1
|
Stanescu LS, Ghemigian A, Ciobica ML, Nistor C, Ciuche A, Radu AM, Sandru F, Carsote M. Thyroid Malignancy and Cutaneous Lichen Amyloidosis: Key Points Amid RET Pathogenic Variants in Medullary Thyroid Cancer/Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 (MEN2). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9765. [PMID: 39337252 PMCID: PMC11431960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to provide an updated narrative review with respect to the RET pathogenic variants and their implications at the clinical and molecular level in the diagnosis of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC)/multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2, particularly with respect to the presence of cutaneous lichen amyloidosis (CLA). We searched English-language, in extenso original articles with no timeline nor study design restriction that were published on PubMed. A traditional interplay stands for CLA and MTC in MEN2 (not MEN3) confirmation. While the connection has been reported for more than three decades, there is still a large gap in understanding and addressing it. The majority of patients with MEN2A-CLA have RET pathogenic variants at codon 634; hence, it suggests an involvement of this specific cysteine residue in both disorders (most data agree that one-third of C634-positive subjects have CLA, but the ranges are between 9% and 50%). Females seem more prone to MEN2-CLA than males. Non-C634 germline RET pathogenic variants included (at a low level of statistical evidence) the following: RET V804M mutation in exon 14 for MTC-CLA (CLA at upper back); RET S891A mutation in exon 15 binding OSMR variant G513D (familial MTC and CLA comprising the lower legs to thighs, upper back, shoulders, arms, and forearms); and C611Y (CLA at interscapular region), respectively. Typically, CLA is detected at an early age (from childhood until young adulthood) before the actual MTC identification unless RET screening protocols are already applied. The time frame between CLA diagnosis and the identification of RET pathogenic variants was between 5 and 60 years according to one study. The same RET mutation in one family is not necessarily associated with the same CLA presentation. In MTC/MEN2 subjects, the most affected CLA area was the scapular region of the upper back. Alternatively, another hypothesis highlighted the fact that CLA is secondary to long-term prurit/notalgia paresthetica (NP) in MTC/MEN2. OSMR p. G513D may play a role in modifying the evolutionary processes of CLA in subjects co-harboring RET mutations (further studies are necessary to sustain this aspect). Awareness in CLA-positive patients is essential, including the decision of RET testing in selected cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Semonia Stanescu
- PhD Doctoral School, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 0505474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology V, C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adina Ghemigian
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology V, C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai-Lucian Ciobica
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Rheumatology, "Dr. Carol Davila" Central Military University Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudiu Nistor
- Department 4-Cardio-Thoracic Pathology, Thoracic Surgery II Discipline, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 0505474 Bucharest, Romania
- Thoracic Surgery Department, "Dr. Carol Davila" Central Emergency University Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Ciuche
- Department 4-Cardio-Thoracic Pathology, Thoracic Surgery II Discipline, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 0505474 Bucharest, Romania
- Thoracic Surgery Department, "Dr. Carol Davila" Central Emergency University Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea-Maria Radu
- Department of Dermatovenerology, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatovenerology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florica Sandru
- Department of Dermatovenerology, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatovenerology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mara Carsote
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology V, C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nishikawa G, Klein MA. Targeting RET alterations in non-small cell lung cancer. Curr Probl Cancer 2024; 49:101074. [PMID: 38494387 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2024.101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Rearranged during transfection (RET) alterations, which lead to aberrant activation of the RET proto-oncogene, have been identified in various cancers. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), RET mutations often manifest as RET fusion genes and are observed in 1-2 % of patients with NSCLC. In recent years, selective RET inhibitors such as selpercatinib and pralsetinib, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2020, have been part of the revolutionary changes in the treatment landscape for non-small cell lung cancer. While first-generation RET inhibitors have become part of the standard of care for RET-fusion positive NSCLC, a new challenge has emerged: acquired resistance to RET inhibitors. RET resistance is a complex phenomenon that can manifest as either on-target or off-target resistance. Numerous studies have been conducted to identify the mechanisms behind this resistance. This review provides an overview of the biology of RET in NSCLC, methods of RET testing, and a comprehensive analysis of the clinical outcomes associated with multikinase and selective RET inhibitors for NSCLC. Additionally, we will explore future perspectives for RET fusion-positive NSCLC, including ongoing trials and the challenges involved in overcoming resistance to RET inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Go Nishikawa
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark A Klein
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Hematology/Oncology Section, Primary Care Service Line, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yatabe Y. Molecular pathology of non-small cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2024; 84:50-66. [PMID: 37936491 DOI: 10.1111/his.15080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Currently, lung cancer is treated by the highest number of therapeutic options and the benefits are based on multiple large-scale sequencing studies, translational research and new drug development, which has promoted our understanding of the molecular pathology of lung cancer. According to the driver alterations, different characteristics have been revealed, such as differences in ethnic prevalence, median age and alteration patterns. Consequently, beyond traditional chemoradiotherapy, molecular-targeted therapy and treatment with immune check-point inhibitors (ICI) also became available major therapeutic options. Interestingly, clinical results suggest that the recently established therapies target distinct lung cancer proportions, particularly between the EGFR/ALK and PD-1/PD-L1-positive subsets, e.g. the kinase inhibitors target driver mutation-positive tumours, whereas driver mutation-negative tumours respond to ICI treatment. These therapeutic efficacy-related differences might be explained by the molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer. Addictive driver mutations promote tumour formation with powerful transformation performance, resulting in a low tumour mutation burden, reduced immune surveillance, and subsequent poor response to ICIs. In contrast, regular tobacco smoke exposure repeatedly injures the proximal airway epithelium, leading to accumulated genetic alterations. In the latter pathway, overgrowth due to alteration and immunological exclusion against neoantigens is initially balanced. However, tumours could be generated from certain clones that outcompete immunological exclusion and outgrow the others. Consequently, this cancer type responds to immune check-point treatment. These pathogenic differences are explained well by the two-compartment model, focusing upon the anatomical and functional composition of distinct cellular components between the terminal respiratory unit and the air-conducting system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jha S, Simonds WF. Molecular and Clinical Spectrum of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:779-818. [PMID: 36961765 PMCID: PMC10502601 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent data suggest an increase in the overall incidence of parathyroid disorders, with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) being the most prevalent parathyroid disorder. PHPT is associated with morbidities (fractures, kidney stones, chronic kidney disease) and increased risk of death. The symptoms of PHPT can be nonspecific, potentially delaying the diagnosis. Approximately 15% of patients with PHPT have an underlying heritable form of PHPT that may be associated with extraparathyroidal manifestations, requiring active surveillance for these manifestations as seen in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 2A. Genetic testing for heritable forms should be offered to patients with multiglandular disease, recurrent PHPT, young onset PHPT (age ≤40 years), and those with a family history of parathyroid tumors. However, the underlying genetic cause for the majority of patients with heritable forms of PHPT remains unknown. Distinction between sporadic and heritable forms of PHPT is useful in surgical planning for parathyroidectomy and has implications for the family. The genes currently known to be associated with heritable forms of PHPT account for approximately half of sporadic parathyroid tumors. But the genetic cause in approximately half of the sporadic parathyroid tumors remains unknown. Furthermore, there is no systemic therapy for parathyroid carcinoma, a rare but potentially fatal cause of PHPT. Improved understanding of the molecular characteristics of parathyroid tumors will allow us to identify biomarkers for diagnosis and novel targets for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Jha
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1752, USA
| | - William F Simonds
