1
|
Li S, Shen Y, Wang M, Yang J, Lv M, Li P, Chen Z, Yang J. Loss of PTEN expression in breast cancer: association with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:32043-32054. [PMID: 28410191 PMCID: PMC5458267 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Various studies have evaluated the significance of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10) expression in breast cancer, but their results remain controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the associations of PTEN expression with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis in breast cancer. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched to identify relevant publications. The associations between PTEN expression and clinicopathological parameters, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were then assessed via meta-analyses of odds ratio (ORs) and hazard ratio (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Based on 27 studies involving 10,231 patients, the pooled results revealed that PTEN loss was significantly more common in breast cancer than in normal tissues (OR = 12.15, 95% CI = 6.48–22.79, P < 0.00001) and that PTEN loss had clear associations with larger tumor size (> 2 cm, OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.48–0.82, P= 0.0006), lymph node metastasis(OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.45–0.82, P = 0.0001), later TNM stage(stage III–IV, OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.35–0.86, P= 0.009), poor differentiation(OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.24–0.59, P < 0.0001), and the highly aggressive triple-negative phenotype (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.23–2.12, P = 0.0005). Moreover, patients with PTEN loss exhibited significantly worse DFS and OS(HR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.04–2.22, P < 0.00001; HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.08–1.73, P < 0.0001; respectively). In conclusion, PTEN loss might predict more aggressive behavior and worse outcomes in patients with breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yanwei Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Mengying Wang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Meng Lv
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Zheling Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu F, Zhang C, Cui J, Liu J, Li J, Jiang H. The prognostic value and potential drug target of phosphatase and tensin homolog in breast cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8000. [PMID: 28885360 PMCID: PMC6392695 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic significance of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in patients with breast cancer (BC) remains controversial. The aims of our meta-analysis are to evaluate its association with clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic value in patients with breast cancer. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were systematically searched up to December 2016. The meta-analysis was performed using hazard ratio (HR), odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) as effect measures. A fixed or random effect model was used depending on the heterogeneity analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using Review manager software version 5.3. RESULTS Seventeen studies including 4343 patients with breast cancer were analyzed. The meta-analysis indicated that breast cancers with PTEN loss were significantly associated with the tumor size ≥2 cm group (ORFEM = 1.68, 95%CIFEM [1.34, 2.10]), negative expression of estrogen receptor (ORREM = 1.95, 95%CIREM [1.09, 3.49]), negative expression of progesterone receptor (ORFEM = 1.72, 95%CIFEM [1.43, 2.08]), the advanced stage (ORREM = 1.94, 95%CIREM [1.35, 2.80]), positive axillary lymph node metastasis (ORREM = 1.80, 95%CIREM [1.30, 2.50]), and the local recurrence (ORFEM = 1.70, 95%CIFEM [1.26, 2.28]). None of other clinicopathological parameters such as the HER2 status and distant metastasis were associated with PTEN loss. The decreased PTEN expression was significantly correlated with the overall survival (OS) of patients (HRREM = 1.83, 95%CIREM [1.32, 2.53]) and the disease-free survival (DFS) of patients (HRREM = 2.43, 95%CIREM [1.31, 4.53]). CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis demonstrates that PTEN loss is of particular importance for predicting breast cancer aggressiveness and poor prognosis. PTEN is a potential drug target for the development of individualized treatment in BC patients.
Collapse
|
3
|
Association between VEGF-A, C and D expression and lymph node involvement in breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Biol Markers 2016; 31:e235-44. [PMID: 26954069 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is the primary cause of death in patients with breast cancer. Although VEGF-A, C and D are considered to be prime factors in lymph node metastasis in breast cancer, the published studies have conflicting conclusions. METHODS To resolve this conflict, we conducted a meta-analysis of 37 studies (n = 5,001 patients) evaluating the correlation between VEGF-A, C and D immunohistochemical expression and lymph node metastasis (LNM). The meta-analysis included 22 studies of VEGF-A, 17 of VEGF-C, and 6 of VEGF-D. The relationships between VEGF-A, C and D and clinicopathological parameters were also examined. RESULTS The results showed a significant association between VEGF-A or VEGF-C overexpression and LNM (risk ratio [RR] = 1.28 [95% CI 1.04-1.58], p = 0.02; and RR = 1.36 [95% CI 1.07-1.72], p = 0.01, respectively). Subgroup evaluation showed a significant association between VEGF-A, C and D overexpression and LNM when analyses were limited to Asian patients (RR = 1.78 [95% CI 1.28-2.46], p = 0.0005; RR = 1.38 [95% CI 1.04-1.84], p = 0.03, and RR = 2.62 [95% CI 1.35-5.09], p = 0.004, respectively). VEGF-A overexpression was significantly associated with lymph vessel invasion (RR = 1.86 [95% CI 1.33-2.60], p = 0.0003). Overexpression of VEGF-C or VEGF-D was significantly associated with HER-2 positivity (RR = 1.30 [95% CI 1.06-1.59], p = 0.01; and RR = 1.75 [95% CI 1.01-3.03], p = 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS With some limitations, our meta-analysis indicated that VEGF-A and C could predict LNM in patients with breast cancer, particularly Asian patients.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pulido R. PTEN: a yin-yang master regulator protein in health and disease. Methods 2016; 77-78:3-10. [PMID: 25843297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The PTEN gene is a tumor suppressor gene frequently mutated in human tumors, which encodes a ubiquitous protein whose major activity is to act as a lipid phosphatase that counteracts the action of the oncogenic PI3K. In addition, PTEN displays protein phosphatase- and catalytically-independent activities. The physiologic control of PTEN function, and its inactivation in cancer and other human diseases, including some neurodevelopmental disorders, is upon the action of multiple regulatory mechanisms. This provides a wide spectrum of potential therapeutic approaches to reconstitute PTEN activity. By contrast, inhibition of PTEN function may be beneficial in a different group of human diseases, such as type 2 diabetes or neuroregeneration-related pathologies. This makes PTEN a functionally dual yin-yang protein with high potential in the clinics. Here, a brief overview on PTEN and its relation with human disease is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pulido
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang SC, Lin XL, Wang HY, Qin YJ, Chen L, Li J, Jia JS, Shen HF, Yang S, Xie RY, Wei F, Gao F, Rong XX, Yang J, Zhao WT, Zhang TT, Shi JW, Yao KT, Luo WR, Sun Y, Xiao D. Hes1 triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like cellular marker alterations and promotes invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by activating the PTEN/AKT pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 6:36713-30. [PMID: 26452025 PMCID: PMC4742206 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the transcriptional factor Hes1 (hairy and enhancer of split-1) has been observed in numerous cancers, but the precise roles of Hes1 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer invasion and metastasis remain unknown. Our current study firstly revealed that Hes1 upregulation in a cohort of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsies is significantly associated with the EMT, invasive and metastatic phenotypes of cancer. In the present study, we found that Hes1 overexpression triggered EMT-like cellular marker alterations of NPC cells, whereas knockdown of Hes1 through shRNA reversed the EMT-like phenotypes, as strongly supported by Hes1-mediated EMT in NPC clinical specimens described above. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that Hes1 promoted the migration and invasion of NPC cells in vitro. In addition, exogenous expression of Hes1 significantly enhanced the metastatic ability of NPC cells in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that Hes1 inhibited PTEN expression in NPC cells through binding to PTEN promoter region. Increased Hes1 expression and decreased PTEN expression were also observed in a cohort of NPC biopsies. Additional studies demonstrated that Hes1-induced EMT-like molecular changes and increased motility and invasion of NPC cells were mediated by PTEN. Taken together, our results suggest, for what we believe is the first time, that Hes1 plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of NPC through inhibiting PTEN expression to trigger EMT-like phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chun Wang
