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Li X, Chen G, Wu K, Zheng H, Tian Z, Xu Z, Zhao W, Weng J, Min Y. Imaging and monitoring of granzyme B in the immune response. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1928. [PMID: 37715320 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in tumor immunotherapy that uses the human immune response to kill and remove tumor cells. However, overreactive immune response could lead to various autoimmune diseases and acute rejection. Accurate and specific monitoring of immune responses in these processes could help select appropriate therapies and regimens for the patient and could reduce the risk of side effects. Granzyme B (GzmB) is an ideal biomarker for immune response, and its peptide substrate could be coupled with fluorescent dyes or contrast agents for the synthesis of imaging probes activated by GzmB. These small molecules and nanoprobes based on PET, bioluminescence imaging, or fluorescence imaging have proved to be highly GzmB specific and accuracy. This review summarizes the design of different GzmB-responsive imaging probes and their applications in monitoring of tumor immunotherapy and overreactive immune response. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxia Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guiyuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kecheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haocheng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zuotong Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ze Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jianping Weng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanzeng Min
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Yong Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Jian He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Liping Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
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Ibraheem ZO, Majid RA, Sidek HM, Noor SM, Yam MF, Abd Rachman Isnadi MF, Basir R. In Vitro Antiplasmodium and Chloroquine Resistance Reversal Effects of Andrographolide. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:7967980. [PMID: 31915453 PMCID: PMC6930765 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7967980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum is the worst catastrophe that has ever confronted the dedicated efforts to eradicate malaria. This urged for searching other alternatives or sensitizers that reverse chloroquine resistance. In this experiment, the potential of andrographolide to inhibit plasmodial growth and reverse CQ resistance was tested in vitro using the SYBRE green-1-based drug sensitivity assay and isobologram technique, respectively. Its safety level toward mammalian cells was screened as well against Vero cells and RBCs using MTT-based drug sensitivity and RBC hemolysis assays, respectively. Its effect against hemozoin formation was screened using β-hematin formation and heme fractionation assays. Its molecular characters were determined using the conventional tests for the antioxidant effect measurement and the in silico molecular characterization using the online free chemi-informatic Molinspiration software. Results showed that andrographolide has a moderate antiplasmodium effect that does not entitle it to be a substituent for chloroquine. Furthermore, andrographolide ameliorated the sensitivity of the parasite to chloroquine. Besides, it showed an indirect inhibitory effect against hemozoin formation within the parasite and augmented the chloroquine-induced inhibition of hemozoin formation. The study suggests that its chloroquine resistance reversal effect may be due to inhibition of chloroquine accumulation or due to its impact on the biological activity of the parasite. Overall, this in vitro study is a clue for the reliability of andrographolide to be added with chloroquine for reversal of chloroquine resistance and tolerance, but further in vivo studies are recommended to confirm this notion. In spite of its prominent and safe in vitro and in vivo growth inhibitory effect and its in vitro chloroquine resistance reversing effect, it is inapplicable to implement it in malaria chemotherapy to substitute chloroquine or to reverse its resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid O. Ibraheem
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Al Rafidain University College, Al Mustansyria, Baghdad, Iraq
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Roslaini Abd Majid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hasidah Mohd Sidek
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sabariah Md Noor
- Department of Hemeatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mun Fei Yam
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Faruq Abd Rachman Isnadi
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rusliza Basir
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Galassi C, Manic G, Musella M, Sistigu A, Vitale I. Assessment of IFN-γ and granzyme-B production by in "sitro" technology. Methods Enzymol 2019; 631:391-414. [PMID: 31948559 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor neantigens (TNAs) and tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are crucial triggers of anticancer immune responses. Through major histocompatibility complex, such antigens activate T cells, which, by releasing interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and granzyme B (GRZB), act as crucial effectors against tumor onset and progression. However, in response to immune pressure, cancer cells use different strategies to favor the establishment of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Elucidating the dynamics of tumor-host co-evolution provides novel opportunities for personalized cancer immunotherapies. The in sitro (in vitro+in situ) technology is an experimental approach involving the preparation of heterocellular cell suspensions from fresh tumors and their use in vitro. The in sitro experimental setup offers the possibility to (1) analyze immune-related parameters (e.g., quantification of cytokines released in the TME), (2) reveal the mechanism of action of drugs, and (3) unveil crucial cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic processes boosting anticancer immune responses. Nonetheless, the in sitro technology does not fully recapitulate the complexity of the tissue "in situ" nor models the patterns of infiltrating immune cell localization, and hence parallel experimentation should be scheduled. In this chapter we discuss in sitro technology to analyze and quantify IFN-γ and GRZB production by T cells either co-cultured with cancer cells in the presence of exogenous adjuvant stimuli (i.e., an antibody targeting the immune checkpoint programmed cell death protein 1, and recombinant calreticulin) and boosting with TAAs (i.e., the model SIINFEKL ovalbumin antigen). Specifically, we describe IFN-γ and GRZB quantification by flow cytometry, ELISA and ELISpot technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Galassi
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gwenola Manic
- Unit of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Musella
- Unit of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Sistigu
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Unit of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ilio Vitale
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Turin, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.
