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Cho SKS, Darby JRT, Williams GK, Holman SL, Rai A, Van Amerom JFP, Fan CP, Macgowan CK, Selvanayagam JB, Morrison JL, Seed M. Post-Myocardial Infarction Remodeling and Hyperkinetic Remote Myocardium in Sheep Measured by Cardiac MRI Feature Tracking. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024. [PMID: 38940396 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac MRI feature tracking (FT) allows objective assessment of segmental left ventricular (LV) function following a myocardial infarction (MI), but its utilization in sheep, where interventions can be tested, is lacking. PURPOSE To apply and validate FT in a sheep model of MI and describe post-MI LV remodeling. STUDY TYPE Animal model, longitudinal. ANIMAL MODEL Eighteen lambs (6 months, male, n = 14; female, n = 4; 25.2 ± 4.5 kg). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Two-dimensional balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) and 3D inversion recovery fast low angle shot (IR-FLASH) sequences at 3 T. ASSESSMENT Seven lambs underwent test-retest imaging to assess FT interstudy reproducibility. MI was induced in the remaining 11 by coronary ligation with MRI being undertaken before and 15 days post-MI. Injury size was measured by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and LV volumes, LV mass, ejection fraction (LVEF), and wall thickness (LVWT) were measured, with FT measures of global and segmental radial, circumferential, and longitudinal strain. STATISTICAL TESTS Sampling variability, inter-study, intra and interobserver reproducibility were assessed using Pearson's correlation, Bland-Altman analyses, and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Diagnostic performance of segmental strain to predict LGE was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Significant differences were considered P < 0.05. RESULTS Inter-study reproducibility of FT was overall good to excellent, with global strain being more reproducible than segmental strain (ICC = 0.89-0.98 vs. 0.77-0.96). MI (4.0 ± 3.7% LV mass) led to LV remodeling, as evident by significantly increased LV volumes and LV mass, and significantly decreased LVWT in injured regions, while LVEF was preserved (54.9 ± 6.9% vs. 55.6 ± 5.7%; P = 0.778). Segmental circumferential strain (CS) correlated most strongly with LGE. Basal and mid- CS increased significantly, while apical CS significantly decreased post-MI. DATA CONCLUSION FT is reproducible and compensation by hyperkinetic remote myocardium may manifest as overall preserved global LV function. EVIDENCE LEVEL N/A TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K S Cho
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jack R T Darby
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Georgia K Williams
- Preclinical, Imaging & Research Laboratories, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stacey L Holman
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Archana Rai
- Division of Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Center, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua F P Van Amerom
- Division of Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chun-Po Fan
- Rogers Computational Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher K Macgowan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph B Selvanayagam
- Cardiac Imaging Research Group, Department of Heart Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mike Seed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Sugiura N, Agata K. FGF-stimulated tendon cells embrace a chondrogenic fate with BMP7 in newt tissue culture. Dev Growth Differ 2024; 66:182-193. [PMID: 38342985 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Newts can regenerate functional elbow joints after amputation at the joint level. Previous studies have suggested the potential contribution of cells from residual tendon tissues to joint cartilage regeneration. A serum-free tissue culture system for tendons was established to explore cell dynamics during joint regeneration. Culturing isolated tendons in this system, stimulated by regeneration-related factors, such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and platelet-derived growth factor, led to robust cell migration and proliferation. Moreover, cells proliferating in an FGF-rich environment differentiated into Sox9-positive chondrocytes upon BMP7 introduction. These findings suggest that FGF-stimulated cells from tendons may aid in joint cartilage regeneration during functional elbow joint regeneration in newts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Sugiura
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Japan
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3
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Sato F, Masuda Y, Suzuki D, Hayashi T, Iwasaki T, Kim J, Matsumoto T, Maeda E. Biomechanical analysis of tendon regeneration capacity of Iberian ribbed newts following transection injury: Comparison to a mouse model. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:607-617. [PMID: 37819002 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Adult mammals are known for their poor ability to regenerate tissues, including tendons. On the other hand, urodeles have become an important model in regenerative studies for their remarkable ability to regenerate various body parts and organs throughout life, such as limbs, retinas, or even the brain. However, little is known about their capacity to regenerate injured tendons. If newts can also repair tendons without scar formation, they may be a suitable animal model for tendon regeneration studies in other adult vertebrates. Therefore, the present study used Iberian ribbed newts to characterize mechanical and structural regeneration of tendons following transection, using tensile tests and multiphoton microscopy. A digital flexor tendon in a hindlimb was transected either partially or completely, and regenerated tendon was examined 6 and 12 weeks after the operation. Tensile strength of regenerated tendons was significantly less than normal at 6 weeks, but was remarkably recovered at 12 weeks, reaching levels comparable to those of uninjured tendons. On the other hand, mouse tendons demonstrated poor recovery of strength even after 12 weeks. Multiphoton microscopy revealed that tendon-like collagenous tissue bridges residual tendon stubs in newts, but disorganized scar-like tissue filled the injured location in mice. These findings highlight the remarkable capacity of newts to recover from tendon injury and confirm the utility of newts as a model to study tendon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Sato
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yu Masuda
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Suzuki
- Department of Health Science, Hokkaido Chitose College of Rehabilitation, Chitose, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hayashi
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomohito Iwasaki
- Department of Food Science and Human Wellness, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jeonghyun Kim
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeo Matsumoto
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Eijiro Maeda
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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4
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Xing C, Wang M, Chen Z, Li Y, Zhou X, Wang L, Zhong Y, Li W, Shen X, Gao H, Wang P. Morphological and Molecular Changes during Limb Regeneration of the Exopalaemon carinicauda. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:685. [PMID: 38473070 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increase in breeding density of Exopalaemon carinicauda, appendage breakage may occur, which seriously affects survival and economic benefits. To study the limb regeneration process of E. carinicauda, we induced autotomy of the pereopods. After a period of time, wound swelling disappeared, the pigment gradually accumulated, and a tawny film subsequently formed in the wound. The healing period of the wound occurred 24 h after autotomy, and the blastema formation stage occurred 48 h after autotomy. After 4 days of cutting, the limb buds began to differentiate, grow, and expand rapidly, and this process lasted approximately 15 days. Microscopic observations revealed significant changes in the type and number of associated cells including outer epithelial cells, granulocytes, embryonic cells, columnar epidermal cells, elongated cells, and blastoma cells, during the process from limb fracture to regeneration. A comparative transcriptome analysis identified 1415 genes differentially expressed between the J0h (0 h post autotomy) and J18h (18 h post autotomy), and 3952 and 4366 differentially expressed genes for J0 and J14d (14 days post autotomy) and J18h and J14d, respectively. Some of these genes may be related to muscle growth or molting, as indicated by the presence of troponin C, chitinase, actin, innexin, and cathepsin L. As a functional gene involved in epidermal formation, the mRNA expression level of the innexin inx2 in the pereopod of E. carinicauda changed significantly in the experimental groups (p < 0.05). The results of this study contribute to existing knowledge of regeneration mechanisms in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Mintao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Zhenxiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xinlei Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yao Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Wenjia Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Huan Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Infrastructure for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Infrastructure for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China
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5
