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Feriotto G, Tagliati F, Costa V, Monesi M, Tabolacci C, Beninati S, Mischiati C. α-Pinene, a Main Component of Pinus Essential Oils, Enhances the Expression of Insulin-Sensitive Glucose Transporter Type 4 in Murine Skeletal Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1252. [PMID: 38279251 PMCID: PMC10816943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) represents the major glucose transporter isoform responsible for glucose uptake into insulin-sensitive cells, primarily in skeletal muscle and adipose tissues. In insulin-resistant conditions, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, GLUT4 expression and/or translocation to the cell plasma membrane is reduced, compromising cell energy metabolism. Therefore, the use of synthetic or naturally occurring molecules able to stimulate GLUT4 expression represents a good tool for alternative treatments of insulin resistance. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of essential oils (EOs) derived from Pinus spp. (P. nigra and P. radiata) and of their main terpenoid constituents (α- and β-pinene) on the expression/translocation of GLUT4 in myoblast C2C12 murine cells. For this purpose, the chemical profiles of the EOs were first analyzed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay, and GLUT4 expression/translocation was evaluated through RT-qPCR and flow cytometry analyses. The results showed that only the P. nigra essential oil (PnEO) and α-pinene can increase the transcription of the Glut4/Scl2a4 gene, resulting in a subsequent increase in the amount of GLUT4 produced and its plasma membrane localization. Moreover, the PnEO or α-pinene can induce Glut4 expression both during myogenesis and in myotubes. In summary, the PnEO and α-pinene emulate insulin's effect on the GLUT4 transporter expression and its translocation to the muscle cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordana Feriotto
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Federico Tagliati
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Valentina Costa
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Marcello Monesi
- UOC (Unità Operativa Complessa) Territorial Diabetology, AUSL Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Claudio Tabolacci
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Superior Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Simone Beninati
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlo Mischiati
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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Grunz-Borgmann EA, Nichols LA, Spagnoli S, Trzeciakowski JP, Valliyodan B, Hou J, Li J, Cheng J, Kerley M, Fritsche K, Parrish AR. The renoprotective effects of soy protein in the aging rat kidney. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2020; 8:10.18103/mra.v8i3.2065. [PMID: 34222651 PMCID: PMC8247450 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v8i3.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is itself associated with alterations in renal structure and function. There are no specific interventions to attenuate age-dependent renal dysfunction and the mechanism(s) responsible for these deficits have not been fully elucidated. In this study, male Fischer 344 rats, which develop age-dependent nephropathy, were feed a casein- or soy protein diet beginning at 16 mon (late life intervention) and renal structure and function was assessed at 20 mon. The soy diet did not significantly affect body weight, but was renoprotective as assessed by decreased proteinuria, increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and decreased urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1). Renal fibrosis, as assessed by hydroxyproline content, was decreased by the soy diet, as were several indicators of inflammation. RNA sequencing identified several candidates for the renoprotective effects of soy, including decreased expression of Twist2, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that network analysis suggest may regulate the expression of several genes associated with renal dysfunction. Twist2 expression is upregulated in the aging kidney and the unilateral ureteral obstruction of fibrosis; the expression is limited to distal tubules of mice. Taken together, these data demonstrate the renoprotective potential of soy protein, putatively by reducing inflammation and fibrosis, and identify Twist2 as a novel mediator of renal dysfunction that is targeted by soy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Grunz-Borgmann
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - LaNita A Nichols
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Sean Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Jerome P Trzeciakowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77807
| | - Babu Valliyodan
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resource, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Jie Hou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | | | - Jianlin Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Monty Kerley
- Division of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 6521
| | - Kevin Fritsche
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Alan R Parrish