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Turner CT, Lim D, Granville DJ. Granzyme B in skin inflammation and disease. Matrix Biol 2019; 75-76:126-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
Cancer is a disease characterized by a very little apoptosis, ie, genetically programmed cell death. Aberrations in apoptotic pathways are central to tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and overall tumor growth and regression in response to chemotherapy. It is now increasingly accepted that chemotherapeutic drug efficacy is partially related to its ability to induce apoptosis. Apoptosis, therefore, represents not only a vital target in cancer therapy but also a unique biomarker opportunity that has thus far been largely unexploited. In response to therapy, tumor cells undergo apoptosis and release their cellular components in the circulation. As such, these materials may serve as biomarkers to assess response. Apoptosis markers in breast cancer include circulating soluble FasL, granzyme B, and cytochrome c that increase following chemotherapy. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of information in the literature with respect to this approach. As such, large-scale prospective studies are clearly needed to validate this approach and more fully elucidate clinical usefulness.
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Van Damme P, Plasman K, Vandemoortele G, Jonckheere V, Maurer-Stroh S, Gevaert K. Importance of extended protease substrate recognition motifs in steering BNIP-2 cleavage by human and mouse granzymes B. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 15:21. [PMID: 25208769 PMCID: PMC4169252 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-15-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Previous screening of the substrate repertoires and substrate specificity profiles of granzymes resulted in long substrate lists highly likely containing bystander substrates. Here, a recently developed degradomics technology that allows distinguishing efficiently from less efficiently cleaved substrates was applied to study the degradome of mouse granzyme B (mGrB). Results In vitro kinetic degradome analysis resulted in the identification of 37 mGrB cleavage events, 9 of which could be assigned as efficiently targeted ones. Previously, cleavage at the IEAD75 tetrapeptide motif of Bid was shown to be efficiently and exclusively targeted by human granzyme B (hGrB) and thus not by mGrB. Strikingly, and despite holding an identical P4-P1 human Bid (hBid) cleavage motif, mGrB was shown to efficiently cleave the BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 2 or BNIP-2 at IEAD28. Like Bid, BNIP-2 represents a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein family member and a potential regulator of GrB induced cell death. Next, in vitro analyses demonstrated the increased efficiency of human and mouse BNIP-2 cleavage by mGrB as compared to hGrB indicative for differing Bid/BNIP-2 substrate traits beyond the P4-P1 IEAD cleavage motif influencing cleavage efficiency. Murinisation of differential primed site residues in hBNIP-2 revealed that, although all contributing, a single mutation at the P3′ position was found to significantly increase the mGrB/hGrB cleavage ratio, whereas mutating the P1′ position from I29 > T yielded a 4-fold increase in mGrB cleavage efficiency. Finally, mutagenesis analyses revealed the composite BNIP-2 precursor patterns to be the result of alternative translation initiation at near-cognate start sites within the 5′ leader sequence (5′UTR) of BNIP-2. Conclusions Despite their high sequence similarity, and previously explained by their distinct tetrapeptide specificities observed, the substrate repertoires of mouse and human granzymes B only partially overlap. Here, we show that the substrate sequence context beyond the P4-P1 positions can influence orthologous granzyme B cleavage efficiencies to an unmatched extent. More specifically, in BNIP-2, the identical and hGrB optimal IEAD tetrapeptide substrate motif is targeted highly efficiently by mGrB, while this tetrapeptide motif is refractory towards mGrB cleavage in Bid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Van Damme
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, A, Baertsoenkaai 3, B9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Immunological control of herpes simplex virus infections. J Neurovirol 2013; 19:328-45. [PMID: 23943467 PMCID: PMC3758505 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is capable of causing a latent infection in sensory neurons that lasts for the lifetime of the host. The primary infection is resolved following the induction of the innate immune response that controls replication of the virus until the adaptive immune response can clear the active infection. HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cells survey the ganglionic regions containing latently infected neurons and participate in preventing reactivation of HSV from latency. The long-term residence and migration dynamics of the T cells in the trigeminal ganglia appear to distinguish them from the traditional memory T cell subsets. Recently described tissue resident memory (TRM) T cells establish residence and survive for long periods in peripheral tissue compartments following antigen exposure. This review focuses on the immune system response to HSV-1 infection. Particular emphasis is placed on the evidence pointing to the HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cells in the trigeminal belonging to the TRM class of memory T cells and the role of TRM cells in virus infection, pathogenesis, latency, and disease.
