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Zhang L, Zhang X, Deng X, Wang P, Mo Y, Zhang Y, Tong X. Cytokines as drivers: Unraveling the mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in COVID-19 lung fibrosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 686:149118. [PMID: 37931361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), like other viruses, can induce proliferation of myofibroblasts and even lead to fibrosis in the lung. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). EMT is originally a critical process that regulates the development of different tissues in the embryo, but in inflammatory situations, EMT tries to be activated again to control inflammation or even heal inflammatory damage. However, in pathological situations, such as chronic viral infections (e.g., COVID-19) or pulmonary fibrosis initiation, this benign healing transforms into sinister nature, pushing the lung into the fibrotic process. Notably, the cytokines released by inflammatory cells and the chronic inflammatory microenvironment shared by fibrotic cells promote each other as critical factors in the induction of pathological EMT. In the induction of SARS-CoV-2 virus, cytokines are an essential mediator of EMT transformation, and a summary of whether COVID-19 patients, during the infection phase, have many persistent inflammatory mediators (cytokines) that are a causative factor of EMT has not yet appeared. The following common signaling drivers, including Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), cytokines, Notch signaling pathway, Wnt and hypoxia signaling pathways, drive the regulation of EMT. In this review, we will focus on 3 key EMT signaling pathways: TGF-β, Leucine zipper transcription factor like 1 (LZTFL1) and the common interleukin family expressed in the lung. TGF-β-induced SNAIL and LZTFL1 were identified as regulatory EMT in COVID-19. For cytokines, the interleukin family is a common inducer of EMT and plays an essential role in the formation of the microenvironment of fibrosis. We sought to demonstrate that cytokines act as "communicators" and build the "microenvironment" of fibrosis together with EMT as a "bridge" to induce EMT in fibrosis. The mechanisms utilized by these two pathways could serve as templates for other mesenchymal transformations and provide new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China (Airport) Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan university, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengbo Wang
- School of Professional Studies, Columbia University, USA
| | - Yan Mo
- Department of Neurology Medicine, The Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC) 363 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuansheng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China (Airport) Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Wilson SE. The corneal fibroblast: The Dr. Jekyll underappreciated overseer of the responses to stromal injury. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:53-62. [PMID: 37080483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the functions of corneal fibroblasts in wound healing. METHODS Literature review. RESULTS Corneal fibroblasts arise in the corneal stroma after anterior, posterior or limbal injuries and are derived from keratocytes. Transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and TGFβ2, along with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), are the major modulators of the keratocyte to corneal fibroblast transition, while fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, TGFβ3, and retinoic acid are thought to regulate the transition of corneal fibroblasts back to keratocytes. Adequate and sustained levels of TGFβ1 and/or TGFβ2, primarily from epithelium, tears, aqueous humor, and corneal endothelium, drive the development of corneal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts have been shown in vitro to transition back to corneal fibroblasts, although apoptosis of myofibroblasts has been documented as a major contributor to the resolution of fibrosis in several in situ corneal injury models. Corneal fibroblasts, aside from their role as a major progenitor to myofibroblasts, also perform many critical functions in the injured cornea, including the production of critical basement membrane (BM) components during regeneration of the epithelial BM and Descemet's membrane, production of non-basement membrane-associated stromal collagen type IV to control and downregulate TGFβ effects on stromal cells, release of chemotactic chemokines that attract bone marrow-derived cells to the injured stroma, production of growth factors that modulate regeneration and maturation of the overlying epithelium, and production of collagens and other ECM components that contribute to stromal integrity after injury. CONCLUSIONS Corneal fibroblasts are major contributors to and overseers of the corneal response to injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Wilson
- The Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Wilson SE. Topical Losartan: Practical Guidance for Clinical Trials in the Prevention and Treatment of Corneal Scarring Fibrosis and Other Eye Diseases and Disorders. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:191-206. [PMID: 36877777 PMCID: PMC10079252 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2022.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) that impedes transforming growth factor (TGF) beta signaling by inhibiting activation of signal transduction molecule extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Studies supported the efficacy of topical losartan in decreasing scarring fibrosis after rabbit Descemetorhexis, alkali burn, and photorefractive keratectomy injuries, and in case reports of humans with scarring fibrosis after surgical complications. Clinical studies are needed to explore the efficacy and safety of topical losartan in the prevention and treatment of corneal scarring fibrosis, and other eye diseases and disorders where TGF beta has a role in pathophysiology. These include scarring fibrosis associated with corneal trauma, chemical burns, infections, surgical complications, and persistent epithelial defects, as well as conjunctival fibrotic diseases, such as ocular cicatricial pemphigoid and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Research is also needed to explore the efficacy and safety of topical losartan for hypothesized treatment of transforming growth factor beta-induced (TGFBI)-related corneal dystrophies (Reis-Bu¨cklers corneal dystrophy, lattice corneal dystrophy type 1, and granular corneal dystrophies type 1 and type 2) where deposited mutant protein expression is modulated by TGF beta. Investigations could also explore the efficacy and safety of topical losartan treatments to reduce conjunctival bleb scarring and shunt encapsulation following glaucoma surgical procedures. Losartan and sustained release drug delivery devices could be efficacious in treating intraocular fibrotic diseases. Dosing suggestions and precautions that should be considered in trials of losartan are detailed. Losartan, as an adjuvant to current treatments, has the potential to augment pharmacological therapeutics for many ocular diseases and disorders where TGF beta plays a central role in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E. Wilson
- The Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Zhang H, Feng CH, He S, Deng MX, Meng H, Chen M, Liu H. Leech-Centipede Granules Suppress EndMT to Improve Erectile Dysfunction in Rats with Diabetes Mellitus via TGF-β/Smad Pathway. Chin J Integr Med 2023; 29:28-36. [PMID: 36542225 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether Leech-Centipede (LC) Granules can improve erectile function in rats with diabetes mellitus-associated erectile dysfunction (DMED) through endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) inhibition. METHODS Components of LC Granules were identified via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats were injected with streptozotocin and fed continuously for 8 weeks to establish the DMED rat model. Rats with erectile dysfunction symptoms diagnosed using apomorphine were divided into DMED and low-, medium-, and high-doses LC groups (n=6 in each). The negative control (NC, n=6) and DMED groups were given 5 mL of deionized water via intragastric gavage, and the low-, medium- and the high-doses LC groups were administered LC at 1.6, 3.2, and 6.4 g/kg, respectively, via intragastric gavage for 4 weeks. The intracavernous pressure (ICP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and nitric oxide (NO) levels in cavernous tissue were measured for each group. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to detect mRNA and protein expressions of endothelial and mesenchymal markers. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe α-SMA, and Masson's trichrome staining was performed to determine the myofiber/collagen ratio. RESULTS A total of 474 active components were identified. After treatment, the ICP/MAP value and NO level were significantly higher in the medium- and high-dose LC groups than in the DMED group (P<0.05). Compared with the DMED groups, the medium- and high-dose groups LC significantly increased and decreased endothelial and mesenchymal markers expression, respectively (P<0.05). Tumor growth factor (TGF)β R II, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3 levels were considerably higher following diabetes onset but reduced following LC intervention (P<0.05), except for TGF β 1 (P>0.05). α-SMA expression was significantly higher in the DMED group and was reduced in all LC intervention groups (P>0.05). The myofiber/collagen ratio in the LC groups was higher than that in the DMED group but lower than that in the NC group (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS LC Granules may improve the erectile function of DMED rats by suppressing TGF-β/Smad pathway to reverse EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Chu-Hui Feng
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Shan He
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Ming-Xia Deng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Hao Meng
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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Elazab MFA, Younes AM, Gaafar AY, Abu-Bryka AZ, Abdel-Daim MM. Immunosuppressive effect of cyclophosphamide in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:20784-20793. [PMID: 33405143 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide, a common chemotherapeutic and immune suppressor agent, is regularly used in research to weaken the immune system in laboratory animal models. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a widely used experimental fish model for immune-modulatory research; with the lack of knowledge about the immune-compromised tilapia model, an urgent need is to develop and optimise such a model. Sixty healthy Oreochromis niloticus fish, average weight 50 ± 10 g, were divided into four experimental groups. Fish in group I, negative control group, were injected with phosphate-buffered saline only, and fish in groups II, III and IV were injected with cyclophosphamide (CP) at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW), respectively, via the intraperitoneal route. Different immune-related parameters were investigated 3 weeks after CP injection. The results have revealed a significant decrease in total red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and thrombocyte counts and reduced haemoglobin and haematocrit values in CP-treated fish, especially those injected with 200 mg/kg BW compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Also, significantly lower levels of serum proteins (total protein, albumin, α1- and γ-globulins) were observed in CP-treated fish, especially those injected with 200 mg/kg BW in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CP-treated fish showed a reduction in the expression of immune-related genes (interleukin-1, and tumour necrosis factor-α in spleen and tumour necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor β-1 in head-kidney), especially those injected with 200 mg/kg BW compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the Oreochromis niloticus immune-suppressed model can be induced by intraperitoneal CP injection at 200 mg/kg BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F A Elazab
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Abdelgayed M Younes
- Hydrobiology Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Alkhateib Y Gaafar
- Hydrobiology Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Alaa Z Abu-Bryka
- Hydrobiology Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Yu F, Dong P, Mao Y, Zhao B, Huang Z, Zheng J. Loss of lncRNA-SNHG7 Promotes the Suppression of Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation via miR-378a-3p and DVL2. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:235-244. [PMID: 31272073 PMCID: PMC6610663 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Small nuclear RNA host gene 7 (SNHG7), a novel long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), acts as an oncogene in cancers. However, whether SNHG7 is involved in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation during liver fibrosis is still unclear. In this study, upregulation of SNHG7 was found in vivo and in vitro during liver fibrosis. Silencing of SNHG7 led to the suppression of HSC activation, with a reduction in cell proliferation and collagen expression. SNHG7 knockdown also resulted in the suppression of liver fibrosis in vivo. Interestingly, miR-378a-3p was a target of SNHG7. SNHG7 and miR-378a-3p were co-located in the cytoplasm. Downregulation of miR-378a-3p blocked down the effects of loss of SNHG7 on HSC activation. Notably, SNHG7 could enhance Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation to contribute to liver fibrosis, with an increase in T cell factor (TCF) activity and a reduction in P-β-catenin level. It was found that miR-378a-mediated dishevelled segment polarity protein 2 (DVL2) was responsible for SNHG7-activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway. DVL2 was confirmed as a target of miR-378a-3p. SNHG7-induced HSC activation was almost blocked down by DVL2 knockdown. Accordingly, enhanced Wnt/β-catenin by SNHG7 was suppressed by loss of DVL2. Collectively, we demonstrate that SNHG7 reduces miR-378a-3p and attenuates its control on DVL2, leading to aberrant Wnt/β-catenin activity, which contributes to liver fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Yu
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Peihong Dong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yefan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Binyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhiming Huang
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Jianjian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Therapeutic effect of hepatocyte growth factor-overexpressing bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on CCl 4-induced hepatocirrhosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1186. [PMID: 30538216 PMCID: PMC6290007 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocirrhosis is one of the most severe complications of chronic hepatic disease in terms of medical intervention, and the available therapies are limited and not very successful. In this study, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) from host rats were transduced with an adenoviral vector labelled with green fluorescent protein (EGFP) to overexpress hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The therapeutic effect of these modified stem cells (HGF-BM-MSC group) transplanted intravenously into hepatocirrhosis model rats treated with CCl4 was evaluated using serological, biochemical and histological approaches. We compared the rats in the HGF-BM-MSC group with those in the other groups (rats treated with BM-MSCs, rats treated with HGF and untreated rats (Controls)) in detail. The localisation of EGFP-tagged BM-MSCs in the injured liver was evaluated using a microscope, and the cells co-expressed hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, albumin and cytokeratin 18. After treatment for 4 weeks, the HGF-BM-MSC, BM-MSC and HGF groups exhibited increased protein and mRNA levels of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, albumin and cytokeratin 18, but decreased levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and total bilirubin. These findings indicate that BM-MSC transplantation and HGF application have great potential for the treatment of hepatocirrhosis.
