1
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Cayuela H, Jacob S, Schtickzelle N, Verdonck R, Philippe H, Laporte M, Huet M, Bernatchez L, Legrand D. Transgenerational plasticity of dispersal‐related traits in a ciliate: genotype‐dependency and fitness consequences. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cayuela
- Dépt de Biologie, Inst. de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Univ. Laval, Pavillon Charles‐Eugène‐Marchand Québec QC Canada
- Dept of Ecology and Evolution, Univ. of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Staffan Jacob
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station (UAR 2029), National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Paul Sabatier Univ. (UPS) Moulis France
| | - Nicolas Schtickzelle
- Univ. Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Inst., Biodiversity Research Centre Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Rik Verdonck
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station (UAR 2029), National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Paul Sabatier Univ. (UPS) Moulis France
| | - Hervé Philippe
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station (UAR 2029), National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Paul Sabatier Univ. (UPS) Moulis France
- Dépt de Biochimie, Centre Robert‐Cedergren, Univ. de Montréal Montréal QC Canada
| | - Martin Laporte
- Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parc (MFFP) du Québec Québec QC Canada
| | - Michèle Huet
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station (UAR 2029), National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Paul Sabatier Univ. (UPS) Moulis France
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Dépt de Biologie, Inst. de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Univ. Laval, Pavillon Charles‐Eugène‐Marchand Québec QC Canada
| | - Delphine Legrand
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station (UAR 2029), National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Paul Sabatier Univ. (UPS) Moulis France
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2
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Murashko MM, Stasevich EM, Schwartz AM, Kuprash DV, Uvarova AN, Demin DE. The Role of RNA in DNA Breaks, Repair and Chromosomal Rearrangements. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040550. [PMID: 33918762 PMCID: PMC8069526 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorrect reparation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) leading to chromosomal rearrangements is one of oncogenesis's primary causes. Recently published data elucidate the key role of various types of RNA in DSB formation, recognition and repair. With growing interest in RNA biology, increasing RNAs are classified as crucial at the different stages of the main pathways of DSB repair in eukaryotic cells: nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR). Gene mutations or variation in expression levels of such RNAs can lead to local DNA repair defects, increasing the chromosome aberration frequency. Moreover, it was demonstrated that some RNAs could stimulate long-range chromosomal rearrangements. In this review, we discuss recent evidence demonstrating the role of various RNAs in DSB formation and repair. We also consider how RNA may mediate certain chromosomal rearrangements in a sequence-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matvey Mikhailovich Murashko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.M.); (E.M.S.); (A.M.S.); (D.V.K.); (A.N.U.)
| | - Ekaterina Mikhailovna Stasevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.M.); (E.M.S.); (A.M.S.); (D.V.K.); (A.N.U.)
| | - Anton Markovich Schwartz
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.M.); (E.M.S.); (A.M.S.); (D.V.K.); (A.N.U.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Department of Molecular and Biological Physics, 141701 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Vladimirovich Kuprash
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.M.); (E.M.S.); (A.M.S.); (D.V.K.); (A.N.U.)
| | - Aksinya Nicolaevna Uvarova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.M.); (E.M.S.); (A.M.S.); (D.V.K.); (A.N.U.)
