on brain health through interactive qualities. We hypothesized that a blood-based nutritional risk index (NRI) including three biomarkers of diet quality can explain cognitive trajectories in the multidomain Alzheimer prevention trial (MAPT) over 3-years. Methods The NRI included erythrocyte n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA 22:6n-3 and 20:5n-3), serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and plasma homocysteine. The NRI scores reflect the number of nutritional risk factors (0–3). The primary outcome in MAPT was a cognitive composite Z score within each participant that was fit with linear mixed-effects models. Results Eighty percent had at lease one nutritional risk factor for cognitive decline (NRI ≥1: 573 of 712). Participants presenting without nutritional risk factors (NRI=0) exhibited cognitive enhancement (β = 0.03 standard units [SU]/y), whereas each NRI point increase corresponded to an incremental acceleration in rates of cognitive decline (NRI-1: β = −0.04 SU/y, P = .03; NRI-2: β = −0.08 SU/y, P < .0001; and NRI-3: β = −0.11 SU/y, P = .0008). Discussion Identifying and addressing these well-established nutritional risk factors may reduce age-related cognitive decline in older adults; an observation that warrants further study. Multi-nutrient approaches may produce more robust effects through interactive properties Nutritional risk index can objectively quantify nutrition-related cognitive changes Optimum nutritional status associated with cognitive enhancement over 3-years Suboptimum nutritional status associated with cognitive decline over 3-years Optimizing this nutritional risk index may promote cognitive health in older adults
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene L Bowman
- Department of Nutrition and Brain Health, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Campus, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology and Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroko H Dodge
- Department of Neurology and Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Neurology and Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sophie Guyonnet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Gerontopole, CHU, Toulouse, France.,LEASP UMR1027 INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, France
| | - Nina Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Juliana Donohue
- Department of Nutrition and Brain Health, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Campus, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aline Bichsel
- Department of Nutrition and Brain Health, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Campus, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen Schmitt
- Clinical Development Unit, Nestle Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudie Hooper
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Gerontopole, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Tamas Bartfai
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Sandrine Andrieu
- LEASP UMR1027 INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, France.,Department of Public Health, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Gerontopole, CHU, Toulouse, France.,LEASP UMR1027 INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, France
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Alonge S, Melandri M, Leoci R, Lacalandra GM, Caira M, Aiudi GG. The Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Vitamin E, Selenium, Zinc, Folic Acid, and N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Sperm Motility and Membrane Properties in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9020034. [PMID: 30682789 PMCID: PMC6406517 DOI: 10.3390/ani9020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Practitioners look for specific treatments to solve sub-fertility, which nowadays represents a common challenge in canine reproduction. In human, as well as in veterinary medicine, several dietary protocols have been developed to relieve poor sperm concentration and function. They both are constraining factors of breeding programs. Particularly, food supplementation should include micronutrients and anti-oxidants in balanced amounts, exploiting their synergistic actions. Thus, the cumulative effect of vitamin E, selenium, zinc, folic acid, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on sperm motility and membrane properties was investigated in healthy normospermic dogs. Results of a 90-day-long supplementation period were compared to a control group, not receiving any dietary integration. The positive results obtained in healthy subjects on sperm motility and membrane properties lead us to consider the opportunity to further use the dietary strategy to improve seminal parameters in sub-fertile dogs, too, as reported for other species. Food supplementation and a balanced diet can be pointed out as cheap and safe alternatives within an innovative multimodal approach to improve reproductive performances in healthy dogs. Abstract Sub-fertility represents a common challenge in canine reproduction. Different protocols, supplementing daily given quantities of micronutrients, were investigated to improve poor sperm concentration and/or function, which represent breeding major constraining factors in the canine species. Little information is available for dogs concerning the effect of a daily supplementation with a complex of vitamin E, zinc, selenium, folic acid, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on semen quality. Thus, the present study investigated this effect on semen motility and sperm membrane properties. Serial semen analyses from fourteen healthy normospermic dogs, fed with the same commercial diet, were performed on Days 0 (T0), 30 (T30), 60 (T60), and 90 (T90). Seven dogs were randomly included in the treatment (T) group, receiving a supplementation of vitamin E, zinc, selenium, folic acid, n-3 PUFA; and seven other subjects composed the control (C) group. Total Sperm Count (TSC), Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) indexes, mortality, and functional membrane integrity were assessed. The ANOVA compared results between groups and sampling times (p < 0.05). From T60, the supplementation significantly improved TSC, progressive motility, functional membrane integrity, and decreased mortality. Present results lead us to consider ameliorative effects of a two-month healthy diet supplementation on canine spermatozoa. The positive effects of the described balanced integration of micronutrients on sperm motility and prevention of oxidative stress should be considered, especially when decreased seminal parameters may result from inadequate intake, reduced absorption, increased losses or demand, or to attenuate the impact of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Alonge
- Società Veterinaria "Il Melograno" Srl, via Cavour 48, 21018 Sesto Calende, Varese, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria (DiMeV), Sezione di Chirurgia e Ostetricia, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Monica Melandri
- Società Veterinaria "Il Melograno" Srl, via Cavour 48, 21018 Sesto Calende, Varese, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Leoci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria (DiMeV), Sezione di Chirurgia e Ostetricia, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Giovanni M Lacalandra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria (DiMeV), Sezione di Chirurgia e Ostetricia, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Michele Caira