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Astragaloside Inhibits Hepatic Fibrosis by Modulation of TGF- β1/Smad Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:3231647. [PMID: 29853950 PMCID: PMC5952439 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3231647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of HSC is a pivotal step in hepatic fibrosis. In the activation of HSC, the TGF-β1 plays a key role that can promote the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis by combining with Smad proteins. Astragaloside is the main active component extracted from Radix Astragali that has the effect of antioxidation and hepatoprotection. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of astragalosides inhibiting hepatic fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, astragalosides inhibited the activation of HSC and regulated the expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 and reduced the formation of collagen fibers. In vivo, administration of astragalosides decreased the serum ALT, AST, and TBiL in rats by reducing oxidative stress. Astragalosides also attenuated hepatic fibrosis by reducing the concentration of hydroxyproline and inhibiting the formation of collagen fibers. The expressions of TGF-β1, TβR-I, p-Smad 2, and p-Smad 3 were downregulated after astragalosides treatments, while Smad 7 was upregulated compared to the control group. The results indicated that the effect of astragaloside on hepatic fibrosis was related to the inhibition of HSC activation and the modulation of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway.
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Bartas M, Červeň J, Oppelt J, Peteja M, Vávra P, Zonča P, Procházka V, Brázda V, Pečinka P. Liver regeneration during the associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy procedure in Sus scrofa is positively modulated by stem cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6309-6321. [PMID: 29616108 PMCID: PMC5876427 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This present study investigated the impact of the application of stem cells to liver regeneration following the first stage of associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS). The experiment was conducted on a pig model (n=6, 3 that did not receive application of stem cells, 3 that received application stem cells). Collected samples of liver (day 0 and 9 following surgery) were subjected to complete transcriptome sequencing. In total, 39 differentially expressed genes were found in the group without the application of the stem cells (genes of unwanted processes such as fibrosis and inflammation). In the group that did receive application of stem cells, no significantly differentially expressed genes were found, indicating a properly regenerated liver remnant. The present study therefore demonstrated, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, the positive effect of stem cells application in the liver regeneration process during ALPPS procedure in the pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bartas
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Červeň
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Institute of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Oppelt
- Centre for Structural Biology, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Centre for Structural Biology, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, 70852 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Matus Peteja
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital in Ostrava, 70852 Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Surgical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70852 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vávra
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital in Ostrava, 70852 Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Surgical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70852 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Zonča
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital in Ostrava, 70852 Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Surgical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70852 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Procházka
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital in Ostrava, 70852 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Brázda
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pečinka
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Institute of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Sun Y, Fu J, Xue X, Yang H, Wu L. BMP7 regulates lung fibroblast proliferation in newborn rats with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6277-6284. [PMID: 29512787 PMCID: PMC5928605 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 7 in a newborn rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and the biological effects of BMP7 on newborn rat lung fibroblast (LF) cells. For this purpose, a total of 196 newborn rats were randomly and equally assigned to a model group and a control group. Lung tissue was collected at days 3, 7, 14 and 21 for histological analysis. The location and expression of BMP7 was examined by immunohistochemical staining and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) analysis. A total of 38 full‑term newborn rats on the day of birth were sacrificed and LF cells were isolated and treated with BMP7. The biological effects of BMP7 on LF cells were assessed by cell proliferation and cell cycle analysis. The findings demonstrated that abnormal alveolar development due to BPD was gradually intensified in the model group over time. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the location of BMP7 in lung tissue was altered. Immunohistochemistry and RT‑qPCR assays demonstrated a gradual decrease in BMP7 expression in the model group induced by hyperoxia. MTT assays demonstrated that BMP7 inhibited LF cells and the inhibitory effect was dose‑dependent and time‑dependent. Flow cytometry revealed that the inhibitory effect of BMP7 in LF cells was causing cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. The present study demonstrated that BMP7 may serve an important role in alveolar development in a BPD model. BMP7 may be involved in abnormal alveolar development through the regulation of LF proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xindong Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Haiping Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Li P, Li Y, Zhu L, Yang Z, He J, Wang L, Shang Q, Pan H, Wang H, Ma X, Li B, Fan X, Ge S, Jia R, Zhang H. Targeting secreted cytokine BMP9 gates the attenuation of hepatic fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:709-720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Eulenberg VM, Lidbury JA. Hepatic Fibrosis in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:26-41. [PMID: 29194760 PMCID: PMC5787209 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is commonly diagnosed in dogs, often as a sequela to chronic hepatitis (CH). The development of fibrosis is a crucial event in the progression of hepatic disease that is of prognostic value. The pathophysiology of hepatic fibrosis in human patients and rodent models has been studied extensively. Although less is known about this process in dogs, evidence suggests that fibrogenic mechanisms are similar between species and that activation of hepatic stellate cells is a key step. Diagnosis and staging of hepatic fibrosis in dogs requires histopathological examination of a liver biopsy specimen. However, performing a liver biopsy is invasive and assessment of fibrotic stage is complicated by the absence of a universally accepted staging scheme in veterinary medicine. Serum biomarkers that can discriminate among different fibrosis stages are used in human patients, but such markers must be more completely evaluated in dogs before clinical use. When successful treatment of its underlying cause is feasible, reversal of hepatic fibrosis has been shown to be possible in rodent models and human patients. Reversal of fibrosis has not been well documented in dogs, but successful treatment of CH is possible. In human medicine, better understanding of the pathomechanisms of hepatic fibrosis is leading to the development of novel treatment strategies. In time, these may be applied to dogs. This article comparatively reviews the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis, its diagnosis, and its treatment in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Eulenberg
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - J A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Bai GP, Yan GH, Wang GJ, Wan P, Liu XF, Wang H, Zhang RH. Effects of lentiviral vector‑mediated shRNA silencing of TGFβ1 on the expression of Col1a1 in rat hepatic stellate cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2785-2790. [PMID: 28713909 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to construct a lentiviral RNA interference (RNAi) vector targeting the transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) gene of rats, in order to examine its effect on silencing of the TGFβ1 gene and on the expression of collagen type 1 α1 (Col1a1) in HSC‑T6 rat hepatic stellate cells. Three RNAi sites of the TGFβ1 gene were selected according to its CDs sequence. Three pairs of small interfering RNA (siRNA) of these RNAi sites were synthesized and then transfected into HSC‑T6 cells, respectively, to confirm the optimal siRNA sequence via reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction analysis. Subsequently, shRNA targeting the sequence of the optimal siRNA was designed, synthesized and annealed to form a double‑stranded structure. The annealed oligonucleotide fragment was cloned into pGreenPuro plasmids to establish the pGreenPuro/TGFβ1 shRNA lentiviral vector, which was then transfected into 293T cells, following identification by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing for the production of lentiviral particles exhibiting high reactivity. These particles were used to infect HSC‑T6 cells, following which the expression of GFP in the transfected cells was observed under an inverted microscope. The effects on TGFβ1 gene silencing and the expression levels of Colla1 were detected at the mRNA and protein levels. The results provided confirmation of the optimal siRNA sequence. Enzyme digestion and sequencing verified successful construction of the pGreenPuro/TGFβ1 shRNA lentiviral vector. This lentiviral vector effectively silenced the TGFβ1 gene in the HSC‑T6 cells, and inhibited the expression of Col1a1 at the mRNA and protein levels. Taken together, the lentiviral RNAi vector targeting the TGFβ1 gene of rats was successfully constructed, which effectively silenced the TGFβ1 gene of the HSC‑T6 cells and inhibited the expression of Col1a1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan-Ping Bai