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Suppression of granzyme B activity and caspase-3 activation in leukaemia cells constitutively expressing the protease inhibitor 9. Ann Hematol 2013; 92:1603-9. [PMID: 23892923 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune surveillance against malignant cells is mediated by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and NK-cells (CTL/NK) that induce apoptosis through the granzyme-B-dependent pathway. The serine protease inhibitor serpinB9/protease inhibitor-9 (PI-9) is a known inhibitor of granzyme B. Ectopic expression of PI-9 in tumour cells has been reported. However, the impact of PI-9 on granzyme-B-induced apoptosis in tumour cells remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of constitutive PI-9 expression in leukaemia cell lines on the activity of granzyme B and apoptosis induction. PI-9 negative (lymphoblastic Jurkat cells; myeloblastic U937 cells) and PI-9-expressing cell lines (myeloblastic K562 cells, EBV-transformed LCL-1 and LCL-2 B-cells, lymphoblastic Daudi cells, AML-R cells f leukaemia and the U937 subclone U937PI-9(+)). For accurate granzyme B activity determination a quantitative substrate (Ac-IEPD-pNA) cleavage assay was established and caspase-3 activation measured for apoptosis assessment. Cells were treated with a cytotoxic granule isolate that has previously been shown to induce apoptosis through granzyme B signalling. We found a robust correlation between constitutive PI-9 expression levels and the suppression of granzyme B activity. Further, inhibition of granzyme B translated into reduced caspase-3 activation. We conclude, suppression of granzyme B initiated apoptosis in PI-9-expressing cells could contribute to immune evasion and the measurement of granzyme B activity with our assay might be a useful predictive marker in immune-therapeutic approaches against cancer.
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Improving the Therapeutic Potential of Human Granzyme B for Targeted Cancer Therapy. Antibodies (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/antib2010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Losasso V, Schiffer S, Barth S, Carloni P. Design of human granzyme B variants resistant to serpin B9. Proteins 2012; 80:2514-22. [PMID: 22733450 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human granzyme B (hGB) is a serine protease involved in immune-mediated apoptosis. Its cytotoxicity makes it potentially applicable in cancer therapy. However, the effectiveness of hGB can be hampered by the cytosolic expression of a natural protein inhibitor, human Serpin B9 (hSB9). Here, we used computational approaches to identify hGB mutations that can affect its binding to hSB9 without significantly decreasing its catalytic efficiency. Alanine-scanning calculations allowed us to identify residues of hGB important for the interaction with hSB9. Some variants were selected, and molecular dynamic simulations on the mutated hGB in complex with hSB9 in aqueous solution were carried out to investigate the effect of these variants on the stability of the complex. The R28K, R201A, and R201K mutants significantly destabilized the interaction of the protein with hSB9. Consistently, all of these variants also retained their activity in the presence of the Serpin B9 inhibitor in subsequent in vitro assays of wild-type and mutated hGB. In particular, the activity of R201K hGB with and without Serpin B9 is very similar to that of the wild-type protein. Hence, R201K hGB emerges as a promising species for antitumoral therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Losasso
- Computational Biophysics, German Research School for Simulation Sciences, Jülich D-52425, Germany
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Sharron M, Hoptay CE, Wiles AA, Garvin LM, Geha M, Benton AS, Nagaraju K, Freishtat RJ. Platelets induce apoptosis during sepsis in a contact-dependent manner that is inhibited by GPIIb/IIIa blockade. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41549. [PMID: 22844498 PMCID: PMC3406039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose End-organ apoptosis is well-described in progressive sepsis and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS), especially where platelets accumulate (e.g. spleen and lung). We previously reported an acute sepsis-induced cytotoxic platelet phenotype expressing serine protease granzyme B. We now aim to define the site(s) of and mechanism(s) by which platelet granzyme B induces end-organ apoptosis in sepsis. Methods End-organ apoptosis in murine sepsis (i.e. polymicrobial peritonitis) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Platelet cytotoxicity was measured by flow cytometry following 90 minute ex vivo co-incubation with healthy murine splenocytes. Sepsis progression was measured via validated preclinical murine sepsis score. Measurements and Main Results There was evident apoptosis in spleen, lung, and kidney sections from septic wild type mice. In contrast, there was a lack of TUNEL staining in spleens and lungs from septic granzyme B null mice and these mice survived longer following induction of sepsis than wild type mice. In co-incubation experiments, physical separation of septic platelets from splenocytes by a semi-permeable membrane reduced splenocyte apoptosis to a rate indistinguishable from negative controls. Chemical separation by the platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor eptifibatide decreased apoptosis by 66.6±10.6% (p = 0.008). Mice treated with eptifibatide in vivo survived longer following induction of sepsis than vehicle control mice. Conclusions In sepsis, platelet granzyme B-mediated apoptosis occurs in spleen and lung, and absence of granzyme B slows sepsis progression. This process proceeds in a contact-dependent manner that is inhibited ex vivo and in vivo by the platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor eptifibatide. The GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors and other classes of anti-platelet drugs may be protective in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Sharron
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Claire E. Hoptay
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Andrew A. Wiles
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Lindsay M. Garvin
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Mayya Geha
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Angela S. Benton
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Robert J. Freishtat
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