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Petrova M, Bogomolova E. Walking leg regeneration in the sea spider Nymphon brevirostre Hodge, 1863 (Pycnogonida). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2023; 77:101310. [PMID: 37866256 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2023.101310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration is widespread across all animal taxa, but patterns of its distribution and key factors determining regeneration capabilities stay enigmatic. A comparative approach could shed light on the problem, but its efficacy is limited by the fact that data is only available on a few species from derived taxa. Pycnogonida are nested basally within the Chelicerata. They can shed and replace their walking legs and have a high regeneration capacity. In this work, we carried careful observation on leg appendotomy and regeneration processes in a sea spider under laboratory settings. The limb structure and in vivo observation reveal autotomy as the most likely appendotomy mechanism. High regeneration capabilities were ascertained: an anatomically normal but small leg appeared in a single molting cycle and the full functionality regained in 2-3 cycles. Wound closure after appendotomy in N. brevirostre primarily relies on hemolymph coagulation, which apparently differs from both xiphosurans and crustaceans. Regeneration is provided by proliferation in the leg cutpiece. Regenerative morphogenesis resembles the normal ontogenetic morphogenesis of a walking leg, but accelerated. Unlike in most arthropods, in N. brevirostre, regeneration does not necessarily correspond to the molting cycle, inferring a plesiomorphic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Petrova
- Department of Invertebrates Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Vorob'evy Gory 1, Building 12, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Bogomolova
- Department of Invertebrates Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Vorob'evy Gory 1, Building 12, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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6
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Bando T, Okumura M, Bando Y, Hagiwara M, Hamada Y, Ishimaru Y, Mito T, Kawaguchi E, Inoue T, Agata K, Noji S, Ohuchi H. Toll signalling promotes blastema cell proliferation during cricket leg regeneration via insect macrophages. Development 2022; 149:272415. [PMID: 34622924 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hemimetabolous insects, such as the two-spotted cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, can recover lost tissues, in contrast to the limited regenerative abilities of human tissues. Following cricket leg amputation, the wound surface is covered by the wound epidermis, and plasmatocytes, which are insect macrophages, accumulate in the wound region. Here, we studied the function of Toll-related molecules identified by comparative RNA sequencing during leg regeneration. Of the 11 Toll genes in the Gryllus genome, expression of Toll2-1, Toll2-2 and Toll2-5 was upregulated during regeneration. RNA interference (RNAi) of Toll, Toll2-1, Toll2-2, Toll2-3 or Toll2-4 produced regeneration defects in more than 50% of crickets. RNAi of Toll2-2 led to a decrease in the ratio of S- and M-phase cells, reduced expression of JAK/STAT signalling genes, and reduced accumulation of plasmatocytes in the blastema. Depletion of plasmatocytes in crickets using clodronate also produced regeneration defects, as well as fewer proliferating cells in the regenerating legs. Plasmatocyte depletion also downregulated the expression of Toll and JAK/STAT signalling genes in the regenerating legs. These results suggest that Spz-Toll-related signalling in plasmatocytes promotes leg regeneration through blastema cell proliferation by regulating the Upd-JAK/STAT signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Bando
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Misa Okumura
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuki Bando
- Faculty of Medicine, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Marou Hagiwara
- Faculty of Medicine, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Hamada
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Ishimaru
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Taro Mito
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Eri Kawaguchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Sumihare Noji
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Hideyo Ohuchi
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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7
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Humphreys T, Weiser K, Arimoto A, Sasaki A, Uenishi G, Fujimoto B, Kawashima T, Taparra K, Molnar J, Satoh N, Marikawa Y, Tagawa K. Ancestral Stem Cell Reprogramming Genes Active in Hemichordate Regeneration. Front Ecol Evol 2022; 10. [PMID: 37008716 PMCID: PMC10065570 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.769433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemichordate enteropneust worms regenerate extensively in a manner that resembles the regeneration for which planaria and hydra are well known. Although hemichordates are often classified as an extant phylogenetic group that may hold ancestral deuterostome body plans at the base of the deuterostome evolutionary line leading to chordates, mammals, and humans, extensive regeneration is not known in any of these more advanced groups. Here we investigated whether hemichordates deploy functional homologs of canonical Yamanaka stem cell reprogramming factors, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Klf4, as they regenerate. These reprogramming factors are not expressed during regeneration of limbs, fins, eyes or other structures that represent the best examples of regeneration in chordates. We first examined Ptychodera flava EST libraries and identified Pf-Pou3, Pf-SoxB1, Pf-Msxlx, and Pf-Klf1/2/4 as most closely related to the Yamanaka factors, respectively. In situ hybridization analyses revealed that all these homologs are expressed in a distinct manner during head regeneration. Furthermore, Pf-Pou3 partially rescued the loss of endogenous Oct4 in mouse embryonic stem cells in maintaining the pluripotency gene expression program. Based on these results, we propose that hemichordates may have co-opted these reprogramming factors for their extensive regeneration or that chordates may have lost the ability to mobilize these factors in response to damage. The robustness of these pluripotency gene circuits in the inner cell mass and in formation of induced pluripotent stem cells from mammalian somatic cells shows that these programs are intact in humans and other mammals and that these circuits may respond to as yet unknown gene regulatory signals, mobilizing full regeneration in hemichordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Humphreys
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Keith Weiser
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Asuka Arimoto
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akane Sasaki
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Gene Uenishi
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Brent Fujimoto
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Takeshi Kawashima
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kekoa Taparra
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Janos Molnar
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Marikawa
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Kuni Tagawa
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Correspondence: Kuni Tagawa
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Zhou H, Wang W, Yan S, Zhang J, Wang D, Shen J. JAK/STAT signaling regulates the Harmonia axyridis leg regeneration by coordinating cell proliferation. Dev Biol 2022; 483:98-106. [PMID: 34999052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Harmonia axyridis presents remarkable appendage regeneration capacity and can therefore be considered as an emerging regeneration research model. Amino acid sequences of the Janus kinase Hopscotch (Hahop) and the transcription factor STAT (HaStat), the main components of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, conserved with their homologs in other models. The expression levels of these two genes were continuously up-regulated during the appendage regeneration process. To identify the functions of JAK/STAT signaling, we performed RNAi experiments of Hahop and HaStat in H. axyridis, and found regeneration defects following in HahopRNAi and HaStatRNAi treatments at different regeneration stages. Additionally, we confirmed that regeneration defects caused by the low-level of JAK/STAT activity were due to the inhibition of cell proliferation. The results of the current study suggest that JAK/STAT signaling regulates the entire regeneration process by coordinating cell proliferation of regenerating appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junzheng Zhang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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9
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Boido M, Vercelli A. Genes and miRNAs as Hurdles and Promoters of Corticospinal Tract Regeneration in Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:748911. [PMID: 34722529 PMCID: PMC8554128 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.748911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating lesion to the spinal cord, which determines the interruption of ascending/descending axonal tracts, the loss of supraspinal control of sensory-motor functions below the injured site, and severe autonomic dysfunctions, dramatically impacting the quality of life of the patients. After the acute inflammatory phase, the progressive formation of the astrocytic glial scar characterizes the acute-chronic phase: such scar represents one of the main obstacles to the axonal regeneration that, as known, is very limited in the central nervous system (CNS). Unfortunately, a cure for SCI is still lacking: the current clinical approaches are mainly based on early vertebral column stabilization, anti-inflammatory drug administration, and rehabilitation programs. However, new experimental therapeutic strategies are under investigation, one of which is to stimulate axonal regrowth and bypass the glial scar. One major issue in axonal regrowth consists of the different genetic programs, which characterize axonal development and maturation. Here, we will review the main hurdles that in adulthood limit axonal regeneration after SCI, describing the key genes, transcription factors, and miRNAs involved in these processes (seen their reciprocal influencing action), with particular attention to corticospinal motor neurons located in the sensory-motor cortex and subjected to axotomy in case of SCI. We will highlight the functional complexity of the neural regeneration programs. We will also discuss if specific axon growth programs, that undergo a physiological downregulation during CNS development, could be reactivated after a spinal cord trauma to sustain regrowth, representing a new potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Boido
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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10