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria (DiMeV), Sezione di Chirurgia e Ostetricia, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Giulio G Aiudi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria (DiMeV), Sezione di Chirurgia e Ostetricia, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Ruan M, Liu J, Ren X, Li C, Zhao AZ, Li L, Yang H, Dai Y, Wang Y. Whole transcriptome sequencing analyses of DHA treated glioblastoma cells. J Neurol Sci 2018; 396:247-253. [PMID: 30529802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a typical malignant tumor, and there are no effective drugs capable of improving patient survival. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a nutrient essential to animal health and neurodevelopment, exerts an anticancer effect in several types of cancer. However, the function of DHA in GBM is still unclear. Here, we showed that DHA could repress the migration and invasion of GBM U251 cells and promote their apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner, indicating that DHA has an anticancer effect on GBM cells. Whole-transcriptome analysis indicated that DHA treatment mainly regulates the genes associated with receptor binding, oxidoreductase activity, organic acid transmembrane transporter activity, and carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) involved in the regulation network of DHA were also identified, and their targets were assigned to the Gene Ontology (GO) categories. In silico analysis was conducted to predict the pathways related to the differentially expressed genes by DHA treatment. Our findings suggest that DHA acts as an antitumor agent in GBM, which may provide a suitable means of improving the efficacy of GBM treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Ruan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Jiangsu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiying Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xueyang Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Allan Z Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510643, China
| | - Lin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Haiyuan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yifan Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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Sun GY, Simonyi A, Fritsche KL, Chuang DY, Hannink M, Gu Z, Greenlief CM, Yao JK, Lee JC, Beversdorf DQ. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): An essential nutrient and a nutraceutical for brain health and diseases. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:3-13. [PMID: 28314621 PMCID: PMC9087135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) enriched in phospholipids in the brain and retina, is known to play multi-functional roles in brain health and diseases. While arachidonic acid (AA) is released from membrane phospholipids by cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), DHA is linked to action of the Ca2+-independent iPLA2. DHA undergoes enzymatic conversion by 15-lipoxygenase (Alox 15) to form oxylipins including resolvins and neuroprotectins, which are powerful lipid mediators. DHA can also undergo non-enzymatic conversion by reacting with oxygen free radicals (ROS), which cause the production of 4-hydoxyhexenal (4-HHE), an aldehyde derivative which can form adducts with DNA, proteins and lipids. In studies with both animal models and humans, there is evidence that inadequate intake of maternal n-3 PUFA may lead to aberrant development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). What is less certain is whether consumption of n-3 PUFA is important in maintaining brain health throughout one's life span. Evidence mostly from non-human studies suggests that DHA intake above normal nutritional requirements might modify the risk/course of a number of diseases of the brain. This concept has fueled much of the present interest in DHA research, in particular, in attempts to delineate mechanisms whereby DHA may serve as a nutraceutical and confer neuroprotective effects. Current studies have revealed ability for the oxylipins to regulation of cell redox homeostasis through the Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2/Antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) anti-oxidant pathway, and impact signaling pathways associated with neurotransmitters, and modulation of neuronal functions involving brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). This review is aimed at describing recent studies elaborating these mechanisms with special regard to aging and Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, traumatic brain injury, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y Sun
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Agnes Simonyi
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kevin L Fritsche
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Dennis Y Chuang
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mark Hannink
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey K Yao
- Medical Research Service, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - James C Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David Q Beversdorf
- Department of Radiology, Neurology, and Psychological Sciences, and the Thompson Center, William and Nancy Thompson Endowed Chair in Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
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18
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Hoeijmakers L, Lesuis SL, Krugers H, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A. A preclinical perspective on the enhanced vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease after early-life stress. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 8:172-185. [PMID: 29888312 PMCID: PMC5991337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress experienced early in life (ES), in the form of childhood maltreatment, maternal neglect or trauma, enhances the risk for cognitive decline in later life. Several epidemiological studies have now shown that environmental and adult life style factors influence AD incidence or age-of-onset and early-life environmental conditions have attracted attention in this respect. There is now emerging interest in understanding whether ES impacts the risk to develop age-related neurodegenerative disorders, and their severity, such as in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by cognitive decline and extensive (hippocampal) neuropathology. While this might be relevant for the identification of individuals at risk and preventive strategies, this topic and its possible underlying mechanisms have been poorly studied to date. In this review, we discuss the role of ES in modulating AD risk and progression, primarily from a preclinical perspective. We focus on the possible involvement of stress-related, neuro-inflammatory and metabolic factors in mediating ES-induced effects on later neuropathology and the associated impairments in neuroplasticity. The available studies suggest that the age of onset and progression of AD-related neuropathology and cognitive decline can be affected by ES, and may aggravate the progression of AD neuropathology. These relevant changes in AD pathology after ES exposure in animal models call for future clinical studies to elucidate whether stress exposure during the early-life period in humans modulates later vulnerability for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aniko Korosi
- Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Sgarbieri VC, Pacheco MTB. Premature or pathological aging: longevity. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.19416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract The main objective of this literature review was to summarize and characterize the main factors and events that may negatively influence quality of life and human longevity. The factors that act on premature aging processes are essentially the same as those of natural or healthy aging, but in a more intense and uncontrolled manner. Such factors are: 1) genetic (genome); 2) metabolic (metabolome); 3) environmental (life conditions and style, including diet). Factors 1 and 2 are more difficult to control by individuals; once depending on socioeconomic, cultural and educational conditions. Differently of environmental factors that may be totally controlled by individuals. Unfamiliarity with these factors leads to chronic and/or degenerative diseases that compromise quality of life and longevity.