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 4 Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Lin
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hui-Yan Wang
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu-Juan Qin
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lin Chen
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing Li
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jun-Shuang Jia
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hong-Fen Shen
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rao-Ying Xie
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fang Wei
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fei Gao
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 6 Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Rong
- 5 Department of Oncology, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510315, China
| | - Jie Yang
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wen-Tao Zhao
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jun-Wen Shi
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kai-Tai Yao
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wei-Ren Luo
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yan Sun
- 3 Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dong Xiao
- 1 Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 2 Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang SC, Lin XL, Wang HY, Qin YJ, Chen L, Li J, Jia JS, Shen HF, Yang S, Xie RY, Wei F, Gao F, Rong XX, Yang J, Zhao WT, Zhang TT, Shi JW, Yao KT, Luo WR, Sun Y, Xiao D. Hes1 triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like cellular marker alterations and promotes invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by activating the PTEN/AKT pathway. Oncotarget 2015. [PMID: 26452025 DOI: hes1 triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition (emt)-like cellular marker alterations and promotes invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by activating the pten/akt pathway] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the transcriptional factor Hes1 (hairy and enhancer of split-1) has been observed in numerous cancers, but the precise roles of Hes1 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer invasion and metastasis remain unknown. Our current study firstly revealed that Hes1 upregulation in a cohort of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsies is significantly associated with the EMT, invasive and metastatic phenotypes of cancer. In the present study, we found that Hes1 overexpression triggered EMT-like cellular marker alterations of NPC cells, whereas knockdown of Hes1 through shRNA reversed the EMT-like phenotypes, as strongly supported by Hes1-mediated EMT in NPC clinical specimens described above. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that Hes1 promoted the migration and invasion of NPC cells in vitro. In addition, exogenous expression of Hes1 significantly enhanced the metastatic ability of NPC cells in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that Hes1 inhibited PTEN expression in NPC cells through binding to PTEN promoter region. Increased Hes1 expression and decreased PTEN expression were also observed in a cohort of NPC biopsies. Additional studies demonstrated that Hes1-induced EMT-like molecular changes and increased motility and invasion of NPC cells were mediated by PTEN. Taken together, our results suggest, for what we believe is the first time, that Hes1 plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of NPC through inhibiting PTEN expression to trigger EMT-like phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chun Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Lin
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hui-Yan Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu-Juan Qin
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jun-Shuang Jia
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hong-Fen Shen
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rao-Ying Xie
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Rong
- Department of Oncology, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510315, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wen-Tao Zhao
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jun-Wen Shi
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kai-Tai Yao
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wei-Ren Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dong Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang SC, Lin XL, Wang HY, Qin YJ, Chen L, Li J, Jia JS, Shen HF, Yang S, Xie RY, Wei F, Gao F, Rong XX, Yang J, Zhao WT, Zhang TT, Shi JW, Yao KT, Luo WR, Sun Y, Xiao D. Hes1 triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like cellular marker alterations and promotes invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by activating the PTEN/AKT pathway. Oncotarget 2015. [PMID: 26452025 DOI: hes1 triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition (emt)-like cellular marker alterations and promotes invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by activating the pten/akt pathway] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the transcriptional factor Hes1 (hairy and enhancer of split-1) has been observed in numerous cancers, but the precise roles of Hes1 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer invasion and metastasis remain unknown. Our current study firstly revealed that Hes1 upregulation in a cohort of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsies is significantly associated with the EMT, invasive and metastatic phenotypes of cancer. In the present study, we found that Hes1 overexpression triggered EMT-like cellular marker alterations of NPC cells, whereas knockdown of Hes1 through shRNA reversed the EMT-like phenotypes, as strongly supported by Hes1-mediated EMT in NPC clinical specimens described above. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that Hes1 promoted the migration and invasion of NPC cells in vitro. In addition, exogenous expression of Hes1 significantly enhanced the metastatic ability of NPC cells in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that Hes1 inhibited PTEN expression in NPC cells through binding to PTEN promoter region. Increased Hes1 expression and decreased PTEN expression were also observed in a cohort of NPC biopsies. Additional studies demonstrated that Hes1-induced EMT-like molecular changes and increased motility and invasion of NPC cells were mediated by PTEN. Taken together, our results suggest, for what we believe is the first time, that Hes1 plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of NPC through inhibiting PTEN expression to trigger EMT-like phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chun Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Lin
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hui-Yan Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu-Juan Qin
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jun-Shuang Jia
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hong-Fen Shen
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rao-Ying Xie
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Rong
- Department of Oncology, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510315, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wen-Tao Zhao
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jun-Wen Shi
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kai-Tai Yao
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wei-Ren Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dong Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
MicroRNA-19 triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lung cancer cells accompanied by growth inhibition. J Transl Med 2015; 95:1056-70. [PMID: 26098000 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The miR-19 family (miR-19a and miR-19b-1) are key oncogenic components of the miR-17-92 cluster. Overexpression of miR-19 is strongly associated with cancer invasion and metastasis, and poor prognosis of cancer patients. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In the present study, we found that enforced expression of miR-19 including miR-19a and miR-19b-1 triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lung cancer cells A549 and HCC827 as shown by mesenchymal-like morphological conversion, downregulation of epithelial proteins (e.g., E-cadherin, ZO-1 (zona occludens 1), and α-catenin), upregulation of mesenchymal proteins (e.g., vimentin, fibronectin 1, N-cadherin, and snail1), formation of stress fibers, and reduced cell adhesion. In addition, enhanced migration and invasion were observed in the cancer cells A549 and HCC827 undergoing EMT. In contrast, silencing of endogenous miR-19 reversed EMT and reduced the migration and invasion abilities of A549 and HCC827 cells. DNA microarray results revealed significant changes of the expression of genes related to EMT, migration, and metastasis of miR-19-expressing A549 cells. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of PTEN, a target of miR-19, also resulted in EMT, migration, and invasion of A549 and HCC827 cells, suggesting that PTEN is involved in miR-19-induced EMT, migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. Furthermore, lung cancer cells undergoing EMT induced by miR-19 demonstrated reduced proliferation in vitro and in vivo, and enhanced resistance to apoptosis caused by TNF-α. Taken together, these findings suggest that miR-19 triggers EMT, which has an important role in the invasion and migration of lung cancer cells, accompanied by the reduced proliferation of cells.