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1752, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mani I, Singh V. An overview of receptor endocytosis and signaling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:1-18. [PMID: 36631188 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a cellular process which mediates receptor internalization, nutrient uptake, and the regulation of cell signaling. Microorganisms (many bacteria and viruses) and toxins also use the same process and enter the cells. Generally, endocytosis is considered in the three forms such as phagocytosis (cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking), and highly selective receptor-mediated endocytosis (clathrin-dependent and independent). Several endocytic routes exist in an analogous, achieving diverse functions. Most studies on endocytosis have used transformed cells in culture. To visualize the receptor internalization, trafficking, and signaling in subcellular organelles, a green fluorescent protein-tagged receptor has been utilized. It also helps to visualize the endocytosis effects in live-cell imaging. Confocal laser microscopy increases our understanding of receptor endocytosis and signaling. Site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated that many short-sequence motifs of the cytoplasmic domain of receptors significantly play a vital role in receptor internalization, subcellular trafficking, and signaling. However, other factors also regulate receptor internalization through clathrin-coated vesicles. Receptor endocytosis can occur through clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent pathways. This chapter briefly discusses the internalization, trafficking, and signaling of various receptors in normal conditions. In addition, it also highlights the malfunction of the receptor in disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indra Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ordóñez J, Pérez-Egido L, García-Casillas MA, Del Cañizo A, Fanjul M, de la Torre M, Bada I, Blanco MD, Cerdá J, Molina E, Peláez D, de Agustín JC. Management and results of thyroidectomies in pediatric patients with MEN 2 syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 2021; 56:2058-2061. [PMID: 33814184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the outcome of prophylactic thyroidectomies (PT) in patients with MEN 2 syndrome in a tertiary center. METHODS A retrospective study was designed, including all patients with MEN 2 syndrome who underwent PT between 2000 and 2019. Demographics, gene mutation, postoperative complications and histopathological findings were registered. MAIN RESULTS 30 patients were included (29 MEN 2A and 1 MEN 2B) with a median age at surgery time of 7.0 ± 3.2 years. Familiar history was present in all but 3 patients. A therapeutic thyroidectomy was performed in 2 patients due to evidence of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC, both were late diagnosis), and in the other 28 cases, a PT was performed. 8 patients had a RET mutation ranked as Moderate Risk (American Thyroid Association): median age at surgery was 7.2 ± 4.2 years, and histological findings were C-cell hyperplasia (n = 6) and no alterations (n = 2). 16 patients had a high risk mutation; median age at surgery time was 6.9 ± 2.8 years and histological findings were normal thyroid gland (n = 1), C Cell Hyperplasia (n = 8), microcarcinoma (n = 6), and MTC (n = 1). The mean hospital stay was 1.4 ± 0.68 days. No intraoperative complications or recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries were registered. 7 patients presented a transient hypoparathyroidism and 1 patient had permanent hypoparathyroidism. CONCLUSIONS Early PT in patients with MEN 2 syndrome is a safe procedure when performed by an experienced team of Pediatric Surgeons and with a multidisciplinary approach. Early genetic analysis and familial counselling is essential to prevent the development of a MTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ordóñez
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital Máiquez Street N 9, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Pérez-Egido
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital Máiquez Street N 9, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Agustín Del Cañizo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital Máiquez Street N 9, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fanjul
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital Máiquez Street N 9, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel de la Torre
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital Máiquez Street N 9, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Bada
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital Máiquez Street N 9, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Blanco
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital Máiquez Street N 9, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Cerdá
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital Máiquez Street N 9, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Molina
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital Máiquez Street N 9, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Peláez
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital Máiquez Street N 9, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos de Agustín
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital Máiquez Street N 9, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yue CH, Oner M, Chiu CY, Chen MC, Teng CL, Wang HY, Hsieh JT, Lai CH, Lin H. RET Regulates Human Medullary Thyroid Cancer Cell Proliferation through CDK5 and STAT3 Activation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060860. [PMID: 34207842 PMCID: PMC8229599 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the parafollicular C-cells, which produces the hormone calcitonin. RET is a transmembrane receptor protein-tyrosine kinase, which is highly expressed in MTC. Our previous studies reported that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) plays a crucial role in cancer progression, including MTC. However, the role of CDK5 in GDNF-induced RET signaling in medullary thyroid cancer proliferation remains unknown. Here, we investigated RET activation and its biochemically interaction with CDK5 in GDNF-induced medullary thyroid cancer proliferation. Our results demonstrated that GDNF stimulated RET phosphorylation and thus subsequently resulted in CDK5 activation by its phosphorylation. Activated CDK5 further caused STAT3 activation by its specific phosphorylation at Ser727. Moreover, we also found that GDNF treatment enhanced ERK1/2 and EGR1 activity, which is involved in p35 activation. Interestingly, we identified for the first time that CDK5 physically interacted with RET protein in MTC. Overall, our results provide a new mechanism for medullary thyroid cancer cell proliferation, suggesting that targeting CDK5 may be a promising therapeutic candidate for human medullary thyroid cancer in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Herng Yue
- Department of Surgery, Tung’s Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung 435403, Taiwan;
| | - Muhammet Oner
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan; (M.O.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chih-Yuan Chiu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan; (M.O.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Mei-Chih Chen
- Translational Cell Therapy Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan;
| | - Chieh-Lin Teng
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan;
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan; (M.O.); (C.-Y.C.)
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402204, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-22840-416 (ext. 311); Fax: +886-4-22874-740
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liang YJ, Yang WX. Kinesins in MAPK cascade: How kinesin motors are involved in the MAPK pathway? Gene 2019; 684:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
9
|
Essential Role of Linx/Islr2 in the Development of the Forebrain Anterior Commissure. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7292. [PMID: 29739947 PMCID: PMC5940738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Linx is a member of the leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin family of membrane proteins which has critical roles in the development of the peripheral nervous system and forebrain connectivity. A previous study showed that Linx is expressed in projection neurons in the cortex and in cells that comprise the passage to the prethalamus that form the internal capsule, indicating the involvement of Linx in axon guidance and cell-cell communication. In this study, we found that Linx-deficient mice develop severe hydrocephalus and die perinatally by unknown mechanisms. Importantly, mice heterozygous for the linx gene exhibited defects in the development of the anterior commissure in addition to hydrocephalus, indicating haploinsufficiency of the linx gene in forebrain development. In N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells and primary cultured hippocampal neurons, Linx depletion led to impaired neurite extension and an increase in cell body size. Consistent with this, but of unknown significance, we found that Linx interacts with and upregulates the activity of Rho-kinase, a modulator of many cellular processes including cytoskeletal organization. These data suggest a role for Linx in the regulation of complex forebrain connectivity, and future identification of its extracellular ligand(s) will help clarify this function.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wells SA. Advances in the management of MEN2: from improved surgical and medical treatment to novel kinase inhibitors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:T1-T13. [PMID: 29142004 PMCID: PMC5776732 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), a tumor derived from the neural crest, occurs either sporadically or as the dominant component of the type 2 multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes, MEN2A and MEN2B. The discovery that mutations in the RET protooncogene cause hereditary MTC was of great importance, since it led to the development of novel methods of diagnosis and treatment. For example, the detection of a mutated RET allele in family members at risk for inheriting MEN2A or MEN2B signaled that they would develop MTC, and possibly other components of the syndromes. Furthermore, the detection of a mutated allele created the opportunity, especially in young children, to remove the thyroid before MTC developed, or while it was confined to the gland. The discovery also led to the development of molecular targeted therapeutics (MTTs), mainly tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which were effective in the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic MTC. While responses to MTTs are often dramatic, they are highly variable, and almost always transient, because the tumor cells become resistant to the drugs. Clinical investigators and the pharmaceutical industry are focusing on the development of the next generation of MTTs, which have minimal toxicity and greater specificity for mutated RET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Wells
- Genetics BranchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo activity of a multityrosine kinase inhibitor, AL3810, against human thyroid cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1533-1542. [PMID: 28795691 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine neoplasia. Despite recent breakthroughs in treatment of the disease, the treatment of advanced, progressive thyroid cancers remains challenging with limited therapeutic options available. In this study, we evaluated a novel and orally bioavailable small-molecule multiple tyrosine kinases inhibitor, AL3810, in preclinical models of thyroid cancer in vitro and in vivo. AL3810 (2-5 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of human thyroid cancer cell lines TT, SW579 and TPC-1 in vitro with IC50 values ranging from 0.59 to 7.03 μmol/L. Specifically, this agent dose-dependently arrested the thyroid cancer cells in the G1 phase and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, AL3810 dose-dependently inhibited the migration and invasion of SW579 and TPC-1 cells in vitro. In SW579 and TT xenograft models, oral administration of AL3810 (5-20 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 21 d potently inhibited the tumor growth; immunohistochemical staining revealed that the antitumor activity of AL3810 was closely correlated with its anti-angiogenesis effect, as evidenced by a dose-dependent reduction of microvessels in tumor tissues. To assess the therapeutic potential of AL3810 in treating thyroid cancer involving RET gene fusion, we showed that AL3810 (1-10 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of RET-driven Baf3 cell line Baf3-CCDC6-RET, and the auto-phosphorylation of RET in these cells. Our data suggest that AL3810 is a promising agent for the treatment of thyroid cancer.