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20
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Carelli-Alinovi C, Misiti F. Erythrocytes as Potential Link between Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:276. [PMID: 28890694 PMCID: PMC5574872 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies support the existence of an association between type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, in addition to brain, a number of peripheral tissues and cells are affected, including red blood cell (RBC) and because there are currently no reliable diagnostic biomarkers of AD in the blood, a gradually increasing attention has been given to the study of RBC's alterations. Recently it has been evidenced in diabetes, RBC alterations superimposable to the ones occurring in AD RBC. Furthermore, growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of RBC's alterations and vice versa. Once again this represents a further evidence of a shared pathway between AD and T2DM. The present review summarizes the two disorders, highlighting the role of RBC in the postulated common biochemical links, and suggests RBC as a possible target for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Carelli-Alinovi
- School of Medicine, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRome, Italy
| | - Francesco Misiti
- Human, Social and Health Department, University of Cassino and Lazio MeridionaleCassino, Italy
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21
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Buccarello L, Grignaschi G, Di Giancamillo A, Domeneghini C, Melcangi RC, Borsello T. Neuroprotective effects of low fat-protein diet in the P301L mouse model of tauopathy. Neuroscience 2017; 354:208-220. [PMID: 28456717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tauopathies are a class of neurodegenerative diseases associated with the pathological aggregation of tau protein in the human brain. Although numerous studies in mouse models of Alzheimer disease (AD) have shown a correlation among diet, beta-amyloid and AD onset, little is known about the impact of diet on Tau. We investigated whether a low fat-protein diet (LFPD) may improve lifespan, cognitive and locomotor activity in P301L-tg mouse model of tauopathy. Our data indicate that LFPD has a beneficial effect on these parameters. Tg mice fed with standard diet shown a decrease in body weight, food intake and survival rate if compared to wild type animals. In contrast, LFPD counteracted weight loss, increased mortality and ameliorated cognitive and locomotor performances in tg mice. LFPD also reduced the abnormal accumulation of agglomerates of P-Tau (pathological features of tauopathies) and the expression of apoptotic markers (i.e., TUNEL immunopositive neurons) in the prefrontal cerebral cortex and hippocampus of P301L-tg mice. Interestingly, some of these effects are sex-dependent. For instance, tg females, but not males, fed with LFPD had a significant increase of body weight and a reduction of P-Tau agglomerates compared to tg fed with standard diet. These changes correlated with a more pronounced improvement of cognition and locomotor activity in females than in male tg fed with LFPD. Altogether, these results suggest a sex dependent neuroprotective effect of LFPD in P301L-tg mice, suggesting that lifestyle intervention strategies may be clinically relevant for delaying the onset of cognitive impairment and dementia, especially in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Buccarello
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Giuliano Grignaschi
- Department of Animal Welfare, IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Giancamillo
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Domeneghini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziana Borsello
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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Therapeutic Potentials of Microalgae in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030480. [PMID: 28335462 PMCID: PMC6155420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research is geared towards the discovery of new compounds with strong neuroprotective potential and few or no side effects compared to synthetic drugs. This review focuses on the potentials of extracts and biologically active compounds derived from microalgal biomass for the treatment and management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Microalgal research has gained much attention recently due to its contribution to the production of renewable fuels and the ability of alga cells to produce several secondary metabolites such as carotenoids, polyphenols, sterols, polyunsaturated fatty acids and polysaccharides. These compounds exhibit several pharmacological activities and possess neuroprotective potential. The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves complex mechanisms that are associated with oxidative stress, cholinergic dysfunction, neuronal damage, protein misfolding and aggregation. The antioxidant, anticholinesterase activities as well as the inhibitory effects of some bioactive compounds from microalgae extracts on β-amyloid aggregation and neuronal death are discussed extensively. Phytochemical compounds from microalgae are used as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and food supplements, and may possess neuroprotective potentials that are relevant to the management and/or treatment of AD.
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Liu Q, Zhou YF, Duan RJ, Wei HK, Peng J, Jiang SW. Dietary n-6:n-3 ratio and Vitamin E improve motility characteristics in association with membrane properties of boar spermatozoa. Asian J Androl 2017; 19:223-229. [PMID: 26763547 PMCID: PMC5312223 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.170446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary n-6:n-3 ratio and Vitamin E on the membrane properties and motility characteristics of spermatozoa in boars. Forty Duroc boars were randomly distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial design with two n-6:n-3 ratios (14.4 and 6.6) and two Vitamin E levels (200 and 400 mg kg−1). During 16 weeks of treatment, fresh semen was collected at weeks 0, 8, 12, and 16 for measurements of motility characteristics, contents of fatty acids, membrane properties (membrane fluidity and membrane integrity), and lipid peroxidation of the spermatozoa. The semen was diluted in Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) extender and stored at 17°C, and the sperm motility was assessed at 12, 36, 72, and 120 h of storage. The 6.6 n-6:n-3 dietary ratio increased the contents of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and improved the membrane integrity and membrane fluidity of the spermatozoa, resulting in notably increased total motility, sperm progressive motility, and velocity parameters of fresh semen. Feeding diet with Vitamin E (400 mg kg−1) prevented sperm lipid peroxidation, and resulted in higher total motility and sperm progressive motility in fresh and liquid stored semen. In conclusion, the adjustment of n-6:n-3 ratio (6.6) and supply of Vitamin E (400 mg kg−1) successfully improved sperm motility characteristics and thus may be beneficial to the fertility of boars, which might be due to the modification of the physical and functional properties of spermatozoa membrane in response to dietary supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Fei Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Run-Jia Duan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Kui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Si-Wen Jiang
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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Hashimoto M, Hossain S, Al Mamun A, Matsuzaki K, Arai H. Docosahexaenoic acid: one molecule diverse functions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:579-597. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1207153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hashimoto
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Shahdat Hossain
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsuzaki
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Division of Brain Sciences, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Dietary Crude Lecithin Increases Systemic Availability of Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid with Combined Intake in Rats. Lipids 2016; 51:833-46. [PMID: 27038174 PMCID: PMC4903106 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Crude lecithin, a mixture of mainly phospholipids, potentially helps to increase the systemic availability of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Nevertheless, no clear data exist on the effects of prolonged combined dietary supplementation of DHA and lecithin on RBC and plasma PUFA levels. In the current experiments, levels of DHA and choline, two dietary ingredients that enhance neuronal membrane formation and function, were determined in plasma and red blood cells (RBC) from rats after dietary supplementation of DHA-containing oils with and without concomitant dietary supplementation of crude lecithin for 2–3 weeks. The aim was to provide experimental evidence for the hypothesized additive effects of dietary lecithin (not containing any DHA) on top of dietary DHA on PUFA levels in plasma and RBC. Dietary supplementation of DHA-containing oils, either as vegetable algae oil or as fish oil, increased DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and total n-3 PUFA, and decreased total omega-6 PUFA levels in plasma and RBC, while dietary lecithin supplementation alone did not affect these levels. However, combined dietary supplementation of DHA and lecithin increased the changes induced by DHA supplementation alone. Animals receiving a lecithin-containing diet also had a higher plasma free choline concentration as compared to controls. In conclusion, dietary DHA-containing oils and crude lecithin have synergistic effects on increasing plasma and RBC n-3 PUFA levels, including DHA and EPA. By increasing the systemic availability of dietary DHA, dietary lecithin may increase the efficacy of DHA supplementation when their intake is combined.