Collapse
|
9
|
Gu L, Song G, Chen L, Nie Z, He B, Pan Y, Xu Y, Li R, Gao T, Cho WC, Wang S. Inhibition of miR-21 induces biological and behavioral alterations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Acta Haematol 2013; 130:87-94. [PMID: 23548551 DOI: 10.1159/000346441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) has been ascribed a key role in many cellular processes, e.g. tumorigenesis via inhibition of target gene expression. However, its role in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is still unclear, and there are no in-depth studies on the relationship between miR-21 and the cellular phenotype of DLBCL. In this study, we investigated the expression and role of miR-21 in the regulation of cell biological processes in DLBCL. Firstly, miR-21 expression was evaluated in three DLBCL cell lines by real-time quantitative reverse-transcription (qRT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, to determine the possible role of miR-21 in the biological and behavioral characteristics of DLBCL, we performed miR-21 knockdown by transfection with anti-miR-21. In addition, PDCD4 and PTEN were assessed by luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, and Western blot. Our study revealed that miR-21 was significantly upregulated in activated B-cell-like DLBCL cells compared to germinal center-like DLBCL cells. We demonstrated that inhibition of miR-21 induced suppression of proliferation and invasion, as well as increased apoptosis in DLBCL. Moreover, knockdown of miR-21 increased PDCD4 and PTEN expression at the protein level but not at the mRNA level. In conclusion, miR-21 can regulate proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis, and thus it has a potential therapeutic application in DLBCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gu
- Department of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Castaneda CA, Cortes-Funes H, Gomez HL, Ciruelos EM. The phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling pathway in breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 29:751-9. [PMID: 20922461 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway mediates the effects of a variety of extracellular signals in a number of cellular processes including cell growth, proliferation, and survival. The alteration of integrants of this pathway through mutation of its coding genes increases the activation status of the signaling and can thus lead to cellular transformation. The frequent dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in breast cancer (BC) and the mediation of this pathway in different processes characteristically implicated in tumorigenesis have attracted the interest of this pathway in BC; however, a more comprehensive understanding of the signaling intricacies is necessary to develop clinical applications of the modulation of this pathway in this pathology. We review a series of experiments examining the contribution of alteration of integrants of this signaling network to human BC and we make an update of the information about the effect of the modulation of this pathway in this cancer.
Collapse
|
11
|
Walter BA, Gómez-Macias G, Valera VA, Sobel M, Merino MJ. miR-21 Expression in Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer: A Possible Marker of Poor Prognosis. J Cancer 2011; 2:67-75. [PMID: 21326627 PMCID: PMC3039223 DOI: 10.7150/jca.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that can act as key modulators in tumorigenesis-related genes. Specifically, it has been suggested that miR-21 overexpression plays a role in the development and progression of breast cancer. So far, the role of miRNAs in pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) has not been investigated. Methods and Results: We evaluated miR-21 expression by quantitative RT-PCR in 35 patients, 25 with PABC and 10 control breast cancer cases not pregnancy-associated with similar clinicopathological features. We then analyzed protein expression for PTEN, BCL2 and PDCD4 as miR-21 target genes by IHC, and finally correlated the results with patients' clinicopathological features. Significant overexpression of miR-21 in PABC tumors compared to normal adjacent tissue was found. Overexpression of miR-21 was frequently found in high grade tumors with loss of hormone receptor expression and was significantly associated with positive lymph nodes (p=0.025). In PABC patients, PTEN, BCL2 and PDCD4 target protein expression was decreased in 80%, 76% and 40% respectively. Conclusion: Our study supports the involvement of miR-21 in breast cancer progression and metastasis formation in PABC implying a role of this miRNA as a marker for poor prognosis in PABC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz A Walter
- 1. Laboratory of Pathology, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sullu Y, Gun S, Atmaca S, Karagoz F, Kandemir B. Poor prognostic clinicopathologic features correlate with VEGF expression but not with PTEN expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Diagn Pathol 2010; 5:35. [PMID: 20546613 PMCID: PMC2904738 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-5-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted in chromosome ten (PTEN), angiogenesis and clinicopathological parameters of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Methods We examined immunohistochemical expression of VEGF and PTEN and CD34 for microvessel density (MVD) in sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue blocks of 140 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. The intensity of VEGF and PTEN staining and the proportion of cells staining were scored. Results The tumor grade was not significantly related to PTEN expression, but it was to VEGF expression (p = 0.400; p = 0.015, respectively). While there was no significant relationship between PTEN expression and tumor size and cartilage invasion (p = 0.311, p = 0.128), there was a significant relationship between the severity of VEGF expression and tumor size (p = 0.006) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.048) but not cartilage invasion (p = 0.129). MVD was significantly higher in high-grade tumors (p = 0.003) but had no significant relationship between MVD, lymph node metastasis, and cartilage invasion (p = 0.815, p = 0.204). There was also no significant relationship between PTEN and VEGF expression (p = 0.161) and between PTEN and VEGF expression and the MVD (p = 0.120 and p = 0.175, respectively). Conclusions Increased VEGF expression may play an important role in the outcome of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. PTEN expression was not related to VEGF expression and clinicopathological features of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yurdanur Sullu
- Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Samsun, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Growth suppression of human lung cancer cells and implanted tumors by adenovirus-mediated transfer of the PTEN gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 30:149-54. [PMID: 20407863 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-010-0203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of a recombinant adenovirus Ad-PTEN-EGFP on the proliferation of A549 cells, a human lung carcinoma cell line, in vitro and on the growth of the implanted tumors in the nude mice in vivo, explored the underlying mechanisms and evaluated the in vitro transfection efficiency of Ad-PTEN-EGFP into A549 cells. The expression of Ad-PTEN-EGFP in the A549 cells was determined. The proliferation and the apoptosis rates of the A549 cells with Ad-PTEN-EGFP transfection or not was detected by MTT and flow cytometry. Ad-PTEN-EGFP at different doses was injected intratumorally to the tumor-bearing mice induced by the A549 cells. Tumor sizes were measured on an alternate day. After all the mice were sacrificed, the implanted tumors were removed for routine histological examination, weight test, HE staining and immunohistochemical staining. The expressions of Bax, P16 and P53 in the tumor tissues and those of caspase-3, CD34 and VEGF in the mouse sera were detected. Tumor cell apoptosis was measured by TUNEL method. The results showed that the vitality of the A549 cells after transfection with Ad-PTEN-EGFP declined. The expression of green fluorescent protein was observed under fluorescent microscope. The transfection rate was in excess of 50%. The mRNA and protein expression of PTEN in the transfected cells was confirmed. The proliferation rate of the transfected cells was significantly decreased when compared with that of the non-transfected cells (P<0.05). The number of the apoptosis cells was increased in the transfected cells (P<0.05). The models of implanted tumors were successfully established by injection of the A549 cells in the flank of Balb/c nude mice. Administration of Ad-PTEN-EGFP to the tumor-bearing nude mice resulted in a suppression of tumor growth. There were statistically significant differences in the tumor weight and tumor volume between the Ad-PTEN-EGFP-treated group and the control groups (P<0.05). In contrast to those in the control groups, tumor tissues in the Ad-PTEN-EGFP-treated group were shown to have typical extensive vacuolar degeneration and massive hemorrhagic necrosis. Apoptotic bodies were also observed in the tumor cells. The expressions of Bax, caspase-3 and P16 were increased (P<0.05) while those of CD34, VEGF and P53 decreased (P<0.05) in the Ad-PTEN-EGFP-treated group. It is concluded that Ad-PTEN-EGFP could induce the apoptosis of the A549 cells and inhibit their proliferation. And it could also substantially suppress the tumor growth in the tumor-bearing nude mice and induce apoptosis of the tumor cells as well. These findings carry significant implications for adenovirus vector-based PTEN gene therapies for lung cancers.
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang J, Ren Y, Wang L, Li B, Chen Y, Zhao W, Xu W, Li T, Dai F. PTEN mutation spectrum in breast cancers and breast hyperplasia. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:1303-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Yang XF, Xin Y, Mao LL. Clinicopathological significance of PTEN and Caspase-3 expressions in breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 23:95-102. [PMID: 18686628 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-9294(09)60019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expressions of PTEN and Caspase-3 proteins in human breast carcinoma, and to evaluate their clinicopathological implications during the tumorigenesis and progression of breast cancer. METHODS The expressions of PTEN and Caspase-3 proteins in 95 cases of breast cancer and 15 cases of benign breast diseases were investigated immunohistochemically. Correlations between the expression of PTEN protein, Caspase-3 protein, and clinicopathological features of breast cancers were analyzed. RESULTS The loss expression rate of PTEN protein in tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in benign breast diseases (33.7% vs. 0, P < 0.01). Analysis of the clinicopathological features showed that PTEN expression level was negatively correlated with TNM stage, histological grade, axillary lymph node status, recurrence, and metastasis (P < 0.05). The positive expression level of Caspase-3 was negatively correlated with TNM stage (P < 0.01), but not related with histological grade, axillary lymph node status, recurrence, or metastasis (P > 0.05). In addition, the expression of PTEN protein had significantly positive correlation with the expression of Caspase-3 protein in breast cancer (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The combination detection of PTEN and Caspase-3 may serve as an important index to estimate the pathobiological behavior and prognosis of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Fei Yang
- The Fourth Laboratory of Cancer Institute & Department of Tumor Pathology of General Surgery Institute, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Clinicopathological significance of PTEN loss and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway in sporadic colorectal neoplasms: is PTEN loss predictor of local recurrence? Am J Surg 2008; 195:719-25. [PMID: 18440486 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PTEN is a tumor-suppressor gene located on chromosome 10. Deficient PTEN expression leads to activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt (pAkt) signaling pathway, which may contribute to multiple human cancers. The relation between PTEN expression and Akt activation is still unclear in colorectal cancers and adenomatous polyps. Moreover, PTEN and pAkt expression in relation to demographic, tumoral, and outcome variables remains to be elucidated. METHODS PTEN and pAkt expression were evaluated in 76 primary colorectal cancers and 25 adenomatous colorectal polyp tissues using immunohistochemical staining on paraffin-embedded sections. PTEN and pAkt expression were compared with clinicopathologic features of colorectal cancers. The relationship between PTEN and pAkt expression was also investigated. RESULTS In colorectal cancers, pAkt expression was found to be significantly higher than polyps (P = .007). On the other hand, PTEN expression was significantly lower in polyps (P <.0001). In colorectal cancer patients, PTEN expression showed a negative correlation with young age, female sex, and left-sided (distal) tumors. On multivariate analysis, low PTEN expression (PTEN loss) was noted as an independent parameter for local recurrence (P = .024). There was significant association between pAkt expression and stage (P = .008), and preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels (P = .017) in colorectal cancers. A negative correlation between PTEN and pAkt expression was found in colon cancer patients (P = .010), whereas no significiant association was found in adenomatous polyps (P = .403). No correlation of PTEN expression or pAkt expression was observed in Kaplan-Meier survival statistics and multivariate analyses for disease-free and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS The current study suggests that the PTEN loss-PI3K/pAkt pathway may play an important role in sporadic colon carcinogenesis and that reduced PTEN expression may predict relapse in colorectal cancer patients.