Collapse
|
12
|
Nozhat Z, Hedayati M, Pourhassan H. Signaling pathways in medullary thyroid carcinoma: therapeutic implications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/ije-2016-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is the third most frequent thyroid cancer arising from thyroid parafollicular cells. Surgery is the first-line strategy in treatment of MTC but disease relapse and patient's death have been observed in approximately two out of three of MTC cases. Identification of molecular mechanisms and different signaling pathways has offered new insights for disease treatment. The development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting these pathways has provided a promising landscape for prevention of progression in patients with advanced metastatic MTC. In this review article different altered molecular pathways implicated in the development of MTC and the therapeutic strategies based on targeting the identified signaling pathways have been summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Nozhat
- Cellular & Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Biotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular & Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Pourhassan
- Clinical Instructor Faculty, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ceolin L, Romitti M, Rodrigues Siqueira D, Vaz Ferreira C, Oliboni Scapineli J, Assis-Brazil B, Vieira Maximiano R, Dias Amarante T, de Souza Nunes MC, Weber G, Maia AL. Effect of 3'UTR RET Variants on RET mRNA Secondary Structure and Disease Presentation in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147840. [PMID: 26829565 PMCID: PMC4734678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The RET S836S variant has been associated with early onset and increased risk for metastatic disease in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). However, the mechanism by which this variant modulates MTC pathogenesis is still open to discuss. Of interest, strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) between RET S836S and 3'UTR variants has been reported in Hirschsprung's disease patients. Objective To evaluate the frequency of the RET 3’UTR variants (rs76759170 and rs3026785) in MTC patients and to determine whether these variants are in LD with S836S polymorphism. Methods Our sample comprised 152 patients with sporadic MTC. The RET S836S and 3’UTR (rs76759170 and rs3026785) variants were genotyped using Custom TaqMan Genotyping Assays. Haplotypes were inferred using the phase 2.1 program. RET mRNA structure was assessed by Vienna Package. Results The mean age of MTC diagnosis was 48.5±15.5 years and 57.9% were women. The minor allele frequencies of RET polymorphisms were as follows: S836S, 5.6%; rs76759170, 5.6%; rs3026785, 6.2%. We observed a strong LD among S836S and 3’UTR variants (|D’| = -1, r2 = 1 and |D’| = -1, r2 = 0,967). Patients harboring the S836S/3’UTR variants presented a higher percentage of lymph node and distant metastasis (P = 0.013 and P<0.001, respectively). Accordingly, RNA folding analyses demonstrated different RNA secondary structure predictions for WT(TCCGT), S836S(TTCGT) or 3’UTR(GTCAC) haplotypes. The S836S/3’UTR haplotype presented a greater number of double helices sections and lower levels of minimal free energy when compared to the wild-type haplotype, suggesting that these variants provides the most thermodynamically stable mRNA structure, which may have functional consequences on the rate of mRNA degradation. Conclusion The RET S836S polymorphism is in LD with 3’UTR variants. In silico analysis indicate that the 3’UTR variants may affect the secondary structure of RET mRNA, suggesting that these variants might play a role in posttranscriptional control of the RET transcripts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucieli Ceolin
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Mirian Romitti
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Débora Rodrigues Siqueira
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Carla Vaz Ferreira
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Jessica Oliboni Scapineli
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Assis-Brazil
- Pathology Department, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Vieira Maximiano
- Department of Physics, Computational Biophysics Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tauanne Dias Amarante
- Department of Physics, Computational Biophysics Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Miriam Celi de Souza Nunes
- Department of Physics, Computational Biophysics Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gerald Weber
- Department of Physics, Computational Biophysics Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Maia
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wells SA, Asa SL, Dralle H, Elisei R, Evans DB, Gagel RF, Lee N, Machens A, Moley JF, Pacini F, Raue F, Frank-Raue K, Robinson B, Rosenthal MS, Santoro M, Schlumberger M, Shah M, Waguespack SG. Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2015; 25:567-610. [PMID: 25810047 PMCID: PMC4490627 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1306] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The American Thyroid Association appointed a Task Force of experts to revise the original Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Management Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. METHODS The Task Force identified relevant articles using a systematic PubMed search, supplemented with additional published materials, and then created evidence-based recommendations, which were set in categories using criteria adapted from the United States Preventive Services Task Force Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The original guidelines provided abundant source material and an excellent organizational structure that served as the basis for the current revised document. RESULTS The revised guidelines are focused primarily on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and hereditary MTC. CONCLUSIONS The Task Force developed 67 evidence-based recommendations to assist clinicians in the care of patients with MTC. The Task Force considers the recommendations to represent current, rational, and optimal medical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Wells
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sylvia L. Asa
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henning Dralle
- Department of General, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Douglas B. Evans
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Robert F. Gagel
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nancy Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Andreas Machens
- Department of General, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jeffrey F. Moley
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Furio Pacini
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Policlinico Santa Maria alle Scotte, Siena, Italy
| | - Friedhelm Raue
- Endocrine Practice, Moleculargenetic Laboratory, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Frank-Raue
- Endocrine Practice, Moleculargenetic Laboratory, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruce Robinson
- University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M. Sara Rosenthal
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics and Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita' di Napoli “Federico II,” Napoli, Italy
| | - Martin Schlumberger
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Service de Medecine Nucleaire, Université of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Manisha Shah
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Steven G. Waguespack
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fu S, Liang Y, Lin YB, Wang F, Huang MY, Zhang ZC, Wang J, Cen WJ, Shao JY. The Frequency and Clinical Implication of ROS1 and RET Rearrangements in Resected Stage IIIA-N2 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124354. [PMID: 25905642 PMCID: PMC4408029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the frequency and clinicopathological features of ROS1 and RET rearrangements in N2 node positive stage IIIA (IIIA-N2) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, we retrospectively screened 204 cases with a tissue microarray (TMA) panel by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and confirmed by direct sequencing and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The relationship between ROS1 or RET rearrangements, clinicopathological features, and prognostic factors were analyzed in resected stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC. Of the 204 cases, 4 cases were confirmed with ROS1 rearrangement, but no RET rearrangement was detected. All 4 ROS1-rearranged cases were adenocarcinomas. The predominant pathological type was acinar pattern in ROS1-rearranged tumors, except for 1 case harboring a mixture acinar and mucous tumor cells. Variants of ROS1 rearrangement were SDC4-ROS1 (E2:E32), SDC4-ROS1 (E4:E32) and SDC4-ROS1 (E4:E34). There was no significant association between ROS1 rearrangement and clinicopathological characteristics. In this cohort, multivariate analysis for overall survival (OS) indicated that squamous cell carcinoma and lobectomy were independent predictors of poor prognosis; R0 surgical resection and non-pleural invasion were independent predictors of good prognosis. In resected stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC patients, ROS1-rearranged cases tended to occur in younger patients with adenocarcinomas. The prognosis of resected stage IIIA-N2 is generally considered poor, but patients with ROS1 rearrangement will benefit from the targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Fu
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yong-Bin Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Ma-Yan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Zi-Chen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Wen-Jian Cen
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jian-Yong Shao
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Frank-Raue K, Raue F. Hereditary Medullary Thyroid Cancer Genotype-Phenotype Correlation. Recent Results Cancer Res 2015; 204:139-56. [PMID: 26494387 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22542-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last two decades, there has been a marked expansion of our knowledge of both the basic and clinical aspects of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2). There are two clinically distinct types of MEN2 syndrome, termed MEN2A and MEN2B. Within MEN2A, there are four variants: (i) classical MEN2A, represented by the uniform presence of MTC and the less frequent occurrence of pheochromocytoma, or primary hyperparathyroidism, or both; (ii) MEN2A with cutaneous lichen amyloidosis; (iii) MEN2A with Hirschsprung's disease; and (iv) familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC), i.e., families or individuals with only MTC. MEN2B is associated with MTC, pheochromocytoma, and mucosal neuromas. Hereditary MTC is caused by autosomal dominant gain of function mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. Specific RET mutations may suggest a predilection toward a particular phenotype and clinical course with a strong genotype-phenotype correlation. Based upon these genotype-phenotype correlations, RET mutations are now stratified into three risk levels, i.e., highest, high, and moderate risk, based on the penetrance and aggressiveness of the MTC. Children in the highest risk category should undergo thyroidectomy in their first year of life, and perhaps even in their first months of life. Children in the high-risk category should have ultrasound of the neck and calcitonin (CTN) measurement performed prior to thyroidectomy. Thyroidectomy should typically be performed at the age of 5 or earlier, depending on the presence of elevated serum CTN levels. However, heterogeneity in disease expression and progression within these groups varies considerably. To personalize disease management, the decision regarding the age of prophylactic thyroidectomy is no longer based upon genotype alone but is currently driven by additional clinical data, the most important being serum CTN levels; specifically, the decision to perform thyroidectomy should err on the safe side if the CTN level is elevated but below 30 pg/ml, especially in the moderate risk group. Personalized management also includes decisions about the best age to begin biochemical screening for pheochromocytoma and primary hyperparathyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Frank-Raue
- Endokrinologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Brückenstr 21, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Friedhelm Raue
- Endokrinologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Brückenstr 21, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Barbieri RB, Bufalo NE, Secolin R, Assumpção LVM, Maciel RMB, Cerutti JM, Ward LS. Polymorphisms of cell cycle control genes influence the development of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 171:761-7. [PMID: 25565272 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of key cell cycle regulation genes such as, CDKN1B, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and CDKN2C in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (s-MTC) is still largely unknown. METHODS In order to evaluate the influence of inherited polymorphisms of these genes on the pathogenesis of s-MTC, we used TaqMan SNP genotyping to examine 45 s-MTC patients carefully matched with 98 controls. RESULTS A multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that CDKN1B and CDKN2A genes were related to s-MTC susceptibility. The rs2066827*GT+GG CDKN1B genotype was more frequent in s-MTC patients (62.22%) than in controls (40.21%), increasing the susceptibility to s-MTC (OR=2.47; 95% CI=1.048-5.833; P=0.038). By contrast, the rs11515*CG+GG of CDKN2A gene was more frequent in the controls (32.65%) than in patients (15.56%), reducing the risk for s-MTC (OR=0.174; 95% CI=0.048-0.627; P=0.0075). A stepwise regression analysis indicated that two genotypes together could explain 11% of the total s-MTC risk. In addition, a relationship was found between disease progression and the presence of alterations in the CDKN1A (rs1801270), CDKN2C (rs12885), and CDKN2B (rs1063192) genes. WT rs1801270 CDKN1A patients presented extrathyroidal tumor extension more frequently (92%) than polymorphic CDKN1A rs1801270 patients (50%; P=0.0376). Patients with the WT CDKN2C gene (rs12885) presented larger tumors (2.9±1.8 cm) than polymorphic patients (1.5±0.7 cm; P=0.0324). On the other hand, patients with the polymorphic CDKN2B gene (rs1063192) presented distant metastases (36.3%; P=0.0261). CONCLUSION In summary, we demonstrated that CDKN1B and CDKN2A genes are associated with susceptibility, whereas the inherited genetic profile of CDKN1A, CDKN2B, and CDKN2C is associated with aggressive features of tumors. This study suggests that profiling cell cycle genes may help define the risk and characterize s-MTC aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Barbieri
- University of Campinas (FCM - Unicamp)126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, Street. Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887 BrazilFederal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp)669, Pedro Toledo Street, São Paulo-SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - N E Bufalo
- University of Campinas (FCM - Unicamp)126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, Street. Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887 BrazilFederal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp)669, Pedro Toledo Street, São Paulo-SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - R Secolin
- University of Campinas (FCM - Unicamp)126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, Street. Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887 BrazilFederal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp)669, Pedro Toledo Street, São Paulo-SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - L V M Assumpção
- University of Campinas (FCM - Unicamp)126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, Street. Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887 BrazilFederal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp)669, Pedro Toledo Street, São Paulo-SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - R M B Maciel
- University of Campinas (FCM - Unicamp)126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, Street. Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887 BrazilFederal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp)669, Pedro Toledo Street, São Paulo-SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - J M Cerutti
- University of Campinas (FCM - Unicamp)126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, Street. Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887 BrazilFederal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp)669, Pedro Toledo Street, São Paulo-SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - L S Ward
- University of Campinas (FCM - Unicamp)126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo, Street. Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887 BrazilFederal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp)669, Pedro Toledo Street, São Paulo-SP 04039-032, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kinome sequencing reveals RET G691S polymorphism in human neuroendocrine lung cancer cell lines. Genes Genomics 2014; 36:829-841. [PMID: 25530832 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) lung tumors comprise 20-25% of all invasive lung malignancies. Currently, no effective treatments are available to cure these tumors, and it is necessary to identify a molecular alteration(s) that characterizes NE lung tumor cells. We aimed to identify a kinase mutation(s) associated with NE lung tumor by screening 517 kinase-encoding genes in human lung cancer cell lines. Our next-generation sequencing analysis of six NE lung tumor cell lines (four small cell lung cancer lines and two non-small cell lung cancer lines) and three non-NE lung tumor lines revealed various kinase mutations, including a nonsynonymous mutation in the proto-oncogene RET (c.2071G>A; p.G691S). Further evaluation of the RET polymorphism in total 15 lung cancer cell lines by capillary sequencing suggested that the frequency of the minor allele (A-allele) in NE lung tumor lines was significantly higher than its frequency in a reference population (p = 0.0001). However, no significant difference between non-NE lung tumor lines and a reference group was detected (p = 1.0). Nevertheless, neither RET expression levels were correlated with the levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a key NE marker, nor vandetanib and cabozantinib, small molecule compounds that inhibit RET, affected NSE levels in lung cancer cells. Our data suggest a potential association of G691S RET polymorphism with NE lung tumor, proposing the necessity of more thorough evaluation of this possibility. The dataset of kinase mutation profiles in this report may help choosing cell line models for study of lung cancer.
Collapse
|
19
|
Qian Y, Chai S, Liang Z, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Xu X, Zhang C, Zhang M, Si J, Huang F, Huang Z, Hong W, Wang K. KIF5B-RET fusion kinase promotes cell growth by multilevel activation of STAT3 in lung cancer. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:176. [PMID: 25047660 PMCID: PMC4114102 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer in nonsmokers tends to be driven by a single somatic mutation or a gene fusion. KIF5B-RET fusion is an oncogene identified in non-small cell lung cancers. In this study, we verified the oncogenic activity of KIF5B-RET fusion and investigated how KIF5B-RET activates the specific signaling pathways for cellular transformation. We aimed to provide a basis for the further development of the therapy for KIF5B-RET positive lung cancer patients. Methods RT-PCR was used to screen for KIF5B-RET fusions in Chinese lung cancer patients. To verify the oncogenic activity of KIF5B-RET kinase in lung cancer cells, we manipulated its expression genetically followed by colony formation and tumor formation assays. The mechanism by which KIF5B-RET kinase induces proliferation was investigated by western blot, coimmunoprecipitation, and administration of RET, MAPK and STAT3 inhibitors. Results Our study identified a KIF5B-RET fusion in Chinese NSCLC patients and demonstrated that KIF5B-RET transfected cells showed a significantly increased proliferation rate and colony-forming ability. Furthermore, we found that KIF5B-RET fusion kinase induced multilevel activation of STAT3 at both Tyr705 and Ser727, and KIF5B-RET-STAT3 signaling related inhibitors repressed the proliferation and tumorigenicity of lung cancer cells significantly. Conclusions Our data suggest that KIF5B-RET promotes the cell growth and tumorigenicity of non-small cell lung cancers through multilevel activation of STAT3 signaling, providing possible strategies for the treatment of KIF5B-RET positive lung cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kai Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Starr JS, Attia S, Joseph RW, Menke D, Casler J, Smallridge RC. Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma Presenting As a Thyroid Mass. J Clin Oncol 2014; 33:e74-6. [PMID: 24663046 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.49.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
21
|
Costantini F. Genetic controls and cellular behaviors in branching morphogenesis of the renal collecting system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 1:693-713. [PMID: 22942910 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian kidney, which at maturity contains thousands of nephrons joined to a highly branched collecting duct (CD) system, is an important model system for studying the development of a complex organ. Furthermore, congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, often resulting from defects in ureteric bud branching morphogenesis, are relatively common human birth defects. Kidney development is initiated by interactions between the nephric duct and the metanephric mesenchyme, leading to the outgrowth and repeated branching of the ureteric bud epithelium, which gives rise to the entire renal CD system. Meanwhile, signals from the ureteric bud induce the mesenchyme cells to form the nephron epithelia. This review focuses on development of the CD system, with emphasis on the mouse as an experimental system. The major topics covered include the origin and development of the nephric duct, formation of the ureteric bud, branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud, and elongation of the CDs. The signals, receptors, transcription factors, and other regulatory molecules implicated in these processes are discussed. In addition, our current knowledge of cellular behaviors that are controlled by these genes and underlie development of the collecting system is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Costantini