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Belkouch M, Hachem M, Elgot A, Lo Van A, Picq M, Guichardant M, Lagarde M, Bernoud-Hubac N. The pleiotropic effects of omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid on the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 38:1-11. [PMID: 27825512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is important for adequate brain development and cognition. DHA is highly concentrated in the brain and plays an essential role in brain functioning. DHA, one of the major constituents in fish fats, readily crosses the blood-brain barrier from blood to the brain. Its critical role was further supported by its reduced levels in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. This agrees with a potential role of DHA in memory, learning and cognitive processes. Since there is yet no cure for dementia such as AD, there is growing interest in the role of DHA-supplemented diet in the prevention of AD pathogenesis. Accordingly, animal, epidemiological, preclinical and clinical studies indicated that DHA has neuroprotective effects in a number of neurodegenerative conditions including AD. The beneficial effects of this key omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may depend on the stage of disease progression, other dietary mediators and the apolipoprotein ApoE genotype. Herein, our review investigates, from animal and cell culture studies, the molecular mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective potential of DHA with emphasis on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Belkouch
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Mayssa Hachem
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdeljalil Elgot
- Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de la Santé, Unité des Sciences Biomédicales, Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Hassan 1er, Settat, Morocco
| | - Amanda Lo Van
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Madeleine Picq
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Guichardant
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
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Bascoul-Colombo C, Guschina IA, Maskrey BH, Good M, O'Donnell VB, Harwood JL. Dietary DHA supplementation causes selective changes in phospholipids from different brain regions in both wild type mice and the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:524-37. [PMID: 26968097 PMCID: PMC4847476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is of major concern in ageing populations and we have used the Tg2576 mouse model to understand connections between brain lipids and amyloid pathology. Because dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been identified as beneficial, we compared mice fed with a DHA-supplemented diet to those on a nutritionally-sufficient diet. Major phospholipids from cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum were separated and analysed. Each phosphoglyceride had a characteristic fatty acid composition which was similar in cortex and hippocampus but different in the cerebellum. The biggest changes on DHA-supplementation were within ethanolamine phospholipids which, together with phosphatidylserine, had the highest proportions of DHA. Reciprocal alterations in DHA and arachidonate were found. The main diet-induced alterations were found in ethanolamine phospholipids, (and included their ether derivatives), as were the changes observed due to genotype. Tg mice appeared more sensitive to diet with generally lower DHA percentages when on the standard diet and higher relative proportions of DHA when the diet was supplemented. All four major phosphoglycerides analysed showed age-dependent decreases in polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. These data provide, for the first time, a detailed evaluation of phospholipids in different brain areas previously shown to be relevant to behaviour in the Tg2576 mouse model for AD. The lipid changes observed with genotype are consistent with the subtle alterations found in AD patients, especially for the ethanolamine phospholipid molecular species. They also emphasise the contrasting changes in fatty acid content induced by DHA supplementation within individual phospholipid classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bascoul-Colombo
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | | | | | - Mark Good
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | | | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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Hashimoto M, Hossain S, Katakura M, Al Mamun A, Shido O. The binding of Aβ1-42 to lipid rafts of RBC is enhanced by dietary docosahexaenoic acid in rats: Implicates to Alzheimer's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:1402-9. [PMID: 25782726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Once amyloid β peptides (Aβs) of the Alzheimer's disease build up in blood circulation, they are capable of binding to red blood cell (RBC) and inducing hemolysis of RBC. The mechanisms of the interactions between RBC and Aβ are largely unknown; however, it is very important for the therapeutic target of Aβ-induced hemolysis. In the present study, we investigated whether Aβ1-42 interacts with caveolin-1-containing detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) of RBC and whether the interaction could be modulated by dietary pre-administration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA pre-administration to rats inhibited hemolysis by Aβ1-42. This activity was accompanied by increased DHA levels and membrane fluidity and decreased cholesterol level, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species in the RBCs of the DHA-pretreated rats, suggesting that the antioxidative property of DHA may rescue RBCs from oxidative damage by Aβ1-42. The level of caveolin-1 was augmented in the DRMs of DHA-pretreated rats. Binding between Aβ1-42 and DRMs of RBC significantly increased in DHA-rats. When fluorescently labeled Aβ1-42 (TAMRA-Aβ1-42) was directly infused into the bloodstream, it again occupied the caveolin-1-containing DRMs of the RBCs from the DHA-rats to a greater extent, indicating that circulating Aβs interact with the caveolin-1-rich lipid rafts of DRMs and the interaction is stronger in the DHA-enriched RBCs. The levels of TAMRA-Aβ1-42 also increased in liver DRMs, whereas it decreased in plasma of DHA-pretreated rats. DHA might help clearance of circulating Aβs by increased lipid raft-dependent degradation pathways and implicate to therapies in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hashimoto
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Shahdat Hossain
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Masanori Katakura
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Shido
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