Collapse
|
17
|
Holm S. ‘New Embryos’ – New Challenges for the Ethics of Stem Cell Research. Cells Tissues Organs 2008; 187:257-62. [DOI: 10.1159/000116763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
18
|
Callaghan KA, Becker TE, Ellsworth DL, Hooke JA, Ellsworth RE, Shriver CD. Genomic instability and the development of metastatic lymph node tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14:3125-32. [PMID: 17653592 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although recent data suggest that cells with metastatic potential disseminate from the primary breast tumor early in tumor development, the mechanism by which disseminated breast cancer cells proliferate within foreign tissues is not well understood. Here, we examined levels and patterns of allelic imbalance (AI) in metastatic lymph node (LN) tumors to identify molecular signals that promote the survival and growth of disseminated breast tumor cells. METHODS DNA from 106 metastatic LN tumors from 25 patients was isolated after laser microdissection of pure tumor cell populations. AI was assessed at 26 chromosomal regions frequently altered in breast cancer. Tumor burden was calculated by dividing the area of the metastatic tumor in the node by the area of the entire LN. RESULTS Metastatic tumor burden ranged from focal to complete replacement of the LN with tumor. Grouping the nodes as < 25% tumor, 25-50% tumor, 50-75% tumor, and > or = 75% tumor replacement revealed the average frequency of AI ranged from 0.13 (+/-0.11) in the < 25% group to 0.17 (+/-0.13) in LNs with > or = 75% tumor burden. The range of AI in both the < 25% and > 75% replacement group was 0.00-0.48. Allelic losses at chromosomal regions 1p36.1-36.2, 5q21.1-21.3, 6q15, 10q23.31-23.33, and 17p13.1 were significantly higher in metastatic LNs with > 75% compared with < 25% tumor burden. CONCLUSIONS In metastatic LNs, levels of AI were not associated with tumor burden, suggesting that accumulation of genetic changes is not coincidental with tumor growth; rather the accumulation of specific genetic changes is a prerequisite to the transformation of disseminated breast cells into metastatic LN tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Callaghan
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Su Y, Simmen FA, Xiao R, Simmen RCM. Expression profiling of rat mammary epithelial cells reveals candidate signaling pathways in dietary protection from mammary tumors. Physiol Genomics 2007; 30:8-16. [PMID: 17341692 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00023.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of diet in the prevention of breast cancer is widely accepted, yet little is known about how its biological effects mitigate susceptibility to this disease. Soy consumption is associated with reduced breast cancer risk in women, an effect largely attributed to the soy isoflavone genistein (Gen). We previously showed reduced incidence of chemically induced mammary tumors in young adult rats with lifetime dietary intake of soy protein isolate (SPI) than in those fed the control diet containing casein (Cas). To gain insight into signaling pathways underlying dietary tumor protection, we performed genome-wide expression profiling of mammary epithelial cells from young adult rats lifetime fed Cas, SPI, or Cas supplemented with Gen. We identified mammary epithelial genes regulated by SPI (79 total) and Gen (96 total) using Affymetrix rat 230A GeneChip arrays and found minimal overlap in gene expression patterns. We showed that the regulated transcripts functionally clustered in biochemical pathways involving metabolism, immune response, signal transduction, and ion transport. We confirmed the differential expression of Wnt (Wnt5a, Sfrp2) and Notch (Notch2, Hes1) signaling components by SPI and/or Gen using quantitative real-time PCR. Wnt pathway inhibition by Gen was supported by reduced cyclin D1 immunoreactivity in mammary ductal epithelium of Gen relative to Cas and SPI groups, despite comparable levels of membrane-localized E-cadherin and beta-catenin. Identification of distinct Gen and SPI responsive genes in mammary epithelial cells may define early events contributing to tumor protection by diet relevant to the prevention of breast and other types of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Su
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhuang ZG, Di GH, Shen ZZ, Ding J, Shao ZM. Enhanced expression of LKB1 in breast cancer cells attenuates angiogenesis, invasion, and metastatic potential. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 4:843-9. [PMID: 17114342 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LKB1 (also known as STK11) is a recently identified tumor suppressor gene whose mutation can lead to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, which is characterized by gastrointestinal polyps and cancers of different organ systems. Approximately 30% of sporadic breast cancer samples express low levels of LKB1. This suggests that the LKB1 gene may be related to the tumorigenesis of breast cancer. We reintroduced LKB1 into MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells that lack the LKB1 gene to investigate how overexpression of LKB1 affects tumor invasiveness and metastasis. Overexpression of the LKB1 protein in breast cancer cells resulted in significant inhibition of in vitro invasion. In vivo, LKB1 expression reduced tumor growth in the mammary fat pad, microvessel density, and lung metastasis. LKB1 overexpression was associated with down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, vascular endothelial growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of the LKB1 protein in human breast cancer is significantly associated with a decrease in microvessel density. Our results indicate that LKB1 plays a negative regulatory role in human breast cancer, a finding that may lead to a new therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Zhuang
- Breast Cancer Institute, Cancer Hospital, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Piekarski JH, Biernat W. Clinical significance of CK5/6 and PTEN protein expression in patients with bilateral breast carcinoma. Histopathology 2006; 49:248-55. [PMID: 16918971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the expression of cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 in bilateral breast cancers and to assess the relationship between its expression and other prognostic variables, as well as between CK5/6 expression and patients' survival. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of CK5/6, PTEN protein, oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, p53 and c-erbB-2 protein were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 88 primary breast cancers diagnosed in 44 women. To assess the prognostic value of studied factors, Cox regression analysis was performed. Expression of CK5/6 was found in 23 of 88 primary breast carcinomas (23/88; 26%). The hazard ratio of development of distant metastasis in patients in whom at least one cancer was CK5/6+ was 99.8 (P=0.037) and in patients with at least one carcinoma with reduced PTEN expression it was 10.8 (P=0.044). CK5/6 expression was correlated with absence of oestrogen (P<0.0001) and progesterone receptors (P<0.0001) and very strong expression of p53 (P<0.05). Reduced PTEN expression was correlated with presence of axillary metastases (P<0.01), with very strong expression of c-erbB-2 (P<0.05) and with reduced expression of oestrogen receptor (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Analysis of expression of CK5/6 and PTEN protein in bilateral breast carcinomas may be of value in clinical practice and warrant further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Piekarski
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
von Eyben FE. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition and non-small cell lung cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2006; 43:291-323. [PMID: 16769595 DOI: 10.1080/10408360600728369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The majority of non-small cell (NSC) lung cancers express epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Many studies have evaluated the clinical effect from targeted therapy achieved by blocking EGFR in patients with NSC lung cancer. Treatment of biologically unselected patients with NSC lung cancer with two reversible quinazole EGFR inhibitors, gefitinib and erlotinib, gave negative results in all controlled trials but one. Ten percent to 20% of patients with NSC lung cancers have somatic mutations in EGFR, and these patients have a significantly higher response rate (73%) to treatment with EGFR inhibitors than patients with wild-type EGFR (10%). Patients with Asian background, women, non-smokers, and patients with adenocarcinoma had higher response rates than other patients, and the differences may be due to an association between the clinical characteristics and EGFR mutations. Further studies are needed to fully evaluate the effect of EGFR inhibitor-treatment for subgroups of patients with NSC lung cancer with favorable biological and clinical characteristics.