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pozo K, Castro-Rivera E, Tan C, Plattner F, Schwach G, Siegl V, Meyer D, Guo A, Gundara J, Mettlach G, Richer E, Guevara JA, Ning L, Gupta A, Hao G, Tsai LH, Sun X, Antich P, Sidhu S, Robinson BG, Chen H, Nwariaku FE, Pfragner R, Richardson JA, Bibb JA. The role of Cdk5 in neuroendocrine thyroid cancer. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:499-511. [PMID: 24135281 PMCID: PMC3849320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine cancer that originates from calcitonin-secreting parafollicular cells, or C cells. We found that Cdk5 and its cofactors p35 and p25 are highly expressed in human MTC and that Cdk5 activity promotes MTC proliferation. A conditional MTC mouse model was generated and corroborated the role of aberrant Cdk5 activation in MTC. C cell-specific overexpression of p25 caused rapid C cell hyperplasia leading to lethal MTC, which was arrested by repressing p25 overexpression. A comparative phosphoproteomic screen between proliferating and arrested MTC identified the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) as a crucial Cdk5 downstream target. Prevention of Rb phosphorylation at Ser807/Ser811 attenuated MTC proliferation. These findings implicate Cdk5 signaling via Rb as critical to MTC tumorigenesis and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Pozo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Locally or widely metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is difficult to treat, and therapeutic options are limited. Recently, kinase inhibitors have shown partial efficacy in this cancer, but there is a continued need for the development of novel therapeutics. Within this context, the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has been implicated in several types of human tumors, and early clinical trials with Hh antagonists have validated Hh as a novel therapeutic target. For the first time, we evaluated Hh pathway activity in MTC, and examined the effect of Hh pathway perturbation in highly characterized MTC cell lines. METHODS We examined immunohistochemical expression of the Hh signaling mediators Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and Glioblastoma (Gli)2 in paraffin-embedded normal versus histologically characterized human MTC tissue. We examined pharmacologic disruption of Hh signaling in vitro using two established MTC cell lines (TT and MZ-CRC-1). Hh signaling was either pharmacologically activated (SAG) or inhibited (GDC-0449) in MTC cell lines; Hh activity was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and quantification of cellular growth and apoptotic activity. RESULTS Our data showed increased expression of Hh signaling factors in human MTC compared to normal tissue. In vitro, activation of the Hh pathway resulted in increased expression of key Hh signaling components Smoothened (Smo) and Gli2. Conversely, inhibition of the Hh pathway decreased expression of these genes, leading to significantly reduced cellular growth and increased apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Hedgehog signaling components are markedly upregulated in MTC. Hh pathway inhibitors have potential as novel therapeutic options in patients with metastatic and/or surgically unresectable MTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Bohinc
- 1 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wells SA, Pacini F, Robinson BG, Santoro M. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:3149-64. [PMID: 23744408 PMCID: PMC5399478 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Over the last decade, our knowledge of the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2 syndromes MEN2A and MEN2B and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC) has expanded greatly. In this manuscript, we summarize how recent discoveries have enhanced our understanding of the molecular basis of these diseases and led to improvements in the diagnosis and management of affected patients. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We reviewed the English literature through PubMed from 2000 to the present, using the search terms medullary thyroid carcinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, RET proto-oncogene, and calcitonin. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Over 70 RET mutations are known to cause MEN2A, MEN2B, or FMTC, and recent findings from studies of large kindreds with these syndromes have clouded the relationship between genotype and phenotype, primarily because of the varied clinical presentation of different families with the same RET mutation. This clinical variability has also confounded decisions about the timing of prophylactic thyroidectomy for MTC, the dominant endocrinopathy associated with these syndromes. A distinct advance has been the demonstration through phase II and phase III clinical trials that molecular targeted therapeutics are effective in the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic MTC. CONCLUSIONS The effective management of patients with MEN2A, MEN2A, and FMTC depends on an understanding of the variable behavior of disease expression in patients with a specific RET mutation. Information gained from molecular testing, biochemical analysis, and clinical evaluation is important in providing effective management of patients with either early or advanced-stage MTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Wells
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 10106A, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Despite significant developments in the understanding of the pathologic anatomy and physiology of Hirschsprung's disease (HD), the results of surgical therapy remain far from perfect. The functional defects and psychosocial difficulties that occur commonly in children with HD are passed on to adulthood in a significant proportion of patients. Recent prospective and adequately controlled cross-sectional studies reveal that constipation and fecal soiling are common late sequelae in adulthood. HD patients show uniformly lower scores of overall bowel function than healthy control subjects. Functional outcome and quality of life may be interrelated and deteriorate with increasing age. Despite these shortcomings, at adult age, most of the HD patients appear to be able to function as normal members of the society in terms of psychosocial, occupational, and recreational activities. Patients are at risk of developing related conditions, such as cancer, that require planning of specific screening programs. Many of the long-term problems that these patients experience are specific to HD. The follow-up of HD patients should be performed by medical personnel familiar with the disease, preferably in a specialized referral center, and the follow-up should continue beyond childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Risto J Rintala
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Macià A, Gallel P, Vaquero M, Gou-Fabregas M, Santacana M, Maliszewska A, Robledo M, Gardiner JR, Basson MA, Matias-Guiu X, Encinas M. Sprouty1 is a candidate tumor-suppressor gene in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Oncogene 2012; 31:3961-72. [PMID: 22158037 PMCID: PMC3378485 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a malignancy derived from the calcitonin-producing C-cells of the thyroid gland. Oncogenic mutations of the Ret proto-oncogene are found in all heritable forms of MTC and roughly one half of the sporadic cases. However, several lines of evidence argue for the existence of additional genetic lesions necessary for the development of MTC. Sprouty (Spry) family of genes is composed of four members in mammals (Spry1-4). Some Spry family members have been proposed as candidate tumor-suppressor genes in a variety of cancerous pathologies. In this work, we show that targeted deletion of Spry1 causes C-cell hyperplasia, a precancerous lesion preceding MTC, in young adult mice. Expression of Spry1 restrains proliferation of the MTC-derived cell line, TT. Finally, we found that the Spry1 promoter is frequently methylated in MTC and that Spry1 expression is consequently decreased. These findings identify Spry1 as a candidate tumor-suppressor gene in MTC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Medullary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Medullary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA Methylation
- Female
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/genetics
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Sequence Deletion
- Thyroid Gland/metabolism
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Macià
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Pilar Gallel
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Vaquero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Myriam Gou-Fabregas
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Maria Santacana
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Agnieszka Maliszewska
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M. Albert Basson
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King’s College London, UK
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Mario Encinas
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
He Y, Yu Z, Ge D, Wang-Sattler R, Thiesen HJ, Xie L, Li Y. Cell type specificity of signaling: view from membrane receptors distribution and their downstream transduction networks. Protein Cell 2012; 3:701-13. [PMID: 22802048 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on cell signaling pay more attention to spatial dynamics and how such diverse organization can relate to high order of cellular capabilities. To overview the specificity of cell signaling, we integrated human receptome data with proteome spatial expression profiles to systematically investigate the specificity of receptors and receptor-triggered transduction networks across 62 normal cell types and 14 cancer types. Six percent receptors showed cell-type-specific expression, and 4% signaling networks presented enriched cell-specific proteins induced by the receptors. We introduced a concept of "response context" to annotate the cell-type dependent signaling networks. We found that most cells respond similarly to the same stimulus, as the "response contexts" presented high functional similarity. Despite this, the subtle spatial diversity can be observed from the difference in network architectures. The architecture of the signaling networks in nerve cells displayed less completeness than that in glandular cells, which indicated cellular-context dependent signaling patterns are elaborately spatially organized. Likewise, in cancer cells most signaling networks were generally dysfunctional and less complete than that in normal cells. However, glioma emerged hyper-activated transduction mechanism in malignant state. Receptor ATP6AP2 and TNFRSF21 induced rennin-angiotensin and apoptosis signaling were found likely to explain the glioma-specific mechanism. This work represents an effort to decipher context-specific signaling network from spatial dimension. Our results indicated that although a majority of cells engage general signaling response with subtle differences, the spatial dynamics of cell signaling can not only deepen our insights into different signaling mechanisms, but also help understand cell signaling in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Luo Y, Tsuchiya KD, Il Park D, Fausel R, Kanngurn S, Welcsh P, Dzieciatkowski S, Wang J, Grady WM. RET is a potential tumor suppressor gene