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Liu LH, Shi RJ, Chen ZC. Paeonol exerts anti‑tumor activity against colorectal cancer cells by inducing G0/G1 phase arrest and cell apoptosis via inhibiting the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:675-684. [PMID: 32626954 PMCID: PMC7307818 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeonol is a simple phenolic compound isolated from herbal root bark, which has been reported to possess numerous biological and pharmacological characteristics, including a desirable anti‑tumor effect. To date, the effect of paeonol against colorectal cancer (CRC) cells is yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the underlying mechanism via which paeonol exerts its anti‑tumor activity on HCT116 cells. After incubation with various concentrations of paeonol (7.8125, 15.625, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 µg/ml), the inhibitory effect of paeonol on cell viability was assessed using a Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were measured using flow cytometry. Moreover, caspase activity was measured using a colorimetric caspase assay. Luciferase assay was also used to determine the β‑catenin‑mediated transcriptional activity of T‑cell specific transcription factor/lymphoid‑enhancer binding factor (TCF/LEF), and western blotting analysis was performed to measure the related expression of proteins. The results indicated that paeonol exhibited a notable effect against HCT116 cells by inducing G0/G1‑phase arrest, as demonstrated by downregulation of the cell cycle regulators cyclin‑dependent kinase 4 and cyclin D1 and upregulation of p21Cip1 in a dose‑dependent manner. Furthermore, paeonol dose‑dependently induced cell apoptosis, accompanied by an increase in the Bax/Bcl‑2 ratio, release of cytochrome c and further activation of caspases. Paeonol also dose‑dependently blocked the activation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway by suppressing the expression of β‑catenin, resulting in a decrease in β‑catenin‑mediated activity of TCF/LEF and downregulation of downstream target genes, including cyclin D1, survivin and c‑Myc. Therefore, the present results suggested that paeonol exerted its anti‑tumor effects on CRC cells, including the inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of cell cycle arrest and initiation of apoptosis, at least partly by suppressing the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway, which may offer a promising therapeutic strategy for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Liu
- No. 1 Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029
| | - Ren-Jie Shi
- No. 1 Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023
| | - Zhi-Cheng Chen
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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Gao J, Zhao Y, Wang C, Ji H, Yu J, Liu C, Liu A. A novel synthetic chitosan selenate (CS) induces apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells via the Fas/FasL pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:689-697. [PMID: 32387597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Selenium is important to human health, particularly for immune response and cancer prevention. Chitosan has good biocompatibility and low toxicity. In this paper, we synthesized chitosan selenate (CS), a novel therapeutic compound, using chitosan and selenium. CS synthesis was evaluated using FTIR, which verified the presence of a characteristic SeO absorption peak at 892 cm-1, and with HPGPC, which calculated the molecular weight as approximately 41.8 kDa. Next, we evaluated the proliferation-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects of CS on lung cancer A549 cells and explored its potential molecular mechanisms. MTT assay indicated that CS could significantly inhibit A549 cells viability in a dose-dependent manner. Typical morphological features of apoptosis were observed by Hoechst staining in A549 cells treated with CS, and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining confirmed that CS induced cell death via apoptosis and not necrosis. Cell cycle detection showed that CS triggered S and G2/M phase arrest in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, western blot analysis indicated that CS up-regulated the expression levels of Fas, FasL, and Fadd; subsequently, activated the caspase cascade in A549 cells. These results show that CS induces apoptosis in A549 cells via the Fas/FasL signaling pathway, and has potential chemopreventive effects for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Gao
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yana Zhao
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Chenxu Wang
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Haiyu Ji
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Juan Yu