Collapse
|
23
|
Schuetz CS, Bonin M, Clare SE, Nieselt K, Sotlar K, Walter M, Fehm T, Solomayer E, Riess O, Wallwiener D, Kurek R, Neubauer HJ. Progression-specific genes identified by expression profiling of matched ductal carcinomas in situ and invasive breast tumors, combining laser capture microdissection and oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Cancer Res 2006; 66:5278-86. [PMID: 16707453 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Becoming invasive is a crucial step in breast cancer oncogenesis. At this point, a lesion carries the potential for spreading and metastasis--a process, whose molecular characteristics still remain poorly understood. In this article, we describe a matched-pair analysis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of nine breast ductal carcinomas to identify novel molecular markers characterizing the transition from DCIS to IDC. The purpose of this study was to better understand the molecular biology of this transition and to identify candidate genes whose products might serve as prognostic markers and/or as molecular targets for treatment. To obtain cellular-based gene expression profiles from epithelial tumor cells, we combined laser capture microdissection with a T7-based two-round RNA amplification and Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Altogether, a set of 24 tumor samples was analyzed, comprised of nine matched DCIS/IDC and replicate DCIS/IDC preparations from three of the nine tumors. Cluster analysis on expression data shows the robustness and reproducibility of the techniques we established. Using multiple statistical methods, 546 significantly differentially expressed probe sets were identified. Eighteen candidate genes were evaluated by RT-PCR. Examples of genes already known to be associated with breast cancer invasion are BPAG1, LRRC15, MMP11, and PLAU. The expression of BPAG1, DACT1, GREM1, MEF2C, SART2, and TNFAIP6 was localized to epithelial tumor cells by in situ hybridization and/or immunohistochemistry, confirming the accuracy of laser capture microdissection sampling and microarray analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Schuetz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Microarray Facility, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Todorova VK, Kaufmann Y, Luo S, Klimberg VS. Modulation of p53 and c-myc in DMBA-Induced Mammary Tumors by Oral Glutamine. Nutr Cancer 2006; 54:263-73. [PMID: 16898871 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5402_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies established that oral glutamine (GLN) reduced tumor development in implantable and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer models. This finding was associated with a decrease in tumor glutathione (GSH) levels, while maintaining normal gut, blood, and breast GSH. Alterations in GSH levels contribute to the control of apoptotic and cell cycle-regulating signaling. The aim of this study was to examine the role of dietary GLN on activation of p53 and c-myc, which play critical roles in cancer development and sensitivity to radiation and chemotherapy. Mammary gland carcinomas were induced in rats by DMBA. The rats were gavaged daily with GLN or water (controls), starting 1 wk prior DMBA-application and throughout the duration of the experiment (11 wk after DMBA). Tumor DNA was examined for mutations in p53 exons 5 and 6. Protein and mRNA levels of p53, p21(WAF1/CIP1), PTEN, IGF-IR, mdm2, and c-myc in tumors of GLN-supplemented rats were compared with those of the control rats (received water). The sequencing of p53 showed that it was wild type. Increased phosphorylation of p53, as well as higher mRNA and protein levels of p21(WAF1/CIP1), PTEN, and mdm2, and lower levels of IGF-IR were detected in tumors of GLN-supplemented rats vs. controls. Both phosphorylated c-myc and c-myc mRNA levels were reduced by GLN. The up-regulation of tumor p53 signaling and down-regulation of c-myc, in addition to previously established inhibition of Akt signaling in DMBA-breast cancer model, suggest that dietary GLN could be a useful approach for increasing the effectiveness of cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina K Todorova
- Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee JS, Choi YD, Lee JH, Nam JH, Choi C, Lee MC, Park CS, Kim HS, Min KW. Expression of PTEN in the progression of cervical neoplasia and its relation to tumor behavior and angiogenesis in invasive squamous cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2006; 93:233-40. [PMID: 16482604 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Loss of PTEN expression has been associated with tumor progression and adverse patient outcome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate PTEN expression in the successive steps of progression in cervical neoplasia and to determine its correlation with tumor angiogenesis and clinicopathologic features in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining with anti-PTEN antibody was performed in a total of 160 patients with 12 normal cervical epithelium, 63 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (33 CIN I, 30 CIN III), and 85 cervical squamous cell carcinomas. Microvessels were immunohistochemically labeled with an antibody for CD34. Computerized image analysis was used to evaluate microvessel density (MVD). RESULTS Reduced PTEN expression progressively increased along the continuum from normal epithelium to squamous cell carcinoma (P < 0.01). There was no significant correlation between PTEN expression and MVD. On univariate analysis, stage and reduced PTEN expression were significant prognostic factors for both disease-free and overall survival. However, stage was the only independent prognostic factor by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that tumor progression in the cervical epithelium is accompanied by loss of PTEN protein expression. Reduced PTEN expression is not associated with tumor angiogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Shin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Research Institute of Medical Science, Gwangju, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mori D, Nakafusa Y, Miyazaki K, Tokunaga O. Differential expression of Janus kinase 3 (JAK3), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), and mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) in human colorectal cancer progression using human cancer cDNA microarrays. Pathol Res Pract 2005; 201:777-89. [PMID: 16308103 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we applied commercially available cDNA microarray systems (1068 genes) to investigate the genetic changes in six colorectal cancers (CRC). Thirty-two genes fell into the group of commonly upregulated genes. In addition, we immunohistochemically investigated the expression of the four top ranked upregulated genes, Janus kinase 3 (JAK3), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), and mouse double minute 2 (MDM2), in 44 CRC. JAK3 staining was located in the cancer cells. A comparison of JAK3 immunostaining and clinicopathological parameters showed a significant association of tumor differentiation, pT, and TMN stage. Staining of MMP13 and HSP60 was noted mainly in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. A significant association of these expressions was observed with tumor differentiation and pT. MDM2 staining was noted in the nucleus of cancer and non-cancer cells. No significant association of clinicopathological parameters with MDM2 expression was observed. In multivariate analysis, JAK3 immunoreactivity showed independent prognostically unfavorable predictors. These data suggest that JAK3, in particular, is a highly significant, prognostic immunohistochemical marker in CRC. This study proves that cDNA microarrays, plotted by a small number of genes from a few samples, are both practical and useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Mori