| | - Denis Eriksonovich Demin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.M.); (E.M.S.); (A.M.S.); (D.V.K.); (A.N.U.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Pourrajab F, Hekmatimoghaddam S. Transposable elements, contributors in the evolution of organisms (from an arms race to a source of raw materials). Heliyon 2021; 7:e06029. [PMID: 33532648 PMCID: PMC7829209 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a concept proposing that the primitive lineages of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses emerged from the primordial pool of primitive genetic elements. In this genetic pool, transposable elements (TEs) became a source of raw material for primitive genomes, tools of genetic innovation, and ancestors of modern genes (e.g. ncRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs). TEs contributed directly to the genome evolution of three forms of life on the earth. TEs now appear as tools that were used to giving rise to sexual dimorphism and sex determination, lineage-specific expression of genes and tissue differentiation and finally genome stability and lifespan determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pourrajab
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyedhossein Hekmatimoghaddam
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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4
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Rearrangement of macronucleus chromosomes correspond to TAD-like structures of micronucleus chromosomes in Tetrahymena thermophila. Genome Res 2020; 30:406-414. [PMID: 32165395 PMCID: PMC7111529 DOI: 10.1101/gr.241687.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The somatic macronucleus (MAC) and germline micronucleus (MIC) of Tetrahymena thermophila differ in chromosome numbers, sizes, functions, transcriptional activities, and cohesin complex location. However, the higher-order chromatin organization in T. thermophila is still largely unknown. Here, we explored the higher-order chromatin organization in the two distinct nuclei of T. thermophila using the Hi-C and HiChIP methods. We found that the meiotic crescent MIC has a specific chromosome interaction pattern, with all the telomeres or centromeres on the five MIC chromosomes clustering together, respectively, which is also helpful to identify the midpoints of centromeres in the MIC. We revealed that the MAC chromosomes lack A/B compartments, topologically associating domains (TADs), and chromatin loops. The MIC chromosomes have TAD-like structures but not A/B compartments and chromatin loops. The boundaries of the TAD-like structures in the MIC are highly consistent with the chromatin breakage sequence (CBS) sites, suggesting that each TAD-like structure of the MIC chromosomes develops into one MAC chromosome during MAC development, which provides a mechanism of the formation of MAC chromosomes during conjugation. Overall, we demonstrated the distinct higher-order chromatin organization in the two nuclei of the T. thermophila and suggest that the higher-order chromatin structures may play important roles during the development of the MAC chromosomes.
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5
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Timoshevskiy VA, Timoshevskaya NY, Smith JJ. Germline-Specific Repetitive Elements in Programmatically Eliminated Chromosomes of the Sea Lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus). Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E832. [PMID: 31652530 PMCID: PMC6826781 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is one of few vertebrate species known to reproducibly eliminate large fractions of its genome during normal embryonic development. This germline-specific DNA is lost in the form of large fragments, including entire chromosomes, and available evidence suggests that DNA elimination acts as a permanent silencing mechanism that prevents the somatic expression of a specific subset of "germline" genes. However, reconstruction of eliminated regions has proven to be challenging due to the complexity of the lamprey karyotype. We applied an integrative approach aimed at further characterization of the large-scale structure of eliminated segments, including: (1) in silico identification of germline-enriched repeats; (2) mapping the chromosomal location of specific repetitive sequences in germline metaphases; and (3) 3D DNA/DNA-hybridization to embryonic lagging anaphases, which permitted us to both verify the specificity of elements to physically eliminated chromosomes and characterize the subcellular organization of these elements during elimination. This approach resulted in the discovery of several repetitive elements that are found exclusively on the eliminated chromosomes, which subsequently permitted the identification of 12 individual chromosomes that are programmatically eliminated during early embryogenesis. The fidelity and specificity of these highly abundant sequences, their distinctive patterning in eliminated chromosomes, and subcellular localization in elimination anaphases suggest that these sequences might contribute to the specific targeting of chromosomes for elimination or possibly in molecular interactions that mediate their decelerated poleward movement in chromosome elimination anaphases, isolation into micronuclei and eventual degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeramiah J Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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6
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Zhao X, Xiong J, Mao F, Sheng Y, Chen X, Feng L, Dui W, Yang W, Kapusta A, Feschotte C, Coyne RS, Miao W, Gao S, Liu Y. RNAi-dependent Polycomb repression controls transposable elements in Tetrahymena. Genes Dev 2019; 33:348-364. [PMID: 30808657 PMCID: PMC6411011 DOI: 10.1101/gad.320796.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RNAi and Polycomb repression play evolutionarily conserved and often coordinated roles in transcriptional silencing. Here, we show that, in the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila, germline-specific internally eliminated sequences (IESs)-many related to transposable elements (TEs)-become transcriptionally activated in mutants deficient in the RNAi-dependent Polycomb repression pathway. Germline TE mobilization also dramatically increases in these mutants. The transition from noncoding RNA (ncRNA) to mRNA production accompanies transcriptional activation of TE-related sequences and vice versa for transcriptional silencing. The balance between ncRNA and mRNA production is potentially affected by cotranscriptional processing as well as RNAi and Polycomb repression. We posit that interplay between RNAi and Polycomb repression is a widely conserved phenomenon, whose ancestral role is epigenetic silencing of TEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fengbiao Mao