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; QingYunTang Biotech (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 14, Zhonghe Street, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Anjun Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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Zhao L, Li J, Sun ZB, Sun C, Yu ZH, Guo X. Saikosaponin D inhibits proliferation of human osteosarcoma cells via the p53 signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:488-494. [PMID: 30651826 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Saikosaponin D (SSd), the major monomeric terpenoid extracted from Radix bupleuri, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, exerts various pharmacological properties, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antiviral. The present study aimed to investigate the role of SSd in human osteosarcoma (OS) cell growth. In the investigation MTS and EdU assays were applied and flow cytometric analyses of cell cycle and apoptosis were performed. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses were used to explore the underlying mechanisms of SSd on cell cycle transition and p53 signaling. Here, it was demonstrated that SSd administration at 80 µmol/l significantly inhibited 143B and MG-63 proliferation. Furthermore, SSd significantly increased the percentage of 143B and MG-63 cells in G0-G1 phase and the number of apoptosis cells compared with the control group. Data further demonstrated that SSd treatment upregulated mRNA and protein levels of tumor protein 53 (p53) and its downstream targets, including p21, p27, B-cell lymphoma-2-like protein 4 and cleaved caspase-3, and downregulated mRNA and protein levels of cyclinD1. The results suggested that SSd was a functional tumor suppressor and inhibited OS proliferation via activation of the p53 signaling pathway and may be used in the treatment of osteosarcoma in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Chongqing First People's Hospital and Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Bo Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hong Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
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4
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The Role of Saikosaponins in Therapeutic Strategies for Age-Related Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8275256. [PMID: 29849917 PMCID: PMC5924972 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8275256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As life expectancy increases, elderly populations tend to spend an increasing number of years in poor health, with chronic age-related diseases and disability. Therefore, the development of therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent multiple pathophysiological conditions in the elderly may improve health-adjusted life expectancy and alleviate the potential economic and social burdens arising from age-related diseases. Bioactive natural products might represent promising new drug candidates for the treatment of many chronic age-related diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and liver disease. Here, we discuss a therapeutic option using saikosaponins, which are triterpene saponins isolated from Bupleurum, against a variety of age-related diseases. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of natural products like saikosaponins in the treatment of age-related diseases may help in the development of diverse natural product-derived compounds that may be effective against a number of chronic health problems.
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Yao QQ, Liu ZH, Xu MC, Hu HH, Zhou H, Jiang HD, Yu LS, Zeng S. Mechanism for ginkgolic acid (15 : 1)-induced MDCK cell necrosis: Mitochondria and lysosomes damages and cell cycle arrest. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 15:375-383. [PMID: 28558873 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgolic acids (GAs), primarily found in the leaves, nuts, and testa of ginkgo biloba, have been identified with suspected allergenic, genotoxic and cytotoxic properties. However, little information is available about GAs toxicity in kidneys and the underlying mechanism has not been thoroughly elucidated so far. Instead of GAs extract, the renal cytotoxicity of GA (15 : 1), which was isolated from the testa of Ginkgo biloba, was assessed in vitro by using MDCK cells. The action of GA (15 : 1) on cell viability was evaluated by the MTT and neutral red uptake assays. Compared with the control, the cytotoxicity of GA (15 : 1) on MDCK cells displayed a time- and dose-dependent manner, suggesting the cells mitochondria and lysosomes were damaged. It was confirmed that GA (15 : 1) resulted in the loss of cells mitochondrial trans-membrane potential (ΔΨm). In propidium iodide (PI) staining analysis, GA (15 : 1) induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 and G2/M phases, influencing on the DNA synthesis and cell mitosis. Characteristics of necrotic cell death were observed in MDCK cells at the experimental conditions, as a result of DNA agarose gel electrophoresis and morphological observation of MDCK cells. In conclusion, these findings might provide useful information for a better understanding of the GA (15 : 1) induced renal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Yao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Liu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ming-Cheng Xu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hai-Hong Hu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui-Di Jiang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lu-Shan Yu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Kang SJ, Lee YJ, Kang SG, Cho S, Yoon W, Lim JH, Min SH, Lee TH, Kim BM. Caspase-4 is essential for saikosaponin a-induced apoptosis acting upstream of caspase-2 and γ-H2AX in colon cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:100433-100448. [PMID: 29245990 PMCID: PMC5725032 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Saikosaponin