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Kyakuno M, Nakamori R, Tazawa I, Uemasu H, Namba N, Tsunekawa N, Noce T, Satoh Y, Takeuchi T, Hayashi T. Photoperiod-independent testicular development in the model newt Pleurodeles waltl. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:277-284. [PMID: 34133763 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Urodele amphibian newts have unique biological properties in male gametogenesis, in addition to their extreme regenerative capacity. Male newts are able to regenerate new testes even after reaching sexual maturity and can possess multiple testes. Notably, these animals maintain primordial germ cell-like cells in a tissue adjacent to the testis. Spermatogenesis proceeds while synchronizing in a region-specific manner in the testis. However, the newt species that have been used most commonly require 2-3 years to achieve sexual maturity, and spermatogenesis in these species shows seasonality. These traits have restricted the use of newts for studies on testicular development and spermatogenesis, and testis development in newts remains poorly characterized. Recently, the Iberian ribbed newt Pleurodeles waltl has been established as an emerging model organism. P. waltl reaches sexual maturity more quick after birth than do other newts and is capable of breeding year-round. Thus, P. waltl is expected to serve as an appealing experimental model for studying the mechanisms of male gametogenesis in the urodeles. In the present study, we use P. waltl to describe the entire developmental process of the newt testis from primordial gonad to maturity. Notably, the mature testes show synchronized progression of spermatogenesis along the anteroposterior axis. Additionally, we demonstrate that the process of spermatogenesis in P. waltl proceeds irrespective of day length. Our results show that P. waltl newts are a suitable model for investigating the process of testicular development. We also expect that these results will be useful for the maintenance of P. waltl bioresources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuki Kyakuno
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Rei Nakamori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tazawa
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Uemasu
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Namba
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Naoki Tsunekawa
- Collage of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Noce
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako City, Japan
| | - Yukio Satoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeuchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hayashi
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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11
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Elchaninov A, Sukhikh G, Fatkhudinov T. Evolution of Regeneration in Animals: A Tangled Story. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.621686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of regenerative capacity in multicellular animals represents one of the most complex and intriguing problems in biology. How could such a seemingly advantageous trait as self-repair become consistently attenuated by the evolution? This review article examines the concept of the origin and nature of regeneration, its connection with the processes of embryonic development and asexual reproduction, as well as with the mechanisms of tissue homeostasis. The article presents a variety of classical and modern hypotheses explaining different trends in the evolution of regenerative capacity which is not always beneficial for the individual and notably for the species. Mechanistically, these trends are driven by the evolution of signaling pathways and progressive restriction of differentiation plasticity with concomitant advances in adaptive immunity. Examples of phylogenetically enhanced regenerative capacity are considered as well, with appropriate evolutionary reasoning for the enhancement and discussion of its molecular mechanisms.
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12
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Zhou H, Ma Z, Wang Z, Yan S, Wang D, Shen J. Hedgehog signaling regulates regenerative patterning and growth in Harmonia axyridis leg. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2185-2197. [PMID: 32909120 PMCID: PMC11071721 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Appendage regeneration has been widely studied in many species. Compared to other animal models, Harmonia axyridis has the advantage of a short life cycle, is easily reared, has strong regeneration capacity and contains systemic RNAi, making it a model organism for research on appendage regeneration. Here, we performed transcriptome analysis, followed by gene functional assays to reveal the molecular mechanism of H. axyridis leg regenerative growth process. Signaling pathways including Decapentaplegic (Dpp), Wingless (Wg), Ds/Ft/Hippo, Notch, Egfr, and Hedgehog (Hh) were all upregulated during the leg regenerative patterning and growth. Among these, Hh and its auxiliary receptor Lrp2 were required for the proper patterning and growth of the regenerative leg. The targets of canonical Hh signaling were required for the regenerative growth which contributes to the leg length, but were not essential for the pattern formation of the regenerative leg. dpp, wg and leg developmental-related genes including rn, dac and Dll were all regulated by hh and lrp2 and may play an essential role in the regenerative patterning of the leg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongzheng Ma
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqi Wang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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13
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Matsunami M, Suzuki M, Haramoto Y, Fukui A, Inoue T, Yamaguchi K, Uchiyama I, Mori K, Tashiro K, Ito Y, Takeuchi T, Suzuki KIT, Agata K, Shigenobu S, Hayashi T. A comprehensive reference transcriptome resource for the Iberian ribbed newt Pleurodeles waltl, an emerging model for developmental and regeneration biology. DNA Res 2019; 26:217-229. [PMID: 31006799 PMCID: PMC6589553 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Urodele newts have unique biological properties, notably including prominent regeneration ability. The Iberian ribbed newt, Pleurodeles waltl, is a promising model amphibian distinguished by ease of breeding and efficient transgenic and genome editing methods. However, limited genetic information is available for P. waltl. We conducted an intensive transcriptome analysis of P. waltl using RNA-sequencing to build and annotate gene models. We generated 1.2 billion Illumina reads from a wide variety of samples across 12 different tissues/organs, unfertilized egg, and embryos at eight different developmental stages. These reads were assembled into 1,395,387 contigs, from which 202,788 non-redundant ORF models were constructed. The set is expected to cover a large fraction of P. waltl protein-coding genes, as confirmed by BUSCO analysis, where 98% of universal single-copy orthologs were identified. Ortholog analyses revealed the gene repertoire evolution of urodele amphibians. Using the gene set as a reference, gene network analysis identified regeneration-, developmental-stage-, and tissue-specific co-expressed gene modules. Our transcriptome resource is expected to enhance future research employing this emerging model animal for regeneration research as well as for investigations in other areas including developmental biology, stem cell biology, and cancer research. These data are available via our portal website, iNewt (http://www.nibb.ac.jp/imori/main/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Matsunami
- Department of Advanced Genomics and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-Cho, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Miyuki Suzuki
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Haramoto
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akimasa Fukui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ikuo Uchiyama
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuki Mori
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Lab. (CBBD-OIL), Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tashiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Gene Technology, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ito
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeuchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi T Suzuki
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Center for the Development of New Model Organisms, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hayashi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
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14
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Chromatin dynamics underlying the precise regeneration of a vertebrate limb - Epigenetic regulation and cellular memory. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 97:16-25. [PMID: 30991117 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing, tissue regeneration, and organ regrowth are all regeneration phenomena observed in vertebrates after an injury. However, the ability to regenerate differs greatly among species. Mammals can undergo wound healing and tissue regeneration, but cannot regenerate an organ; for example, they cannot regrow an amputated limb. In contrast, amphibians and fish have much higher capabilities for organ-level regeneration. In addition to medical studies and those in conventional mammalian models such as mice, studies in amphibians and fish have revealed essential factors for and mechanisms of regeneration, including the regrowth of a limb, tail, or fin. However, the molecular nature of the cellular memory needed to precisely generate a new appendage from an amputation site is not fully understood. Recent reports have indicated that organ regeneration is closely related to epigenetic regulation. For example, the methylation status of genomic DNA is related to the expression of regeneration-related genes, and histone-modification enzymes are required to control the chromatin dynamics for regeneration. A proposed mechanism of cellular memory involving an inheritable system of epigenetic modification led us to hypothesize that epigenetic regulation forms the basis for cellular memory in organ regeneration. Here we summarize the current understanding of the role of epigenetic regulation in organ regeneration and discuss the relationship between organ regeneration and epigenetic memory.