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Yalan Sheng
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lifang Feng
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Wen Dui
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Wentao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Aurélie Kapusta
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Cédric Feschotte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Robert S Coyne
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Wei Miao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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7
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Qiu GH, Huang C, Zheng X, Yang X. The protective function of noncoding DNA in genome defense of eukaryotic male germ cells. Epigenomics 2018; 10:499-517. [PMID: 29616594 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral and abundant noncoding DNA has been hypothesized to protect the genome and the central protein-coding sequences against DNA damage in somatic genome. In the cytosol, invading exogenous nucleic acids may first be deactivated by small RNAs encoded by noncoding DNA via mechanisms similar to the prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas system. In the nucleus, the radicals generated by radiation in the cytosol, radiation energy and invading exogenous nucleic acids are absorbed, blocked and/or reduced by peripheral heterochromatin, and damaged DNA in heterochromatin is removed and excluded from the nucleus to the cytoplasm through nuclear pore complexes. To further strengthen the hypothesis, this review summarizes the experimental evidence supporting the protective function of noncoding DNA in the genome of male germ cells. Based on these data, this review provides evidence supporting the protective role of noncoding DNA in the genome defense of sperm genome through similar mechanisms to those of the somatic genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Qiu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention & Control of Animal Infectious Diseases & Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Fujian Province University; College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, Fujian, PR China
| | - Cuiqin Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention & Control of Animal Infectious Diseases & Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Fujian Province University; College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xintian Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention & Control of Animal Infectious Diseases & Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Fujian Province University; College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention & Control of Animal Infectious Diseases & Biotechnology; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Fujian Province University; College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, Fujian, PR China
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8
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Thompson DB, Aboulhouda S, Hysolli E, Smith CJ, Wang S, Castanon O, Church GM. The Future of Multiplexed Eukaryotic Genome Engineering. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:313-325. [PMID: 29241002 PMCID: PMC5880278 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiplex genome editing is the simultaneous introduction of multiple distinct modifications to a given genome. Though in its infancy, maturation of this field will facilitate powerful new biomedical research approaches and will enable a host of far-reaching biological engineering applications, including new therapeutic modalities and industrial applications, as well as "genome writing" and de-extinction efforts. In this Perspective, we focus on multiplex editing of large eukaryotic genomes. We describe the current state of multiplexed genome editing, the current limits of our ability to multiplex edits, and provide perspective on the many applications that fully realized multiplex editing technologies would enable in higher eukaryotic genomes. We offer a broad look at future directions, covering emergent CRISPR-based technologies, advances in intracellular delivery, and new DNA assembly approaches that may enable future genome editing on a massively multiplexed scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Thompson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Soufiane Aboulhouda
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eriona Hysolli
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cory J. Smith
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stan Wang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oscar Castanon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- LOB, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - George M. Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Shapiro JA. Living Organisms Author Their Read-Write Genomes in Evolution. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:E42. [PMID: 29211049 PMCID: PMC5745447 DOI: 10.3390/biology6040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary variations generating phenotypic adaptations and novel taxa resulted from complex cellular activities altering genome content and expression: (i) Symbiogenetic cell mergers producing the mitochondrion-bearing ancestor of eukaryotes and chloroplast-bearing ancestors of photosynthetic eukaryotes; (ii) interspecific hybridizations and genome doublings generating new species and adaptive radiations of higher plants and animals; and, (iii) interspecific horizontal DNA transfer encoding virtually all of the cellular functions between organisms and their viruses in all domains of life. Consequently, assuming that evolutionary processes occur in isolated genomes of individual species has become an unrealistic abstraction. Adaptive variations also involved natural genetic engineering of mobile DNA elements to rewire regulatory networks. In the most highly evolved organisms, biological complexity scales with "non-coding" DNA content more closely than with protein-coding capacity. Coincidentally, we have learned how so-called "non-coding" RNAs that are rich in repetitive mobile DNA sequences are key regulators of complex phenotypes. Both biotic and abiotic ecological challenges serve as triggers for episodes of elevated genome change. The intersections of cell activities, biosphere interactions, horizontal DNA transfers, and non-random Read-Write genome modifications by natural genetic engineering provide a rich molecular and biological foundation for understanding how ecological disruptions can stimulate productive, often abrupt, evolutionary transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago GCIS W123B, 979 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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10
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Akematsu T, Fukuda Y, Garg J, Fillingham JS, Pearlman RE, Loidl J. Post-meiotic DNA double-strand breaks occur in Tetrahymena, and require Topoisomerase II and Spo11. eLife 2017. [PMID: 28621664 PMCID: PMC5482572 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on observations of markers for DNA lesions, such as phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) and open DNA ends, it has been suggested that post-meiotic DNA double-strand breaks (PM-DSBs) enable chromatin remodeling during animal spermiogenesis. However, the existence of PM-DSBs is unconfirmed, and the mechanism responsible for their formation is unclear. Here, we report the first direct observation of programmed PM-DSBs via the electrophoretic separation of DSB-generated DNA fragments in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. These PM-DSBs are accompanied by switching from a heterochromatic to euchromatic chromatin structure in the haploid pronucleus. Both a topoisomerase II paralog with exclusive pronuclear expression and Spo11 are prerequisites for PM-DSB induction. Reduced PM-DSB induction blocks euchromatin formation, characterized by histone H3K56 acetylation, leading to a failure in gametic nuclei production. We propose that PM-DSBs are responsible for histone replacement during the reprogramming of generative to undifferentiated progeny nuclei. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26176.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Akematsu
- Department of Chromosome Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yasuhiro Fukuda
- Department of Biodiversity Science, Tohoku University, Oosaki, Japan.,Division of Biological Resource Science, Tohoku University, Oosaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Oosaki, Japan
| | - Jyoti Garg
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Josef Loidl
- Department of Chromosome Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Le HH, Looney M, Strauss B, Bloodgood M, Jose AM. Tissue homogeneity requires inhibition of unequal gene silencing during development. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:319-31. [PMID: 27458132 PMCID: PMC4970325 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201601050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms can generate and maintain homogenous populations of cells that make up individual tissues. However, cellular processes that can disrupt homogeneity and how organisms overcome such disruption are unknown. We found that ∼100-fold differences in expression from a repetitive DNA transgene can occur between intestinal cells in Caenorhabditis elegans These differences are caused by gene silencing in some cells and are actively suppressed by parental and zygotic factors such as the conserved exonuclease ERI-1. If unsuppressed, silencing can spread between some cells in embryos but can be repeat specific and independent of other homologous loci within each cell. Silencing can persist through DNA replication and nuclear divisions, disrupting uniform gene expression in developed animals. Analysis at single-cell resolution suggests that differences between cells arise during early cell divisions upon unequal segregation of an initiator of silencing. Our results suggest that organisms with high repetitive DNA content, which include humans, could use similar developmental mechanisms to achieve and maintain tissue homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai H Le
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Monika Looney
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Benjamin Strauss
- Center for Advanced Study of Language, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Michael Bloodgood
- Center for Advanced Study of Language, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Antony M Jose
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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12
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Streit A, Wang J, Kang Y, Davis RE. Gene silencing and sex determination by programmed DNA elimination in parasitic nematodes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 32:120-127. [PMID: 27315434 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of genome integrity is essential. However, programmed DNA elimination removes specific DNA sequences from the genome during development. DNA elimination occurs in unicellular ciliates and diverse metazoa ranging from nematodes to vertebrates. Two distinct groups of nematodes use DNA elimination to silence germline-expressed genes in the soma (ascarids) or for sex determination (Strongyloides spp.). Data suggest that DNA elimination likely evolved independently in these nematodes. Recent studies indicate that differential CENP-A deposition within chromosomes defines which sequences are retained and lost during Ascaris DNA elimination. Additional studies are needed to determine the distribution, functions, and mechanisms of DNA elimination in nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Streit
- Department Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Richard E Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.