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hSMG-1 is a granzyme B-associated stress-responsive protein kinase. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:411-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-010-0708-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Chaitanya GV, Alexander JS, Babu PP. PARP-1 cleavage fragments: signatures of cell-death proteases in neurodegeneration. Cell Commun Signal 2010; 8:31. [PMID: 21176168 PMCID: PMC3022541 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-8-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal function of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is the routine repair of DNA damage by adding poly (ADP ribose) polymers in response to a variety of cellular stresses. Recently, it has become widely appreciated that PARP-1 also participates in diverse physiological and pathological functions from cell survival to several forms of cell death and has been implicated in gene transcription, immune responses, inflammation, learning, memory, synaptic functions, angiogenesis and aging. In the CNS, PARP inhibition attenuates injury in pathologies like cerebral ischemia, trauma and excitotoxicity demonstrating a central role of PARP-1 in these pathologies. PARP-1 is also a preferred substrate for several 'suicidal' proteases and the proteolytic action of suicidal proteases (caspases, calpains, cathepsins, granzymes and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)) on PARP-1 produces several specific proteolytic cleavage fragments with different molecular weights. These PARP-1 signature fragments are recognized biomarkers for specific patterns of protease activity in unique cell death programs. This review focuses on specific suicidal proteases active towards PARP-1 to generate signature PARP-1 fragments that can identify key proteases and particular forms of cell death involved in pathophysiology. The roles played by some of the PARP-1 fragments and their associated binding partners in the control of different forms of cell death are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganta Vijay Chaitanya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana-USA
| | - Jonathan S Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana-USA
| | - Phanithi Prakash Babu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Pegram HJ, Haynes NM, Smyth MJ, Kershaw MH, Darcy PK. Characterizing the anti-tumor function of adoptively transferred NK cells in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1235-46. [PMID: 20376439 PMCID: PMC11030891 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent a promising cell type to utilize for effective adoptive immunotherapy. However, little is known about the important cytolytic molecules and signaling pathways used by NK cells in the adoptive transfer setting. To address this issue, we developed a novel mouse model to investigate the trafficking and mechanism of action of these cells. We demonstrate that methylcholanthrene-induced RKIK sarcoma cells were susceptible to NK cell-mediated lysis in vitro and in vivo following adoptive transfer of NK cells in C57BL/6 RAG-2(-/-)gammac(-/-) mice. Cytotoxic molecules perforin, granzymes B and M as well as the death ligand TRAIL and pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-gamma were found to be important in the anti-tumor effect mediated by adoptively transferred NK cells. Importantly, we demonstrate that adoptively transferred NK cells could traffic to the tumor site and persisted in vivo which correlated with the anti-tumor effect observed. Overall, the results of this study have important implications for enhancing NK cell-based immunotherapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Methylcholanthrene
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Sarcoma, Experimental/immunology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/pathology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollie J. Pegram
- Cancer Immunology Program, Cancer Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 14 St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002 Australia
| | - Nicole M. Haynes
- Cancer Immunology Program, Cancer Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 14 St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002 Australia
| | - Mark J. Smyth
- Cancer Immunology Program, Cancer Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 14 St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002 Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael H. Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program, Cancer Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 14 St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002 Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Phillip K. Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Cancer Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 14 St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002 Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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16
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Han J, Goldstein LA, Hou W, Froelich CJ, Watkins SC, Rabinowich H. Deregulation of mitochondrial membrane potential by mitochondrial insertion of granzyme B and direct Hax-1 cleavage. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:22461-72. [PMID: 20388708 PMCID: PMC2903387 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.086587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasm and the nucleus have been identified as activity sites for granzyme B (GrB) following its delivery from cytotoxic lymphocyte granules into target cells. Here we report on the ability of exogenous GrB to insert into and function within a proteinase K-resistant mitochondrial compartment. We identified Hax-1 (HS-1-associated protein X-1), a mitochondrial protein involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential, as a GrB substrate within the mitochondrion. GrB cleaves Hax-1 into two major fragments: an N-terminal fragment that localizes to mitochondria and a C-terminal fragment that localizes to the cytosol after being released from GrB-treated mitochondria. The N-terminal Hax-1 fragment major cellular impact is on the regulation of mitochondrial polarization. Overexpression of wild-type Hax-1 or its uncleavable mutant form protects the mitochondria against GrB or valinomycin-mediated depolarization. The N-terminal Hax-1 fragment functions as a dominant negative form of Hax-1, mediating mitochondrial depolarization in a cyclophilin D-dependent manner. Thus, induced expression of the N-terminal Hax-1 fragment results in mitochondrial depolarization and subsequent lysosomal degradation of such altered mitochondria. This study is the first to demonstrate GrB activity within the mitochondrion and to identify Hax-1 cleavage as a novel mechanism for GrB-mediated mitochondrial depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- From the Departments of Pathology and