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15
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Yuan J, Gao Y, Sun L, Jin S, Zhang X, Liu C, Li F, Xiang J. Wnt Signaling Pathway Linked to Intestinal Regeneration via Evolutionary Patterns and Gene Expression in the Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Front Genet 2019; 10:112. [PMID: 30838034 PMCID: PMC6390002 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many echinoderms are regenerative species that exhibit exceptional regenerative capacity, and sea cucumber is a representative organism that could regenerate the whole intestine after evisceration. There are many signaling pathways participate in the regeneration process, but it is not clear which is essential for the intestinal regeneration. In this study, we performed genome-wide comprehensive analyses on these regeneration-related signaling pathways, and found the Wnt signaling pathway was one of the most conservative pathways among regenerative species. Additionally, among these signaling pathways, we found that the Wnt signaling pathway was the only one under positive selection in regenerative echinoderms, and the only one enriched by differentially expressed genes during the intestinal regeneration. Thus, it suggests both coding sequence and gene expression of the Wnt signaling pathway have been shaped by natural selection to provide the genetic architecture for intestinal regeneration. Wnt7, Fz7, and Dvl are the three positively selected genes and also happen to be three upstream genes in the Wnt signaling pathway. They are all significantly upregulated at the early stages of regeneration, which may contribute significantly to the early activation of Wnt signaling and the initiation of intestinal regeneration. Expression knockdown of Wnt7 and Dvl by RNA interference significantly inhibit intestinal extension, implying that they are essential for intestinal regeneration. As an important regeneration-related gene, the downstream gene c-Myc is also conserved and highly expressed during the whole regeneration stages, which may make the Wnt/c-Myc signaling to be an important way to promote intestinal regeneration. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that the Wnt signaling pathway is the chosen one to play an important role in intestinal regeneration of sea cucumbers, or even in the regeneration of other echinoderms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology and Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology and Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lina Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology and Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Songjun Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology and Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology and Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengzhang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology and Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology and Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology and Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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16
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Cao PL, Kumagai N, Inoue T, Agata K, Makino T. JmjC Domain-Encoding Genes Are Conserved in Highly Regenerative Metazoans and Are Associated with Planarian Whole-Body Regeneration. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:552-564. [PMID: 30698705 PMCID: PMC6390904 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity for regeneration varies greatly among metazoans, yet little is known about the evolutionary processes leading to such different regeneration abilities. In particular, highly regenerative species such as planarians and cnidarians can regenerate the whole body from an amputated fragment; however, a common molecular basis, if any, among these species remains unclear. Here, we show that genes encoding Jumonji C (JmjC) domain-containing proteins are associated with high regeneration ability. We classified 132 fully sequenced metazoans into two groups with high or low regeneration abilities and identified 118 genes conserved in the high regenerative group that were lost in species in the low regeneration group during evolution. Ninety-six percent of them were JmjC domain-encoding genes. We denoted the candidate genes as high regenerative species-specific JmjC domain-encoding genes (HRJDs). We observed losses of HRJDs in Helobdella robusta, which lost its high regeneration ability during evolution based on phylogenetic analysis. By RNA sequencing analyses, we observed that HRJD orthologs were differentially expressed during regeneration in two Cnidarians, as well as Platyhelminthes and Urochordata, which are highly regenerative species. Furthermore, >50% of the head and tail parts of amputated planarians (Dugesia japonica) died during regeneration after RNA interference of HRJD orthologs. These results indicate that HRJD are strongly associated with a high regeneration ability in metazoans. HRJD paralogs regulate gene expression by histone demethylation; thus, HRJD may be related to epigenetic regulation controlling stem cell renewal and stem cell differentiation during regeneration. We propose that HRJD play a central role in epigenetic regulation during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Lin Cao
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Kumagai
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Makino
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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17
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Yokoyama H, Kudo N, Todate M, Shimada Y, Suzuki M, Tamura K. Skin regeneration of amphibians: A novel model for skin regeneration as adults. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:316-325. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Aomori Japan
| | - Nanako Kudo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Aomori Japan
| | - Momoko Todate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Aomori Japan
| | - Yuri Shimada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Aomori Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Division of Morphogenesis; National Institute for Basic Biology; National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Okazaki Aichi Japan
- Department of Basic Biology; School of Life Science; the Graduate University of Advanced Studies; Hayama Kanagawa Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
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18
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Urata Y, Yamashita W, Inoue T, Agata K. Spatio-temporal neural stem cell behavior leads to both perfect and imperfect structural brain regeneration in adult newts. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio033142. [PMID: 29903864 PMCID: PMC6031346 DOI: 10.1242/bio.033142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult newts can regenerate large parts of their brain from adult neural stem cells (NSCs), but how adult NSCs reorganize brain structures during regeneration remains unclear. In development, elaborate brain structures are produced under broadly coordinated regulations of embryonic NSCs in the neural tube, whereas brain regeneration entails exquisite control of the re-establishment of certain brain parts, suggesting that a yet-unknown mechanism directs NSCs upon partial brain excision. Here we report that upon excision of a quarter of the adult newt (Pleurodeles waltl) mesencephalon, active participation of local NSCs around specific brain subregions' boundaries leads to some imperfect and some perfect brain regeneration along an individual's rostrocaudal axis. Regeneration phenotypes depend on how wound closing occurs using local NSCs, and perfect regeneration replicates development-like processes, but takes more than 1 year. Our findings indicate that newt brain regeneration is supported by modularity of boundary-domain NSCs with self-organizing ability in neighboring fields.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Urata
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamashita
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-0823, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan
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19
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Kha CX, Son PH, Lauper J, Tseng KAS. A model for investigating developmental eye repair in Xenopus laevis. Exp Eye Res 2018; 169:38-47. [PMID: 29357285 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate eye development is complex and requires early interactions between neuroectoderm and surface ectoderm during embryogenesis. In the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, individual eye tissues such as the retina and lens can undergo regeneration. However, it has been reported that removal of either the specified eye field at the neurula stage or the eye during tadpole stage does not induce replacement. Here we describe a model for investigating Xenopus developmental eye repair. We found that tailbud embryos can readily regrow eyes after surgical removal of over 83% of the specified eye and lens tissues. The regrown eye reached a comparable size to the contralateral control by 5 days and overall animal development was normal. It contained the expected complement of eye cell types (including the pigmented epithelium, retina and lens), and is connected to the brain. Our data also demonstrate that apoptosis, an early mechanism that regulates appendage regeneration, is also required for eye regrowth. Treatment with apoptosis inhibitors (M50054 or NS3694) blocked eye regrowth by inhibiting caspase activation. Together, our findings indicate that frog embryos can undergo successful eye repair after considerable tissue loss and reveals a required role for apoptosis in this process. Furthermore, this Xenopus model allows for rapid comparisons of productive eye repair and developmental pathways. It can also facilitate the molecular dissection of signaling mechanisms necessary for initiating repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy X Kha
- School of Life Sciences and Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Box 454004, Las Vegas, NV 89154, United States
| | - Philip H Son
- School of Life Sciences and Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Box 454004, Las Vegas, NV 89154, United States
| | - Julia Lauper
- School of Life Sciences and Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Box 454004, Las Vegas, NV 89154, United States
| | - Kelly Ai-Sun Tseng
- School of Life Sciences and Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Box 454004, Las Vegas, NV 89154, United States.
