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DeFrancesco-Lisowitz A, Lindborg JA, Niemi JP, Zigmond RE. The neuroimmunology of degeneration and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Neuroscience 2015; 302:174-203. [PMID: 25242643 PMCID: PMC4366367 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves regenerate following injury due to the effective activation of the intrinsic growth capacity of the neurons and the formation of a permissive pathway for outgrowth due to Wallerian degeneration (WD). WD and subsequent regeneration are significantly influenced by various immune cells and the cytokines they secrete. Although macrophages have long been known to play a vital role in the degenerative process, recent work has pointed to their importance in influencing the regenerative capacity of peripheral neurons. In this review, we focus on the various immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines that make regeneration possible in the peripheral nervous system, with specific attention placed on the role macrophages play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J A Lindborg
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106-4975
| | - J P Niemi
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106-4975
| | - R E Zigmond
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106-4975
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2
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Malik N, Moaeen-ud-Din M, Zhao R. Ontogeny of mRNA expression of somatostatin and its receptors in chicken embryos in association with methylation status of their promoters. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 165:260-70. [PMID: 23727427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the ontogeny and tissue distribution of somatostatin and its five receptor subtypes (SSTR1-5) mRNA expression in embryonic chicken (Gallus gallus). Brain, gonads (male), intestine, kidney, liver, muscle, stomach and yolk sac membrane (YSM) of chicken embryos on the embryonic (E) ages of 10, 16 and 21days (right before hatch) were investigated. Bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) was performed to determine the methylation status of the promoter region of all the six genes in the liver. Somatostatin (SST) was predominately expressed in intestine, brain and gonads (male) with different ontogenic patterns. The highest expression in intestine was detected at E10. There was ontogenic shift from intestine to brain as development progressed. Expression pattern of SSTRs in brain, intestine and kidney was similar to human embryonic expression. In liver, the ontogenic expression pattern of SST and its receptors was associated to methylation status of the respective promoters. Methylation of site Sp1 determines expression level of SST, SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR3 while site a is important in governing the expression of SSTR4 and SSTR5. The results show that ontogenic expression profile of chicken SST and SSTRs is time and tissue specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Malik
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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3
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Calderó J, Tarabal O, Casanovas A, Ciutat D, Casas C, Lladó J, Esquerda JE. Excitotoxic motoneuron disease in chick embryo evolves with autophagic neurodegeneration and deregulation of neuromuscular innervation. J Neurosci Res 2008; 85:2726-40. [PMID: 17243177 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In the chick embryo, in ovo application of NMDA from embryonic day (E) 5 to E9 results in selective damage to spinal cord motoneurons (MNs) that undergo a long-lasting degenerative process without immediate cell death. This contrasts with a single application of NMDA on E8, or later, which induces massive necrosis of the whole spinal cord. Chronic MN degeneration after NMDA implies transient incompetence to develop programmed cell death, altered protein processing within secretory pathways, and late activation of autophagy. Chronic NMDA treatment also results in an enlargement of thapsigargin-sensitive Ca(2+) stores. In particular MN pools, such as sartorius-innervating MNs, the neuropeptide CGRP is accumulated in somas, peripheral axons and neuromuscular junctions after chronic NMDA treatment, but not in embryos paralyzed by chronic administration of curare. Intramuscular axonal branching is also altered severely after NMDA: it usually increases, but in some cases a marked reduction can also be observed. Moreover, innervated muscle postsynaptic sites increase by NMDA, but to a lesser extent than by curare. Because some of these results show interesting homologies with MN pathology in human sporadic ALS, the model presented here provides a valuable tool for advancing in the understanding of some cellular and molecular processes particularly involved in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Calderó
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cellular, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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4
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Changeux JP, Devillers-Thiéry A, Galzi JL, Revah F. The acetylcholine receptor: a model of an allosteric membrane protein mediating intercellular communication. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 164:66-89; discussion 87-97. [PMID: 1395936 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514207.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor has become the prototype of a superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels. As a single macromolecular entity of M(r) about 300,000, the receptor protein mediates, altogether, the activation and the desensitization of the associated ion channel and the regulation of these processes by extracellular and intracellular signals. The notion is discussed that the acetylcholine receptor is a membrane-bound allosteric protein which possesses several categories of specific sites for neurotransmitters and for regulatory ligands, and undergoes conformational transitions which link these diverse sites together. At this elementary molecular level, interactions between signalling pathways may be mediated by membrane-bound allosteric receptors and/or by other categories of cytoplasmic allosteric proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Changeux
- Institut Pasteur, Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Bâtiment des Biotechnologies, Paris, France