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Guo-He Yan
- Institute of Combined Injuries, The State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Jian Wang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Ping Wan
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Fei Liu
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Hua Zhang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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Sana S, Ghosh S, Das N, Sarkar S, Mandal AK. Vesicular melatonin efficiently downregulates sodium fluoride-induced rat hepato- and broncho-TNF-α, TGF-β expressions, and associated oxidative injury: a comparative study of liposomal and nanoencapsulated forms. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:4059-4071. [PMID: 28603418 PMCID: PMC5457176 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s124119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of fluoride as a natural and industrial toxicant is recognized worldwide. We evaluated the regulating role and biological effect of vesicular (liposomal and nanoencapsulated) melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) for drug delivery and controlled release on the depletion of inflammatory mediators, as well as oxidative damage in sodium fluoride (NaF)-treated lungs and liver. Hepatic and bronchial damage was induced in Swiss albino rats with a single acute ingestion of NaF (48 mg/kg body weight, oral gavage). NaF exposure caused the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); upregulation of TNF-α and TGF-β; decreased activities of antioxidant systems (glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase), succinate dehydrogenase, membrane microviscosity, and membrane potential; increased activity of lipid peroxidation and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride oxidase; and increased hepatic and nephrite toxicities (P<0.001) compared to those in normal animals. Charge (-ve/+ve)-specific single liposomal (dicetyl phosphate/stearylamine) and nanoencapsulated melatonin (4.46 mg/kg body weight, intravenous) treatments (2 hours after NaF exposure) significantly (P<0.01/0.001) and maximally (P<0.001) inhibited all alterations developed in NaF-mediated oxidative injuries in rat liver (+ve) and lungs (-ve), demonstrating their strong free radical scavenging, antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties, and vesicular efficiencies of targeting. Overall, these results suggest that nanoencapsulated melatonin might be considered as a more powerful remedial therapy in comparison to liposomes, in terms of its efficacy in regulating NaF-intoxicated oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvomoy Sana
- Drug Development, Diagnostics and Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, India
| | - Swarupa Ghosh
- Drug Development, Diagnostics and Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, India
| | - Nirmalendu Das
- Drug Development, Diagnostics and Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, India
| | - Sibani Sarkar
- Drug Development, Diagnostics and Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, India
| | - Ardhendu Kumar Mandal
- Drug Development, Diagnostics and Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, India
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Liu Y, Abudounnasier G, Zhang T, Liu X, Wang Q, Yan Y, Ding J, Wen H, Yimiti D, Ma X. Increased Expression of TGF-β1 in Correlation with Liver Fibrosis during Echinococcus granulosus Infection in Mice. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2016; 54:519-25. [PMID: 27658605 PMCID: PMC5040079 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the potential role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in liver fibrosis during Echinococcus granulosus infection, 96 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 2 groups, experimental group infected by intraperitoneal injection with a metacestode suspension and control group given sterile physiological saline. The liver and blood samples were collected at days 2, 8, 30, 90, 180, and 270 post infection (PI), and the expression of TGF-β1 mRNA and protein was determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. We also evaluated the pathological changes in the liver during the infection using hematoxylin and eosin (H-E) and Masson staining of the liver sections. Pathological analysis of H-E stained infected liver sections revealed liver cell edema, bile duct proliferation, and structural damages of the liver as evidenced by not clearly visible lobular architecture of the infected liver, degeneration of liver cell vacuoles, and infiltration of lymphocytes at late stages of infection. The liver tissue sections from control mice remained normal. Masson staining showed worsening of liver fibrosis at the end stages of the infection. The levels of TGF-β1 did not show significant changes at the early stages of infection, but there were significant increases in the levels of TGF-β1 at the middle and late stages of infection (P<0.05). RT-PCR results showed that, when compared with the control group, TGF-β1 mRNA was low and comparable with that in control mice at the early stages of infection, and that it was significantly increased at day 30 PI and remained at high levels until day 270 PI (P<0.05). The results of this study suggested that increased expression of TGF-β1 during E. granulosus infection may play a significant role in liver fibrosis associated with E. granulosus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research Incubation Base (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
| | - Gulizhaer Abudounnasier
- State Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research Incubation Base (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
| | - Taochun Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
| | - Xuelei Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research Incubation Base (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
| | - Jianbing Ding
- College of Basic Medical Sciences of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research Incubation Base (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
| | - Delixiati Yimiti
- College of Basic Medical Sciences of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
| | - Xiumin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research Incubation Base (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
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Pritchard MT, McCracken JM. Identifying Novel Targets for Treatment of Liver Fibrosis: What Can We Learn from Injured Tissues which Heal Without a Scar? Curr Drug Targets 2016; 16:1332-46. [PMID: 26302807 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150825111439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is unique in that it is able to regenerate. This regeneration occurs without formation of a scar in the case of non-iterative hepatic injury. However, when the liver is exposed to chronic liver injury, the purely regenerative process fails and excessive extracellular matrix proteins are deposited in place of normal liver parenchyma. While much has been discovered in the past three decades, insights into fibrotic mechanisms have not yet lead to effective therapies; liver transplant remains the only cure for advanced liver disease. In an effort to broaden the collection of possible therapeutic targets, this review will compare and contrast the liver wound healing response to that found in two types of wound healing: scarless wound healing of fetal skin and oral mucosa and scar-forming wound healing found in adult skin. This review will examine wound healing in the liver and the skin in relation to the role of humoral and cellular factors, as well as the extracellular matrix, in this process. While several therapeutic targets are similar between fibrotic liver and adult skin wound healing, others are unique and represent novel areas for hepatic anti-fibrotic research. In particular, investigations into the role of hyaluronan in liver fibrosis and fibrosis resolution are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele T Pritchard
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66161, USA.
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β-Amyrin, a pentacyclic triterpene, exhibits anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects on dimethyl nitrosamine–induced hepatic fibrosis in male rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:113-122. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327116638727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Attenuation of fibrogenic process can significantly lower the mortality rate. However, pharmaceutical intervention at fibrogenesis stage remains a major task in medicine. So there is a need for a natural compound to treat hepatic fibrosis. This study was outlined to investigate the anti-fibrotic effect of β-amyrin in dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced hepatic fibrosis male rats. Serum liver function markers (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase), oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reduced content and vitamin C), tissue inflammatory marker (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)), apoptosis marker (caspase 3) and fibrolytic marker (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1)) were evaluated before and after β-amyrin treatment in DMN-induced rat. β-Amyrin treatment attenuated the altered levels of the serum enzyme markers produced by DMN and caused a subsequent recovery toward normalization. Oxidative stress markers and TNF-α levels were reduced significantly ( p < 0.001) as well as proteins’ (caspase-3 and TIMP-1) expression was reduced in β-amyrin –treated DMN rats. By virtue of β-amyrin properties of inhibiting oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrogenesis, it might act as an ideal anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrogenic agent to halt the progression of liver fibrosis to chronicity.