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Bta-miR-24-3p Controls the Myogenic Differentiation and Proliferation of Fetal, Bovine, Skeletal Muscle-Derived Progenitor Cells by Targeting ACVR1B. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110859. [PMID: 31652908 PMCID: PMC6912306 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary MicroRNAs play pivotal roles in skeletal muscle development, but the molecular basis of their functions in fetal bovine skeletal muscle development is largely unknown. Here, we report a mechanistic study of bta-miR-24-3p, a key miRNA regulator of the myogenic differentiation of fetal bovine platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha negative (PDGFRα-) progenitor cells. We isolated progenitor cells from the bovine fetal longissimus dorsi muscle and purified them with PDGFRα antibodies to remove fibro-adipogenic progenitors. We observed elevated bta-miR-24-3p expression during differentiation, and bta-miR-24-3p overexpression led to promoted myogenic differentiation but suppressed proliferation. Moreover, activin receptor type 1B (ACVR1B) was identified as a direct target of bta-miR-24-3p, and ACVR1B-silencing cells exhibited similar phenotypes to bta-miR-24-3p-overexpressing bovine PDGFRα- progenitor cells. These results extended our understanding on the roles of miRNA in fetal muscle development. The method of removing fibro-adipogenic progenitors in our study will also provide useful information for other investigators. Abstract MicroRNAs modulate a variety of cellular events, including skeletal muscle development, but the molecular basis of their functions in fetal bovine skeletal muscle development is poorly understood. In this study, we report that bta-miR-24-3p promotes the myogenic differentiation of fetal bovine PDGFRα- progenitor cells. The expression of bta-miR-24-3p increased during myogenic differentiation. Overexpression of bta-miR-24-3p significantly promoted myogenic differentiation, but inhibited proliferation. A dual-luciferase assay identified ACVR1B as a direct target of bta-miR-24-3p. Similarly, knocking down ACVR1B by RNA interference also significantly inhibited proliferation and promoted the differentiation of bovine PDGFRα- progenitor cells. Thus, our study provides a mechanism in which bta-miR-24-3p regulates myogenesis by inhibiting ACVR1B expression.
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Comprehensive analysis of lncRNAs and mRNAs with associated co-expression and ceRNA networks in C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes. Gene 2018; 647:164-173. [PMID: 29331478 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as important regulators in the modulation of muscle development and muscle-related diseases. To explore potential regulators of muscle differentiation, we determined the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs in C2C12 mouse myoblast cell line using microarray analysis. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were performed to explore their function. We also constructed co-expression, cis/trans-regulation, and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks with bioinformatics methods. We found that 3067 lncRNAs and 3235 mRNAs were differentially regulated (fold change ≥2.0). Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the principal functions of the transcripts were related to muscle structure development and morphogenesis. Co-expression analysis showed 261 co-expression relationships between 233 lncRNAs and 10 mRNAs, and nine lncRNAs interacted with myog and MEF2C collectively. Cis/trans-regulation prediction revealed that lncRNA Myh6 could be a valuable gene via cis-regulation, and lncRNAs such as 2310043L19Ris, V00821, and AK139352 may participate in particular pathways regulated by transcription factors, including myog, myod1, and foxo1. The myog-specific ceRNA network covered 10 lncRNAs, 378 miRNAs, and 1960 edges. The upregulated lncRNAs Filip1, Myl1, and 2310043L19Rik may promote myog expression by acting as ceRNAs. Our results offer a new perspective on the modulation of lncRNAs in muscle differentiation.
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Singh M, Venugopal C, Tokar T, Brown KR, McFarlane N, Bakhshinyan D, Vijayakumar T, Manoranjan B, Mahendram S, Vora P, Qazi M, Dhillon M, Tong A, Durrer K, Murty N, Hallet R, Hassell JA, Kaplan DR, Cutz JC, Jurisica I, Moffat J, Singh SK. RNAi screen identifies essential regulators of human brain metastasis-initiating cells. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:923-940. [PMID: 28766011 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) are the most common brain tumor in adults and are a leading cause of cancer mortality. Metastatic lesions contain subclones derived from their primary lesion, yet their functional characterization is limited by a paucity of preclinical models accurately recapitulating the metastatic cascade, emphasizing the need for a novel approach to BM and their treatment. We identified a unique subset of stem-like cells from primary human patient brain metastases, termed brain metastasis-initiating cells (BMICs). We now establish a BMIC patient-derived xenotransplantation (PDXT) model as an investigative tool to comprehensively interrogate human BM. Using both in vitro and in vivo RNA interference screens of these BMIC models, we identified SPOCK1 and TWIST2 as essential BMIC regulators. SPOCK1 in particular is a novel regulator of BMIC self-renewal, modulating tumor initiation and metastasis from the lung to the brain. A prospective cohort of primary lung cancer specimens showed that SPOCK1 was overexpressed only in patients who ultimately developed BM. Protein-protein interaction network mapping between SPOCK1 and TWIST2 identified novel pathway interactors with significant prognostic value in lung cancer patients. Of these genes, INHBA, a TGF-β ligand found mutated in lung adenocarcinoma, showed reduced expression in BMICs with knockdown of SPOCK1. In conclusion, we have developed a useful preclinical model of BM, which has served to identify novel putative BMIC regulators, presenting potential therapeutic targets that block the metastatic process, and transform a uniformly fatal systemic disease into a locally controlled and eminently more treatable one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Singh