| | | | - Wen Hou
- From the Departments of Pathology and
| | | | - Simon C. Watkins
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
- the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and
| | - Hannah Rabinowich
- From the Departments of Pathology and
- the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and
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17
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Abstract
Granzyme A (GzmA) is the most abundant serine protease in killer cell cytotoxic granules. GzmA activates a novel programed cell death pathway that begins in the mitochondrion, where cleavage of NDUFS3 in electron transport complex I disrupts mitochondrial metabolism and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS drives the endoplasmic reticulum-associated SET complex into the nucleus, where it activates single-stranded DNA damage. GzmA also targets other important nuclear proteins for degradation, including histones, the lamins that maintain the nuclear envelope, and several key DNA damage repair proteins (Ku70, PARP-1). Cells that are resistant to the caspases or GzmB by overexpressing bcl-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins or caspase or GzmB protease inhibitors are sensitive to GzmA. By activating multiple cell death pathways, killer cells provide better protection against a variety of intracellular pathogens and tumors. GzmA also has proinflammatory activity; it activates pro-interleukin-1beta and may also have other proinflammatory effects that remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Lieberman
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Schrader K, Huai J, Jöckel L, Oberle C, Borner C. Non-caspase proteases: triggers or amplifiers of apoptosis? Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1607-18. [PMID: 20169397 PMCID: PMC11115756 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are the most important effectors of apoptosis, the major form of programmed cell death (PCD) in multicellular organisms. This is best reflected by the appearance of serious development defects in mice deficient for caspase-8, -9, and -3. Meanwhile, caspase-independent PCD, mediated by other proteases or signaling components has been described in numerous publications. Although we do not doubt that such cell death exists, we propose that it has evolved later during evolution and is most likely not designed to execute, but to amplify and speed-up caspase-dependent cell death. This review shall provide evidence for such a concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Schrader
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (ZBMZ), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jisen Huai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (ZBMZ), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lars Jöckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (ZBMZ), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstr. 19a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Oberle
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (ZBMZ), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Present Address: Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (ZBMZ), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstr. 19a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (Bioss), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Ruan M, Pederson L, Bradley EW, Bamberger AM, Oursler MJ. Transforming growth factor-{beta} coordinately induces suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 and leukemia inhibitory factor to suppress osteoclast apoptosis. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1713-22. [PMID: 20181800 PMCID: PMC2850239 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Local release of TGF-beta during times of high bone turnover leads to elevated levels within the bone microenvironment, and we have shown that TGF-beta suppresses osteoclast apoptosis. Therefore, understanding the influences of TGF-beta on bone resorbing osteoclasts is critical to the design of therapies to reduce excess bone loss. Here we investigated the mechanisms by which TGF-beta sustains suppression of osteoclast apoptosis. We found TGF-beta rapidly increased leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) expression and secretion by phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. TGF-beta also induced suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression, which was required for TGF-beta or LIF to promote osteoclast survival by. Blocking LIF or SOCS3 blocked TGF-beta promotion of osteoclast survival, confirming that LIF and SOCS3 expression are necessary for TGF-beta-mediated suppression of osteoclast apoptosis. Investigation of the mechanisms by which LIF promotes osteoclast survival revealed that LIF-induced expression of Bcl-X(L) and repressed Bcl-2 interacting domain expression by activating MAPK kinase, AKT, and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways. Suppression of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling further increased Bcl-X(L) expression and enhanced osteoclast survival, supporting that this pathway is not involved in prosurvival effects of TGF-beta and LIF. These data show that TGF-beta coordinately induces LIF and SOCS3 to promote prosurvival signaling. This alters the ratio of prosurvival Bcl2 family member Bcl-X(L) to proapoptotic family member Bcl-2 interacting domain, leading to prolonged osteoclast survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ruan
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda E Christensen
- Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Mater Medical Research Institute, Level 3 Aubigny Place, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia, and at the School of Medicine, University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Nigel J Waterhouse
- Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Mater Medical Research Institute, Level 3 Aubigny Place, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia, and at the School of Medicine, University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
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21
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Zhou F. Expression of Multiple Granzymes by Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Implies that They Activate Diverse Apoptotic Pathways in Target Cells. Int Rev Immunol 2010; 29:38-55. [DOI: 10.3109/08830180903247889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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22
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TSUBOI M, UCHIDA K, PARK ES, KOTERA Y, SEKI T, TAKAHASHI M, NAKAYAMA H. Systemic T Cell Large Granular Lymphocyte Lymphoma with Multifocal White Matter Degeneration in the Brain of a Japanese Domestic Cat. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:795-9. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya TSUBOI