a (SSa), a bioactive phytochemical from Bupleurum, triggers sequential caspase-2 and caspase-8 activation, and thereby induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in human colon carcinoma (HCC) cells. However, the upstream mechanism of caspase-2 activation remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the signaling mechanisms underlying SSa-induced caspase activation and apoptosis in HCC cells. SSa treatment triggered marked antitumor effects, especially in HCC cells, in a cell culture model and a mouse xenograft model. SSa also induced the activation of several endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signals. Specifically, caspase-4, a critical regulator of ER stress-induced apoptosis, was activated significantly after SSa treatment. Mechanistically, selective inhibition of caspase-4 suppressed SSa-induced apoptosis, colony inhibition, and the activation of caspase-3, -8, and -2, but not vice versa. Consistent with the important role of caspase-2 in the DNA damage response, SSa induced DNA damage, as evidenced by a cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay, single-cell gel electrophoresis, and an increase in the levels of γ-H2AX, a DNA damage marker. Moreover, inhibition of caspase-4 activation inhibited SSa-induced histone H2AX phosphorylation. Taken together, these results suggest that caspase-4 is an upstream regulator of SSa-induced DNA damage and caspase activation in HCC cells. Given that SSa-induced apoptosis appeared to be specific to certain cell types including HCC cells, SSa may be a promising cancer therapy agent in certain types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Kang
- The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 38610, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joon Lee
- The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 38610, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gu Kang
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Cho
- Department of Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases (SIRIC), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsuck Yoon
- Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hong Lim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Min
- New Drug Development Center, DGMIF, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ho Lee
- Division of Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Byeong Mo Kim
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Diseases (SIRIC), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Xu XH, Li T, Fong CMV, Chen X, Chen XJ, Wang YT, Huang MQ, Lu JJ. Saponins from Chinese Medicines as Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101326. [PMID: 27782048 PMCID: PMC6272920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are glycosides with triterpenoid or spirostane aglycones that demonstrate various pharmacological effects against mammalian diseases. To promote the research and development of anticancer agents from saponins, this review focuses on the anticancer properties of several typical naturally derived triterpenoid saponins (ginsenosides and saikosaponins) and steroid saponins (dioscin, polyphyllin, and timosaponin) isolated from Chinese medicines. These saponins exhibit in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects, such as anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis, anti-angiogenesis, anti-multidrug resistance, and autophagy regulation actions. In addition, related signaling pathways and target proteins involved in the anticancer effects of saponins are also summarized in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Huang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Chi Man Vivienne Fong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Xiao-Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Ming-Qing Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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8
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γ-Aminobutyric acid inhibits the proliferation and increases oxaliplatin sensitivity in human colon cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14885-14894. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Mohamed SA, Elshal MF, Kumosani TA, Mal AO, Ahmed YM, Almulaiky YQ, Asseri AH, Zamzami MA. Heavy Metal Accumulation is Associated with Molecular and Pathological Perturbations in Liver of Variola louti from the Jeddah Coast of Red Sea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E342. [PMID: 27007386 PMCID: PMC4809005 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Large amounts of waste water are discharged daily from the Jeddah Metropolitan Area into the Red Sea. Sewage draining into the Red Sea causes widespread chemical pollution that is toxic to aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this study was to investigate the extent of pollution and assess the presence of heavy metals in fish tissue and study their association with biological and biochemical alterations. The average concentrations of heavy metals found in hepatic tissues of Variola louti fish from the polluted area, namely Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe and Zn, were 1.74, 9.69, 47.48, 4020.01 and 229.47 µg/g liver, respectively, that were significantly higher than that of samples taken from reference area (0.24, 1.98, 20.12, 721.93, 129.21 µg/g liver, respectively). The fold change of heavy metals in fish