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20
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Umesono Y. Postembryonic Axis Formation in Planarians. DIVERSITY AND COMMONALITY IN ANIMALS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56609-0_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Hattori M, Miyamoto M, Hosoda K, Umesono Y. Usefulness of multiple chalk-based food colorings for inducing better gene silencing by feeding RNA interference in planarians. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 60:76-81. [PMID: 29266402 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Planarians have become widely recognized as one of the major animal models for regeneration studies in invertebrates. To induce RNA interference (RNAi) by feeding in planarians, the widely accepted protocol is one in which animals undergo two or three feedings of food containing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) plus visible food coloring (e.g., blood) for confirmation of feeding by individual animals. However, one possible problem is that incorporated food coloring is often retained within the gut for several days, which makes it difficult to confirm the success of each round of dsRNA feeding based on the difference of the color density within the gut before and after feeding. As a consequence, the difference of appetite levels among individuals undergoing dsRNA feeding leads to phenotypic variability among them due to insufficient knockdown. In our attempts to overcome this problem, we have developed a novel method for achieving robust confirmation of the success of dsRNA feeding in individuals fed multiple times by means of including a combination of three different colored chalks (pink, yellow and blue) as food coloring. Notably, we found that this method is superior to the conventional method for positively marking individuals that actively consumed the dsRNA-containing food during four times of once-daily feeding. Using these selected animals, we obtained stable and sufficiently strong RNAi-induced phenotypes. We termed this improved multi-colored chalk-spiked method of feeding RNAi "Candi" and propose its benefits for gene function analysis in planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Hattori
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Mai Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Hosoda
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Umesono
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
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Tyler SEB. Nature's Electric Potential: A Systematic Review of the Role of Bioelectricity in Wound Healing and Regenerative Processes in Animals, Humans, and Plants. Front Physiol 2017; 8:627. [PMID: 28928669 PMCID: PMC5591378 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural endogenous voltage gradients not only predict and correlate with growth and development but also drive wound healing and regeneration processes. This review summarizes the existing literature for the nature, sources, and transmission of information-bearing bioelectric signals involved in controlling wound healing and regeneration in animals, humans, and plants. It emerges that some bioelectric characteristics occur ubiquitously in a range of animal and plant species. However, the limits of similarities are probed to give a realistic assessment of future areas to be explored. Major gaps remain in our knowledge of the mechanistic basis for these processes, on which regenerative therapies ultimately depend. In relation to this, it is concluded that the mapping of voltage patterns and the processes generating them is a promising future research focus, to probe three aspects: the role of wound/regeneration currents in relation to morphology; the role of endogenous flux changes in driving wound healing and regeneration; and the mapping of patterns in organisms of extreme longevity, in contrast with the aberrant voltage patterns underlying impaired healing, to inform interventions aimed at restoring them.
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Otsuka-Yamaguchi R, Kawasumi-Kita A, Kudo N, Izutsu Y, Tamura K, Yokoyama H. Cells from subcutaneous tissues contribute to scarless skin regeneration in Xenopus laevis froglets. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:585-597. [PMID: 28618059 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammals cannot regenerate the dermis and other skin structures after an injury and instead form a scar. However, a Xenopus laevis froglet can regenerate scarless skin, including the dermis and secretion glands, on the limbs and trunk after skin excision. Subcutaneous tissues in the limbs and trunk consist mostly of muscles. Although subcutaneous tissues beneath a skin injury appear disorganized, the cellular contribution of these underlying tissues to skin regeneration remains unclear. RESULTS We crossed the inbred J strain with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled transgenic Xenopus line to obtain chimeric froglets that have GFP-negative skin and GFP-labeled subcutaneous tissues and are not affected by immune rejection after metamorphosis. We found that GFP-positive cells from subcutaneous tissues contributed to regenerating the skin, especially the dermis, after an excision injury. We also showed that the skin on the head, which is over bone rather than muscle, can also completely regenerate skin structures. CONCLUSIONS Cells derived from subcutaneous tissues, at least in the trunk region, contribute to and may be essential for skin regeneration. Characterizing the subcutaneous tissue-derived cells that contribute to skin regeneration in amphibians may lead to the induction of cells that can regenerate complete skin structures without scarring in mammals. Developmental Dynamics 246:585-597, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Otsuka-Yamaguchi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Aiko Kawasumi-Kita
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nanako Kudo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yumi Izutsu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
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Yang Q, Li Z, Li H, Li Y, Yang Y, Zhang Q, Liu X. Comparison of Leg Regeneration Potency Between Holometabolous Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Hemimetabolous Locusta migratoria manilensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:1552-1560. [PMID: 28028104 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
After injury many insects could regenerate lost limb. In this study, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen, 1835) were chosen to compare the regeneration potency of holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects. We employed the classical approach of surgical excision to verify the regeneration ability and to investigate the factors that affect the extent of regeneration. The results found that H. armigera could regenerate intact legs when the larval legs were excised at the first and second instar and that legs of adult H. armigera had a close relationship with their larval counterparts. However, the adult legs became malformed or disappeared when excised at other older instars. For the L. migratoria, we found the legs have weak partial regeneration ability when amputation was conducted at the joint of two segments. The regeneration potency might be stronger the more proximal the operation. Regeneration process had a negative impact on the larval development. This is the first report of complete leg regeneration capacity having a strong correlation with the instar but not with the position where amputation occurred for H. armigera, while for the L. migratoria, partial regenerative ability had a close relationship with the position where amputation occurred but not with instars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingpo Yang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Yanrong Li
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Yuhui Yang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (; ; ; ; ; ; )
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Abstract
Newts have the remarkable capability of organ/tissue regeneration, and have been used as a unique experimental model for regenerative biology. The Iberian ribbed newt (Pleurodeles waltl) is suitable as a model animal. We have established methods for artificial insemination and efficient transgenesis using P. waltl newts. In addition to the transgenic technique, development of TALENs enables targeting mutagenesis in the newts. We have reported that TALENs efficiently disrupted targeted genes in newt embryos. In this chapter, we introduce a protocol for TALEN-mediated gene targeting in Iberian ribbed newts.