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18
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Wang P, Deng L, Zhuang C, Cheng C, Xu K. p-CREB-1 promotes hepatic fibrosis through the transactivation of transforming growth factor-β1 expression in rats. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:521-8. [PMID: 27279449 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylated cAMP-responsive element binding protein-1 (p-CREB-1) is an important transcription factor which has been reported to be implicated in fibrogenesis. However, the association between p-CREB-1 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-mediated liver fibrogenesis remains poorly understood. In the present study, exogenous TGF-β1 recombinant protein was used to activate hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and we established a rat model of tetrachloromethane (CCl4)‑induced liver fibrosis. Loss- and gain-of-function studies were performed to examine the role of p-CREB-1 in liver fibrogenesis, and the detailed mechanism responsible for these effects was further explored using chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter gene assays. We found that p-CREB-1 expression was significantly upregulated in a rat model of hepatic fibrosis. We also demonstrated that p-CREB-1 increased TGF-β1 expression and auto‑induction in HSCs, through directly binding to the CRE site within the TGF-β1 promoter in order to enhance its transcriptional activity. Moreover, lentivirus-mediated CREB-1 overexpression promoted hepatic fibrogenesis in rats. These findings suggest that p-CREB-1 may function as a potent profibrogenic factor through the transactivation of TGF-β1 expression in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Liang Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Chunbo Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Chunwei Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Keshu Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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19
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Zoheiry MM, Hasan SA, El-Ahwany E, Nagy FM, Taleb HA, Nosseir M, Magdy M, Meshaal S, El-Talkawy MD, Raafat I. Serum Markers of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition as Predictors of HCV-induced Liver Fibrosis, Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Electron Physician 2015; 7:1626-37. [PMID: 26816590 PMCID: PMC4725417 DOI: 10.19082/1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease in Egypt, leading to hepatic fibrosis, liver cirrhosis (LC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Newly-recognized pathogenic mechanisms point to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of hepatocytes to matrix synthesizing (myo-) fibroblasts. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1), bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-7, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) are biomarkers reflecting the EMT process. YKL-40 is a glycoprotein member of ECM and plays a role in cancer cell proliferation. The purpose of this study was to determine the serum biomarkers of EMT and its impact on the fibrogenic process and tumorigenesis in HCV-genotype 4 patients. Methods In this case-control study that was conducted in 2013–2014, 97 HCV-infected patients were subjected to clinical examination, laboratory investigations, and liver biopsy. According to the histopathologic examination, they were classified to F0 (14 cases), F1 (17 cases), F2 (15 cases), F3 (18 cases), F4 (22 cases), and HCC (11 cases). Fifteen age- and gender-matched subjects were included as normal controls. Serum levels of TGF-β1, BMP-7, CTGF, YKL-40 were assessed, and the TGF-β1/BMP-7 ratios were calculated. The data were analyzed by plotting the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (Spearman’s rho). Results Serum levels of TGF-β1, BMP-7, CTGF, and YKL-40 were significantly increased in all patient groups compared to controls (p < 0.001). LC exhibited the highest CTGF level and YKL-40 was highest in HCC. The TGF-β1/ BMP-7 ratios reflected the progression of EMT from CHC to LC, however, there was no significant difference between LC and HCC. TGF-β1/ BMP-7 ratio is considered to reflect positive correlation with CTGF in LC group (r = 0.629; p < 0.03) and YKL-40 in HCC group (r = 0.504; p < 0.04). Conclusion Increased TGF-β1/BMP-7 ratio and CTGF levels reflect the rate of EMT and provide information about fibrogenic activity. Also, this ratio, in association with YKL-40, can be used to predict malignant transformation in HCV-genotype 4 Egyptian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Zoheiry
- Department of Immunology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Aa Hasan
- Department of Immunology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman El-Ahwany
- Department of Immunology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Faten M Nagy
- Department of Immunology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hoda Abu Taleb
- Environmental Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona Nosseir
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona Magdy
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Safa Meshaal
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Darwish El-Talkawy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Inas Raafat
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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20
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Hams E, Bermingham R, Fallon PG. Macrophage and Innate Lymphoid Cell Interplay in the Genesis of Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:597. [PMID: 26635811 PMCID: PMC4655423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a characteristic pathological feature of an array of chronic diseases, where development of fibrosis in tissue can lead to marked alterations in the architecture of the affected organs. As a result of this process of sustained attrition to organs, many diseases that involve fibrosis are often progressive conditions and have a poor long-term prognosis. Inflammation is often a prelude to fibrosis, with innate and adaptive immunity involved in both the initiation and regulation of the fibrotic process. In this review, we will focus on the emerging roles of the newly described innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the generation of fibrotic disease with an examination of the potential interplay between ILC and macrophages and the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hams
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Rachel Bermingham
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Padraic G Fallon
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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21
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Li Y, Wang W, Jia X, Zhai S, Wang X, Wang Y, Dang S. A Targeted Multiple Antigenic Peptide Vaccine Augments the Immune Response to Self TGF-β1 and Suppresses Ongoing Hepatic Fibrosis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:305-15. [PMID: 25740471 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 expression is induced upon liver injury, and plays a critical role in hepatic fibrosis. Antibodies against TGF-β1 represent a novel approach in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. However, TGF-β1 is not a suitable antigen due to immunological tolerance. In the current study, we synthesized a multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) vaccine against the dominant B-cell epitope of TGF-β1. The immunogenicity and potential therapeutic effects of this vaccine were examined using a rat model of hepatic fibrosis. Dominant B-cell epitopes of TGF-β1 were identified using bioinformatic program. An MAP vaccine corresponding to the 90-98 amino acid domain of TGF-β1 and containing four dendritic arms was synthesized using a 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl solid phase method. Hepatic fibrosis which was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats received a high-fat diet and ethanol (1.8 g/kg). Starting from the third week, rats were exposed to 40 % carbon tetrachloride (CCl4; 150 μl/100 g body weight twice weekly, initially 200 μl/100 g) treatment for a duration of 8 weeks. Rats received the MAP vaccine (100 μg) or Freund's adjuvant at weeks 1, 3, 5. A group of rats receiving the fibrosis-inducing regimen alone and a group of healthy rats (receiving an olive oil vehicle alone) were included as controls. At the conclusion of the experiment, serum titre of TGF-β1 antibody was measured using ELISA and a standard liver functional test panel was examined. The extent of hepatic fibrosis was determined by measuring hydroxyproline content in the liver as well as hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and van Gieson (VG) staining. The expression of TGF-β1 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was examined using immunohistochemistry, and presented as positive staining cells. The MAP purity was >90 % upon reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography, with apparent molecular weight at 4.77 kDa. Serum TGF-β1 antibody titre was 1:256. The fibrosis-inducing treatment produced significant liver damage, as reflected by increases in liver functional test, HE and VG staining. The MAP vaccine attenuated such damage, as reflected by decreased alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and hepatic hydroxyproline (116.78 ± 23.76 vs. 282.71 ± 136.94 IU/L; 319.78 ± 82.48 vs. 495.29 ± 137.13 IU/L; 2.02 ± 0.27 vs. 4.01 ± 0.52 μmol/L; 263.67 ± 41.18 vs. 439.14 ± 43.29 μg/g vs. in model rats, respectively; p < 0.01), as well as fibrosis extent by HE and VG staining. The MAP vaccine reduced TGF-β1 and α-SMA expression in rats (0.325 ± 0.059 vs. 0.507 ± 0.044 IOD/area; 0.318 ± 0.058 vs. 0.489 ± 0.029 IOD/area vs. model rats, respectively; p < 0.05). The TGF-β1 MAP vaccine could generate sufficient antibody that suppresses the development of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Bi J, Ge S. Potential roles of BMP9 in liver fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:20656-67. [PMID: 25393508 PMCID: PMC4264188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common phenomenon that is associated with several pathologies and is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition that leads to progressive liver dysfunction. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) is the most recently discovered member of the BMP family. BMP9 bound with high affinity to activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) and endoglin in non-parenchymal liver cells. In addition, BMP9 activated Smad1/Smad5/Smad8 and induced the expression of the target genes inhibitor of differentiation 1 (Id1), hepcidin, Snail and the co-receptor endoglin in liver cells. Although the role of BMP9 in liver fibrosis is currently poorly understood, the presence of BMP9-activated proteins and its target genes have been reported to be associated with liver fibrosis development. This review summarizes the indirect connection between BMP9 and liver fibrosis, with a focus on the BMP9 signaling pathway members ALK1, endoglin, Id1, hepcidin and Snail. The observations on the role of BMP9 in regulating liver fibrosis may help in understanding the pathology mechanisms of liver disease. Furthermore, BMP9 could be served as a potent biomarker and the target of potential therapeutic drugs to treat hepatocytes fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Bi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