- Department of Pathology and Biodefense, School of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fujita M, Khazenzon NM, Bose S, Sekiguchi K, Sasaki T, Carter WG, Ljubimov AV, Black KL, Ljubimova JY. Overexpression of beta1-chain-containing laminins in capillary basement membranes of human breast cancer and its metastases. Breast Cancer Res 2005; 7:R411-21. [PMID: 15987446 PMCID: PMC1175051 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 02/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Laminins are the major components of vascular and parenchymal basement membranes. We previously documented a switch in the expression of vascular laminins containing the alpha4 chain from predominantly laminin-9 (alpha4beta2gamma1) to predominantly laminin-8 (alpha4beta1gamma1) during progression of human brain gliomas to high-grade glioblastoma multiforme. Here, differential expression of laminins was studied in blood vessels and ductal epithelium of the breast. METHOD In the present study the expressions of laminin isoforms alpha1-alpha5, beta1-beta3, gamma1, and gamma2 were examined during progression of breast cancer. Forty-five clinical samples of breast tissues including normal breast, ductal carcinomas in situ, invasive ductal carcinomas, and their metastases to the brain were compared using Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry for various chains of laminin, in particular laminin-8 and laminin-9. RESULTS Laminin alpha4 chain was observed in vascular basement membranes of most studied tissues, with the highest expression in metastases. At the same time, the expression of laminin beta2 chain (a constituent of laminin-9) was mostly seen in normal breast and carcinomas in situ but not in invasive carcinomas or metastases. In contrast, laminin beta1 chain (a constituent of laminin-8) was typically found in vessel walls of carcinomas and their metastases but not in those of normal breast. The expression of laminin-8 increased in a progression-dependent manner. A similar change was observed from laminin-11 (alpha5beta2gamma1) to laminin-10 (alpha5beta1gamma1) during breast tumor progression. Additionally, laminin-2 (alpha2beta1gamma1) appeared in vascular basement membranes of invasive carcinomas and metastases. Chains of laminin-5 (alpha3beta3gamma2) were expressed in the ductal epithelium basement membranes of the breast and diminished with tumor progression. CONCLUSION These results suggest that laminin-2, laminin-8, and laminin-10 are important components of tumor microvessels and may associate with breast tumor progression. Angiogenic switch from laminin-9 and laminin-11 to laminin-8 and laminin-10 first occurs in carcinomas in situ and becomes more pronounced with progression of carcinomas to the invasive stage. Similar to high-grade brain gliomas, the expression of laminin-8 (and laminin-10) in breast cancer tissue may be a predictive factor for tumor neovascularization and invasion.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Basement Membrane/physiology
- Brain Neoplasms/blood supply
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/secondary
- Breast Neoplasms/blood supply
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Capillaries/physiology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Laminin/biosynthesis
- Laminin/physiology
- Neoplasm Metastasis/physiopathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Protein Isoforms
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Fujita
- Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars–Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Natalya M Khazenzon
- Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars–Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shikha Bose
- Department of Pathology, Cedars–Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Takako Sasaki
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany
| | - William G Carter
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexander V Ljubimov
- Ophthalmology Research Laboratories, Cedars–Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars–Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Julia Y Ljubimova
- Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars–Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Janetopoulos C, Borleis J, Vazquez F, Iijima M, Devreotes P. Temporal and Spatial Regulation of Phosphoinositide Signaling Mediates Cytokinesis. Dev Cell 2005; 8:467-77. [PMID: 15809030 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2005.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is a prominent feature of both chemotaxis and cytokinesis. In chemotaxis, polarity is established by local accumulation of PI(3,4,5)P3 at the cell's leading edge, achieved through temporal and spatial regulation of PI3 kinases and the tumor suppressor, PTEN. We find that as migrating D. discoideum cells round up to enter cytokinesis, PI(3,4,5)P3 signaling is uniformly suppressed. Then, as the spindle and cell elongate, PI3 kinases and PTEN move to and function at the poles and furrow, respectively. Cell lines lacking both of these enzymatic activities fail to modulate PI(3,4,5)P3 levels, are defective in cytokinesis, and cannot divide in suspension. The cells continue to grow and duplicate their nuclei, generating large multinucleate cells. Furrows that fail to ingress between nuclei are unable to stably accumulate myosin filaments or suppress actin-filled ruffles. We propose that phosphoinositide-linked circuits, similar to those that bring about asymmetry during cell migration, also regulate polarity in cytokinesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Janetopoulos
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shoman N, Klassen S, McFadden A, Bickis MG, Torlakovic E, Chibbar R. Reduced PTEN expression predicts relapse in patients with breast carcinoma treated by tamoxifen. Mod Pathol 2005; 18:250-9. [PMID: 15475931 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen treatment substantially improves the 10-year survival of women with estrogen-receptor (ER)-alpha-positive tumors. However, approximately one-third of all breast cancer patients with ER-alpha-positive tumors progress on antiestrogen therapy. The molecular mechanism(s) involved in antiestrogen-resistant phenotype of breast carcinoma is not completely understood. The PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome Ten) gene is a novel candidate tumor suppressor that plays an important role in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis by regulating Protein kinase-B/Akt activity. Previous studies have shown that PTEN downregulation in breast cancer is associated with high-grade tumor, distant metastases and poorer disease-free survival. Decreased PTEN and/or increased protein kinase B/Akt activity in breast cancer cells has recently been associated with resistance to tamoxifen-induced apoptosis. In this study, we have evaluated PTEN expression by immunohistochemistry in 100 tamoxifen-treated ER-alpha-positive breast cancer patients. Reduced PTEN protein expression was associated with shorter relapse-free survival. When stage I patients were analyzed separately, reduced PTEN expression was a strong predictor of both, shorter relapse-free survival and shorter disease-specific survival. An association of reduced PTEN expression with shorter relapse-free survival and disease-specific survival in stage I patients was still observed after stratification by stage, axillary lymph node status, tumor size, grade, and expression of ER-alpha, progesterone receptor, and Her-2/neu. In summary, our results showed a strong association between downregulation of PTEN expression in ER-alpha-positive tumors and failure to tamoxifen treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nael Shoman
- Department of Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li YL, Tian Z, Wu DY, Fu BY, Xin Y. Loss of heterozygosity on 10q23.3 and mutation of tumor suppressor gene PTEN in gastric cancer and precancerous lesions. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:285-8. [PMID: 15633233 PMCID: PMC4205419 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i2.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and mutation of tumor suppressor gene PTEN in gastric cancer and precancerous lesions.