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Jensen L, Grant JR, Laughinghouse HD, Katz LA. Assessing the effects of a sequestered germline on interdomain lateral gene transfer in Metazoa. Evolution 2016; 70:1322-33. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindy Jensen
- Department of Biological Sciences; Smith College; Northampton Massachusetts 01063
- Current Address: Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
| | - Jessica R. Grant
- Department of Biological Sciences; Smith College; Northampton Massachusetts 01063
| | | | - Laura A. Katz
- Department of Biological Sciences; Smith College; Northampton Massachusetts 01063
- Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; University of Massachusetts; Amherst Massachusetts 01003
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Tsutsumi R, Yamada S, Agata K. Functional joint regeneration is achieved using reintegration mechanism in Xenopus laevis. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2016; 3:26-38. [PMID: 27499877 PMCID: PMC4857750 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A functional joint requires integration of multiple tissues: the apposing skeletal elements should form an interlocking structure, and muscles should insert into skeletal tissues via tendons across the joint. Whereas newts can regenerate functional joints after amputation, Xenopus laevis regenerates a cartilaginous rod without joints, a "spike." Previously we reported that the reintegration mechanism between the remaining and regenerated tissues has a significant effect on regenerating joint morphogenesis during elbow joint regeneration in newt. Based on this insight into the importance of reintegration, we amputated frogs' limbs at the elbow joint and found that frogs could regenerate a functional elbow joint between the remaining tissues and regenerated spike. During regeneration, the regenerating cartilage was partially connected to the remaining articular cartilage to reform the interlocking structure of the elbow joint at the proximal end of the spike. Furthermore, the muscles of the remaining part inserted into the regenerated spike cartilage via tendons. This study might open up an avenue for analyzing molecular and cellular mechanisms of joint regeneration using Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio Tsutsumi
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan; Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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Regeneration: Lessons from the Lizard. INNOVATIONS IN MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND TISSUE ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-44996-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kawasumi-Kita A, Hayashi T, Kobayashi T, Nagayama C, Hayashi S, Kamei Y, Morishita Y, Takeuchi T, Tamura K, Yokoyama H. Application of local gene induction by infrared laser-mediated microscope and temperature stimulator to amphibian regeneration study. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:601-13. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Kawasumi-Kita
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry; RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Toshinori Hayashi
- School of Life Science; Faculty of Medicine; Tottori University; Yonago Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Chikashi Nagayama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Shinichi Hayashi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility; National Institute for Basic Biology; Myodaiji Okazaki Aichi 445-8585 Japan
- Department of Basic Biology in the School of Life Science of the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI); Okazaki Aichi 445-8585 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Morishita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry; RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Takashi Takeuchi
- School of Life Science; Faculty of Medicine; Tottori University; Yonago Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Aomori 036-8561 Japan
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Hayashi S, Yokoyama H, Tamura K. Roles of Hippo signaling pathway in size control of organ regeneration. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:341-51. [PMID: 25867864 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Animals have an intrinsic regeneration ability for injured tissues and organs. Species that have high regeneration ability such as newts can regenerate an organ with exactly the same size and shape as those of the original one. It has been unclear how a regenerating organ grows and ceases growth at an appropriate size. Organ size control in regeneration is seen in various organs of various species that have high regeneration ability. In animal species that do not have sufficient regeneration ability, a wound heals (the injury is closed, but lost parts are not regenerated), but an organ cannot be restored to its original size. On the other hand, perturbation of regeneration sometimes results in oversized or extra structures. In this sense, organ size control plays essential roles in proper regeneration. In this article, we introduce the concept of size control in organ regeneration regulated by the Hippo signaling pathway. We focused on the transcriptional regulator Yap, which shuttles between the nuclei and cytoplasm to exert a regulatory function in a context-dependent manner. The Yap-mediated Hippo pathway is thought to sense cell density, extracellular matrix (ECM) contact and cell position and to regulate gene expression for control of organ size. This mechanism can reasonably explain size control of organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hayashi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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31
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Tsutsumi R, Inoue T, Yamada S, Agata K. Reintegration of the regenerated and the remaining tissues during joint regeneration in the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:26-36. [PMID: 27499865 PMCID: PMC4895332 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Urodele amphibians, such as newts, can regenerate a functional limb, including joints, after amputation at any level along the proximal−distal axis of the limb. The blastema can regenerate the limb morphology largely independently of the stump after proximal−distal identity has been established, but the remaining and regenerated tissues must be structurally reintegrated (matched in size and shape). Here we used newt joint regeneration as a model to investigate reintegration, because a functionally interlocking joint requires structural integration between its opposing skeletal elements. After forelimbs were amputated at the elbow joint, the joint was regenerated between the remaining and regenerated skeletal elements. The regenerated cartilage was thick around the amputated joint to make a reciprocally interlocking joint structure with the remaining bone. Furthermore, during regeneration, the extracellular matrix of the remaining tissues was lost, suggesting that the remaining tissues might contribute to the morphogenesis of regenerating cartilage. Our results showed that the area of the regenerated cartilage matched the area of the apposed remaining cartilage, thus contributing to formation of a functional structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio Tsutsumi
- Department of Biophysics Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Biophysics Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan; Congenital Anomaly Research Center Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Biophysics Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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32
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Hayashi T, Takeuchi T. Gene manipulation for regenerative studies using the Iberian ribbed newt, Pleurodeles waltl. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1290:297-305. [PMID: 25740495 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2495-0_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Newts provide a unique model animal for regenerative studies. An experimental model system for molecular genetics in newts is needed in order to clarify the mechanisms of regeneration from the perspective of gene functions. We have identified that Iberian ribbed newt (Pleurodeles waltl) is a suitable model animal for such studies. Here we describe protocols for gene manipulation using Pleurodeles waltl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Hayashi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, 683-8503, Tottori, Japan,
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Hamada Y, Bando T, Nakamura T, Ishimaru Y, Mito T, Noji S, Tomioka K, Ohuchi H. Regenerated leg segment patterns are regulated epigenetically by histone H3K27 methylation in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Development 2015; 142:2916-27. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.122598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hemimetabolous insects such as the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus regenerate lost tissue parts using blastemal cells, which is a population of dedifferentiated-proliferating cells. The gene expression of several epigenetic factors is upregulated in the blastema compared with the expression in differentiated tissue, suggesting that epigenetic changes in gene expression may control the differentiation status of blastema cells during regeneration. To clarify the molecular basis of epigenetic regulation during regeneration, we focused on the function of the Gryllus Enhancer of zeste (Gb’E(z)) and Ubiquitously-transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat gene on the X chromosome (Gb’Utx) homologues that regulate the methylation and demethylation on histone H3 27th lysine residue (H3K27), respectively. Methylated histone H3K27 in the regenerating leg was diminished by Gb’E(z)RNAi and was increased by Gb’UtxRNAi. Regenerated Gb’E(z)RNAi cricket legs exhibited extra leg segment formation between the tibia and tarsus, and regenerated Gb’UtxRNAi cricket legs showed leg joint formation defects in the tarsus. In the Gb’E(z)RNAi-regenerating leg, the Gb’dac expression domain expanded in the tarsus. In contrast, in the Gb’UtxRNAi-regenerating leg, Gb’Egfr expression in the middle of the tarsus was diminished. These results suggest that regulation of the histone H3K27 methylation state is involved in the repatterning process during leg regeneration among cricket species via the epigenetic regulation of leg patterning gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Hamada
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Bando
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Taro Nakamura
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8506, Japan
- Present address; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University,16 Divinity Avenue, BioLabs 4111, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yoshiyasu Ishimaru
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Taro Mito
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Sumihare Noji
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Kenji Tomioka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hideyo Ohuchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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Schaible R, Sussman M, Kramer BH. Aging and potential for self-renewal: hydra living in the age of aging - a mini-review. Gerontology 2014; 60:548-56. [PMID: 25012456 DOI: 10.1159/000360397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydra present an interesting deviation from typical life histories: they have an extensive capacity to regenerate and self-renew and seem to defy the aging process. Hydra have the ability to decouple the aging process from their life history and therefore provide us with a unique opportunity to gain insight into the aging process not only for basal hydrozoans but also for other species across the tree of life. We argue that under steady feeding and asexual reproduction Hydra species are able to escape aging as a result of high levels of cell proliferation and regenerative ability. We further highlight cellular processes for stem cell maintenance, such as the telomere dynamic, which prevent the accumulation of damage and protect against diseases and pathogens that mediate this condition. In addition, we discuss the causes of aging in other Hydra species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Schaible
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
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35
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Borrell V, Calegari F. Mechanisms of brain evolution: regulation of neural progenitor cell diversity and cell cycle length. Neurosci Res 2014; 86:14-24. [PMID: 24786671 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, several studies have revisited long-held assumptions in the field of brain development and evolution providing us with a fundamentally new vision on the mechanisms controlling its size and shape, hence function. Among these studies, some described hitherto unforeseeable subtypes of neural progenitors while others reinterpreted long-known observations about their cell cycle in alternative new ways. Most remarkably, this knowledge combined has allowed the generation of mammalian model organisms in which brain size and folding has been selectively increased giving us the means to understand the mechanisms underlying the evolution of the most complex and sophisticated organ. Here we review the key findings made in this area and make a few conjectures about their evolutionary meaning including the likelihood of Martians conquering our planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante 03550, Spain.