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tomas Tokar
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin R Brown
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole McFarlane
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Bakhshinyan
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Thusyanth Vijayakumar
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Branavan Manoranjan
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sujeivan Mahendram
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Parvez Vora
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Maleeha Qazi
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Manvir Dhillon
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Amy Tong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathrin Durrer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Naresh Murty
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Robin Hallet
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John A Hassell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David R Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Cutz
- Anatomic Pathology, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, IBM Life Sciences Discovery Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Donnelly Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- MDCL 5027, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Reloading Promotes Recovery of Disuse Muscle Loss by Inhibiting TGFβ Pathway Activation in Rats After Hind Limb Suspension. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2017; 96:430-437. [PMID: 27610551 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway on reloading-mediated restoration of disuse muscle loss induced by hind limb suspension in rats. DESIGN Rats were divided into 4 groups: control group (CON), HLS group (hind limb suspension for 2 weeks), HLS + R group (hind limb suspension for 2 weeks followed by 2 weeks of natural reloading), and HRS + E group (hind limb suspension for 2 weeks followed by 2 weeks of treadmill exercise). Body weight, and weight and protein concentration of gastrocnemius were determined. The expression of members of canonical and noncanonical TGFβ signaling pathways, including TGFβ1, myostatin (MSTN), phospho-smad2/3, phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38, JNK1/2, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 [ERK1]/ERK2), as well as the corresponding downstream effectors of muscle mass-p21, Pax7, MyoD, and MyoG-was determined at protein or messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. RESULTS Reloading increased MyoD mRNA and restored the decreased gastrocnemius weight/body weight ratio, protein concentration of gastrocnemius, phospho-ERK2, Pax7 and the increased TGFβ1, MSTN, phospho-smad2/3, phospho-p38, phospho-JNK1/2, and p21 induced by hind limb suspension. Moreover, the effects of exercise reloading on the restoration of gastrocnemius weight/body weight ratio, TGFβ1, MSTN, phospho-smad2, phospho-p38, phospho-JNK2, Pax7, as well as the induction of MyoD mRNA were stronger than those of natural reloading. CONCLUSIONS Disuse muscle loss can be recovered by reloading in an intensity-dependent manner through canonical and noncanonical TGFβ signaling pathways. Pax7 and MyoD might be the effectors of TGFβ pathway in mediating the recovery effect of reloading.
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Age and sex differences in human skeletal muscle fibrosis markers and transforming growth factor-β signaling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1463-1472. [PMID: 28493029 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to determine whether higher fibrosis markers in skeletal muscle of older adults are accompanied by increased expression of components of the canonical TGF-β signal transduction pathway. METHODS Fourteen healthy young (21-35 years; 9 males and 5 females) and seventeen older (55-75 years; 9 males and 8 females) participants underwent vastus lateralis biopsies to determine intramuscular mRNA and protein expression of fibrogenic markers and TGF-β signaling molecules related to TGF-β1 and myostatin. RESULTS Expression of mRNA encoding the pro-fibrotic factors; axin 2, collagen III, β-catenin and fibronectin, were all significantly higher (all p < 0.05) in the older participants (350, 170, 298, and 641%, respectively). Furthermore, axin 2 and β-catenin mRNA were significantly higher in older females than older males (p < 0.05). Gene expression of ActRIIB, myostatin, and TGF-β1 were higher in older adults compared to younger adults (all p < 0.05). There was, however, no difference in the total protein content of myostatin, myoD or myogenin (all p > 0.05), whereas Smad3 protein phosphorylation was 48% lower (p < 0.05) in muscle from older adults. CONCLUSIONS Increased abundance of mRNA of fibrotic markers was observed in muscle from older adults and was partly accompanied by altered abundance of pro-fibrotic ligands in a sex specific manner.