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Impact of DHA on metabolic diseases from womb to tomb. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:6190-212. [PMID: 25528960 PMCID: PMC4278225 DOI: 10.3390/md12126190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are important mediators in improving and maintaining human health over the total lifespan. One topic we especially focus on in this review is omega-3 LC-PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Adequate DHA levels are essential during neurodevelopment and, in addition, beneficial in cognitive processes throughout life. We review the impact of DHA on societal relevant metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM). All of these are risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia in later life. DHA supplementation is associated with a reduced incidence of both stroke and atherosclerosis, lower bodyweight and decreased T2DM prevalence. These findings are discussed in the light of different stages in the human life cycle: childhood, adolescence, adulthood and in later life. From this review, it can be concluded that DHA supplementation is able to inhibit pathologies like obesity and cardiovascular disease. DHA could be a dietary protector against these metabolic diseases during a person’s entire lifespan. However, supplementation of DHA in combination with other dietary factors is also effective. The efficacy of DHA depends on its dose as well as on the duration of supplementation, sex, and age.
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Joffre C, Nadjar A, Lebbadi M, Calon F, Laye S. n-3 LCPUFA improves cognition: the young, the old and the sick. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:1-20. [PMID: 24908517 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to the implication of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurite outgrowth and to its high incorporation into the brain, this n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) is considered as crucial in the development and maintenance of the learning memory performance throughout life. In the present chapter we aimed at reviewing data investigating the relation between DHA and cognition during the perinatal period, young adult- and adulthood and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD). In Humans, dietary DHA supplementation from the perinatal period to adulthood does not reveal a clear and consistent memory improvement whereas it is the case in animal studies. The positive effects observed in animal models may have been enhanced by using n-3 PUFA deficient animal models as controls. In animal models of AD, a general consensus on the beneficial effects of n-3 LCPUFA in attenuating cognitive impairment was established. These studies make DHA a potential suitable micronutrient for the maintenance of cognitive performance at all periods of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Joffre
- Université Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - A Nadjar
- Université Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - M Lebbadi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Axe Neurosciences, T2-05, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2.
| | - F Calon
- Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Axe Neurosciences, T2-05, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2.
| | - S Laye
- Université Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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Pietrantoni E, Del Chierico F, Rigon G, Vernocchi P, Salvatori G, Manco M, Signore F, Putignani L. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy: a potential tool to prevent membrane rupture and preterm labor. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:8024-36. [PMID: 24810692 PMCID: PMC4057716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15058024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are required to maintain the fluidity, permeability and integrity of cell membranes. Maternal dietary supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs during pregnancy has beneficial effects, including increased gestational length and reduced risk of pregnancy complications. Significant amounts of ω-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are transferred from maternal to fetal blood, hence ensuring high levels of DHA in the placenta and fetal bloodstream and tissues. Fetal DHA demand increases exponentially with gestational age, especially in the third trimester, due to fetal development. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), a daily intake of DHA is recommended during pregnancy. Omega-3 PUFAs are involved in several anti-inflammatory, pro-resolving and anti-oxidative pathways. Several placental disorders, such as intrauterine growth restriction, premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and preterm-PROM (pPROM), are associated with placental inflammation and oxidative stress. This pilot study reports on a preliminary evaluation of the significance of the daily DHA administration on PROM and pPROM events in healthy pregnant women. Further extensive clinical trials will be necessary to fully elucidate the correlation between DHA administration during pregnancy and PROM/pPROM occurrence, which is related in turn to gestational duration and overall fetal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Pietrantoni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Circonvallazione Gianicolense, 87, Rome 00151, Italy.
| | - Federica Del Chierico
- Unit of Metagenomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, Rome 00165, Italy.
| | - Giuliano Rigon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Circonvallazione Gianicolense, 87, Rome 00151, Italy.
| | - Pamela Vernocchi
- Unit of Metagenomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, Rome 00165, Italy.
| | - Guglielmo Salvatori
- Unit of Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, Rome 00165, Italy.
| | - Melania Manco
- Scientific Directorate, Research Unit for Multifactorial Disease, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, Rome 00165, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Signore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Circonvallazione Gianicolense, 87, Rome 00151, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Unit of Parasitology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, Rome 00165, Italy.
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Neuroprotective properties of the marine carotenoid astaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids, and perspectives for the natural combination of both in krill oil. Nutrients 2014; 6:1293-317. [PMID: 24667135 PMCID: PMC3967194 DOI: 10.3390/nu6031293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of marine fishes and general seafood has long been recommended by several medical authorities as a long-term nutritional intervention to preserve mental health, hinder neurodegenerative processes, and sustain cognitive capacities in humans. Most of the neurological benefits provided by frequent seafood consumption comes from adequate uptake of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3/n-6 PUFAs, and antioxidants. Optimal n-3/n-6 PUFAs ratios allow efficient inflammatory responses that prevent the initiation and progression of many neurological disorders. Moreover, interesting in vivo and clinical studies with the marine antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (present in salmon, shrimp, and lobster) have shown promising results against free radical-promoted neurodegenerative processes and cognition loss. This review presents the state-of-the-art applications of n-3/n-6 PUFAs and astaxanthin as nutraceuticals against neurodegenerative diseases associated with exacerbated oxidative stress in CNS. The fundamental “neurohormesis” principle is discussed throughout this paper. Finally, new perspectives for the application of a natural combination of the aforementioned anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents (found in krill oil) are also presented herewith.