in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2012; 32:2037-47. [PMID: 22751117 PMCID: PMC3465636 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer arises as the consequence of mutations and epigenetic alterations that activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressor genes. Through a genome-wide screen for methylated genes in colon neoplasms, we identified aberrantly methylated RET in colorectal cancer. RET, a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase and a receptor for the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family ligands, was one of the first oncogenes to be identified, and has been shown to be an oncogene in thyroid cancer and pheochromocytoma. However, unexpectedly, we found RET is methylated in 27% of colon adenomas and in 63% of colorectal cancers, and now provide evidence that RET has tumor suppressor activity in colon cancer. The aberrant methylation of RET correlates with decreased RET expression, whereas the restoration of RET in colorectal cancer cell lines results in apoptosis. Furthermore, in support of a tumor suppressor function of RET, mutant RET has also been found in primary colorectal cancer. We now show that these mutations inactivate RET, which is consistent with RET being a tumor suppressor gene in the colon. These findings suggest that the aberrant methylation of RET and the mutational inactivation of RET promote colorectal cancer formation, and that RET can serve as a tumor suppressor gene in the colon. Moreover, the increased frequency of methylated RET in colon cancers compared with adenomas suggests RET inactivation is involved in the progression of colon adenomas to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Luo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Aller S, Popescu A, Rao S, Morgan E, Gosiengfiao Y. Transient partial response to sorafenib treatment in an adolescent patient with MEN2B syndrome and end-stage medullary thyroid carcinoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:98-100. [PMID: 21721105 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is an aggressive malignancy with an extremely poor prognosis. Currently no effective conventional systemic therapies exist to treat pediatric MTC. We describe an adolescent female with newly diagnosed MEN2B syndrome who presented with advanced stage metastatic MTC and demonstrated a partial transient response to sorafenib monotherapy. This clinical result supports further research into the use of sorafenib in the treatment of pediatric MTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Aller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplant, Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Saito S, Murakumo Y, Tsuzuki T, Dambara A, Kato T, Enomoto A, Asai N, Maruyama S, Matsuo S, Takahashi M. Analysis of glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor–inducible zinc finger protein 1 expression in human diseased kidney. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:848-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
31
|
Miyamoto R, Jijiwa M, Asai M, Kawai K, Ishida-Takagishi M, Mii S, Asai N, Enomoto A, Murakumo Y, Yoshimura A, Takahashi M. Loss of Sprouty2 partially rescues renal hypoplasia and stomach hypoganglionosis but not intestinal aganglionosis in Ret Y1062F mutant mice. Dev Biol 2010; 349:160-8. [PMID: 21070764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)/RET tyrosine kinase signaling pathway plays crucial roles in the development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the kidney. Tyrosine 1062 (Y1062) in RET is an autophosphorylation residue that is responsible for the activation of the PI3K/AKT and RAS/MAPK signaling pathways. Mice lacking signaling via Ret Y1062 show renal hypoplasia and hypoganglionosis of the ENS although the phenotype is milder than the Gdnf- or Ret-deficient mice. Sprouty2 (Spry2) was found to be an antagonist for fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and acts as an inhibitory regulator of ERK activation. Spry2-deficient mice exhibit hearing loss and enteric nerve hyperplasia. In the present study, we generated Spry2-deficient and Ret Y1062F knock-in (tyrosine 1062 is replaced with phenylalanine) double mutant mice to see if abnormalities of the ENS and kidney, caused by loss of signaling via Ret Y1062, are rescued by a deficiency of Spry2. Double mutant mice showed significant recovery of ureteric bud branching and ENS development in the stomach. These results indicate that Spry2 regulates downstream signaling mediated by GDNF/RET signaling complex in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kato M, Takeda K, Hossain K, Thang ND, Kaneko Y, Kumasaka M, Yamanoshita O, Uemura N, Takahashi M, Ohgami N, Kawamoto Y. A redox-linked novel pathway for arsenic-mediated RET tyrosine kinase activation. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:399-407. [PMID: 20235151 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We examined the biochemical effects of arsenic on the activities of RET proto-oncogene (c-RET protein tyrosine kinases) and RET oncogene (RET-MEN2A and RET-PTC1 protein tyrosine kinases) products. Arsenic activated c-RET kinase with promotion of disulfide bond-mediated dimerization of c-RET protein. Arsenic further activated RET-MEN2A kinase, which was already 3- to 10-fold augmented by genetic mutation compared with c-RET kinase activity, with promotion of disulfide bond-mediated dimerization of RET-MEN2A protein (superactivation). Arsenic also increased extracellular domain-deleted RET-PTC1 kinase activity with promotion of disulfide bond-mediated dimerization of RET-PTC1 protein. Arsenic increased RET-PTC1 kinase activity with cysteine 365 (C365) replaced by alanine with promotion of dimer formation but not with cysteine 376 (C376) replaced by alanine. Our results suggest that arsenic-mediated regulation of RET kinase activity is dependent on conformational change of RET protein through modulation of a special cysteine sited at the intracellular domain in RET protein (relevant cysteine of C376 in RET-PTC1 protein). Moreover, arsenic enhanced the activity of immunoprecipitated RET protein with increase in thiol-dependent dimer formation. As arsenic (14.2 microM) was detected in the cells cultured with arsenic (100 microM), direct association between arsenic and RET in the cells might modulate dimer formation. Thus, we demonstrated a novel redox-linked mechanism of activation of arsenic-mediated RET proto-oncogene and oncogene products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kato
- Unit of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai-shi, Aichi, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rintala RJ, Pakarinen MP. Outcome of anorectal malformations and Hirschsprung's disease beyond childhood. Semin Pediatr Surg 2010; 19:160-7. [PMID: 20307853 DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2009.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anorectal malformations (ARMs) and Hirschsprung disease (HD) are the most common congenital colorectal defects in the newborn. The outcomes of HD and ARMs have improved significantly because of improved understanding of the pathologic anatomy and physiology of these defects and of the modern surgical techniques. Still, many patients suffer from defective bowel control even as adults. Some of these also have problems with urinary control and sexual functions. The functional problems are more pronounced in patients with ARMs. Compared with healthy people, both patients with ARMs and those with HD have limitations in their quality of life. Inferior quality of life is more common in patients with ARMs. There are very few published data on long-term outcome of adults with ARMs and HD. The effect of aging on the functional outcome and quality of life remains unclear, although some preliminary data suggest that the bowel function and quality of life may deteriorate with aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Risto J Rintala
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, FIN-00029Helsinki, Finland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kurotsuchi A, Murakumo Y, Jijiwa M, Kurokawa K, Itoh Y, Kodama Y, Kato T, Enomoto A, Asai N, Terasaki H, Takahashi M. Analysis of DOK-6 function in downstream signaling of RET in human neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1147-55. [PMID: 20210798 PMCID: PMC11159970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Point mutations and structural alterations of the RET tyrosine kinase gene cause multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) and papillary thyroid carcinoma, respectively. RET activation by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is essential for the development of the enteric nervous system and the kidney. The signal through RET tyrosine kinase requires several adaptor proteins including the DOK (downstream of kinase) family of proteins. Of the seven members of the DOK protein family, DOK-1, -4, -5, and -6 have been reported to play roles in the GDNF-RET signaling pathway. Although DOK-6 has been shown to bind to RET and promote GDNF-induced neurite outgrowth in mouse Neuro2A cells, DOK-6 function in human cells remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of DOK-6 in GDNF-RET signaling in human cells including neuroblastoma cells. DOK-6 was constitutively localized to the plasma membrane via its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, and was phosphorylated following RET activation via a MEN2A mutation or GDNF stimulation. However, DOK-6 could not significantly affect downstream signaling and neurite outgrowth in human neuroblastoma cells. The binding affinity of the DOK-6 phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain to RET was much lower than that of the DOK-1, DOK-4, and SHC PTB domains to RET. These findings indicate that DOK-6 is involved in RET signaling with less influence when compared with DOK-1, DOK-4, and SHC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Kurotsuchi
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gorla L, Mondellini P, Cuccuru G, Miccichè F, Cassinelli G, Cremona M, Pierotti MA, Lanzi C, Bongarzone I. Proteomics study of medullary thyroid carcinomas expressing RET germ-line mutations: identification of new signaling elements. Mol Carcinog 2009; 48:220-231. [PMID: 18756447 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics may help to elucidate differential signaling networks underlying the effects of compounds and to identify new therapeutic targets. Using a proteomic-multiplexed analysis of the phosphotyrosine signaling together with antibody-based validation techniques, we identified several candidate molecules for RET (rearranged during transfection) tyrosine kinase receptor carrying mutations responsible for the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and 2B (MEN2A and MEN2B) syndromes in two human medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) cell lines, TT and MZ-CRC-1, which express the RET-MEN2A and RET-MEN2B oncoproteins, respectively. Signaling elements downstream of these oncoproteins were identified after treating cells with the indolinone tyrosine kinase inhibitor RPI-1 to knock down RET phosphorylation activity. We detected 23 and 18 affinity-purified phosphotyrosine proteins in untreated TT and MZ-CRC-1 cells, respectively, most of which were shared and sensitive to RPI-1 treatment. However, our data clearly point to specific signaling features of the RET-MEN2A and RET-MEN2B oncogenic pathways. Moreover, the detection of high-level expression of minimally phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in both TT and MZ-CRC-1 cells, together with our data on the effects of EGF stimulation on the proteomic profiles and the response to Gefitinib treatment, suggest the relevance of EGFR signaling in these cell lines, especially since analysis of 14 archival MTC specimens revealed EGFR mRNA expression in all samples. Together, our data suggest that RET/EGFR multi-target inhibitors might be beneficial for therapy of MTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Gorla
- Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Experimental Oncology and Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - P Mondellini
- Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Experimental Oncology and Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - G Cuccuru
- Preclinical Chemotherapy and Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - F Miccichè
- Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Experimental Oncology and Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - G Cassinelli
- Preclinical Chemotherapy and Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - M Cremona
- Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Experimental Oncology and Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - M A Pierotti
- Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Experimental Oncology and Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.,The Firc Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, Italy
| | - C Lanzi
- Preclinical Chemotherapy and Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - I Bongarzone
- Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Experimental Oncology and Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Uetani N, Bertozzi K, Chagnon MJ, Hendriks W, Tremblay ML, Bouchard M. Maturation of ureter-bladder connection in mice is controlled by LAR family receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:924-35. [PMID: 19273906 DOI: 10.1172/jci37196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies affecting the ureter-bladder junction are frequent in newborns and are often associated with other developmental defects. However, the molecular and morphological processes underlying these malformations are still poorly defined. In this study, we identified the leukocyte antigen-related (LAR) family protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, S and F (Ptprs and Ptprf [also known as Lar], respectively), as crucially important for distal ureter maturation and craniofacial morphogenesis in the mouse. Embryos lacking both Ptprs and Ptprf displayed severe urogenital malformations, characterized by hydroureter and ureterocele, and craniofacial defects such as cleft palate, micrognathia, and exencephaly. The detailed analysis of distal ureter maturation, the process by which the ureter is displaced toward its final position in the bladder wall, leads us to propose a revised model of ureter maturation in normal embryos. This process was deficient in embryos lacking Ptprs and Ptprf as a result of a marked reduction in intrinsic programmed cell death, thereby causing urogenital system malformations. In cell culture, Ptprs bound and negatively regulated the phosphorylation and signaling of the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase, whereas Ptprs-induced apoptosis was inhibited by Ret expression. Together, these results suggest that ureter positioning is controlled by the opposing actions of Ret and LAR family phosphatases regulating apoptosis-mediated tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Uetani
- Goodman Cancer Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Targeting RET for thyroid cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:297-309. [PMID: 19028457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
38
|
Cincinelli R, Cassinelli G, Dallavalle S, Lanzi C, Merlini L, Botta M, Tuccinardi T, Martinelli A, Penco S, Zunino F. Synthesis, Modeling, and RET Protein Kinase Inhibitory Activity of 3- and 4-Substituted β-Carbolin-1-ones. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7777-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8007823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Cincinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy, Unità di Chemioterapia e Farmacologia Antitumorale Preclinica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126
| | - Giuliana Cassinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy, Unità di Chemioterapia e Farmacologia Antitumorale Preclinica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126
| | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy, Unità di Chemioterapia e Farmacologia Antitumorale Preclinica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126
| | - Cinzia Lanzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy, Unità di Chemioterapia e Farmacologia Antitumorale Preclinica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126
| | - Lucio Merlini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy, Unità di Chemioterapia e Farmacologia Antitumorale Preclinica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy, Unità di Chemioterapia e Farmacologia Antitumorale Preclinica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy, Unità di Chemioterapia e Farmacologia Antitumorale Preclinica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126
| | - Adriano Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy, Unità di Chemioterapia e Farmacologia Antitumorale Preclinica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126
| | - Sergio Penco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy, Unità di Chemioterapia e Farmacologia Antitumorale Preclinica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126
| | - Franco Zunino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy, Unità di Chemioterapia e Farmacologia Antitumorale Preclinica, Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hagiwara S, Murakumo Y, Sato T, Shigetomi T, Mitsudo K, Tohnai I, Ueda M, Takahashi M. Up-regulation of CD109 expression is associated with carcinogenesis of the squamous epithelium of the oral cavity. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1916-23. [PMID: 19016750 PMCID: PMC11158220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD109 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein whose expression is up-regulated in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the lung, esophagus, and uterus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate CD109 expression in oral tumors, including premalignant lesions, and to assess the clinical application of CD109 in oral cancer. CD109 expression in oral normal and tumor tissues from 124 patients was examined by immunohistochemical staining with anti-CD109 antibody, and significant relations between clinical features and CD109 expression were statistically assessed. We found that high levels of CD109 expression were frequently detected in SCCs and premalignant lesions of the oral cavity, but not in normal squamous epithelia. The CD109 expression level was higher in well-differentiated SCCs than in poorly differentiated SCCs. Furthermore, premalignant lesions highly expressing CD109 showed higher risk to progress to SCCs. Oral SCC cell lines overexpressing CD109 exhibited accelerated cell growth in vitro compared with control cell lines. In addition, overexpression of CD109 impaired the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-mediated suppression of cell growth. These findings suggest that CD109 plays a role in the development of oral cancers, and is a useful prognostic marker to predict malignant transformation of premalignant lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumitaka Hagiwara
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Henderson YC, Ahn SH, Kang Y, Clayman GL. Sorafenib potently inhibits papillary thyroid carcinomas harboring RET/PTC1 rearrangement. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4908-4914. [PMID: 18676765 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) are the most common type of thyroid malignancy with one of the two mutations, RET/PTC rearrangement or BRAF mutation. Both mutations are able to activate the MEK/ERK signaling transduction pathway and result in the activation of transcription factors that regulate cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Sorafenib (Nexavar, BAY 43-9006) is a multikinase inhibitor, and in this study, we tested its effects on PTC cells carrying either mutation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effects of sorafenib on cell proliferation and signaling were evaluated in vitro on PTC cells using growth curves, cell cycle analysis, and immunoblotting. Using an orthotopic mouse model, we determined the antitumor effects of sorafenib in vivo. RESULTS The concentration needed for 50% growth inhibition (GI(50)) by sorafenib was 0.14 mumol/L for the PTC cells with the RET/PTC1 rearrangement, and 2.5 mumol/L for PTC cells with a BRAF mutation, both readily achievable serum concentrations. After 3 weeks of oral administration of sorafenib (80 mg/kg/d) in mice, small (94% reduction compared with controls) or no tumor growth was detected in mice inoculated with PTC cells bearing the RET/PTC1 rearrangement, whereas the tumor volume of the orthotopic tumor implants of PTC cells with a BRAF mutation was reduced 53% to 54% (as compared with controls). CONCLUSIONS PTC cells carrying the RET/PTC1 rearrangement were more sensitive to sorafenib than PTC cells carrying a BRAF mutation. Because RET/PTC rearrangements are unique to thyroid carcinomas, our findings support the clinical evaluation of sorafenib for patients with PTC and the identification of patients most likely to respond to sorafenib treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying C Henderson
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Soon-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ya'an Kang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gary L Clayman
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Studies of RET gene expression and acetylcholinesterase activity in a series of sporadic Hirschsprung's disease. Pediatr Surg Int 2008; 24:1017-21. [PMID: 18665368 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-008-2207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose is to present the studies of RET gene expression and acetylcholinesterase activity in 23 patients operated for Hirschsprung's disease (HD). The patients underwent either transanal endorectal pull-through or Duhamell's procedure. Full-thickness intestinal samples from the three different segments (ganglionic, intermediate and aganglionic) were collected. Each tissue sample was divided in two portions, one for AChE histochemical staining and the other for examination of RET mRNA expression level. All patients had an uneventful postoperative recovery. In all patients, the AChE stainings demonstrated the absence of activity in the ganglionic area, the marked increase of positive fibers in the aganglionic area, and little increase of positive fibers in the intermediate area. In the ganglionic and intermediate areas, all patients (100%) showed significant RET gene expression. In the aganglionic area, 18 patients (78.3%) did not present gene expression and the other five patients (21.7%) presented gene expression that was similar to the ganglionic and intermediate areas. The results reinforce the conclusion that the method of AChE staining is effective for the diagnosis of intestinal aganglionosis and confirm the knowledge that genes beyond RET may be implicated in the genesis of sporadic cases of HD.