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Grunz-Borgmann EA, Nichols LA, Wang X, Parrish AR. Twist2 Is Upregulated in Early Stages of Repair Following Acute Kidney Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020368. [PMID: 28208580 PMCID: PMC5343903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging kidney is a marked by a number of structural and functional changes, including an increased susceptibility to acute kidney injury (AKI). Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that aging male Fischer 344 rats (24 month) are more susceptible to apoptosis-mediated injury than young counterparts. In the current studies, we examined the initial injury and early recovery phases of mercuric chloride-induced AKI. Interestingly, the aging kidney had decreased serum creatinine compared to young controls 1 day following mercuric chloride injury, but by day 4, serum creatinine was significantly elevated, suggesting that the aging kidney did not recover from injury. This conclusion is supported by the findings that serum creatinine and kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) gene expression remain elevated compared to young controls at 10 days post-injury. To begin to elucidate mechanism(s) underlying dysrepair in the aging kidney, we examined the expression of Twist2, a helix-loop-helix transcription factor that may mediate renal fibrosis. Interestingly, Twist2 gene expression was elevated following injury in both young and aged rats, and Twist2 protein expression is elevated by mercuric chloride in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Grunz-Borgmann
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | - LaNita A Nichols
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | - Alan R Parrish
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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Wang X, Shen QW, Wang J, Zhang Z, Feng F, Chen T, Zhang Y, Wei H, Li Z, Wang X, Wang Y. KLF7 Regulates Satellite Cell Quiescence in Response to Extracellular Signaling. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1310-20. [PMID: 26930448 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Retaining muscle stem satellite cell (SC) quiescence is important for the maintenance of stem cell population and tissue regeneration. Accumulating evidence supports the model where key extracellular signals play crucial roles in maintaining SC quiescence or activation, however, the intracellular mechanisms that mediate niche signals to control SC behavior are not fully understood. Here, we reported that KLF7 functioned as a key mediator involved in low-level TGF-β signaling and canonical Notch signaling-induced SC quiescence and myoblast arrest. The data obtained showed that KLF7 was upregulated in quiescent SCs and nonproliferating myoblasts. Silence of KLF7 promoted SCs activation and myoblasts proliferation, but overexpression of KLF7 induced myogenic cell arrest. Notably, the expression of KLF7 was regulated by TGF-β and Notch3 signaling. Knockdown of KLF7 diminished low-level TGF-β and canonical Notch signaling-induced SC quiescence. Investigation into the mechanism revealed that KLF7 regulation of SC function was dependent on p21 and acetylation of Lys227 and/or 231 in the DNA binding domain of KLF7. Our study provides new insights into the regulatory network of muscle stem cell quiescence. Stem Cells 2016;34:1310-1320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwu W Shen
- Department of Animal Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu Feng
- Department of Animal Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Animal Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Wei
- Department of Animal Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwen Li
- Department of Animal Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxia Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Mudry JM, Massart J, Szekeres FLM, Krook A. TWIST1 and TWIST2 regulate glycogen storage and inflammatory genes in skeletal muscle. J Endocrinol 2015; 224:303-13. [PMID: 25663706 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
TWIST proteins are important for development of embryonic skeletal muscle and play a role in the metabolism of tumor and white adipose tissue. The impact of TWIST on metabolism in skeletal muscle is incompletely studied. Our aim was to assess the impact of TWIST1 and TWIST2 overexpression on glucose and lipid metabolism. In intact mouse muscle, overexpression of Twist reduced total glycogen content without altering glucose uptake. Expression of TWIST1 or TWIST2 reduced Pdk4 mRNA, while increasing mRNA levels of Il6, Tnfα, and Il1β. Phosphorylation of AKT was increased and protein abundance of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) was decreased in skeletal muscle overexpressing TWIST1 or TWIST2. Glycogen synthesis and fatty acid oxidation remained stable in C2C12 cells overexpressing TWIST1 or TWIST2. Finally, skeletal muscle mRNA levels remain unaltered in ob/ob mice, type 2 diabetic patients, or in healthy subjects before and after 3 months of exercise training. Collectively, our results indicate that TWIST1 and TWIST2 are expressed in skeletal muscle. Overexpression of these proteins impacts proteins in metabolic pathways and mRNA level of cytokines. However, skeletal muscle levels of TWIST transcripts are unaltered in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Mudry
- Section for Integrative PhysiologyDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgerySection for Integrative PhysiologyDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julie Massart
- Section for Integrative PhysiologyDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgerySection for Integrative PhysiologyDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferenc L M Szekeres
- Section for Integrative PhysiologyDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgerySection for Integrative PhysiologyDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Krook