from the polluted area with respect of that of the reference area followed the order Cd > Fe > Cr > Cu > Zn. Analysis of nuclear DNA revealed that hepatic tissues of fish samples from the polluted area showed a significant increase in apoptotic cells as detected by flow cytometry and formation DNA-ladder. In addition, hepatic sections from polluted area fishes showed more fibrotic changes and collagen deposition by hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson's trichrome staining, respectively, compared to samples taken from the reference area. Moreover, the electrophoretic patterns of proteins of liver of fishes caught at the polluted area showed different patterns of proteins from that of the reference with bands at 42, 130 and 140 kDa, which is in a good agreement with the molecular weight of collagen type III. In conclusion, there were significant changes in the tissues of fishes in the polluted area at the cellular and the molecular levels that may be associated with an accumulation of heavy metals. Assessment of fishes as a sensitive biomonitor for the pollution of surface waters that may affect general health of human and wild life is conceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh A Mohamed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed F Elshal
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Taha A Kumosani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmad O Mal
- Marine Biology Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Youssri M Ahmed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yaaser Q Almulaiky
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amer H Asseri
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mazin A Zamzami
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Diab KAE, Guru SK, Bhushan S, Saxena AK. In Vitro Anticancer Activities of Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia bellerica, Acacia catechu and Moringa oleiferna Indian Plants. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:6423-8. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.15.6423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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11
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Wang X, Wang Q, Burczynski FJ, Kong W, Gong Y. Saikosaponin A of Bupleurum chinense (Chaihu) elevates bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) during hepatic stellate cell activation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:1330-1335. [PMID: 23969230 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saikosaponin a (SSa) is a compound extracted from a Chinese herb which has been widely used in treating liver diseases such as liver fibrosis. However, the mechanism of SSa in treatment of liver fibrosis still remain unclear. Our previous study demonstrated that BMP4 stimulated the expression of smooth muscle alpha actin (α-SMA) in the liver. Therefore, the current study investigates the effect of SSa on BMP4 expression during hepatic stellate cell activation in a human hepatic stellate cell line. METHODS LX-2 cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 with fetal bovine serum and treated with SSa in different times and concentrations. The expression of BMP4 was examined by both RT-PCR and western blot analysis. WST-1 proliferation reagent was used to evaluate cell proliferation. α-SMA and Bax protein expression was determined by western blot analysis. RESULTS Both mRNA and protein levels of BMP-4 were significantly inhibited in LX-2 cells after 5 μM SSa treatment. SSa significantly inhibited LX-2 proliferation at the concentration of 5μM while BMP-4 had no effect on LX-2 proliferation. BMP-4 increased α-SMA expression in LX-2 while SSa reduced α-SMA expression. In addition SSa could neutralize the effect of BMP-4 on α-SMA expression. SSd also inhibited BMP4 expression but not NG. Bax protein expression was induced in these cells by 5 μM SSa. CONCLUSION SSa could down-regulate BMP-4 expression and inhibit hepatic stellate cell activation. Therefore, SSa could be used for treatment of liver disease with elevated BMP-4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5; Department of TCM Basic Clinical Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 North No. 3 Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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12
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Bucur O, Stancu AL, Khosravi-Far R, Almasan A. Analysis of apoptosis methods recently used in Cancer Research and Cell Death & Disease publications. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e263. [PMID: 22297295 PMCID: PMC3288344 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Kim BM, Hong SH. Sequential caspase-2 and caspase-8 activation is essential for saikosaponin a-induced apoptosis of human colon carcinoma cell lines. Apoptosis 2011; 16:184-97. [PMID: 21107704 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the signaling pathways implicated in SSa-induced apoptosis of human colon carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. SSa-induced apoptosis of HCC cells was associated with proteolytic activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP cleavages and decreased levels of IAP family members, such as XIAP and c-IAP-2, but not of survivin. The fluorescence intensity of DiOC6 was significantly reduced after SSa treatment. CsA significantly inhibited SSa-induced loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and moderately inhibited SSa-induced cell death. SSa treatment also enhanced the activities of caspase-2 and caspase-8, Bid cleavage, and the conformational activation of Bax. Additionally, SSa-induced apoptosis was inhibited by both the selective caspase-2 inhibitor z-VDVAD-fmk and the selective caspase-8 inhibitor z-IETD-fmk and also by si-RNAs against caspase-2 and caspase-8. The selective caspase-9 inhibitor, z-LEHD-fmk, also inhibited SSa-induced apoptosis, albeit to a lesser extent compared to z-VDVAD-fmk and z-IETD-fmk, indicating that both mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria-independent pathways are associated with SSa-induced apoptosis. Both z-VDVAD-fmk and z-IETD-fmk significantly attenuated the colony-inhibiting effect of SSa. Moreover, inhibition of caspase-2 activation by the pharmacological inhibitor z-VDVAD-fmk, or by knockdown of protein levels using a si-RNA, suppressed SSa-induced caspase-8 activation, Bid cleavage, and the conformational activation of Bax. Although caspase-8 is an initiator caspase like caspase-2, the inhibition of caspase-8 activation by knockdown using a si-RNA did not suppress SSa-induced caspase-2 activation. Altogether, our results suggest that sequential activation of caspase-2 and caspase-8 is a critical step in SSa-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Mo Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 139-706, Korea
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Mallick S, Ghosh P, Samanta SK, Kinra S, Pal BC, Gomes A, Vedasiromoni JR. Corchorusin-D, a saikosaponin-like compound isolated from Corchorus acutangulus Lam., targets mitochondrial apoptotic pathways in leukemic cell lines (HL-60 and U937). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 66:709-19. [PMID: 20033811 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-1214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The presence of triterpene saponins in Corchorus acutangulus Lam. has been reported. However, no studies concerning biological activity of the plant extracts have been done so far. In the present study, the anti-leukemic activity of the methanol extract of aerial parts (ME) of C. acutangulus has been investigated, and efforts have been made to identify the active ingredient responsible for this activity. METHODS The anti-leukemic activity of ME, its fractions and corchorusin-D (COR-D), the active ingredient, was investigated in leukemic cell lines U937 and HL-60 using cell viability and MTT assays. The molecular pathways leading to the activity of COR-D were examined by confocal microscopy, flow-cytometry, caspase and Western blot assays. RESULTS ME, its n-butanolic fraction and COR-D inhibited cell growth and produced significant cytotoxicity in leukemic cell lines U937 and HL-60. COR-D produced apoptotic cell death via mitochondrial disfunction and was found to pursue the intrinsic pathway by inciting the release of apoptosis-inducing factors (AIFs) from mitochondria. COR-D-induced translocation of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria facilitating caspase-9 activation and up regulation of downstream pathways leading to caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage, which resulted in the subsequent accumulation of cells in the sub-G0 phase followed by DNA fragmentation. CONCLUSIONS COR-D possesses significant anti-leukemic activity in U937 and HL-60 cell lines by acting on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. Since the necrotic body formation is low after COR-D treatment, the occurrence of inflammation in in vivo systems could be reduced, which represents a positive indication in view of therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Mallick
- Drug Development Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology [Unit of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, India], 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, India
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15
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Lee CY, Hsu YC, Wang JY, Chen CC, Chiu JH. Chemopreventive effect of selenium and Chinese medicinal herbs on N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Syrian hamsters. Liver Int 2008; 28:841-55. [PMID: 18346132 PMCID: PMC2440552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Oxidative DNA damage by reactive oxygen species is involved in the process of liver carcinogenesis. To test the hypothesis that a remedy containing Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Sb) and Bupleurum scorzonerifolfium Willd (Bs) (Sb/Bs remedy) modulates hepatic neoplastic growth, BOP (N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine)-induced liver cancers in hamsters were established. METHODS Parameters such as survival rate, tumour area, tumour foci, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), caspase-3, transforming growth factor (TGF-beta1) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured after Sb/Bs remedy treatment during BOP-induced carcinogenesis. RESULTS The results showed that the Sb/Bs remedy and its constituents Sb and Bs suppressed the tumour area in BOP-induced liver tumours. Because selenium (Sel) is toxic at a high dose (10 mg/kg), with a low survival rate (0%), the combination of Sb/Bs remedy and low-dose Sel (1 mg/kg) was found to decrease the tumour area and the number of tumour foci while increasing serum TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1, but not IL-6 levels. Besides, the Sb/Bs remedy, when combined with low-dose Sel, not only decreased the expression of 8-OHdG and increased caspase-3 expression within the glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive tumour foci but also increased tumour apoptosis in BOP-induced hamsters. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that low-dose Sel has a chemoprevention effect on BOP-induced liver tumours and such an effect was more enhanced when combined with Sb/Bs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yin Lee