Collapse
|
42
|
Hasegawa T, Enomoto A, Kato T, Kawai K, Miyamoto R, Jijiwa M, Ichihara M, Ishida M, Asai N, Murakumo Y, Ohara K, Niwa Y, Goto H, Takahashi M. Roles of induced expression of MAPK phosphatase-2 in tumor development in RET-MEN2A transgenic mice. Oncogene 2008; 27:5684-95. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
43
|
Hasegawa M, Moritani S, Murakumo Y, Sato T, Hagiwara S, Suzuki C, Mii S, Jijiwa M, Enomoto A, Asai N, Ichihara S, Takahashi M. CD109 expression in basal-like breast carcinoma. Pathol Int 2008; 58:288-94. [PMID: 18429827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2008.02225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer can be classified into several subtypes based on gene expression profiling. Basal-like breast carcinoma (BLC) has a triple negative phenotype, that is, the subtype lacks the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). It has been recently reported that CD109, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein, is a new breast myoepithelial marker. In the present study CD109 expression was investigated in invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) of the breast on immunohistochemistry. Eighty-eight formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast carcinoma sections were immunostained with anti-CD109, anti-cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6), anti-calponin, anti-vimentin and anti-p63 antibodies. CD109 expression was detected in 18 of 30 basal-like breast carcinomas (BLC) but not in other types of 53 IDC (non-BLC) that were positive for ER, PgR and/or HER2. The percentage of CD109-positive tissues (60%) in BLC was similar to that of CK5/6 (63%) and higher than that of other myoepithelial markers including p63 (23%), calponin (33%) and vimentin (33%). Statistical analysis indicated that the CD109-positive group in BLC, but not the CK5/6-positive group in BLC, was associated with reduced fat invasion (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that CD109 is a useful diagnostic marker for BLC and that CD109 expression may affect biological properties of cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jijiwa M, Kawai K, Fukihara J, Nakamura A, Hasegawa M, Suzuki C, Sato T, Enomoto A, Asai N, Murakumo Y, Takahashi M. GDNF-mediated signaling via RET tyrosine 1062 is essential for maintenance of spermatogonial stem cells. Genes Cells 2008; 13:365-74. [PMID: 18363967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Well-organized spermatogenesis, including the maintenance of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), is indispensable for continuous male fertility. Signaling by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) via the RET/GDNF family receptor alpha1 (GFRalpha1) receptor complex is essential for self-renewal of murine SSCs and may also regulate their differentiation. When phosphorylated, tyrosine 1062 in RET presents a binding site for the phosphotyrosine-binding domains of several adaptor and effector proteins that are important for activation of a variety of intracellular signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated the role of signaling via RET tyrosine 1062 in spermatogenesis using RET Y1062F knockin mice (Y1062F mice), in which tyrosine 1062 was replaced with phenylalanine. Homozygous Y1062F mice showed marked atrophy of testes due to reduced production of germ cells. RET-expressing spermatogonia in seminiferous tubules of homozygous Y1062F mice decreased after postnatal day (P) 7 and germ cells were almost undetectable by P21. These phenomena appeared to be due to a lack of SSC self-renewal and inability to maintain the undifferentiated state. Our findings suggest that RET signaling via tyrosine 1062 is essential for self-renewal of SSCs and regulation of their differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Jijiwa
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Villanacci V, Bassotti G, Ortensi B, Fisogni S, Cathomas G, Maurer CA, Galletti A, Salerni B, Pelicci G. Expression of the Rai (Shc C) adaptor protein in the human enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008; 20:206-12. [PMID: 17919311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.01017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The adaptor protein Rai (ShcC/N-Shc) is almost exclusively present in the nervous system, although little is documented about its expression in the gut and the enteric nervous system (ENS). As Rai is a physiological substrate of Ret, an important factor for the development of ENS, we have evaluated the expression of Rai in the ENS in various segments of the human gastrointestinal tract. The expression of Rai was assessed by immunohistochemistry in disease-free human gut samples (oesophagus, stomach, small bowel and colon) obtained from subjects undergoing surgical procedures. Rai was not expressed in the epithelia or lymphoid tissue, whereas a moderate level of expression was observed in the endothelial cells of blood vessels and on the outer membrane of smooth muscle cells in both the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis propria. In the ENS, strong positivity was observed only in enteric glial cells, overlapping with GFAP and S100. In conclusion, Rai is expressed in the human gut, especially in the enteric glial cells. We conclude that Rai may provide an additional marker for this cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Villanacci
- II Department of Pathology, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
New therapeutic approaches to treat medullary thyroid carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:22-32. [PMID: 18084343 DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) accounts for up to 8% of all thyroid cancers. Although primary surgery is curative in the vast majority of patients treated at an early stage, disease can persist or recur with deleterious effects on quality of life. Local and distant metastases can occur and are the major causes of mortality. Reoperation, embolization, and perhaps radiotherapy can improve the outcome for some patients who are not cured by primary surgery, but there is a need for novel treatments. No comprehensive clinical trial data are available on conventional cytotoxic agents for the treatment of MTC. Patients with distant metastases, in particular, might benefit from several novel compounds directed against angiogenesis and molecular targets in tumor cells, such as products of the proto-oncogene RET and mutants of it, and other signaling components. Well-conducted clinical trials are needed to assess and optimize these treatment strategies, and this article outlines how such trials should be conducted. Although RET mutations are common in hereditary MTC and can occur in some cases of sporadic MTC, knowledge of other molecular defects associated with the development of MTC should reveal new targets for therapy.
Collapse
|
47
|
Sato T, Murakumo Y, Hagiwara S, Jijiwa M, Suzuki C, Yatabe Y, Takahashi M. High-level expression of CD109 is frequently detected in lung squamous cell carcinomas. Pathol Int 2007; 57:719-24. [PMID: 17922683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2007.02168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CD109 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein, which is a member of the alpha2-macroglobulin/C3, C4, C5 family of thioester-containing proteins. It has been reported that CD109 is expressed in a subset of hematopoietic cells, endothelial cells and several kinds of human tumors. Herein it is reported that the CD109 protein is preferentially expressed in lung squamous cell carcinomas compared with other types of lung carcinoma including adenocarcinomas, large cell carcinomas and small cell carcinomas. Immunohistochemical staining of surgically resected lung specimens using an anti-CD109 antibody detected CD109 expression in basal cells of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelia and myoepithelial cells of bronchial secretary glands, but not in bronchial and bronchiolar apical epithelial cells and alveolar epithelial cells. Furthermore, the CD109 immunoreactivity was observed in squamous cell carcinomas at a high frequency compared with other types of lung carcinoma. Although the detailed function of CD109 protein is unclear, these results suggest that CD109 expression may play a role in the development of lung squamous cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sato
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dambara A, Morinaga T, Fukuda N, Yamakawa Y, Kato T, Enomoto A, Asai N, Murakumo Y, Matsuo S, Takahashi M. Nucleolin modulates the subcellular localization of GDNF-inducible zinc finger protein 1 and its roles in transcription and cell proliferation. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:3755-66. [PMID: 17674968 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
GZF1 is a zinc finger protein induced by glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). It is a sequence-specific transcriptional repressor with a BTB/POZ (Broad complex, Tramtrack, Bric a brac/Poxvirus and zinc finger) domain and ten zinc finger motifs. In the present study, we used immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to identify nucleolin as a GZF1-binding protein. Deletion analysis revealed that zinc finger motifs 1-4 of GZF1 mediate its association with nucleolin. When zinc fingers 1-4 were deleted from GZF1 or nucleolin expression was knocked down by short interference RNA (siRNA), nuclear localization of GZF1 was impaired. These results suggest that nucleolin is involved in the proper subcellular distribution of GZF1. In addition, overexpression of nucleolin moderately inhibited the transcriptional repressive activity of GZF1 whereas knockdown of nucleolin expression by siRNA enhanced its activity. Thus, the repressive activity of GZF1 is modulated by the level at which nucleolin is expressed. Finally, we found that knockdown of GZF1 and nucleolin expression markedly impaired cell proliferation. These findings suggest that the physiological functions of GZF1 may be regulated by the protein's association with nucleolin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Dambara
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ishida M, Ichihara M, Mii S, Jijiwa M, Asai N, Enomoto A, Kato T, Majima A, Ping J, Murakumo Y, Takahashi M. Sprouty2 regulates growth and differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells through RET tyrosine kinase. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:815-21. [PMID: 17388787 PMCID: PMC11158975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sprouty (SPRY) family of proteins includes important regulators of downstream signaling initiated by receptor tyrosine kinases. In the present study, we investigated the role of SPRY proteins in intracellular signaling via the RET receptor tyrosine kinase activated by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Expression of SPRY1, SPRY2, SPRY3 and SPRY4 in HEK293T cells transfected with RET and GDNF receptor family alpha1 (GFRalpha1) genes significantly reduced sustained ERK activation as well as ELK-1 activation. Because expression of SPRY2 was efficiently induced by GDNF in TGW human neuroblastoma cells expressing RET and GFRalpha1, we further investigated the role of SPRY2 in the growth and differentiation of TGW cells. Expression of wild-type SPRY2 (WT-SPRY2) decreased the growth of TGW cells. In contrast, expression of a dominant negative form of SPRY2 (MT-SPRY2, with a mutated tyrosine residue) enhanced cell proliferation. In addition, expression of WT-SPRY2 reduced GDNF-dependent neurite outgrowth of TGW cells, whereas expression of MT-SPRY2 enhanced it. Taken together, our results suggest that SPRY2 regulates GDNF-dependent proliferation and differentiation of TGW neuroblastoma cells mediated by RET tyrosine kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Ishida
- Department of Pathology, and Department of Mrfovs; Technology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma is a neuroendocrine tumor derived from the C cells of the thyroid gland and accounts for approximately 5% of all thyroid carcinomas. Approximately 30% of the cases are associated with an autosomal dominant syndrome called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, and the identification of these individuals is important because affected family members may benefit from an early diagnosis. The treatment of this disease is predominantly surgical, and the impact of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is limited. The identification of the associated molecular events has lead to the development of specific molecular targeted agents that may change the way this disease is treated in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana O Hoff
- Centro de Oncologia, Hospital Sírio Libanês, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|