- Section for Integrative PhysiologyDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgerySection for Integrative PhysiologyDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden Section for Integrative PhysiologyDepartment of Molecular Medicine and SurgerySection for Integrative PhysiologyDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Saclier M, Yacoub-Youssef H, Mackey AL, Arnold L, Ardjoune H, Magnan M, Sailhan F, Chelly J, Pavlath GK, Mounier R, Kjaer M, Chazaud B. Differentially Activated Macrophages Orchestrate Myogenic Precursor Cell Fate During Human Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Stem Cells 2013; 31:384-96. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Quy PN, Kuma A, Pierre P, Mizushima N. Proteasome-dependent activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is essential for autophagy suppression and muscle remodeling following denervation. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:1125-34. [PMID: 23209294 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.399949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Drastic protein degradation occurs during muscle atrophy induced by denervation, fasting, immobility, and various systemic diseases. Although the ubiquitin-proteasome system is highly up-regulated in denervated muscles, the involvement of autophagy and protein synthesis has been controversial. Here, we report that autophagy is rather suppressed in denervated muscles even under autophagy-inducible starvation conditions. This is due to a constitutive activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). We further reveal that denervation-induced mTORC1 activation is dependent on the proteasome, which is likely mediated by amino acids generated from proteasomal degradation. Protein synthesis and ribosome biogenesis are paradoxically increased in denervated muscles in an mTORC1-dependent manner, and mTORC1 activation plays an anabolic role against denervation-induced muscle atrophy. These results suggest that denervation induces not only muscle degradation but also adaptive muscle response in a proteasome- and mTORC1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Nguyen Quy
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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13
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Kong BW, Lee JY, Bottje WG, Lassiter K, Lee J, Foster DN. Genome-wide differential gene expression in immortalized DF-1 chicken embryo fibroblast cell line. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:571. [PMID: 22111699 PMCID: PMC3258366 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When compared to primary chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells, the immortal DF-1 CEF line exhibits enhanced growth rates and susceptibility to oxidative stress. Although genes responsible for cell cycle regulation and antioxidant functions have been identified, the genome-wide transcription profile of immortal DF-1 CEF cells has not been previously reported. Global gene expression in primary CEF and DF-1 cells was performed using a 4X44K chicken oligo microarray. RESULTS A total of 3876 differentially expressed genes were identified with a 2 fold level cutoff that included 1706 up-regulated and 2170 down-regulated genes in DF-1 cells. Network and functional analyses using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA, Ingenuity® Systems, http://www.ingenuity.com) revealed that 902 of 3876 differentially expressed genes were classified into a number of functional groups including cellular growth and proliferation, cell cycle, cellular movement, cancer, genetic disorders, and cell death. Also, the top 5 gene networks with intermolecular connections were identified. Bioinformatic analyses suggested that DF-1 cells were characterized by enhanced molecular mechanisms for cell cycle progression and proliferation, suppressing cell death pathways, altered cellular morphogenesis, and accelerated capacity for molecule transport. Key molecules for these functions include E2F1, BRCA1, SRC, CASP3, and the peroxidases. CONCLUSIONS The global gene expression profiles provide insight into the cellular mechanisms that regulate the unique characteristics observed in immortal DF-1 CEF cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Whi Kong
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
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14
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Burks TN, Andres-Mateos E, Marx R, Mejias R, Van Erp C, Simmers JL, Walston JD, Ward CW, Cohn RD. Losartan restores skeletal muscle remodeling and protects against disuse atrophy in sarcopenia. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:82ra37. [PMID: 21562229 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, a critical loss of muscle mass and function because of the physiological process of aging, contributes to disability and mortality in older adults. It increases the incidence of pathologic fractures, causing prolonged periods of hospitalization and rehabilitation. The molecular mechanisms underlying sarcopenia are poorly understood, but recent evidence suggests that increased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling contributes to impaired satellite cell function and muscle repair in aged skeletal muscle. We therefore evaluated whether antagonism of TGF-β signaling via losartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist commonly used to treat high blood pressure, had a beneficial impact on the muscle remodeling process of sarcopenic mice. We demonstrated that mice treated with losartan developed significantly less fibrosis and exhibited improved in vivo muscle function after cardiotoxin-induced injury. We found that losartan not only blunted the canonical TGF-β signaling cascade but also modulated the noncanonical TGF-β mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. We next assessed whether losartan was able to combat disuse atrophy in aged mice that were subjected to hindlimb immobilization. We showed that immobilized mice treated with losartan were protected against loss of muscle mass. Unexpectedly, this protective mechanism was not mediated by TGF-β signaling but was due to an increased activation of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Thus, blockade of the AT1 (angiotensin II type I) receptor improved muscle remodeling and protected against disuse atrophy by differentially regulating the TGF-β and IGF-1/Akt/mTOR signaling cascades, two pathways critical for skeletal muscle homeostasis. Thus, losartan, a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, may prove to have clinical benefits to combat injury-related muscle remodeling and provide protection against disuse atrophy in humans with sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyesha N Burks