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Eun Sil PARK
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yukiko KOTERA
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Takahiro SEKI
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Masashi TAKAHASHI
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroyuki NAKAYAMA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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23
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Hersey P, Zhang XD. Treatment combinations targeting apoptosis to improve immunotherapy of melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1749-59. [PMID: 19551381 PMCID: PMC11030855 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy based on T cell responses to the tumor is believed to involve killing of cancer cells by induction of apoptosis. The predominant mechanisms are death ligand-induced signaling mainly by TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) mediated by CD4 T cells, monocytes and dendritic cells, and perforin/granzyme mediated apoptosis mediated by CD8 T cells and NK cells. Resistance against TRAIL involves loss of TRAIL death receptors and/or activation of the MEK and/or Akt signal pathways. Resistance to CD8 CTL responses also involves activation of the MEK and/or Akt pathways. Apoptosis induced by immune responses is regulated by the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Many reagents have been developed against the Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins and clinical trials combining them with immunotherapy are awaited. The second group of agents that regulate the Bcl-2 family of proteins are the signal pathway inhibitors. Clinical trials with inhibitors of RAS, RAF or MEK are in progress and would appear an exciting combination with immunotherapy. One of the main drivers of resistance to apoptosis are adaptive mechanisms that allow cancer cells to overcome endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. These adaptive mechanisms inhibit practically all known apoptotic pathways and create an acidic environment that may reduce infiltration of lymphocytes against the tumor. The signal pathway inhibitors may be effective against these adaptive processes but additional agents that target ER stress pathways are in development. In conclusion, combination of immunotherapy with agents that target antiapoptotic mechanisms in cancer cells offers a new approach that requires evaluation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hersey
- Oncology and Immunology Unit, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Room 443, David Maddison Clinical Sciences Building, Cnr. King and Watt Streets, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia.
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24
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Anguissola S, Köhler B, O'Byrne R, Düssmann H, Cannon MD, Murray FE, Concannon CG, Rehm M, Kögel D, Prehn JHM. Bid and Calpains Cooperate to Trigger Oxaliplatin-Induced Apoptosis of Cervical Carcinoma HeLa Cells. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 76:998-1010. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.058156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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25
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Freishtat RJ, Natale J, Benton AS, Cohen J, Sharron M, Wiles AA, Ngor WM, Mojgani B, Bradbury M, Degnan A, Sachdeva R, Debiase LM, Ghimbovschi S, Chow M, Bunag C, Kristosturyan E, Hoffman EP. Sepsis alters the megakaryocyte-platelet transcriptional axis resulting in granzyme B-mediated lymphotoxicity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179:467-73. [PMID: 19136373 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200807-1085oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Sepsis-related mortality results in part from immunodeficiency secondary to profound lymphoid apoptosis. The biological mechanisms responsible are not understood. OBJECTIVES Because recent evidence shows that platelets are involved in microvascular inflammation and that they accumulate in lymphoid microvasculature in sepsis, we hypothesized a direct role for platelets in sepsis-related lymphoid apoptosis. METHODS We studied megakaryocytes and platelets from a murine-induced sepsis model, with validation in septic children, which showed induction of the cytotoxic serine protease granzyme B. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Platelets from septic mice induced marked apoptosis of healthy splenocytes ex vivo. Platelets from septic granzyme B null (-/-) mice showed no lymphotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings establish a conceptual advance in sepsis: Septic megakaryocytes produce platelets with acutely altered mRNA profiles, and these platelets mediate lymphotoxicity via granzyme B. Given the contribution of lymphoid apoptosis to sepsis-related mortality, modulation of platelet granzyme B becomes an important new target for investigation and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Freishtat
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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26
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Longshaw VM, Baxter M, Prewitz M, Blatch GL. Knockdown of the co-chaperone Hop promotes extranuclear accumulation of Stat3 in mouse embryonic stem cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 88:153-66. [PMID: 18996616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A key event in the mechanism of mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) pluripotency is phosphorylation, dimerisation and translocation to the nucleus of the signal transducer and activator of transcription3, Stat3. We used RNAi to suppress the levels of the co-chaperone Hsp70/Hsp90 organising protein (Hop) in an mESC line. Hop knockdown caused 68% depletion in Stat3 mRNA levels, decreased soluble pYStat3 levels, and led to an extranuclear accumulation of Stat3. The major binding partner of Hop, Hsp90, co-localised with a small non-nuclear fraction of Stat3 in mESCs, and both Stat3 and Hop co-precipitated with Hsp90. Hop knockdown did not affect Nanog and Oct4 protein levels; however, Nanog mRNA levels were decreased. We found that in the absence of Hop, mESCs lost their pluripotent ability to form embryoid bodies with a basement membrane. These data suggest that Hop facilitates the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Stat3, implying a role for the Hsp70/Hsp90 chaperone heterocomplex machinery in pluripotency signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Longshaw