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Xu Q, Sakai K, Suzuki Y, Tambo C, Sakai Y, Matsumoto K. Suppression of fibrogenic gene expression and liver fibrosis using a synthetic prostacyclin agonist. Biomed Res 2014; 34:241-50. [PMID: 24190236 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.34.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic injury and inflammation in the liver are associated with the development of liver fibrosis. Expressions of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) participate in the development and suppression, respectively, of liver fibrosis. Here, we investigated the effect of ONO-1301, a synthetic prostaglandin I2/IP receptor agonist, on liver fibrosis and on changes in the hepatic expressions of genes that regulate the progression of fibrosis in mice. Liver fibrosis was caused by the repetitive administration of CCl4 for 12 weeks, with ONO-1301 being administered during the last 4 weeks. The expressions of fibrogenic genes: TGF-β1, connective tissue growth factor, α-smooth muscle actin, type-I collagen, and type-III collagen were upregulated by chronic liver injury, which was associated with the expansion of myofibroblasts and the development of liver fibrosis. Treatment with ONO-1301 increased hepatic HGF mRNA expression, but decreased the expressions of TGF-β1, connective tissue growth factor, α-smooth muscle actin, and type-I and type-III collagen, which was associated with the suppression of myofibroblast expansion and liver fibrosis. Neutralizing antibody for HGF significantly attenuated the suppressive action of ONO-1301 on liver fibrosis and fibrogenic gene expressions. The therapeutic action of ONO-1301 on liver fibrosis may have occurred partly through HGF-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Kim JB, Ann YH, Park SY, Jee HG, Kim HR, Lee JH, Yu SJ, Lee HS, Kim YJ. Side population in LX2 cells decreased by transforming growth factor-β. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:229-37. [PMID: 23578133 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Side population (SP) cells are known to be enriched in stem/progenitor-like cells. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling is associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) production in hepatic stellate cells. We hypothesized that the SP fraction in LX2 cells is associated with ECM deposition, which is regulated through TGF-β signaling. METHODS We investigated the relationship between SP cells and TGF-β signaling in the hepatic stellate cell line LX2. The effects of TGF-β and SB431542 on the SP fraction and expression of collagen type I and phospho-Smad2 was determined. RESULTS We identified 0.8-3% SP cells in LX2 cells. The growth rate of sorted SP and non-SP cells was similar to that of the original LX2 population, but population of the G0/G1 phase was increased in SP cells. Treatment of LX2 cells with TGF-β decreased the SP fraction in a dose-dependent manner and increased the production of collagen type I. Treatment of LX2 cells with SB431542 blocked the effect of TGF-β on the SP fraction and the expression of collagen type I. We cultured LX2 cells on collagen-coated dishes to observe the effect of ECM deposition on the SP fraction. The growth rate and cell cycle distribution was similar to that observed on normal tissue culture dishes, but the SP fraction was decreased when LX2 cells were cultured on collagen-coated plates. CONCLUSION These results show that LX2 cells contain an SP fraction and that TGF-β signaling is involved in the induction of ECM deposition as well as the number of SP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Miyoshi K, Ikebuchi Y, Ishida C, Okamoto K, Murawaki Y. Association between gene polymorphisms of connective tissue growth factor and the progression of chronic liver disease associated with hepatitis C. Intern Med 2014; 53:1461-8. [PMID: 25030555 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibrogenic cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-beta 1 play a central role in the progression of liver fibrosis. Recently, functional gene polymorphisms in these cytokines have been identified, and some reports have validated the presence of associations between these polymorphisms and disease progression. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a stimulating factor for fibroblast proliferation and matrix production. This study aimed to examine the relationship between CTGF gene polymorphisms and the progression of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related chronic liver disease, as well as the incidence and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS A review was conducted among 235 HCV patients (117 patients with chronic hepatitis (CH) and 118 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC)). The CTGF gene polymorphism (rs6918698; -945 G/C) was identified according to the chimeric cycling probe method. The rate of liver fibrosis progression was measured using two liver fibrosis prediction formulas, the Forns index and the FibroIndex. All HCC patients were followed regularly every month. RESULTS The frequency of the -945 C allele was higher among the LC patients than the CH patients. Regarding the rate of liver fibrosis progression over five years, C homozygotes tended to exhibit a faster rate than G carriers, although the difference was not significant. Among the LC patients, the C homozygotes demonstrated lower prothrombin times, higher rates of indocyanine green retention and higher Child-Pugh scores than the G carriers. There were no significant tendencies in the genotype distribution, irrespective of the status of HCC. However, the prognosis of HCC was poorer for the C homozygotes than for the G carriers. CONCLUSION A CTGF -945 C homozygote status is a significant risk factor for the progression of HCV-related chronic liver disease, including HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Miyoshi
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Tottori University School of Medicine, Japan
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Wang J, Zhao J, Chu ESH, Mok MTS, Go MYY, Man K, Heuchel R, Lan HY, Chang Z, Sung JJY, Yu J. Inhibitory role of Smad7 in hepatocarcinogenesis in mice and in vitro. J Pathol 2013; 230:441-52. [PMID: 23625826 DOI: 10.1002/path.4206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Smad7 is a principal inhibitor of the TGFβ-Smad signalling pathway. We have investigated the functional significance of Smad7 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Smad7 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were injected with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to induce HCC. The effects of Smad7 on cellular features were examined in HCC cells, using a Smad7 over-expression or deletion approach. Signalling pathway components modulated by Smad7 in HCC were evaluated using luciferase reporter assay and co-immunoprecipitation. Smad7 was down-regulated in human HCCs compared with the adjacent normal tissues (p < 0.001). Smad7 KO mice were more susceptible to DEN-induced HCC than WT mice (78% versus 22%, p < 0.05). HCCs from KO mice displayed a greater proliferation activity (p < 0.05) and a reduced apoptotic index compared with WT littermates (p < 0.05). Deletion of Smad7 promoted cell proliferation in primary cultured HCC cells. In addition, over-expression of Smad7 in HCC cell lines markedly suppressed cell growth (p < 0.0001) and colony formation (p < 0.01). Cell cycle analysis revealed an increase in the G1 phase and a reduction in the S-phase populations, accompanied by up-regulation of p27(Kip1) and down-regulation of cyclin D1. Smad7 increased cell apoptosis (p < 0.01) by mediating an intrinsic [caspase-9, caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase] apoptotic pathway. Moreover, Smad7 inhibited NF-κB signalling by interacting with TAB2, an upstream activator of NF-κB, and inhibited TGFβ signalling by suppressing phosphorylation of Smad3. In conclusion, loss of Smad7 enhances susceptibility to HCC. Smad7 suppresses HCC cell growth by inhibiting proliferation and G1 -S phase transition and inducing apoptosis through attenuation of NF-κB and TGFβ signalling. Smad7 acts as a potential tumour suppressor in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong
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Zheng J, Lin Z, Dong P, Lu Z, Gao S, Chen X, Wu C, Yu F. Activation of hepatic stellate cells is suppressed by microRNA-150. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:17-24. [PMID: 23604143 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been reported to be involved in the progression of liver fibrosis. It has previously been shown that miR-150 can inhibit the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) via the inhibition of C-myb expression. However, the reduced C-myb expression is not responsible for all the effects of miR-150, there may be other molecular mechanisms for the suppression of HSCs by miR-150. In this study, gene array analysis was performed to analyze the miRNAs that were differentially expressed between LX-2 cells induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and the control. Our results indicated that the expression of miR-150 was significantly reduced during liver fibrosis. Of note, the reduction of miR-150 induced by TGF-β1 was in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, miR-150 overexpression in LX-2 cells resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation and the reduction of extracellular matrix proteins and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). However, there was no significant change in the rate of apoptosis in cells transfected with miR-150 mimics compared with the control. Sp1, a mediator of α-1 (I) collagen (Col1A1) expression, and Col4A4 were found to be the targets for miR-150. Also, miR-150 mimics were found to decrease the expression of Sp1 and Col4A4. Smad2 and p-Smad2, the upstream mediators of Sp1, were not affected by miR-150. The same result was also seen in the levels of Smad3 and p-Smad3. Collectively, we conclude that miR-150 can reduce type Ⅰ and IV collagen by directly binding to Sp1 and Col4A4 without the involvement of upstream of the TGF-β/Smad pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Zheng
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Gressner OA, Fang M, Li H, Lu LG, Gressner AM, Gao CF. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in serum is an indicator of fibrogenic progression and malignant transformation in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 421:126-31. [PMID: 23501329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Still a challenging medical problem is the non-invasive monitoring of patients with a variety of chronic liver diseases being on risk to develop fibrosis, cirrhosis, and, finally, primary liver cell carcinoma. Previously, we have shown that CTGF/CCN2, a down-stream mediator of TGF-β, in serum might be a promising non-invasive biomarker of fibrosis, which is extended in the following study to cirrhosis and liver cell carcinoma. Healthy individuals (n=56), as well as fibrotic (n=77), cirrhotic (n=17), and HCC-patients (n=72) with chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection, clinically, biochemically and histopathologically well characterized and classified, were included for the measurements of CTGF-concentrations in serum using a newly developed CTGF-enzyme immunoassay. A statistical significant increase of the mean serum CTGF-concentrations was associated with different stages of fibrosis, ranging from 15.9 μg/L (S0), 20.3 μg/L (S1/2) to 36.9 μg/L (S3/4). The highest CTGF-concentrations were measured in cirrhotic patients (43.6 μg/L), compared to healthy subjects (17.7 μg/L), followed by a decrease in cirrhotic HCC-patients (38.5 μg/L; p=0.001). Of note, HCC patients without underlying cirrhosis (n=8) had CTGF levels (13.5±13.2 μg/L) comparable to those in healthy controls. No statistical relation between CTGF levels and parameters of liver injury (e.g. AST, ALT) was noticed, but CTGF levels are correlated negatively with serum albumin levels (p=0.007) and platelet counts (p=0.0032), respectively. The latter was negatively correlated with the stage of fibrosis (p=0.025). In HCC patients, CTGF concentrations decreased with tumor progression and size, with lower levels in TNM stage II (30.5 μg/L) and stage III (33.6 μg/L) compared to TNM stage I (41.6 μg/L). Our data suggest a valuable diagnostic impact of CTGF in serum for the follow-up of patients suffering from chronic liver diseases developing fibrosis, cirrhosis and finally HCC. CTGF serum levels in HCC are most likely due to underlying fibrosis/cirrhosis but not due to malignancy per se.