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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15
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Thathia SH, Ferguson S, Gautrey HE, van Otterdijk SD, Hili M, Rand V, Moorman AV, Meyer S, Brown R, Strathdee G. Epigenetic inactivation of TWIST2 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia modulates proliferation, cell survival and chemosensitivity. Haematologica 2011; 97:371-8. [PMID: 22058208 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.049593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered regulation of many transcription factors has been shown to be important in the development of leukemia. TWIST2 modulates the activity of a number of important transcription factors and is known to be a regulator of hematopoietic differentiation. Here, we investigated the significance of epigenetic regulation of TWIST2 in the control of cell growth and survival and in response to cytotoxic agents in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. DESIGN AND METHODS TWIST2 promoter methylation status was assessed quantitatively, by combined bisulfite and restriction analysis (COBRA) and pyrosequencing assays, in multiple types of leukemia and TWIST2 expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. The functional role of TWIST2 in cell proliferation, survival and response to chemotherapy was assessed in transient and stable expression systems. RESULTS We found that TWIST2 was inactivated in more than 50% of cases of childhood and adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia through promoter hypermethylation and that this epigenetic regulation was especially prevalent in RUNX1-ETV6-driven cases. Re-expression of TWIST2 in cell lines resulted in a dramatic reduction in cell growth and induction of apoptosis in the Reh cell line. Furthermore, re-expression of TWIST2 resulted in increased sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic agents etoposide, daunorubicin and dexamethasone and TWIST2 hypermethylation was almost invariably found in relapsed adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (91% of samples hypermethylated). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a dual role for epigenetic inactivation of TWIST2 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, initially through altering cell growth and survival properties and subsequently by increasing resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam H Thathia
- Crucible Laboratory, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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16
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Bolte C, Zhang Y, Wang IC, Kalin TV, Molkentin JD, Kalinichenko VV. Expression of Foxm1 transcription factor in cardiomyocytes is required for myocardial development. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22217. [PMID: 21779394 PMCID: PMC3136509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead Box M1 (Foxm1) is a transcription factor essential for organ morphogenesis and development of various cancers. Although complete deletion of Foxm1 in Foxm1(-/-) mice caused embryonic lethality due to severe abnormalities in multiple organ systems, requirements for Foxm1 in cardiomyocytes remain to be determined. This study was designed to elucidate the cardiomyocyte-autonomous role of Foxm1 signaling in heart development. We generated a new mouse model in which Foxm1 was specifically deleted from cardiomyocytes (Nkx2.5-Cre/Foxm1(fl/f) mice). Deletion of Foxm1 from cardiomyocytes was sufficient to disrupt heart morphogenesis and induce embryonic lethality in late gestation. Nkx2.5-Cre/Foxm1(fl/fl) hearts were dilated with thinning of the ventricular walls and interventricular septum, as well as disorganization of the myocardium which culminated in cardiac fibrosis and decreased capillary density. Cardiomyocyte proliferation was diminished in Nkx2.5-Cre/Foxm1(fl/fl) hearts owing to altered expression of multiple cell cycle regulatory genes, such as Cdc25B, Cyclin B(1), Plk-1, nMyc and p21(cip1). In addition, Foxm1 deficient hearts displayed reduced expression of CaMKIIδ, Hey2 and myocardin, which are critical mediators of cardiac function and myocardial growth. Our results indicate that Foxm1 expression in cardiomyocytes is critical for proper heart development and required for cardiomyocyte proliferation and myocardial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Bolte
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yufang Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - I-Ching Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tanya V. Kalin
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Molkentin
- Division Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Vladimir V. Kalinichenko