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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27
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Marino JH, Tan C, Davis B, Han ES, Hickey M, Naukam R, Taylor A, Miller KS, Van De Wiele CJ, Teague TK. Disruption of thymopoiesis in ST6Gal I-deficient mice. Glycobiology 2008; 18:719-26. [PMID: 18535087 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymocyte development is accompanied by sequential changes in cell surface glycosylation. For example, medullary thymocytes have increased levels of alpha2,3-linked sialic acid and a loss of asialo core 1 O-glycans as compared to cortical thymocytes. Some of these changes have been linked to fine tuning of the T cell receptor avidity. We analyzed ST6Gal I transcript abundance and levels of alpha2,6-linked sialic acid across thymocyte subsets. We found that ST6Gal I transcript levels increased following T cell receptor beta-selection suggesting that this sialyltransferase may influence the development of early thymocyte populations. Indeed, low levels of alpha2,6-linked sialic acid were found in the earliest T lineage cells, and then increased in T cell receptor beta-selected cells. To determine whether ST6Gal I influences T cell development, we analyzed ST6Gal I-deficient mice for disruptions in thymocyte populations. We found reduced thymic cellularity in the ST6Gal I-deficient mice starting in the early thymocyte compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie H Marino
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA
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28
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Sedelies KA, Ciccone A, Clarke CJP, Oliaro J, Sutton VR, Scott FL, Silke J, Susanto O, Green DR, Johnstone RW, Bird PI, Trapani JA, Waterhouse NJ. Blocking granule-mediated death by primary human NK cells requires both protection of mitochondria and inhibition of caspase activity. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:708-17. [PMID: 18202705 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human GraB (hGraB) preferentially induces apoptosis via Bcl-2-regulated mitochondrial damage but can also directly cleave caspases and caspase substrates in cell-free systems. How hGraB kills cells when it is delivered by cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) and the contribution of hGraB to CL-induced death is still not clear. We show that primary human natural killer (hNK) cells, which specifically used hGraB to induce target cell death, were able to induce apoptosis of cells whose mitochondria were protected by Bcl-2. Purified hGraB also induced apoptosis of Bcl-2-overexpressing targets but only when delivered at 5- to 10-fold the concentration required to kill cells expressing endogenous Bcl-2. Caspases were critical in this process as inhibition of caspase activity permitted clonogenic survival of Bcl-2-overexpressing cells treated with hGraB or hNK cells but did not protect cells that only expressed endogenous Bcl-2. Our data therefore show that hGraB triggers caspase activation via mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria-independent mechanisms that are activated in a hierarchical manner, and that the combined effects of Bcl-2 and direct caspase inhibition can block cell death induced by hGraB and primary hNK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Sedelies
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, Victoria 8006, Australia
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29
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Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a critical role in the immune system; they are able to recognize and destroy virally infected and tumorigenic cells. Specific recognition of MHC class I-peptide complexes by the T cell receptor (TcR) results in precise delivery of lytic granules to the target cell, sparing neighboring cells and the CTL itself. Over the past 10 years various studies have eludicated the mechanisms that lead to the rapid polarization of the secretory apparatus in CTLs. These studies highlight similarities and differences between polarity and secretory mechanisms seen in other cell types and developmental systems. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of polarized secretion from CTLs and the novel mechanism used by these cells to deliver their lethal hit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Stinchcombe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, England
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30
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Granzyme B-induced cell death exerted by ex vivo CTL: discriminating requirements for cell death and some of its signs. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:567-79. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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31
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Abstract
The extended substrate specificity of granzyme B (GrB) was used to identify substrates among the chaperone superfamily. This approach identified Hsp90 and Bag1-L as novel GrB substrates, and an additional GrB cleavage site was identified in the Hsc70/Hsp70-Interacting Protein, Hip. Hsp90, Bag1L, and Hip were validated as GrB substrates in vitro, and mutational analysis confirmed the additional cleavage site in Hip. Because the role of Hip in apoptosis is unknown, its proteolysis by GrB was used as a basis to test whether it has anti-apoptotic activity. Previous work on Hip was limited to in vitro characterization; therefore, it was important to demonstrate Hip cleavage in a physiological context and to show its relevance to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated death. Hip is cleaved at both GrB cleavage sites during NK-mediated cell death in a caspase-independent manner, and its cleavage is due solely to GrB and not other granule components. Furthermore, Hip is not cleaved upon stimulation of the Fas receptor in the Jurkat T-cell line, suggesting that Hip is a substrate unique to GrB. RNA interference-mediated reduction of Hip within the K562 cell line rendered the cells more susceptible to NK cell-mediated lysis, indicating that proteolysis by GrB of Hip contributes to death induction. The small effect of RNA interference-mediated Hip deficiency on cytotoxicity is in agreement with the inherent redundancy of NK cell-mediated cell death. The identification of additional members of the chaperone superfamily as GrB substrates and the validation of Hip as an anti-apoptotic protein contribute to understanding the interplay between stress response and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Hostetter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California San Franicisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
