1
|
Chen PZ, Bobrovitz N, Premji Z, Koopmans M, Fisman DN, Gu FX. Heterogeneity in transmissibility and shedding SARS-CoV-2 via droplets and aerosols. eLife 2021; 10:e65774. [PMID: 33861198 PMCID: PMC8139838 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Which virological factors mediate overdispersion in the transmissibility of emerging viruses remains a long-standing question in infectious disease epidemiology. Methods Here, we use systematic review to develop a comprehensive dataset of respiratory viral loads (rVLs) of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1 and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. We then comparatively meta-analyze the data and model individual infectiousness by shedding viable virus via respiratory droplets and aerosols. Results The analyses indicate heterogeneity in rVL as an intrinsic virological factor facilitating greater overdispersion for SARS-CoV-2 in the COVID-19 pandemic than A(H1N1)pdm09 in the 2009 influenza pandemic. For COVID-19, case heterogeneity remains broad throughout the infectious period, including for pediatric and asymptomatic infections. Hence, many COVID-19 cases inherently present minimal transmission risk, whereas highly infectious individuals shed tens to thousands of SARS-CoV-2 virions/min via droplets and aerosols while breathing, talking and singing. Coughing increases the contagiousness, especially in close contact, of symptomatic cases relative to asymptomatic ones. Infectiousness tends to be elevated between 1 and 5 days post-symptom onset. Conclusions Intrinsic case variation in rVL facilitates overdispersion in the transmissibility of emerging respiratory viruses. Our findings present considerations for disease control in the COVID-19 pandemic as well as future outbreaks of novel viruses. Funding Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant program, NSERC Senior Industrial Research Chair program and the Toronto COVID-19 Action Fund.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Z Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Niklas Bobrovitz
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Zahra Premji
- Libraries & Cultural Resources, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - David N Fisman
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Frank X Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sakai-Tagawa Y, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y. Sensitivity of Commercially Available Influenza Rapid Diagnostic Tests in the 2018-2019 Influenza Season. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2342. [PMID: 31681207 PMCID: PMC6797548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemics of seasonal influenza caused by H1N1pdm09, H3N2, and type B viruses occur throughout the world. Sporadic human H5 and H7N9 virus infections are also reported in particular regions. To treat influenza patients effectively with antivirals, sensitive and broad-reactive influenza rapid diagnostic tests (IRDTs) are required. Here, we tested the sensitivity of 23 IRDTs during the 2018-2019 influenza season for their ability to detect H1N1pdm09, H3N2, H5N1, H5N6, H7N9, and Victoria- and Yamagata-lineage type B viruses. All IRDTs detected all influenza A and B viruses tested but with different sensitivities. Several IRDTs detected the H5 and H7 viruses and the seasonal viruses with similar sensitivity. Such IRDTs might be useful for diagnosing patients infected with H5 and H7 viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sakai-Tagawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mitamura K, Shimizu H, Yamazaki M, Ichikawa M, Abe T, Yasumi Y, Ichikawa Y, Shibata T, Yoshihara M, Shiozaki K, Baba S, Kudo Y, Tokushima M, Konomi Y, Kawakami C. Clinical evaluation of ID NOW influenza A & B 2, a rapid influenza virus detection kit using isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology - A comparison with currently available tests. J Infect Chemother 2019; 26:216-221. [PMID: 31558351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the performance of ID NOW Influenza A & B 2 (ID NOW 2), a rapid molecular point-of-care test for influenza within 13 min, in comparison with currently available tests. A total of 254 nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) and 271 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) collected from 373 children and 152 adults with influenza-like illness were tested using ID NOW 2, viral culture, rapid antigen detection test, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification test to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity compared with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction as the reference method. The sensitivities of ID NOW 2 for influenza A were 95.9% and 95.7% in NPS and NPA, respectively, and for influenza B were 100% and 98.7% in NPS and NPA, respectively. The specificity was 100% for both influenza A and influenza B in NPS and NPA. Sensitivity of each test method reflected the difference of analytical sensitivity among the tests, and ID NOW 2 was not affected by time after illness onset and patient age. In conclusion, ID NOW 2 demonstrated a high sensitivity and specificity that is useful for diagnosis of influenza in the clinical setting and infection control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hideaki Shimizu
- Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0834, Japan
| | | | | | - Takashi Abe
- Abe Children's Clinic, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-0051, Japan
| | - Yuki Yasumi
- Yasumi Hospital, Morioka, Iwate 028-4125, Japan
| | - Yoko Ichikawa
- Ichikawa Clinic, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima 960-0112, Japan
| | - Toru Shibata
- Futaba Children's Clinic, Ushiku, Ibaraki 300-1207, Japan
| | | | - Ken Shiozaki
- Shiozaki Clinic, Wakayama, Wakayama 640-8482, Japan
| | - Shinji Baba
- Wakaayukai Baba Clinic, Nagaokakyou, Kyoto 617-0814, Japan
| | | | | | - Yasushi Konomi
- Jinjikai Takahashi Clinic, Bando, Ibaraki 306-0631, Japan
| | - Chiharu Kawakami
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0051, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sakai-Tagawa Y, Yamayoshi S, Kawakami C, Le MQ, Uchida Y, Saito T, Nidom CA, Humaira I, Toohey-Kurth K, Arafa AS, Liu MT, Shu Y, Kawaoka Y. Reactivity and sensitivity of commercially available influenza rapid diagnostic tests in Japan. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14483. [PMID: 29101372 PMCID: PMC5670212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza virus routinely causes epidemic infections throughout the world. Sporadic infections by H5N1, H5N6, and H7N9 viruses are also reported. To treat patients suffering from such viral infections, broadly reactive and highly sensitive influenza rapid diagnostic tests (IRDTs) are required. Here, we examined the reactivity and sensitivity of 25 IRDTs available in Japan for the detection of seasonal H1N1pdm09, H3N2, and type B viruses, as well as highly pathogenic H5 and H7 viruses. All of the IRDTs tested detected the seasonal viruses and H5 and H7 viruses albeit with different sensitivities. Several IRDTs detected the H5 and H7 viruses and the seasonal viruses with similar (high) sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sakai-Tagawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Mai Q Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Quận Hai Bà Trưng, Vietnam
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chairul A Nidom
- AIRC Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ira Humaira
- AIRC Laboratory, School of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Kathy Toohey-Kurth
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Abdel-Satar Arafa
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ming-Tsan Liu
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA. .,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|