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Cellular membrane fluidity in amyloid precursor protein processing. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:119-29. [PMID: 24553856 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8652-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The senile plaque is a pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), the main constituent of senile plaques, is neurotoxic especially in its oligomeric form. Aβ is derived from the sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases in the amyloidogenic pathway. Alternatively, APP can be cleaved by α-secretases within the Aβ domain to produce neurotrophic and neuroprotective α-secretase-cleaved soluble APP (sAPPα) in the nonamyloidogenic pathway. Since APP and α-, β-, and γ-secretases are membrane proteins, APP processing should be highly dependent on the membrane composition and the biophysical properties of cellular membrane. In this review, we discuss the role of the biophysical properties of cellular membrane in APP processing, especially the effects of phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s), fatty acids, cholesterol, and Aβ on membrane fluidity in relation to their effects on APP processing.
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The impact of cholesterol, DHA, and sphingolipids on Alzheimer's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2013:814390. [PMID: 24575399 PMCID: PMC3929518 DOI: 10.1155/2013/814390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder currently affecting over 35 million people worldwide. Pathological hallmarks of AD are massive amyloidosis, extracellular senile plaques, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles accompanied by an excessive loss of synapses. Major constituents of senile plaques are 40–42 amino acid long peptides termed β-amyloid (Aβ). Aβ is produced by sequential proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP processing and Aβ production have been one of the central scopes in AD research in the past. In the last years, lipids and lipid-related issues are more frequently discussed to contribute to the AD pathogenesis. This review summarizes lipid alterations found in AD postmortem brains, AD transgenic mouse models, and the current understanding of how lipids influence the molecular mechanisms leading to AD and Aβ generation, focusing especially on cholesterol, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and sphingolipids/glycosphingolipids.
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Sugasini D, Lokesh BR. Rats given linseed oil in microemulsion forms enriches the brain synaptic membrane with docosahexaenoic acid and enhances the neurotransmitter levels in the brain. Nutr Neurosci 2014; 18:87-96. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830514y.0000000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Janssen CI, Kiliaan AJ. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) from genesis to senescence: The influence of LCPUFA on neural development, aging, and neurodegeneration. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 53:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Loef M, Walach H. The omega-6/omega-3 ratio and dementia or cognitive decline: a systematic review on human studies and biological evidence. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr 2013; 32:1-23. [PMID: 23451843 DOI: 10.1080/21551197.2012.752335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the intake of certain fatty acids may influence the risk of dementia. However, current reviews have focused only on the therapeutic effects of omega-3 fatty acids, mostly as supplements. To date, the evidence for the relevance of the omega-6/omega-3 ratio has been neglected. Therefore, we searched the databases Alois, Medline, Biosis, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for "essential fatty acids" and "dementia" and aimed to conduct a comprehensive review across study types. All studies that reported on the association between the n-6/n-3 ratio and dementia or cognitive decline were selected. In the 13 animal studies we examined, the dietary n-6/n-3 ratio was shown to affect brain composition, Alzheimer's disease pathology, and behavior. Our review of the 14 studies in humans that fulfilled the selection criteria (7 prospective studies, 3 cross-sectional studies, 1 controlled trial, 3 case-control studies) provided evidence, albeit limited, supporting an association between the n-6/n-3 ratio, cognitive decline, and incidence of dementia. This review supports growing evidence of a positive association between the dietary n-6/n-3 ratio and the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Loef
- Institute of Transcultural Health Studies, European University Viadrina, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
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Abstract
Scientific evidence based on neuroimaging approaches over the last decade has demonstrated the efficacy of physical activity improving cognitive health across the human lifespan. Aerobic fitness spares age-related loss of brain tissue during aging, and enhances functional aspects of higher order regions involved in the control of cognition. More active or higher fit individuals are capable of allocating greater attentional resources toward the environment and are able to process information more quickly. These data are suggestive that aerobic fitness enhances cognitive strategies enabling to respond effectively to an imposed challenge with a better yield in task performance. In turn, animal studies have shown that exercise has a benevolent action on health and plasticity of the nervous system. New evidence indicates that exercise exerts its effects on cognition by affecting molecular events related to the management of energy metabolism and synaptic plasticity. An important instigator in the molecular machinery stimulated by exercise is brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which acts at the interface of metabolism and plasticity. Recent studies show that exercise collaborates with other aspects of lifestyle to influence the molecular substrates of cognition. In particular, select dietary factors share similar mechanisms with exercise, and in some cases they can complement the action of exercise. Therefore, exercise and dietary management appear as a noninvasive and effective strategy to counteract neurological and cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA and Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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SHIRAI N, YAMASHITA Y, YAMASHITA M. Simultaneous Effects of Green Tea Extracts and Fish Oil on Mercury Accumulation and Antioxidant Defenses in Methylmercury-exposed Adult Mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.19.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Effects of DHA-phospholipids, melatonin and tryptophan supplementation on erythrocyte membrane physico-chemical properties in elderly patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:974-8. [PMID: 23000875 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out to assess the efficacy of a docosahexenoic acid (DHA)-phospholipids, melatonin and tryptophan supplemented diet in improving the erythrocyte oxidative stress, membrane fluidity and membrane-bound enzyme activities of elderly subjects suffering from mild cognitive impairment (MCI). These subjects were randomly assigned to the supplement group (11 subjects, 9F and 2M; age 85.3±5.3y) or placebo group (14-matched subjects, 11F and 3M; 86.1±6.5). The duration of the treatment was 12weeks. The placebo group showed no significant changes in erythrocyte membrane composition and function. The erythrocyte membranes of the supplement group showed a significant increase in eicosapentenoic acid, docosapentenoic acid and DHA concentrations and a significant decrease in arachidonic acid, malondialdehyde and lipofuscin levels. These changes in membrane composition resulted in an increase in the unsaturation index, membrane fluidity and acetylcholine esterase activity. Moreover, a significant increase in the ratio between reduced and oxidized glutathione was observed in the erythrocyte of the supplement group. Although this study is a preliminary investigation, we believe these findings to be of great speculative and interpretative interest to better understand the complex and multi-factorial mechanisms behind the possible links between diets, their functional components and possible molecular processes that contribute to increasing the risk of developing MCI and Alzheimer's.