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Noetel A, Elfimova N, Altmüller J, Becker C, Becker D, Lahr W, Nürnberg P, Wasmuth H, Teufel A, Büttner R, Dienes HP, Odenthal M. Next generation sequencing of the Ago2 interacting transcriptome identified chemokine family members as novel targets of neuronal microRNAs in hepatic stellate cells. J Hepatol 2013; 58:335-41. [PMID: 23041308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS After myofibroblastic transdifferentiation, hepatic stellate cells (HSC), mainly involved in liver fibrosis by extracellular matrix production, exhibit an altered growth factor profile including increased expression of neuronal mediators. Here, we analyzed putative targets of neuronal microRNAs miR-9, miR-125b, and miR-128 by deep sequencing of the transcript population, interacting with the miRNA/Argonaute 2 (Ago2) complex in myofibroblastic HSC. METHODS MicroRNA expression was quantified by real-time PCR in primary HSC, isolated from the rat or human liver. Myofibroblastic HSC were transfected either with mimics or inhibitors of miR-9, miR-125b, and miR-128. RNA from immunoprecipitated Ago2-miRNA/transcript complexes was purified and used for next generation sequencing. Additionally, gene expression was investigated in quiescent and activated primary HSC, treated with the miR-128 mimic or inhibitor, by microarray analysis. RESULTS During myofibroblastic transdifferentiation of HSC, miR-9, miR-125b, and miR-128 expression was markedly increased. Transcriptome analysis of Ago2 bound mRNA by deep sequencing identified a broad spectrum of transcripts that interact with neuronal miRNAs in myofibroblastic HSC. In particular, in HSC overexpressing miR-128, many members of the chemokine family were bound to the Ago2 repression complex. Furthermore, a comprehensive profiling of gene expression demonstrates the high impact of neuronal miRNAs on the chemokine network. CONCLUSIONS Ago2 immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing is a useful tool to identify novel miRNA targets. Upregulation of neuronal miR-9, miR-125b, and miR-128 during myofibroblastic transition and the identified interaction with a wide range of chemokines and chemokine receptors suggest a prominent role of neuronal miRNAs in the inflammatory response of HSC during fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Noetel
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany
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Ling H, Roux E, Hempel D, Tao J, Smith M, Lonning S, Zuk A, Arbeeny C, Ledbetter S. Transforming growth factor β neutralization ameliorates pre-existing hepatic fibrosis and reduces cholangiocarcinoma in thioacetamide-treated rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54499. [PMID: 23349909 PMCID: PMC3547926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence has demonstrated that transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) plays a key role in hepatic fibrosis, the final common pathway for a variety of chronic liver diseases leading to liver insufficiency. Although a few studies have reported that blocking TGF-β with soluble receptors or siRNA can prevent the progression of hepatic fibrosis, as yet no evidence has been provided that TGF-β antagonism can improve pre-existing hepatic fibrosis. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a murine neutralizing TGF-β monoclonal antibody (1D11), in a rat model of thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic fibrosis. TAA administration for 8 weeks induced extensive hepatic fibrosis, whereupon 1D11 dosing was initiated and maintained for 8 additional weeks. Comparing the extent of fibrosis at two time points, pre- and post-1D11 dosing, we observed a profound regression of tissue injury and fibrosis upon treatment, as reflected by a reduction of collagen deposition to a level significantly less than that observed before 1D11 dosing. Hepatic TGF-β1 mRNA, tissue hydroxyproline, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) levels were significantly elevated at the end of the 8 week TAA treatment. Vehicle and antibody control groups demonstrated progressive injury through 16 weeks, whereas those animals treated for 8 weeks with 1D11 showed striking improvement in histologic and molecular endpoints. During the course of tissue injury, TAA also induced cholangiocarcinomas. At the end of study, the number and area of cholangiocarcinomas were significantly diminished in rats receiving 1D11 as compared to control groups, presumably by the marked reduction of supporting fibrosis/stroma. The present study demonstrates that 1D11 can reverse pre-existing hepatic fibrosis induced by extended dosing of TAA. The regression of fibrosis was accompanied by a marked reduction in concomitantly developed cholangiocarcinomas. These data provide evidence that therapeutic dosing of a TGF-β antagonist can diminish and potentially reverse hepatic fibrosis and also reduce the number and size of attendant cholangiocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ling
- Tissue Protection and Repair, Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA.
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An P, Tian Y, Chen M, Luo H. Ca(2+) /calmodulin- dependent protein kinase II mediates transforming growth factor-β-induced hepatic stellate cells proliferation but not in collagen α1(I) production. Hepatol Res 2012; 42:806-18. [PMID: 22414022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2012.00983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are the major players in hepatic fibrosis. As a most potent mitogen, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) strongly activates HSC and increases intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. Here, we assessed the potential role of Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), a main downstream effector of the Ca(2+) signal in liver fibrogenesis cascade. METHODS A human immortal HSC cell line, LX-2, and primary rat hepatic stellate cells were used in current study. CaMKII blockage and Akt inhibition were performed by KN-93/CaMKIIα siRNA and LY294002, respectively. HSC proliferation was detected by 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to measure mRNA, cellular protein and protein in medium, respectively. Procollagen α1(I) expression was detected by immunocytochemistry. The role of CaMKII on TGF-β/Smad-induced collagen α1(I) expression was determined by (CAGA)(12) -MLP luciferase activity assay. RESULTS TGF-β dramatically increased CaMKII mRNA, and total and phosphorylated CaMKII expression. KN-93 and CaMKIIα siRNA suppressed TGF-β-mediated HSC proliferation. CaMKII interruption blocked TGF-β-elicited Akt activation. LY294002 arrested HSC proliferation and collagen α1(I) production but had no effect on CaMKII. Furthermore, CaMKII led to increased p21 and p27 expression. KN-93 and CaMKIIα siRNA inhibited TGF-β-induced and basal collagen α1(I) production but had no effect on the activity of (CAGA)(12) -MLP luciferase in response to TGF-β stimulation. CONCLUSION CaMKII is a pivotal signal in TGF-β-induced fibrogenic cascades by means of stimulating HSC proliferation, and involved in a basal collagen production. Therefore, CaMKII will be a potentially effective target in the development of therapeutic intervention strategies to attenuate hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping An
- Division of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
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Rashid ST, Humphries JD, Byron A, Dhar A, Askari JA, Selley JN, Knight D, Goldin RD, Thursz M, Humphries MJ. Proteomic analysis of extracellular matrix from the hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 identifies CYR61 and Wnt-5a as novel constituents of fibrotic liver. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4052-64. [PMID: 22694338 PMCID: PMC3411196 DOI: 10.1021/pr3000927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and subsequent
uncontrolled
accumulation of altered extracellular matrix (ECM) underpin liver
fibrosis, a wound healing response to chronic injury, which can lead
to organ failure and death. We sought to catalogue the components
of fibrotic liver ECM to obtain insights into disease etiology and
aid identification of new biomarkers. Cell-derived ECM was isolated
from the HSC line LX-2, an in vitro model of liver
fibrosis, and compared to ECM from human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs)
as a control. Mass spectrometry analyses of cell-derived ECMs identified,
with ≥99% confidence, 61 structural ECM or secreted proteins
(48 and 31 proteins for LX-2 and HFF, respectively). Gene ontology
enrichment analysis confirmed the enrichment of ECM proteins, and
hierarchical clustering coupled with protein–protein interaction
network analysis revealed a subset of proteins enriched to fibrotic
ECM, highlighting the existence of cell type-specific ECM niches.
Thirty-six proteins were enriched to LX-2 ECM as compared to HFF ECM,
of which Wnt-5a and CYR61 were validated by immunohistochemistry in
human and murine fibrotic liver tissue. Future studies will determine
if these and other components may play a role in the etiology of hepatic
fibrosis, serve as novel disease biomarkers, or open up new avenues
for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tamir Rashid
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, and Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Gardner CR, Hankey P, Mishin V, Francis M, Yu S, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Regulation of alternative macrophage activation in the liver following acetaminophen intoxication by stem cell-derived tyrosine kinase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 262:139-48. [PMID: 22575169 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-derived tyrosine kinase (STK) is a transmembrane receptor reported to play a role in macrophage switching from a classically activated/proinflammatory phenotype to an alternatively activated/wound repair phenotype. In the present studies, STK⁻/⁻ mice were used to assess the role of STK in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity as evidence suggests that the pathogenic process involves both of these macrophage subpopulations. In wild type mice, centrilobular hepatic necrosis and increases in serum transaminase levels were observed within 6h of acetaminophen administration (300 mg/kg, i.p.). Loss of STK resulted in a significant increase in sensitivity of mice to the hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen and increased mortality, effects independent of its metabolism. This was associated with reduced levels of hepatic glutathione, rapid upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and prolonged induction of heme oxygenase-1, suggesting excessive oxidative stress in STK⁻/⁻ mice. F4/80, a marker of mature macrophages, was highly expressed on subpopulations of Kupffer cells in livers of wild type, but not STK⁻/⁻ mice. Whereas F4/80⁺ macrophages rapidly declined in the livers of wild type mice following acetaminophen intoxication, they increased in STK⁻/⁻ mice. In wild type mice hepatic expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-12, products of classically activated macrophages, increased after acetaminophen administration. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and its receptor, CCR2, as well as IL-10, mediators involved in recruiting and activating anti-inflammatory/wound repair macrophages, also increased in wild type mice after acetaminophen. Loss of STK blunted the effects of acetaminophen on expression of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-12, MCP-1 and CCR2, while expression of IL-10 increased. Hepatic expression of CX3CL1, and its receptor, CX3CR1 also increased in STK⁻/⁻ mice treated with acetaminophen. These data demonstrate that STK plays a role in regulating macrophage recruitment and activation in the liver following acetaminophen administration, and in hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol R Gardner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Liu YC, Gu XH. Roles and relation between C/EBPα and PARs in the activation of hepatic stellate cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:3656-3660. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i36.3656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are main components of the fibrotic cascade mediated by the trypsin and thrombin that amplifies liver inflammation and fibrosis. Gene transcription initiation induced by PARs plays an important role in the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). HSC activation can be inhibited by the expression of transcription factor CCAAT enhancer binding proteins α (C/EBPα). Further research of the relation between C/EBPα and PARs will contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and provide a theoretical basis for further exploration of anti-fibrotic strategies.
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Zakrzewski PK, Cygankiewicz AI, Mokrosiński J, Nowacka-Zawisza M, Semczuk A, Rechberger T, Krajewska WM. Expression of endoglin in primary endometrial cancer. Oncology 2011; 81:243-50. [PMID: 22116456 DOI: 10.1159/000334240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling cascade are engaged in the development of human neoplasms through the deregulation of proliferation, differentiation and migration. However, in endometrial cancer, the role of endoglin, which acts as an accessory receptor in the TGF-β pathway, is still unknown. The aim of our study was the evaluation of endoglin mRNA and protein expression levels in endometrial cancer as compared to normal endometrium. TGF-β(1) and TGF-β type II receptor were involved in the investigation since they directly cooperate with endoglin during signal propagation. Obtained results were correlated with clinicopathological parameters of studied material to determine endoglin contribution to tumor development and progression. METHODS mRNA level assessment was performed using real-time technique, whereas protein expression was determined by ELISA assay. RESULTS The endoglin mRNA level was not significantly altered in cancerous samples as compared to normal tissue, whereas its protein level demonstrated significant upregulation (p < 0.001) associated with increased tumor malignancy, assessed by histological grade and myometrium infiltration. CONCLUSIONS An increase in endoglin protein expression level may interfere with the oncogenic potential of TGF-β(1) and TGF-β type II receptor in endometrial cancer. Correlation of the endoglin level with pronounced cancer malignancy suggests that it may be regarded as a potential prognostic marker of primary endometrial cancer.