| | - Federico Calegari
- CRTD - DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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36
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Abstract
Epigenetic interventions are required to induce reprogramming from one cell type to another. At present, various cellular reprogramming methods such as somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, and direct reprogramming using transcription factors have been reported. In particular, direct reprogramming from somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has been achieved using defined factors that play important epigenetic roles. Although the mechanisms underlying cellular reprogramming and vertebrate regeneration, including appendage regeneration, remain unknown, dedifferentiation occurs at an early phase in both the events, and both events are contrasting with regard to cell death. We compared the current status of changes in cell fate of iPSCs with that of vertebrate regeneration and suggested that substantial insights into vertebrate regeneration should be helpful for safe applications of iPSCs to medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Gojo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto, Japan
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37
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Diogo R, Nacu E, Tanaka E. Is Salamander Limb Regeneration Really Perfect? Anatomical and Morphogenetic Analysis of Forelimb Muscle Regeneration in GFP-Transgenic Axolotls as a Basis for Regenerative, Developmental, and Evolutionary Studies. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1076-89. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC
| | - E. Nacu
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden; 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - E.M. Tanaka
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden; 01307 Dresden Germany
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38
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Yap1, transcription regulator in the Hippo signaling pathway, is required for Xenopus limb bud regeneration. Dev Biol 2014; 388:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Hayashi T, Sakamoto K, Sakuma T, Yokotani N, Inoue T, Kawaguchi E, Agata K, Yamamoto T, Takeuchi T. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases efficiently disrupt the target gene in Iberian ribbed newts (Pleurodeles waltl), an experimental model animal for regeneration. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 56:115-21. [PMID: 24329771 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of a lost tissue in an animal is an important issue. Although regenerative studies have a history of research spanning more than a century, the gene functions underlying regulation of the regeneration are mostly unclear. Analysis of knockout animals is a very powerful tool with which to elucidate gene function. Recently, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) have been developed as an effective technique for genome editing. This technique enables gene targeting in amphibians such as newts that were previously impossible. Here we show that newts microinjected with TALEN mRNAs designed for targeting the tyrosinase gene in single-cell stage embryos revealed an albino phenotype. Sequence analysis revealed that the tyrosinase genes were effectively disrupted in these albino newts. Moreover, precise genome alteration was achieved using TALENs and single strand oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Our results suggest that TALENs are powerful tools for genome editing for regenerative research in newts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Hayashi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, School of Life Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
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Diogo R, Murawala P, Tanaka EM. Is salamander hindlimb regeneration similar to that of the forelimb? Anatomical and morphogenetic analysis of hindlimb muscle regeneration in GFP-transgenic axolotls as a basis for regenerative and developmental studies. J Anat 2013; 224:459-68. [PMID: 24325444 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum is one of the most used model organisms in developmental and regenerative studies because it is commonly said that it can reconstitute a normal and fully functional forelimb/hindlimb after amputation. However, there is not a publication that has described in detail the regeneration of the axolotl hindlimb muscles. Here we describe and illustrate, for the first time, the regeneration of the thigh, leg and foot muscles in transgenic axolotls that express green fluorescent protein in muscle fibers and compare our results with data obtained by us and by other authors about axolotl forelimb regeneration and about fore- and hindlimb ontogeny in axolotls, frogs and other tetrapods. Our observations and comparisons point out that: (1) there are no muscle anomalies in any regenerated axolotl hindlimbs, in clear contrast to our previous study of axolotl forelimb regeneration, where we found muscle anomalies in 43% of the regenerated forelimbs; (2) during axolotl hindlimb regeneration there is a proximo-distal and a tibio-fibular morphogenetic gradient in the order of muscle regeneration and differentiation, but not a ventro-dorsal gradient, whereas our previous studies showed that in axolotl forelimb muscle regeneration there are proximo-distal, radio-ulnar and ventro-dorsal morphogenetic gradients. We discuss the broader implications of these observations for regenerative, evolutionary, developmental and morphogenetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Diogo R, Ziermann JM. Development of fore- and hindlimb muscles in frogs: Morphogenesis, homeotic transformations, digit reduction, and the forelimb-hindlimb enigma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2013; 322:86-105. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington District of Columbia
| | - Janine M. Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington District of Columbia
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Umesono Y, Tasaki J, Nishimura Y, Hrouda M, Kawaguchi E, Yazawa S, Nishimura O, Hosoda K, Inoue T, Agata K. The molecular logic for planarian regeneration along the anterior–posterior axis. Nature 2013; 500:73-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bando T, Ishimaru Y, Kida T, Hamada Y, Matsuoka Y, Nakamura T, Ohuchi H, Noji S, Mito T. Analysis of RNA-Seq data reveals involvement of JAK/STAT signalling during leg regeneration in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Development 2013; 140:959-64. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.084590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, missing distal parts of the amputated leg are regenerated from the blastema, a population of dedifferentiated proliferating cells that forms at the distal tip of the leg stump. To identify molecules involved in blastema formation, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed between regenerating and normal unamputated legs. Components of JAK/STAT signalling were upregulated more than twofold in regenerating legs. To verify their involvement, Gryllus homologues of the interleukin receptor Domeless (Gb’dome), the Janus kinase Hopscotch (Gb’hop) and the transcription factor STAT (Gb’Stat) were cloned, and RNAi was performed against these genes. Gb’domeRNAi, Gb’hopRNAi and Gb’StatRNAi crickets showed defects in leg regeneration. Blastema expression of Gb’cyclinE was decreased in the Gb’StatRNAi cricket compared with that in the control. Hyperproliferation of blastema cells caused by Gb’fatRNAi or Gb’wartsRNAi was suppressed by RNAi against Gb’Stat. The results suggest that JAK/STAT signalling regulates blastema cell proliferation during leg regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Bando
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Ishimaru
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takuro Kida
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Hamada
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsuoka
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Taro Nakamura
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Hideyo Ohuchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Sumihare Noji
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Taro Mito
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8506, Japan