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Cognitive enhancement by omega-3 fatty acids from child-hood to old age: findings from animal and clinical studies. Neuropharmacology 2012; 64:550-65. [PMID: 22841917 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Omega-(n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are major components of neuronal membranes and have a wide range of functions, from modulating synaptic plasticity and neurochemistry, to neuroimmune-modulation and neuroprotection. Thus, it is not surprising that n-3 PUFA are widely acknowledged to have cognitive-enhancing effects. Although clinical evidence is somewhat conflicting, probably in large part due to methodological issues, animal studies have consistently demonstrated that n-3 PUFA are indispensable for proper brain development, may enhance cognitive function in healthy, adult individuals and attenuate cognitive impairment in aging and age-related disorders, such as dementia. This review discusses and integrates up to date evidence from clinical and animal studies investigating the cognitive-enhancing effects of n-3 PUFA during development, child- and adult-hood, as well as old-age with associated neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, we cover the major underlying biochemical and neurophysiological mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA mediate these effects on cognition. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.
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Joseph MS, Ying Z, Zhuang Y, Zhong H, Wu A, Bhatia HS, Cruz R, Tillakaratne NJK, Roy RR, Edgerton VR, Gomez-Pinilla F. Effects of diet and/or exercise in enhancing spinal cord sensorimotor learning. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41288. [PMID: 22911773 PMCID: PMC3401098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that the spinal cord is capable of learning sensorimotor tasks and that dietary interventions can influence learning involving supraspinal centers, we asked whether the presence of omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the curry spice curcumin (Cur) by themselves or in combination with voluntary exercise could affect spinal cord learning in adult spinal mice. Using an instrumental learning paradigm to assess spinal learning we observed that mice fed a diet containing DHA/Cur performed better in the spinal learning paradigm than mice fed a diet deficient in DHA/Cur. The enhanced performance was accompanied by increases in the mRNA levels of molecular markers of learning, i.e., BDNF, CREB, CaMKII, and syntaxin 3. Concurrent exposure to exercise was complementary to the dietary treatment effects on spinal learning. The diet containing DHA/Cur resulted in higher levels of DHA and lower levels of omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) in the spinal cord than the diet deficient in DHA/Cur. The level of spinal learning was inversely related to the ratio of AA:DHA. These results emphasize the capacity of select dietary factors and exercise to foster spinal cord learning. Given the non-invasiveness and safety of the modulation of diet and exercise, these interventions should be considered in light of their potential to enhance relearning of sensorimotor tasks during rehabilitative training paradigms after a spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Selvan Joseph
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Zhe Ying
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yumei Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hui Zhong
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Harsharan S. Bhatia
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rusvelda Cruz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Niranjala J. K. Tillakaratne
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Roland R. Roy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - V. Reggie Edgerton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Pang TYC, Hannan AJ. Enhancement of cognitive function in models of brain disease through environmental enrichment and physical activity. Neuropharmacology 2012; 64:515-28. [PMID: 22766390 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review will provide an overview of the non-drug based approaches that have been demonstrated to enhance cognitive function of the compromised brain, primarily focussed on the two most widely adopted paradigms of environmental enrichment and enhanced physical exercise. Environmental enrichment involves the generation of novelty and complexity in animal housing conditions which facilitates enhanced sensory and cognitive stimulation as well as physical activity. In a wide variety of animal models of brain disorders, environmental enrichment and exercise have been found to have beneficial effects, including cognitive enhancement, delayed disease onset, enhanced cellular plasticity and associated molecular processes. Potential cellular and molecular mechanisms will also be discussed, which have relevance for the future development of 'enviromimetics', drugs which could mimic or enhance the beneficial effects of environmental stimulation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Y C Pang
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Connor S, Tenorio G, Clandinin MT, Sauvé Y. DHA supplementation enhances high-frequency, stimulation-induced synaptic transmission in mouse hippocampus. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:880-7. [PMID: 22716290 DOI: 10.1139/h2012-062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While some studies on dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) have reported a beneficial effect on memory as a function of age, others have failed to find any effect. To clarify this issue, we sought to determine whether supplementing mice with a DHA-enriched diet could alter the ability of synapses to undergo activity-dependent changes in the hippocampus, a brain structure involved in forming new spatial memories. We found that DHA was increased by 29% ± 5% (mean ± SE) in the hippocampus for the supplemented (DHA+) versus nonsupplemented (control) group (n = 5 mice per group; p < 0.05). Such DHA elevation was associated with enhanced synaptic transmission (p < 0.05) as assessed by application of a high-frequency electrical stimulation protocol (100 Hz stimulation, which induced transient (<2 h) increases in synaptic strength) to slices from DHA+ (n = 4 mice) hippocampi when compared with controls (n = 4 mice). Increased synaptic responses were evident 60 min poststimulation. These results suggest that dietary DHA supplementation facilitates synaptic plasticity following brief high-frequency stimulation. This increase in synaptic transmission might provide a physiological correlation for the improved spatial learning and memory observed following DHA supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Connor