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Chao Hsu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jir-You Wang
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Chih Chen
- National Research Institute of Chinese MedicineTaipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jen-Hwey Chiu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan, Republic of China,Cheng-Hsiung Rehabilitation Medical CenterTaipei, Taiwan, Republic of China,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Veterans General HospitalTaipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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16
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Janakiram NB, Indranie C, Malisetty SV, Jagan P, Steele VE, Rao CV. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by oleanolic acid and its analog in male F344 rats and modulation of COX-2 and apoptosis in human colon HT-29 cancer cells. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2151-7. [PMID: 18408893 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the chemopreventive effect of oleanolic acid (ONA) and its synthetic analog 18alpha-olean-12-ene-3beta-23,28-triol (OT) on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in F344 rats and understand anti-inflammatory properties and apoptosis effects in HT29 colon cancer cells and Raw 264.7 macrophage cell lines. METHODS Five week-old male F344 rats were fed a control diet or experimental diets containing two doses of ONA (750 and 1,500 ppm) and OT (250 and 500 ppm). After 1 week, all animals were s.c. injected with AOM (15 mg/kg body weight, once weekly for 2 weeks). At 14 weeks of age, all rats were killed and colons were evaluated for ACF. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions and apoptosis were assessed in cell lines exposed to OT using western blots and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. RESULTS Administration of ONA and OT inhibited mean colonic ACF and multi-crypt AC/foci in a dose dependent manner (p < 0.001-0.0001). OT blocked the COX-2 expression induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in a dose-dependent manner and induced apoptosis in HT-29 cancer cells, and suppressed iNOS activation in RAW264.7 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS ONA and OT possess chemopreventive activity against colon carcinogenesis in rat and OT inhibits the COX-2 and iNOS and induces apoptosis in cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveena B Janakiram
- Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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17
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Hsu YL, Kuo PL, Weng TC, Yen MH, Chiang LC, Lin CC. The antiproliferative activity of saponin-enriched fraction from Bupleurum Kaoi is through Fas-dependent apoptotic pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 27:1112-5. [PMID: 15256750 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bupleuri Radix (Chai-hu in Chinese and Saiko in Japanese) is one of the most important traditional Chinese crude drugs for treating hepatitis malaria and intermittent fever. B. kaoi is one of the Bupleurum spp. families locally found in Taiwan. The effects of saponin-enriched fraction (SEF) from Bupleurum Kaoi in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells were investigated in this study. An enhancement in Fas and its two forms of ligands, membrane-bound Fas ligand (mFasL) and soluble Fas ligand (sFasL), was responsible for the apoptotic effect induced by SEF. Taken together, our study suggests that the activity of the Fas/Fas ligand apoptotic system may participate in the antiproliferative activity of SEF in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
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18
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Nishida S, Kikuichi S, Yoshioka S, Tsubaki M, Fujii Y, Matsuda H, Kubo M, Irimajiri K. Induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells treated with medicinal herbs. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2004; 31:551-62. [PMID: 14587878 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x03001211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop a new apoptosis inducer, we screened 22 crude drugs for their apoptosis-inducing activity. It was found that Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Cynomorium songaricum, Eucommia ulmoides, Phellodendron amurense, Cinnamomum cassia and Paeonia lactiflora induced the death of HL-60 cells. To investigate the mechanism of apoptosis induced by these six crude drugs, the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and the activity of caspase-3 were measured. Reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potentials within 12 hours after the administration of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Cynomorium