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13
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Qiu GH. Genome defense against exogenous nucleic acids in eukaryotes by non-coding DNA occurs through CRISPR-like mechanisms in the cytosol and the bodyguard protection in the nucleus. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 767:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Lim RSM, Kai T. A piece of the pi(e): The diverse roles of animal piRNAs and their PIWI partners. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 47-48:17-31. [PMID: 26582251 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs are indispensable to many biological processes. A class of endogenous small RNAs, termed PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) because of their association with PIWI proteins, has known roles in safeguarding the genome against inordinate transposon mobilization, embryonic development, and stem cell regulation, among others. This review discusses the biogenesis of animal piRNAs and their diverse functions together with their PIWI protein partners, both in the germline and in somatic cells, and highlights the evolutionarily conserved aspects of these molecular players in animal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn S M Lim
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Toshie Kai
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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15
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Iwamoto M, Koujin T, Osakada H, Mori C, Kojidani T, Matsuda A, Asakawa H, Hiraoka Y, Haraguchi T. Biased assembly of the nuclear pore complex is required for somatic and germline nuclear differentiation in Tetrahymena. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1812-23. [PMID: 25788697 PMCID: PMC4432229 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.167353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliates have two functionally distinct nuclei, a somatic macronucleus (MAC) and a germline micronucleus (MIC) that develop from daughter nuclei of the last postzygotic division (PZD) during the sexual process of conjugation. Understanding this nuclear dimorphism is a central issue in ciliate biology. We show, by live-cell imaging of Tetrahymena, that biased assembly of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) occurs immediately after the last PZD, which generates anterior-posterior polarized nuclei: MAC-specific NPCs assemble in anterior presumptive MACs but not in posterior presumptive MICs. MAC-specific NPC assembly in the anterior nuclei occurs much earlier than transport of Twi1p, which is required for MAC genome rearrangement. Correlative light-electron microscopy shows that addition of new nuclear envelope (NE) precursors occurs through the formation of domains of redundant NE, where the outer double membrane contains the newly assembled NPCs. Nocodazole inhibition of the second PZD results in assembly of MAC-specific NPCs in the division-failed zygotic nuclei, leading to failure of MIC differentiation. Our findings demonstrate that NPC type switching has a crucial role in the establishment of nuclear differentiation in ciliates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Iwamoto
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Takako Koujin
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Hiroko Osakada
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Chie Mori
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kojidani
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe 651-2492, Japan Japan Women's University, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsuda
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe 651-2492, Japan Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Asakawa
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe 651-2492, Japan Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hiraoka
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe 651-2492, Japan Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tokuko Haraguchi
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe 651-2492, Japan Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
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16
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Fukuda Y, Akematsu T, Attiq R, Tada C, Nakai Y, Pearlman RE. Role of the Cytosolic Heat Shock Protein 70 Ssa5 in the Ciliate Protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 62:481-93. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Fukuda
- Department of Biodiversity Science; Division of Biological Resource Science; Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; Osaki Japan
| | | | - Rizwan Attiq
- Department of Biology; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Chika Tada
- Department of Biodiversity Science; Division of Biological Resource Science; Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; Osaki Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakai
- Department of Biodiversity Science; Division of Biological Resource Science; Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; Osaki Japan
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17
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Tetrahymena Pot2 is a developmentally regulated paralog of Pot1 that localizes to chromosome breakage sites but not to telomeres. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2014; 13:1519-29. [PMID: 25303953 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00204-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahymena telomeres are protected by a protein complex composed of Pot1, Tpt1, Pat1, and Pat2. Pot1 binds the 3' overhang and serves multiple roles in telomere maintenance. Here we describe Pot2, a paralog of Pot1 which has evolved a novel function during Tetrahymena sexual reproduction. Pot2 is unnecessary for telomere maintenance during vegetative growth, as the telomere structure is unaffected by POT2 macronuclear gene disruption. Pot2 is expressed only in mated cells, where it accumulates in developing macronuclei around the time of two chromosome processing events: internal eliminated sequence (IES) excision and chromosome breakage. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) demonstrated Pot2 localization to regions of chromosome breakage but not to telomeres or IESs. Pot2 association with chromosome breakage sites (CBSs) occurs slightly before chromosome breakage. Pot2 did not bind CBSs or telomeric DNA in vitro, suggesting that it is recruited to CBSs by another factor. The telomere proteins Pot1, Pat1, and Tpt1 and the IES binding factor Pdd1 fail to colocalize with Pot2. Thus, Pot2 is the first protein found to associate specifically with CBSs. The selective association of Pot2 versus Pdd1 with CBSs or IESs indicates a mechanistic difference between the chromosome processing events at these two sites. Moreover, ChIP revealed that histone marks characteristic of IES processing, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3, are absent from CBSs. Thus, the mechanisms of chromosome breakage and IES excision must be fundamentally different. Our results lead to a model where Pot2 directs chromosome breakage by recruiting telomerase and/or the endonuclease responsible for DNA cleavage to CBSs.