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32
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O'Connell AR, Stenson-Cox C. A more serine way to die: defining the characteristics of serine protease-mediated cell death cascades. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:1491-9. [PMID: 17888529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The morphological features observed by Kerr, Wylie and Currie in 1972 define apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. An appreciable number of alternative systems do not fall neatly under these categories, warranting a review of alternative proteolytic machinery and its contribution to cell death. This review aims to pinpoint key molecular features of serine protease-mediated pro-apoptotic signalling. The profile created will contribute to a standard set of biochemical criteria that can serve in differentiating within cell death subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R O'Connell
- National Centre for Biomedical and Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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33
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Azuma Y, Kurusu Y, Sato H, Higai K, Matsumoto K. Increased expression of Lewis X and Y antigens on the cell surface and FUT 4 mRNA during granzyme B-induced Jurkat cell apoptosis. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:655-60. [PMID: 17409497 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells play key roles in cell-mediated cytotoxicity and can induce apoptosis in virus-infected and malignant cells by releasing cytotoxic granules. In the current study, apoptosis was induced in Jurkat cells, a human T cell line, by delivering granzyme B into the cells using BioPORTER, a cationic lipid formulation. During granzyme B-induced apoptosis, there was an increase in the cell surface expression of Lewis X and Y antigens. To clarify the roles of initiator and executioner caspases in the expression of Lewis X and Y antigens, we treated Jurkat cells with granzyme B in the presence of caspase 3, 8, and 9 inhibitors. The results indicated that delivery of granzyme B into Jurkat cells induces apoptosis by activating caspase 3 and that caspase 3 but not caspase 8 and 9 plays a key role in enhancing the expression of Lewis X and Y antigens. Real-time PCR revealed that expression of the mRNAs for alpha1,3-fucosyltransferases FUT4 was increased at 3 h during granzyme B-induced apoptosis, while FUT9 mRNA expression gradually increased after 12 h. This increased expression of FUT4 mRNA occurred downstream of caspase 3 activation and resulted in the increased cell surface expression of Lewis X and Y antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Azuma
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Japan.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bots
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Abstract
Sustained progression of neuronal cell death causes brain tissue loss and subsequent functional deficits following stroke or central nervous system trauma and in neurodegenerative diseases. Despite obvious differences in the pathology of these neurological disorders, the underlying delayed neuronal demise is carried out by a common biochemical cell death programme. Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and subsequent release of apoptotic factors are key mechanisms during this process. Bcl-2 family proteins, e.g. the pro-apoptotic Bid, Bax or Bad and the antiapoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, play a crucial role in the regulation of this mitochondrial checkpoint in neurons. In particular, cleavage of cytosolic Bid and subsequent mitochondrial translocation have been detected in many paradigms of neuronal cell death related to acute or chronic neurodegeneration. The current review focuses on the emerging role of Bid as an integrating key regulator of the intrinsic death pathway that amplifies caspase-dependent and caspase-independent execution of neuronal apoptosis. Therefore pharmacological inhibition of Bid provides a promising therapeutic strategy in neurological diseases where programmed cell death is prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Culmsee
- Pharmaceutical Biology-Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Building D, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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36
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Bredemeyer AJ, Carrigan PE, Fehniger TA, Smith DF, Ley TJ. Hop cleavage and function in granzyme B-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:37130-41. [PMID: 17005566 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607969200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzyme B (GzmB) is a cytotoxic protease found in the granules of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. GzmB cleaves multiple intracellular protein substrates, leading to caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, cytoskeletal instability, and rapid induction of target cell apoptosis. However, no known individual substrate is required for GzmB to induce apoptosis. GzmB is therefore thought to initiate multiple cell death pathways simultaneously to ensure the death of target cells. We previously identified Hop (Hsp70/Hsp90-organizing protein) as a GzmB substrate in a proteomic survey (Bredemeyer, A. J., Lewis, R. M., Malone, J. P., Davis, A. E., Gross, J., Townsend, R. R., and Ley, T. J. (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101, 11785-11790). Hop is a co-chaperone for Hsp70 and Hsp90, which have been implicated in the negative regulation of apoptosis. We therefore hypothesized that Hop may have an anti-apoptotic function that is abolished upon cleavage, lowering the threshold for GzmB-induced apoptosis. Here, we show that Hop was cleaved directly by GzmB in vitro and in cells undergoing GzmB-induced apoptosis. Expression of the two cleavage fragments of Hop did not induce cell death. Although cleavage of Hop by GzmB destroyed Hop function in vitro, both cells overexpressing GzmB-resistant Hop and cells with a 90-95% reduction in Hop levels exhibited unaltered susceptibility to GzmB-induced death. We conclude that Hop per se does not set the threshold for susceptibility to GzmB-induced apoptosis. Although it is possible that Hop may be cleaved by GzmB as an "innocent bystander" during the induction of apoptosis, it may also act to facilitate apoptosis in concert with other GzmB substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bredemeyer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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