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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Franco HL, Casasnovas J, Rodríguez-Medina JR, Cadilla CL. Redundant or separate entities?--roles of Twist1 and Twist2 as molecular switches during gene transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:1177-86. [PMID: 20935057 PMCID: PMC3045590 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Twist1 and Twist2 are highly conserved members of the Twist subfamily of bHLH proteins responsible for the transcriptional regulation of the developmental programs in mesenchymal cell lineages. The regulation of such processes requires that Twist1 and Twist2 function as molecular switches to activate and repress target genes by employing several direct and indirect mechanisms. Modes of action by these proteins include direct DNA binding to conserved E-box sequences and recruitment of coactivators or repressors, sequestration of E-protein modulators, and interruption of proper activator/repressor function through protein–protein interactions. Regulatory outcomes of Twist1 and Twist2 are themselves controlled by spatial-temporal expression, phosphoregulation, dimer choice and cellular localization. Although these two proteins are highly conserved and exhibit similar functions in vitro, emerging literature have demonstrated different roles in vivo. The involvement of Twist1 and Twist2 in a broad spectrum of regulatory pathways highlights the importance of understanding their roles in normal development, homeostasis and disease. Here we focus on the mechanistic models of transcriptional regulation and summarize the similarities and differences between Twist1 and Twist2 in the context of myogenesis, osteogenesis, immune system development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector L Franco
- Human Molecular Genetics Lab, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
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18
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Isenmann S, Arthur A, Zannettino ACW, Turner JL, Shi S, Glackin CA, Gronthos S. TWIST family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors mediate human mesenchymal stem cell growth and commitment. Stem Cells 2010; 27:2457-68. [PMID: 19609939 DOI: 10.1002/stem.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The TWIST family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, Twist-1 and Dermo-1 are known mediators of mesodermal tissue development and contribute to correct patterning of the skeleton. In this study, we demonstrate that freshly purified human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) express high levels of Twist-1 and Dermo-1 which are downregulated following ex vivo expansion. Enforced expression of Twist-1 or Dermo-1 in human MSC cultures increased expression of the MSC marker, STRO-1, and the early osteogenic transcription factors, Runx2 and Msx2. Conversely, overexpression of Twist-1 and Dermo-1 was associated with a decrease in the gene expression of osteoblast-associated markers, bone morphogenic protein-2, bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. High expressing Twist-1 or Dermo-1 MSC lines exhibited an enhanced proliferative potential of approximately 2.5-fold compared with control MSC populations that were associated with elevated levels of Id-1 and Id-2 gene expression. Functional studies demonstrated that high expressing Twist-1 and Dermo-1 MSC displayed a decreased capacity for osteo/chondrogenic differentiation and an enhanced capacity to undergo adipogenesis. These findings implicate the TWIST gene family members as potential mediators of MSC self-renewal and lineage commitment in postnatal skeletal tissues by exerting their effects on genes involved in the early stages of bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Isenmann
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Group, Division of Haematology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science/Hanson Institute/ CSCR, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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19
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Koh HS, Lee C, Lee KS, Park EJ, Seong RH, Hong S, Jeon SH. Twist2 regulates CD7 expression and galectin-1-induced apoptosis in mature T-cells. Mol Cells 2009; 28:553-8. [PMID: 19937140 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the periphery, a galectin-1 receptor, CD7, plays crucial roles in galectin-1-mediated apoptosis of activated T-cells as well as progression of T-lymphoma. Previously, we demonstrated that NF-kappaB downregulated CD7 gene expression through the p38 MAPK pathway in developing immature thymocytes. However, its regulatory pathway is not well understood in functional mature T-cells. Here, we show that CD7 expression was downregulated by Twist2 in Jurkat cells, a human acute T-cell lymphoma cell line, and in EL4 cells, a mature murine T-cell lymphoma cell line. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Twist2 in Jurkat cells reduced galectin-1-induced apoptosis. While full-length Twist2 decreased CD7 promoter activity, a C-terminal deletion form of Twist2 reversed its inhibition, suggesting an important role of the C-terminus in CD7 regulation. In addition, CD7 expression was enhanced by histone deacetylase inhibitors such as trichostatin A and sodium butyrate, which indicates that Twist2 might be one of candidate factors involved in histone deacetylation. Based on these results, we conclude that upregulation of Twist2 increases the resistance to galectin-1-mediated-apoptosis, which may have significant implications for the progression of some T-cells into tumors such as Sezary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Seok Koh
- Department of Life Science and Center for Efficacy Assessment and Development of Functional Foods and Drugs, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
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20
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TGF-β's delay skeletal muscle progenitor cell differentiation in an isoform-independent manner. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:373-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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