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Hayashi T, Yokotani N, Tane S, Matsumoto A, Myouga A, Okamoto M, Takeuchi T. Molecular genetic system for regenerative studies using newts. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:229-36. [PMID: 23305125 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Urodele newts have the remarkable capability of organ regeneration, and have been used as a unique experimental model for more than a century. However, the mechanisms underlying regulation of the regeneration are not well understood, and gene functions in particular remain largely unknown. To elucidate gene function in regeneration, molecular genetic analyses are very powerful. In particular, it is important to establish transgenic or knockout (mutant) lines, and systematically cross these lines to study the functions of the genes. In fact, such systems have been developed for other vertebrate models. However, there is currently no experimental model system using molecular genetics for newt regenerative research due to difficulties with respect to breeding newts in the laboratory. Here, we show that the Iberian ribbed newt (Pleurodeles waltl) has outstanding properties as a laboratory newt. We developed conditions under which we can obtain a sufficient number and quality of eggs throughout the year, and shortened the period required for sexual maturation from 18 months to 6 months. In addition, P. waltl newts are known for their ability, like other newts, to regenerate various tissues. We revealed that their ability to regenerate various organs is equivalent to that of Japanese common newts. We also developed a method for efficient transgenesis. These studies demonstrate that P. waltl newts are a suitable model animal for analysis of regeneration using molecular genetics. Establishment of this experimental model will enable us to perform comparable studies using these newts and other vertebrate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Hayashi
- School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan
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The "Stars and Stripes" Metaphor for Animal Regeneration-Elucidating Two Fundamental Strategies along a Continuum. Cells 2012; 2:1-18. [PMID: 24709641 PMCID: PMC3972663 DOI: 10.3390/cells2010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of challenges have hindered the development of a unified theory for metazoan regeneration. To describe the full range of complex regeneration phenomena in Animalia, we suggest that metazoans that regenerate missing body parts exhibit biological attributes that are tailored along a morpho-spatial regeneration continuum, illustrated in its polar scenarios by the USA “stars and stripes” flag. Type 1 organisms (“T1, ‘stars’”) are typical colonial organisms (but contain unitary taxa) that are able to regenerate “whole new stars”, namely, whole bodies and colonial modules, through systemic induction and sometimes multiple regeneration foci (hollow regeneration spheres, resembling the blastula) that compete for dominance. They regenerate soma and germ constituents with pluripotent adult stem cells and exhibit somatic-embryogenesis mode of ontogeny. Type 2 organisms (“T2, ‘stripes’”) are capable of limited regeneration of somatic constituents via fate-restricted stem cells, and regenerate through centralized inductions that lead to a single regeneration front. T2 organisms are unitary and use preformistic mode of ontogeny. T1 and T2 organisms also differ in interpretation of what constitutes positional information. T2 organisms also execute alternative, less effective, regeneration designs (i.e., scar formation). We assigned 15 characteristics that distinguish between T1/T2 strategies: those involving specific regeneration features and those operating on biological features at the whole-organism level. Two model organisms are discussed, representing the two strategies of T1/T2 along the regeneration continuum, the Botrylloides whole body regeneration (T1) and the mouse digit-tip regeneration (T2) phenomena. The above working hypothesis also postulates that regeneration is a primeval attribute of metazoans. As specified, the “stars and stripes” paradigm allows various combinations of the biological features assigned to T1 and T2 regeneration strategies. It does not consider any concentration gradient or thresholds and does not refer to the “epimorphosis” and “morphallaxis” terms, regeneration types across phyla or across body plans. The “stars and stripes” paradigm also ignores, at this stage of analysis, cases of regeneration loss that may obscure biological trajectories. The main advantage of the “stars and stripes” paradigm is that it allows us to compare T1/T2 regeneration, as well as other modes of regeneration, through critical determining characteristics.
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Diogo R, Tanaka EM. Anatomy of the pectoral and forelimb muscles of wildtype and green fluorescent protein-transgenic axolotls and comparison with other tetrapods including humans: a basis for regenerative, evolutionary and developmental studies. J Anat 2012; 221:622-35. [PMID: 22957800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum is one of the most used model organisms in evolutionary, developmental and regenerative studies, particularly because it can reconstitute a fully functional and complete forelimb/hindlimb. Surprisingly, there is no publication that describes all the pectoral and forelimb muscles of this species or provides a comparative framework between these muscles and those of other model organisms and of modern humans. In the present paper we describe and illustrate all these muscles in A. mexicanum and provide the first report about the myology of adults of a model organism that is based on analyses and dissections of both wildtype animals and transgenic animals that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in muscle fibers. On the one hand, the inclusion of GFP-transgenic animals allows us to show the muscles as more commonly seen, and thus easier to understand, by current developmental and regenerative biologists. On the other hand, by including wildtype and GFP-transgenic animals and by visualizing these latter animals with and without a simultaneous transmission laser light, we were able to obtain a more complete and clearer understanding of the exact limit of the fleshy and tendinous parts of the muscles and their specific connections with the skeletal elements. This in turn allowed us to settle some controversies in previous anatomical and comparative studies. As most developmental, regenerative and evolutionary biologists are interested in comparing their observations of A. mexicanum with observations in other model organisms, and ultimately in using this information to increase the understanding of human evolution and medicine, we also provide tables showing the homologies between the pectoral and forelimb muscles of axolotls, of model organisms such as mice, frogs and chicken, and of Homo sapiens. An example illustrating the outcomes of using our methodology and of our observations is that they revealed that, contrary to what is often stated in the literature, A. mexicanum has a muscle coracoradialis that has both a well developed proximal fleshy belly and a distal long and thin tendon, supporting the idea that this muscle very likely corresponds to at least part of the amniote biceps brachii. Our observations also: (i) confirmed that the flexores digitorum minimi, interphalangeus digiti 3, pronator quadratus and palmaris profundus 1 are present as distinct muscles in A. mexicanum, supporting the idea that the latter muscle does not correspond to the pronator accessorius of reptiles; (ii) confirmed that the so-called extensor antebrachii radialis is present as a distinct muscle in this species and, importantly, indicated that this muscle corresponds to the supinator of other tetrapods; (iii) showed that, contrary to some other urodeles, including some other Ambystoma species, there is no distinct muscle epitrochleoanconeus in A. mexicanum and; (iv) showed that the ulnar and radial bundles of the abductor et extensor digiti 1 correspond to the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis longus of other tetrapods, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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Inoue T, Inoue R, Tsutsumi R, Tada K, Urata Y, Michibayashi C, Takemura S, Agata K. Lens regenerates by means of similar processes and timeline in adults and larvae of the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1575-83. [PMID: 22930574 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely accepted that juvenile animals can regenerate faster than adults. For example, in the case of lens regeneration of the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster, larvae and adults require approximately 30 and 80 days for completion of lens regeneration, respectively. However, when we carefully observed lens regeneration in C. pyrrhogaster at the cellular level using molecular markers in the present study, we found that lens regeneration during the larval stage proceeded at similar speed and by means of similar steps to those in adults. RESULTS We could not find any drastic difference between regeneration at these two stages, except that the size of the eyes was very different. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggested that larvae could regenerate a lens of the original size within a shorter time than adults because the larval lens was smaller than the adult lens, but the speed of regeneration was not faster in larvae. In addition, by repeatedly observing the regeneration in one individual transgenic newt that expressed fluorescence specifically in lens fiber cells in vivo and comparing the regeneration process at the embryonic, larval, and postmetamorphosis stages, we confirmed that the regeneration speed was the same at each of these stages in the same individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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