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Falinska AM, Bascoul-Colombo C, Guschina IA, Good M, Harwood JL. The role of n-3 dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain function and ameliorating Alzheimer's disease: Opportunities for biotechnology in the development of nutraceuticals. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Boneva NB, Kikuchi M, Minabe Y, Yamashima T. Neuroprotective and ameliorative actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids against neuronal diseases: implication of fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP) and G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) in adult neurogenesis. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 116:163-72. [PMID: 21606626 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10r34fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain is well-known to occur in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. As the hippocampus is related to learning, memory, and emotions, adult hippocampal neurogenesis possibly contributes to these functions. Adult neurogenesis is modulated by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids that are essential for normal brain development, maintenance, and function. They are reported to improve spatial learning and memory in rodents and cognitive functions in humans. However, detailed mechanisms of PUFA effects still remain obscure. PUFA are functionally linked with chaperons called fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP). FABP uptake and transport PUFA to different intracellular organelles. Intriguingly, PUFA were determined as ligands for G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), a cell membrane receptor abundantly expressed in the brain and the pancreas of primates. While the role of GPR40 in pancreatic β-cells is associated with insulin secretion, its role in the brain is not yet clarified presumably because of its absence in the rodent brain. The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of PUFA in adult neurogenesis, considering the role of GPR40 and FABP in the hippocampal neurogenic niche. Here, the authors would like to introduce a PUFA-GPR40 signaling pathway that is specific for the primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B Boneva
- Department of Restorative Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan
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Hashimoto M, Hossain S. Neuroprotective and Ameliorative Actions of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Against Neuronal Diseases: Beneficial Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 116:150-62. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10r33fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Effects of fatty acid unsaturation numbers on membrane fluidity and α-secretase-dependent amyloid precursor protein processing. Neurochem Int 2010; 58:321-9. [PMID: 21184792 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids may integrate into cell membranes to change physical properties of cell membranes, and subsequently alter cell functions in an unsaturation number-dependent manner. To address the roles of fatty acid unsaturation numbers in cellular pathways of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we systematically investigated the effects of fatty acids on cell membrane fluidity and α-secretase-cleaved soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPP(α)) secretion in relation to unsaturation numbers using stearic acid (SA, 18:0), oleic acid (OA, 18:1), linoleic acid (LA, 18:2), α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3), arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6). Treatments of differentiated human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y cells) with AA, EPA and DHA for 24h increased sAPP(α) secretion and membrane fluidity, whereas those treatments with SA, OA, LA and ALA did not. Treatments with AA and DHA did not alter the total expressions of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and α-secretases in SH-SY5Y cells. These results suggested that not all unsaturated fatty acids but only those with 4 or more double bonds, such as AA, EPA and DHA, are able to increase membrane fluidity and lead to increase in sAPP(α) secretion. This study provides insights into dietary strategies for the prevention of AD.
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Abstract
Aging contributes to physiological decline and vulnerability to disease. In the brain, even with minimal neuronal loss, aging increases oxidative damage, inflammation, demyelination, impaired processing, and metabolic deficits, particularly during pathological brain aging. In this review, the possible role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the prevention of age-related disruption of brain function is discussed. High-fat diabetogenic diets, cholesterol, and the omega-6 fatty acid arachidonate and its prostaglandin metabolites have all been implicated in promoting the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Evidence presented here shows DHA acts to oppose this, exerting a plethora of pleiotropic activities to protect against the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M Cole
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Liposome-incorporated DHA increases neuronal survival by enhancing non-amyloidogenic APP processing. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1808:236-43. [PMID: 21036142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The fluidity of neuronal membranes plays a pivotal role in brain aging and neurodegeneration. In this study, we investigated the role of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in modulation of membrane fluidity, APP processing, and protection from cytotoxic stress. To this end, we applied unilamellar transfer liposomes, which provided protection from oxidation and effective incorporation of DHA into cell membranes. Liposomes transferring docosanoic acid (DA), the completely saturated form of DHA, to the cell cultures served as controls. In HEK-APP cells, DHA significantly increased membrane fluidity and non-amyloidogenic processing of APP, leading to enhanced secretion of sAPPα. This enhanced secretion of sAPPα was associated with substantial protection against apoptosis induced by ER Ca(2+) store depletion. sAPPα-containing supernatants obtained from HEK-APP cells exerted similar protective effects as DHA in neuronal PC12 cells and HEK293 control cells. Correlating to further increased sAPPα levels, supernatants obtained from DHA-treated HEK-APP cells enhanced protection, whereas supernatants obtained from DHA-treated HEK293 control cells did not inhibit apoptosis, likely due to the low expression of endogenous APP and negligible sAPPα secretion in these cells. Further experiments with the small molecule inhibitors LY294002 and SP600125 indicated that sAPPα-induced cytoprotection relied on activation of the anti-apoptotic PI3K/Akt pathway and inhibition of the stress-triggered JNK signaling pathway in PC12 cells. Our data suggest that liposomal DHA is able to restore or maintain physiological membrane properties, which are required for neuroprotective sAPPα secretion and autocrine modulation of neuronal survival.
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