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18
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Wang J, Davis RE. Programmed DNA elimination in multicellular organisms. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 27:26-34. [PMID: 24886889 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic information typically remains constant in all cells throughout the life cycle of most organisms. However, there are exceptions where DNA elimination is an integral, developmental program for some organisms, associated with generating distinct germline versus somatic genomes. Programmed DNA elimination occurs in unicellular ciliates and diverse metazoa ranging from nematodes to vertebrates. DNA elimination can occur through chromosome breakage and selective loss of chromosome regions or the elimination of individual chromosomes. Recent studies provide compelling evidence that DNA elimination is a novel form of gene silencing, dosage compensation, and sex determination. Further identification of the eliminated sequences, genome changes, and in depth characterization of this phenomenon in diverse metazoans is needed to shed new light on the functions and mechanisms of this regulated process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | - Richard E Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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19
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Saito K. The epigenetic regulation of transposable elements by PIWI-interacting RNAs in Drosophila. Genes Genet Syst 2014; 88:9-17. [PMID: 23676706 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.88.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A mechanism is required to repress the expression and transposition of transposable elements (TEs) to ensure the stable inheritance of genomic information. Accumulating evidence indicates that small non-coding RNAs are important regulators of TEs. Among small non-coding RNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) serve as guide molecules for recognizing and silencing numerous TEs and work in collaboration with PIWI subfamily proteins in gonadal cells. Disruption of the piRNA pathway correlates with loss of proper genomic organization, gene expression control and fertility. Moreover, recent studies on the molecular mechanisms of piRNA biogenesis and on piRNA function have shown that piRNAs act as maternally inherited genic elements, transferring information about repressed TEs to progeny. These findings enable a molecular explanation of mysterious epigenetic phenomena, such as hybrid dysgenesis and TE adaptation with age. Here, I review our current knowledge of piRNAs derived from biochemical and genetic studies and discuss how small RNAs are utilized to maintain genome organization and to provide non-DNA genetic information. I mainly focus on Drosophila but also discuss comparisons with other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi,Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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20
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Feng X, Guang S. Non-coding RNAs mediate the rearrangements of genomic DNA in ciliates. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:937-43. [PMID: 24008384 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Most eukaryotes employ a variety of mechanisms to defend the integrity of their genome by recognizing and silencing parasitic mobile nucleic acids. However, recent studies have shown that genomic DNA undergoes extensive rearrangements, including DNA elimination, fragmentation, and unscrambling, during the sexual reproduction of ciliated protozoa. Non-coding RNAs have been identified to program and regulate genome rearrangement events. In Paramecium and Tetrahymena, scan RNAs (scnRNAs) are produced from micronuclei and transported to vegetative macronuclei, in which scnRNA elicits the elimination of cognate genomic DNA. In contrast, Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in Oxytricha enable the retention of genomic DNA that exhibits sequence complementarity in macronuclei. An RNA interference (RNAi)-like mechanism has been found to direct these genomic rearrangements. Furthermore, in Oxytricha, maternal RNA templates can guide the unscrambling process of genomic DNA. The non-coding RNA-directed genome rearrangements may have profound evolutionary implications, for example, eliciting the multigenerational inheritance of acquired adaptive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhu Feng
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
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21