METHODS: Thirty cases of normal gastric mucosa, advanced and early stage gastric cancer, intestinal metaplasia, atrophic gastritis, and atypical hyperplasia were analyzed for PTEN LOH and mutations within the entire coding region of PTEN gene by PCR-SSCP denaturing PAGE gel electrophoresis, and PTEN mutation was detected by PCR-SSCP sequencing followed by silver staining.
RESULTS: LOH rate found in respectively atrophic gastritis was 10% (3/30), intestinal metaplasia 10% (3/30), atypical hyperplasia 13.3% (4/30), early stage gastric cancer 20% (6/30), and advanced stage gastric cancer 33.3% (9/30), None of the precancerous lesions and early stage gastric cancer showed PTEN mutations, but 10% (3/30) of the advanced stage gastric cancers, which were all positive for LOH, showed PTEN mutation.
CONCLUSION: LOH of PTEN gene appears in precancerous lesions, and PTEN mutations are restricted to advanced gastric cancer, LOH and mutation of PTEN gene are closely related to the infiltration and metastasis of gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhou YJ, Xiong YX, Wu XT, Shi D, Fan W, Zhou T, Li YC, Huang X. Inactivation of PTEN is associated with increased angiogenesis and VEGF overexpression in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:3225-9. [PMID: 15457582 PMCID: PMC4611280 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i21.3225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), their roles in biologic behavior and angiogenesis and their association in gastric cancer.
METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining was used to evaluate the expression of PTEN, VEGF and microvascular density (MVD) on paraffin-embedded sections in 70 patients with primary gastric cancer and 24 patients with chronic superficial gastritis (CSG). Expression of PTEN, VEGF and MVD were compared with clinicopathological features of gastric cancer. The relationship between expression of PTEN, VEGF and MVD as well as the relationship between PTEN and VEGF expression in caner cells were investigated.
RESULTS: PTEN expression significantly decreased (t = 3.98, P < 0.01) whereas both VEGF expression and MVD significant increased (t = 4.29 and 4.41, respectively, both P < 0.01) in gastric cancer group compared with CSG group. PTEN expression was significantly down-regulated (t = 1.95, P < 0.05) whereas VEGF expression (t = 2.37, P < 0.05) and MVD (t = 3.28, P < 0.01) was significantly up-regulated in advanced gastric cancer compared with early-stage gastric cancer. PTEN expression in gastric cancer showed a negative association with lymph node metastasis (t = 3.91, P < 0.01), invasion depth (t = 1.95, P < 0.05) and age (t = 4.69, P < 0.01). MVD in PTEN-negative gastric cancer was significantly higher than that in PTEN-positive gastric cancer (t = 3.69, P < 0.01), and there was a negative correlation between PTEN expression and MVD (γ = -0.363, P < 0.05). VEGF expression was positively associated with invasion depth (especially with serosa invasion, t = 4.69, P < 0.01), lymph node metastasis (t = 2.31, P < 0.05) and TNM stage (t = 3.04, P < 0.01). MVD in VEGF-positive gastric cancer was significantly higher than that in VEGF-negative gastric cancer (t = 4.62, P < 0.01), and there was a positive correlation between VEGF expression of and MVD (γ = 0.512, P < 0.05). VEGF expression in PTEN-negative gastric cancer was significantly stronger than that in PTEN-positive gastric cancer (t = 2.61, P < 0.05), and there was a significantly negative correlation between the expression of VEGF and PTEN (γ = -0.403, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Our results imply that inactivation of PTEN gene and over-expression of VEGF contribute to the neovascularization and progression of gastric cancer. PTEN-related angiogenesis might be attributed to its up-regulation of VEGF expression. PTEN and VEGF could be used as the markers reflecting the biologic behaviors of tumor and viable targets in therapeutic approaches to inhibit angiogenesis of gastric cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jiang Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mi Z, Guo H, Wai PY, Gao C, Wei J, Kuo PC. Differential osteopontin expression in phenotypically distinct subclones of murine breast cancer cells mediates metastatic behavior. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:46659-67. [PMID: 15347645 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407952200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression depends on an accumulation of metastasis-supporting cell signaling molecules, which target signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, gene expression. One such molecule, osteopontin (OPN), represents a key molecular signaling event in tumor progression and metastasis. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that underlie OPN expression in the setting of breast cancer have not been well studied. In this regard, we have examined the differential transcriptional regulation of OPN in the murine mammary epithelial tumor cell lines, 4T1 and 4T07, which are sublines derived from the parental population of 410.4 cells from Balb/cfC3H mice. These lines are phenotypically heterogeneous in their metastatic behavior. 4T1 hematogenously metastasizes to the lung, liver, bone, and brain, whereas 4T07 is highly tumorigenic but fails to metastasize. The tumor growth and metastatic spread of 4T1 cells closely mimics stage IV breast cancer. We demonstrate that a Ras-independent, phosphoinositide-3 kinase-dependent, c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent phosphorylation of c-Jun results in binding of an AP-1 c-Jun homodimer to the OPN promoter in 4T1 cells. This differential up-regulation of OPN gene transcription and protein expression in 4T1 cells conveys in vitro correlates of a metastatic phenotype. These results provide new insight into the transcriptional regulation of OPN as a key mediator of metastatic behavior in malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Mi
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|