songaricum, Phellodendron amurense and Paeonia lactiflora, and within 24 hours after the administration of Eucommia ulmoides and Cinnamomum cassia were observed. All of the six apoptosis-inducing crude drugs increased caspase-3 activity within 12-36 hours after administration. After further examining the apoptosis-inducing activity of berberine, palmatine, panelofuroline and glycyrrhizin, which were the ingredients obtained from Phellodendron amurense, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Paeonia lactiflora, it was found that only berberine could induce apoptosis. From these results, it was concluded that the apoptosis induced by the six crude drugs (Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Cynomorium songaricum, Eucommia ulmoides, Phellodendron amurense, Cinnamomum cassia and Paeonia lactiflora) occurred via the mitochondrial route and that the apoptosis-conducting mechanism acted through a cascade involving caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nishida
- Kinki University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
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Tsai YJ, Chen IL, Horng LY, Wu RT. Induction of differentiation in rat C6 glioma cells with Saikosaponins. Phytother Res 2002; 16:117-21. [PMID: 11933111 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of saikosaponins (a, b(1), b(2), c, d), isolated from Bupleurum Radix, on the induction of differentiation in rat C6 glioma cells were studied. Saikosaponins a and d were shown to inhibit cell proliferation and alter cell morphology. In addition to cytostasis, the enzymatic activities of glutamine synthetase (GS) and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP) were also noticeably increased after treatment with saikosaponin a. Nevertheless, saikosaponin d only showed an increase of GS activity, no significant changes in CNP activity were found. These results suggest that saikosaponin a can induce the differentiation of C6 glioma cells into astrocytes and/or oligodendrocytes, but saikosaponin d can only induce the differentiation of C6 glioma cells into astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jyu Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Research, Taipei Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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20
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Chan CP, But PPH, Ho JW. Induction of rcl, a novel growth-related gene by coptidis rhizoma in rat H4IIE cells. Life Sci 2002; 70:1691-9. [PMID: 11991256 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(01)01547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of rat hepatoma cells to a low concentration of Coptidis Rhizoma reduces cell viability and probably induces apoptotic cell death. However, Coptidis Rhizoma treatment increased the expression of a putative c-myc-responsive gene rcl and could increase the activity of a transcription factor in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells. This increase was accompanied by an increment in the expression of mRNA for c-myc-responsive gene. The expression was analysed by PCR and confirmed by Northern blot analysis. The rcl expression level increases with the Coptidis Rhizoma concentration, and in the time-course study. The results suggest the expression of rcl is important to the fate of cell growth, since overexpression of the c-myc proto-oncogene cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis can be regulated by the treatment of Coptidis rhizoma. Additionally, difference between overexpression of c-myc-responsive gene in the control suggested that this protein was responsible for the inhibitory effect of a transcriptional factor on cell growth. The results support the notion of rcl as an important antiapoptotic protein mediating sensitivity to Coptidis Rhizoma induction in cancer cells. rcl may play an important role during cellular proliferation and c-myc-mediated transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Pong Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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21
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Hsu MJ, Cheng JS, Huang HC. Effect of saikosaponin, a triterpene saponin, on apoptosis in lymphocytes: association with c-myc, p53, and bcl-2 mRNA. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:1285-93. [PMID: 11090099 PMCID: PMC1572450 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The mechanisms involved in the apoptotic effect of saikosaponin-d, a triterpene saponin from Bupleurum falcatum L., were studied in human CEM lymphocytes and compared with those of dexamethasone (3 x 10(-7) M). 2. Saikosaponin-d (10(-8) to 10(-5) M) inhibited the serum-stimulated [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation in a concentration-dependent manner. Dexamethasone also inhibited serum-stimulated [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation. 3. Cell viability was unaffected by saikosaponin-d until 10(-5) - 10(-4) M. Dexamethasone significantly reduced the number of viable cells. 4. Following saikosaponin-d (10(-5) - 10(-4) M) treatment, flow cytometry analysis of propidium iodide-stained cells showed a significant increase in the percentage of cells in the apoptotic region. Dexamethasone also significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells. The supravital exposure to propidium iodide and annexin V labelling demonstrated that saikosaponin-d (10(-5) - 10(-4) M) induced apoptosis as well as necrosis. 