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McKinnon C, Drouin G. Chromatin diminution in the copepod Mesocyclops edax: elimination of both highly repetitive and nonhighly repetitive DNA. Genome 2013; 56:1-8. [PMID: 23379333 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2012-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin diminution, a developmentally regulated process of DNA elimination, is found in numerous eukaryotic species. In the copepod Mesocyclops edax, some 90% of its genomic DNA is eliminated during the differentiation of embryonic cells into somatic cells. Previous studies have shown that the eliminated DNA contains highly repetitive sequences. Here, we sequenced DNA fragments from pre- and postdiminution cells to determine whether nonhighly repetitive sequences are also eliminated during the process of chromatin diminution. Comparative analyses of these sequences, as well as the sequences eliminated from the genome of the copepod Cyclops kolensis, show that they all share similar abundances of tandem repeats, dispersed repeats, transposable elements, and various coding and noncoding sequences. This suggests that, in the chromatin diminution observed in M. edax, both highly repetitive and nonhighly repetitive sequences are eliminated and that there is no bias in the type of nonhighly repetitive DNA being eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian McKinnon
- Département de biologie et Centre de recherche avancée en génomique environnementale, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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22
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Rodriguez-Leal D, Vielle-Calzada JP. Regulation of apomixis: learning from sexual experience. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:549-55. [PMID: 23000434 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Apomixis is a natural form of asexual reproduction through seeds that leads to viable offspring genetically identical to the mother plant. New evidence from sexual model species indicates that the regulation of female gametogenesis and seed formation is also directed by epigenetic mechanisms that are crucial to control events that distinguish sexuality from apomixis, with important implications for our understanding of the evolutionary forces that shape structural variation and diversity in plant reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodriguez-Leal
- Group of Reproductive Development and Apomixis, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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23
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Talsky KB, Collins K. Strand-asymmetric endogenous Tetrahymena small RNA production requires a previously uncharacterized uridylyltransferase protein partner. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 18:1553-1562. [PMID: 22706992 PMCID: PMC3404375 DOI: 10.1261/rna.033530.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many eukaryotes initiate pathways of Argonaute-bound small RNA (sRNA) production with a step that specifically targets sets of aberrant and/or otherwise deleterious transcripts for recognition by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex (RDRC). The biogenesis of 23- to 24-nt sRNAs in growing Tetrahymena occurs by physical and functional coupling of the growth-expressed Dicer, Dcr2, with one of three RDRCs each containing the single genome-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, Rdr1. Tetrahymena RDRCs contain an active uridylyltransferase, either Rdn1 or Rdn2, and Rdn1 RDRCs also contain the Rdf1 and Rdf2 proteins. Although Rdn2 is nonessential and RDRC-specific, Rdn1 is genetically essential and interacts with a non-RDRC protein of 124 kDa. Here we characterize this 124-kDa protein, designated RNA silencing protein 1 (Rsp1), using endogenous locus tagging, affinity purification, and functional assays, as well as gene-knockout studies. We find that Rsp1 associates with Rdn1-Rdf1 or Rdn1-Rdf2 subcomplexes as an alternative to Rdr1, creating Rsp1 complexes (RSPCs) that are physically separate from RDRCs. The uridylyltransferase activity of Rdn1 is greatly reduced in RSPCs compared with RDRCs, suggesting enzyme regulation by the alternative partners. Surprisingly, despite the loss of all known RDRC-generated classes of endogenous sRNAs, RSP1 gene knockout was tolerated in growing cells. A minority class of Dcr2-dependent sRNAs persists in cells lacking Rsp1 with increased size heterogeneity. These findings bring new insights about the essential and nonessential functions of RNA silencing in Tetrahymena, about mechanisms of endogenous small interfering RNA production, and about the roles of cellular uridylyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Benjamin Talsky
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200, USA.
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