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Klemmer I, Yagi S, Gressner OA. Oral application of 1,7-dimethylxanthine (paraxanthine) attenuates the formation of experimental cholestatic liver fibrosis. Hepatol Res 2011; 41:1094-109. [PMID: 22032678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2011.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM Several epidemiological studies suggest a beneficial effect of coffee consumption on the formation and progression of fibrogenic diseases, particularly of the liver. Recent data now point to a modulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling by paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine [1,7-DMX]), the demethylated primary metabolite of caffeine METHODS Twenty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were bile duct ligated (BDL) or sham operated with or without concomitant oral 1,7-DMX (1 mM) application. Serum was investigated by standard biochemical analysis, in-house connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Liver tissue was stained using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Sirius-red staining. Whole liver lysates, primary rat hepatocytes (PC) and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) were investigated by CTGF, and total Smad2/3 Western blot analysis, CTGF reporter gene assay or an in-house malondialdehyde ELISA. RESULTS The in vitro 50% inhibitory dose (ID50) of 1,7-DMX was 0.95 mM by for CTGF promoter activity and protein expression in PC and 1.25 mM for protein expression in HSC. Oral 1,7-DMX application (1 mM) attenuated cholestatic hepatocellular injury in vivo as determined by biochemical serum analysis and reduced intercellular collagen deposition in the cholestatic rat liver (HE- and Sirius-red staining). Western Blot analysis of whole liver lysates revealed a reduction of intrahepatic concentrations of Smad2/3 and CTGF following oral 1,7-DMX intake. However, serum CTGF concentrations were not reduced in 1,7-DMX treated BDL rats. Oral 1,7-DMX furthermore led to a reduction of intrahepatic lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde concentrations) as markers of oxidative stress in BDL rats. CONCLUSION Our pilot study warrants further studies of 1,7-DMX as a potential new drug to fight fibrotic processes, not just of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Klemmer
- Wisplinghoff Medical Laboratories, Cologne, Germany Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreas and Transplant Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry - Central Laboratory, RWTH- University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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Kwiecinski M, Noetel A, Elfimova N, Trebicka J, Schievenbusch S, Strack I, Molnar L, von Brandenstein M, Töx U, Nischt R, Coutelle O, Dienes HP, Odenthal M. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) inhibits collagen I and IV synthesis in hepatic stellate cells by miRNA-29 induction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24568. [PMID: 21931759 PMCID: PMC3170366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In chronic liver disease, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts, promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and deposition. Stimulation of HSC by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a crucial event in liver fibrogenesis due to its impact on myofibroblastic transition and ECM induction. In contrast, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), exerts antifibrotic activities. Recently, miR-29 has been reported to be involved in ECM synthesis. We therefore studied the influence of HGF and TGF-β on the miR-29 collagen axis in HSC. Methodology HSC, isolated from rats, were characterized for HGF and Met receptor expression by Real-Time PCR and Western blotting during culture induced myofibroblastic transition. Then, the levels of TGF-β, HGF, collagen-I and -IV mRNA, in addition to miR-29a and miR-29b were determined after HGF and TGF-β stimulation of HSC or after experimental fibrosis induced by bile-duct obstruction in rats. The interaction of miR-29 with 3′-untranslated mRNA regions (UTR) was analyzed by reporter assays. The repressive effect of miR-29 on collagen synthesis was studied in HSC treated with miR-29-mimicks by Real-Time PCR and immunoblotting. Principal Findings The 3′-UTR of the collagen-1 and −4 subtypes were identified to bind miR-29. Hence, miR-29a/b overexpression in HSC resulted in a marked reduction of collagen-I and -IV synthesis. Conversely, a decrease in miR-29 levels is observed during collagen accumulation upon experimental fibrosis, in vivo, and after TGF-β stimulation of HSC, in vitro. Finally, we show that during myofibroblastic transition and TGF-β exposure the HGF-receptor, Met, is upregulated in HSC. Thus, whereas TGF-β stimulation leads to a reduction in miR-29 expression and de-repression of collagen synthesis, stimulation with HGF was definitely associated with highly elevated miR-29 levels and markedly repressed collagen-I and -IV synthesis. Conclusions Upregulation of miRNA-29 by HGF and downregulation by TGF-β take part in the anti- or profibrogenic response of HSC, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kwiecinski
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Noetel
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natalia Elfimova
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Schievenbusch
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ingo Strack
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Levente Molnar
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Töx
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roswitha Nischt
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Coutelle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Peter Dienes
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Margarete Odenthal
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Zhou WJ, Geng ZH, Chi S, Zhang W, Niu XF, Lan SJ, Ma L, Yang X, Wang LJ, Ding YQ, Geng JG. Slit-Robo signaling induces malignant transformation through Hakai-mediated E-cadherin degradation during colorectal epithelial cell carcinogenesis. Cell Res 2011; 21:609-26. [PMID: 21283129 PMCID: PMC3203654 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Slit family of guidance cues binds to Roundabout (Robo) receptors and modulates cell migration. We report here that ectopic expression of Slit2 and Robo1 or recombinant Slit2 treatment of Robo1-expressing colorectal epithelial carcinoma cells recruited an ubiquitin ligase Hakai for E-cadherin (E-cad) ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and tumor growth and liver metastasis, which were rescued by knockdown of Hakai. In contrast, knockdown of endogenous Robo1 or specific blockade of Slit2 binding to Robo1 prevented E-cad degradation and reversed EMT, resulting in diminished tumor growth and liver metastasis. Ectopic expression of Robo1 also triggered a malignant transformation in Slit2-positive human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Importantly, the expression of Slit2 and Robo1 was significantly associated with an increased metastatic risk and poorer overall survival in colorectal carcinoma patients. We conclude that engagement of Robo1 by Slit2 induces malignant transformation through Hakai-mediated E-cad ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation during colorectal epithelial cell carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhen H Geng
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shan Chi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shu-Jue Lan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Li-Jing Wang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yan-Qing Ding
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jian-Guo Geng
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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Lin R, Lü G, Wang J, Zhang C, Xie W, Lu X, Mantion G, Martin H, Richert L, Vuitton DA, Wen H. Time course of gene expression profiling in the liver of experimental mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14557. [PMID: 21283804 PMCID: PMC3023716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a severe chronic parasitic disease which behaves like a slow-growing liver cancer. Clinical observations suggest that the parasite, Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) influences liver homeostasis and hepatic cell metabolism. However, this has never been analyzed during the time course of infection in the common model of secondary echinococcosis in experimental mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Gene expression profiles were assessed using DNA microarray analysis, 1, 2, 3 and 6 months after injection of E. multilocularis metacestode in the liver of susceptible mice. Data were collected at different time points to monitor the dynamic behavior of gene expression. 557 differentially expressed genes were identified at one or more time points, including 351 up-regulated and 228 down-regulated genes. Time-course analysis indicated, at the initial stage of E. multilocularis infection (month 1-2), that most of up-regulated pathways were related to immune processes and cell trafficking such as chemokine-, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and down-regulated pathways were related to xenobiotic metabolism; at the middle stage (month 3), MAPK signaling pathway was maintained and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway emerged; at the late stage (month 6), most of up-regulated pathways were related to PPAR signaling pathway, complement and coagulation cascades, while down-regulated pathways were related to metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of a random selection of 19 genes confirmed the reliability of the microarray data. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was increased in the liver of E. multilocularis infected mice from 2 months to 6 months. CONCLUSIONS E. multilocularis metacestode definitely exerts a deep influence on liver homeostasis, by modifying a number of gene expression and metabolic pathways. It especially promotes hepatic cell proliferation, as evidenced by the increased PCNA constantly found in all the experimental time-points we studied and by an increased gene expression of key metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyong Lin
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis and Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Cellulaire, EA 4267, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Guodong Lü
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis and Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Junhua Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis and Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis and Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wenjuan Xie
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis and Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis and Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Georges Mantion
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Cellulaire, EA 4267, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- World Health Organization-Collaborating Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, Department of Digestive Surgery of Jean Minjoz Hospital, University of Franche-Comté and University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Hélène Martin
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Cellulaire, EA 4267, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Lysiane Richert
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Cellulaire, EA 4267, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Dominique A. Vuitton
- World Health Organization-Collaborating Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, Department of Digestive Surgery of Jean Minjoz Hospital, University of Franche-Comté and University Hospital, Besançon, France
- * E-mail: (DAV); (HW)
| | - Hao Wen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis and Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- * E-mail: (DAV); (HW)
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Su LT, Xia SH, Zheng YQ. Treatment with oxymatrine down-regulates TGFβRII expression in chronic pancreatitis in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:121-125. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of treatment with oxymatrine on the expression of transforming growth factor β1 type II receptor (TGFβRII) in chronic pancreatitis (CP) in rats and to explore the potential anti-fibrotic mechanism of oxymatrine.
METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly and equally assigned to four groups: negative control group (NC), CP group, oxymatrine treatment group (OT), and oxymatrine prevention group (OP). Each group was further divided into two subgroups for detection at different time points. Except the NC group, pancreatic fibrosis was induced in rats of the other groups by intraperitoneal injections of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC 700 mg/kg). Preventive and therapeutic oxymatrine (100 mg/kg) was given to rats of the OT and OP group, respectively. Pancreatic tissue samples were taken for HE and Masson staining to evaluate histological alterations. The expression of TGFβRII in pancreatic tissue was detected by Western blot.
RESULTS: The contents of collagen fibers in the CP group were significantly higher than those in the other groups (day 20: 22.54% ± 4.45% vs 13.16% ± 1.84%, 19.58% ± 2.78%, 2.45% ± 0.24%; day 40: 35.14% ± 3.27% vs 25.14% ± 3.67%, 28.68% ± 2.55%, 3.0% ± 0.32%; all P < 0.05), and the percentages of collagen area in the OP and OT groups on day 40 were significantly higher than those on day 20 (25.14% ± 3.67% vs 13.16% ± 1.84%; 28.68% ± 2.55% vs 19.58% ± 2.78%; all P < 0.05) The expression level of TGFβRII in the CP group was significantly higher than those in the other groups (day 20: 0.74 ± 0.05 vs 0.47 ± 0.03, 0.61 ± 0.03, 0.21 ± 0.02; day 40: 1.01 ± 0.14 vs 0.64 ± 0.08, 0.75 ± 0.04, 0.23 ± 0.03; all P < 0.05). The expression levels of TGFβRII in the OP and OT groups on day 40 were significantly higher than those on day 20 (0.64 ± 0.08 vs 0.47 ± 0.03; 0.75 ± 0.04 vs 0.61 ± 0.03; all P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Treatment with oxymatrine exerts beneficial effects against CP possibly by inhibiting TGFβRII signaling.
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Csepeggi C, Jiang M, Kojima F, Crofford LJ, Frolov A. Somatic cell plasticity and Niemann-Pick type C2 protein: fibroblast activation. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:2078-87. [PMID: 21084287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.135897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence points toward activated fibroblasts, also known as myofibroblasts, as one of the leading mediators in several major human pathologies including proliferative fibrotic disorders, invasive tumor growth, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis. Niemann-Pick Type C2 (NPC2) protein has been recently identified as a product of the second gene in NPC disease. It encodes ubiquitous, highly conserved, secretory protein with the poorly defined function. Here we show that NPC2 deficiency in human fibroblasts confers their activation. The activation phenomenon was not limited to fibroblasts as it was also observed in aortic smooth muscle cells upon silencing NPC2 gene by siRNA. More importantly, activated synovial fibroblasts isolated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were also identified as NPC2-deficient at both the NPC2 mRNA and protein levels. The molecular mechanism responsible for activation of NPC2-null cells was shown to be a sustained phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which fulfills both the sufficient and necessary fibroblast activation criteria. All of these findings highlight a novel mechanism where NPC2 by negatively regulating ERK 1/2 MAPK phosphorylation may efficiently suppress development of maladaptive tissue remodeling and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Csepeggi
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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Abstract
To understand the cellular and molecular events contributing to arthrofibrosis, we used an adenovirus to deliver and overexpress transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) cDNA (Ad.TGF-β1) in the knee joints of immunocompromised rats. Following delivery, animals were killed periodically, and joint tissues were examined macroscopically and histologically. PCR-array was used to assay alterations in expression patterns of extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated genes. By days 5 and 10, TGF-β1 induced an increase in knee diameter and complete encasement of joints in dense scar-like tissue, locking joints at 90° of flexion. Histologically, massive proliferation of synovial fibroblasts was seen, followed by their differentiation into myofibroblasts. The fibrotic tissue displaced the normal architecture of the joint capsule and fused with articular cartilage. RNA expression profiles showed high levels of transcription of numerous MMPs, matricellular and ECM proteins. By day 30, the phenotype of the fibrotic tissue had undergone chondrometaplasia, indicated by cellular morphology, matrix composition and >100-fold increases in expression of collagen type II and cartilage link protein. Pre-labeling of articular cells by injection with recombinant lentivirus containing eGFP cDNA showed fibrotic/cartilaginous tissues appeared to arise almost entirely from local proliferation and differentiation of resident fibroblasts. Altogether, these results indicate that TGF-β1 is a potent inducer of arthrofibrosis, and illustrate the proliferative potential and plasticity of articular fibroblasts. They suggest the mechanisms causing arthrofibrosis share many aspects with tumorigenesis.
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Dang SS, Li YP. Advances in understanding the role of transforming growth factor-β1 in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:1631-1636. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i16.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is one of the most important cytokines leading to liver fibrosis and is most closely to the development and progression of liver fibrosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism. Numerous studies have demonstrated that TGF-β1 plays a significant role in the occurrence, development and progression of live fibrosis. Many therapeutic approaches targeting TGF-β1, especially gene therapy and immunotherapy, have been proposed to treat hepatic fibrosis in recent years. Here, we will review the recent advances in understanding the role of TGF-β1 in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis.
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Gressner AM, Rizk M, Gao C, Gressner OA. Potential novel biomarkers for monitoring the fibrogenic process in liver. Arab J Gastroenterol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Phenotypic transition of the collecting duct epithelium in congenital urinary tract obstruction. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2010:696034. [PMID: 20037736 PMCID: PMC2796364 DOI: 10.1155/2010/696034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has emerged in recent years as an important process in the development of organ fibrosis in many human diseases. Our previous experience in a nonhuman primate model of obstructive nephropathy suggested that EMT of collecting duct epithelium contributes to the development of interstitial fibrosis. In this study we demonstrate for the first time in humans that obstructed fetal collecting duct epithelium undergoes transition to mesenchymal phenotype, characterized by decreased expression of epithelial markers, de novo expression of mesenchymal markers with subsequent loss of cell-cell interaction, disruption of the basement membrane, and increased deposition of extracellular matrix into the expanded interstitium of the obstructed kidney. The results of this study therefore support the previous findings from animal studies and suggest that EMT of the collecting duct epithelium might contribute to the development of interstitial fibrosis in human fetal obstructive nephropathy.
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Albrecht M. Insights into the nature of human testicular peritubular cells. Ann Anat 2009; 191:532-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kuhn J, Gressner OA, Götting C, Gressner AM, Kleesiek K. Increased serum xylosyltransferase activity in patients with liver fibrosis. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 409:123-6. [PMID: 19755118 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the xylosyltransferase (XT) activity in the serum of liver fibrotic patients with hepatitis C virus induced liver fibrosis at different stages as determined according to the scoring system of Desmet and Scheuer. METHODS Measurement of XT activity was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS We found that serum XT activity in males (n=59, median+/-SD, 27.2+/-2.8 mU/L, p<0.001) and females (n=54, 23.6+/-3.0 mU/L, p<0.01) with liver fibrosis is significantly elevated in comparison to a corresponding healthy control cohort of males (n=50, 23.9+/-2.8 mU/L) and females (n=52, 21.5+/-3.7 mU/L), respectively. Of note, independent from gender, serum XT activity positively correlated with the stage of fibrosis but declined again in patients with histologically proven cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS XT activity is increased in the serum of patients with liver fibrosis at different stages, pointing to a possible pathogenetic role in elevated proteoglycan biosynthesis in fibrotic remodeling of this organ during chronic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Kuhn
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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Gressner OA, Beer N, Jodlowski A, Gressner AM. Impact of quality control accepted inter-laboratory variations on calculated Fibrotest/Actitest scores for the non-invasive biochemical assessment of liver fibrosis. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 409:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Scientists at the National Institutes of Health have reported that increased coffee consumption is associated with a slower progression of fibrogenesis in patients with chronic and particularly alcoholic liver disease and a reduced incidence of heptocellular carcinoma. However, a causal mechanistic explanation was pending. New results indicate that the methylxanthine caffeine--a major component of coffee and the most widely consumed pharmacologically active substance in the world--might be responsible for this phenomenon, because it inhibits the synthesis of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in liver parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells, primarily by inducing degradation of Smad2 (and to a much lesser extent Smad3) and thus impairment of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling. CTGF and TGF-beta play crucial roles in the fibrotic remodeling of various organs, and, ultimately, carcinogenesis. This article summarizes the clinical-epidemiological observations as well as the pathophysiological background and provides suggestions for the therapeutic use of (methyl)xanthine derivatives in the management of fibro-/carcinogenic (liver) diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav A Gressner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Central Laboratory, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
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López-Novoa JM, Nieto MA. Inflammation and EMT: an alliance towards organ fibrosis and cancer progression. EMBO Mol Med 2009; 1:303-14. [PMID: 20049734 PMCID: PMC3378143 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.200900043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular pathways that govern the association of inflammation with organ fibrosis and cancer point to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) as the common link in the progression of these devastating diseases. The EMT is a crucial process in the development of different tissues in the embryo and its reactivation in the adult may be regarded as a physiological attempt to control inflammatory responses and to 'heal' damaged tissue. However, in pathological contexts such as in tumours or during the development of organ fibrosis, this healing response adopts a sinister nature, steering these diseases towards metastasis and organ failure. Importantly, the chronic inflammatory microenvironment common to fibrotic and cancer cells emerges as a decisive factor in the induction of the pathological EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Miguel López-Novoa
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de UnamunoSalamanca, Spain
| | - M Angela Nieto
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC-UMHSan Juan de Alicante, Spain
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