5. The apoptotic effect of saikosaponin-d (3 x 10(-6) - 10(-4) M) was also demonstrated by TUNEL analysis and DNA laddering. The percentage of apoptotic cells induced by saikosaponin-d (3 x 10(-6) - 10(-5) M) was unaffected by the presence of Z-VAD-FMK, indicating that saikosaponin-d-induced apoptosis may not be mediated by caspase activity. However, the percentage of apoptotic cells induced by dexamethasone was significantly reduced by the presence of Z-VAD-FMK. 6. Levels of c-myc, p53, and bcl-2 mRNA were analysed by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Levels of c-myc and p53 mRNA were significantly increased, while the level of bcl-2 mRNA was decreased, by saikosaponin-d (10(-5) M) treatment. Dexamethasone did not significantly change the expression of these genes. 7. It is suggested that the apoptotic effect of saikosaponin-d may be partly mediated by increases in c-myc and p53 mRNA levels accompanied by a decrease in bcl-2 mRNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Iizuka N, Miyamoto K, Okita K, Tangoku A, Hayashi H, Yosino S, Abe T, Morioka T, Hazama S, Oka M. Inhibitory effect of Coptidis Rhizoma and berberine on the proliferation of human esophageal cancer cell lines. Cancer Lett 2000; 148:19-25. [PMID: 10680588 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that the herbal medicine, Oren-to, had antitumor effects on esophageal cancer cells (ECCs) in vitro. The purpose of this study was to examine which of the seven constituents of Oren-to had antitumor effects on esophageal cancer cells. MTT assay showed that, of the seven constituents, only the aqueous extract of Coptidis Rhizoma had potent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of two types of ECC lines, YES-3 and YES-4. In addition, the proliferation of all six types of ECC lines (YES-1 to YES-6) was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.001 for all), when co-cultured at each concentration of Coptidis Rhizoma for 72 h. The ID50 of Coptidis Rhizoma for YES-1 to YES-6 was 2.2 microg/ml, 3.0 microg/ml, 0.25 microg/ml, 2.8 microg/ml, 2.5 microg/ml, and 0.5 microg/ml, respectively, berberine, one of protoberberine components of Coptidis Rhizoma, showed potent antitumor effects on all six types of ECC lines as well as Coptidis Rhizoma. In addition, the ID50 of berberine showed a positive correlation with that of Coptidis Rhizoma in six types of ECC lines examined (r2 = 0.763, P = 0.023). Cell cycle analysis of Coptidis Rhizoma-treated cancer cells showed the accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase and relative decrease of the S phase. These results support the possibility that the use of Coptidis Rhizoma containing abundant berberine may be useful as one of alternative therapies for esophageal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Iizuka
- Department of Bioregulatory Function, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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Gogos JA, Thompson R, Lowry W, Sloane BF, Weintraub H, Horwitz M. Gene trapping in differentiating cell lines: regulation of the lysosomal protease cathepsin B in skeletal myoblast growth and fusion. J Cell Biol 1996; 134:837-47. [PMID: 8769410 PMCID: PMC2120969 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.134.4.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify genes regulated during skeletal muscle differentiation, we have infected mouse C2C12 myoblasts with retroviral gene trap vectors, containing a promoterless marker gene with a 5' splice acceptor signal. Integration of the vector adjacent to an actively transcribed gene places the marker under the transcriptional control of the endogenous gene, while the adjacent vector sequences facilitate cloning. The vector insertionally mutates the trapped locus and may also form fusion proteins with the endogenous gene product. We have screened several hundred clones, each containing a trapping vector integrated into a different endogenous gene. In agreement with previous estimates based on hybridization kinetics, we find that a large proportion of all genes expressed in myoblasts are regulated during differentiation. Many of these genes undergo unique temporal patterns of activation or repression during cell growth and myotube formation, and some show specific patterns of subcellular localization. The first gene we have identified with this strategy is the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin B. Expression from the trapped allele is upregulated during early myoblast fusion and downregulated in myotubes. A direct role for cathepsin B in myoblast growth and fusion is suggested by the observation that the trapped cells deficient in cathepsin B activity have an unusual morphology and reduced survival in low-serum media and undergo differentiation with impaired cellular fusion. The phenotype is reproduced by antisense cathepsin B expression in parental C2C12 myoblasts. The cellular phenotype is similar to that observed in cultured myoblasts from patients with I cell disease, in which there is diminished accumulation of lysosomal enzymes. This suggests that a specific deficiency of cathepsin B could contribute to the myopathic component of this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gogos
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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