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5
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Lafont AG, Dufour S, Fouchereau-Peron M. Evolution of the CT/CGRP family: comparative study with new data from models of teleosts, the eel, and cephalopod molluscs, the cuttlefish and the nautilus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 153:155-69. [PMID: 17353015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, alternative splicing of the calcitonin gene generates two distinct peptides: calcitonin (CT), synthesised in the thyroid C cells and involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), brain neuromediator synthesised in the peripheral and central nerves. CGRP is well represented and molecularly conserved during evolution whereas CT has not been detected in any of the invertebrates analysed so far. In order to better understand the evolution of this CT/CGRP peptide family we reviewed the major data concerning its evolution from the literature and our recent data obtained in models of teleosts and cephalopod molluscs. The presence of both CGRP-like molecules and its specific bindings sites in the central nervous system of eel, cuttlefish and nautilus, suggests that the brain neurotransmitter role of CGRP could represent an ancient role in metazoa, already present in cephalopods and conserved among vertebrates, as still observed in mammals. In contrast, the presence of CGRP specific binding sites, and not the peptide itself, in the gills suggests an endocrine role for CGRP, in cephalopods and teleosts, that may have been lost during the evolution of the tetrapod lineage. These data, and the absence of CT-like molecules that we observed in cephalopods, support the hypothesis that CGRP represents the ancestral molecule of the CT/CGRP family, appeared in metazoa before the vertebrate emergence. The distinction between CT and CGRP receptors appears to be an event posterior to the emergence of ecdysozoan and lophotrochozoan protostomes, probably in relation to the CT appearance. The evolution of the CT/CGRP peptide family is probably similar to the evolution of the CT/CGRP receptor family. In fact, the genic duplication that induced the appearance of the two separate molecules, CT and CGRP, may constitute an event close to that, which induced the appearance of the two specific receptors. These events remain to be further studied in order to better understand the peptide and receptor evolution of the CT/CGRP family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Gaëlle Lafont
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département des Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, USM 0401, UMR 5178 CNRS/MNHN/UPMC, Biologie des Organismes Marins et Ecosystèmes, Station de Biologie Marine, 29900 Concarneau, France
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6
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Gerrikagoitia I, García del Caño G, Canudas J, Sarasa M, Martínez-Millán L. Expression pattern of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the superior colliculus during postnatal development: demonstration of its intrinsic nature and possible roles. J Comp Neurol 2006; 494:721-37. [PMID: 16374811 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a widespread neuropeptide with multiple central and peripheral targets. In an analysis on the expression of this peptide throughout the rat brain during postnatal development, we observed a discrepancy between results obtained by immunohistochemistry and by in situ hybridization. In the superior colliculus (SC), only the immunohistochemical signal could be detected (Terrado et al. [1997] Neuroscience 80:951-970). Here we focus our attention on this structure because the temporal pattern of CGRP immunoreactivity observed in the SC suggested the participation of this peptide in the postnatal maturation of the SC. In the present study, we describe in detail the postnatal development of collicular CGRP-immunoreactive structures and their spatiotemporal relationship with cholinergic modules and definitively demonstrate the local expression of CGRP in the SC. CGRP-immunopositive axons and neurons were distributed within the most ventral part of superficial strata and in the intermediate strata of the SC, showing a peak in staining intensity and density at the end of the first postnatal week. At P14, CGRPergic terminal fibers are arranged in small, clearly defined patches in a complementary manner with respect to the cholinergic modules, which start forming at this stage. By using Western blot and RT-PCR analyses, and by means of injections of antisense oligonucleotides, both the presence of CGRP peptide in the SC and the local expression of alpha-CGRP transcripts in collicular neurons were demonstrated. A possible role of CGRP is discussed in the context of postnatal modular compartmentalization of collicular afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Gerrikagoitia
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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7
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Terrado J, Gerrikagoitia I, Domínguez L, Raldúa D, Martínez-Millán L, Sarasa M. Expression of the genes for alpha-type and beta-type calcitonin gene-related peptide during rat embryogenesis. Neuroscience 1999; 92:713-27. [PMID: 10408620 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Throughout rat embryogenesis we analysed the expression patterns of the three mature transcripts generated from the two calcitonin gene-related peptide genes: calcitonin, alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide, and beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNAs. In addition, we examined in parallel the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide and calcitonin immunoreactivity. Of the three transcripts, beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA was first detected in sensory ganglia on embryonic day 14, and by embryonic day 15 was seen to a lesser degree in motor neurons and autonomic ganglia. Starting at embryonic day 16, however, the highest levels of beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA were found in motor neurons rather than sensory ganglia. Alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA was first detected on embryonic day 16 in both sensory ganglia and motor neurons, but at lower levels than beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide, particularly in the motor neurons of the spinal cord. By embryonic day 20, transcripts for alpha- and beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide were expressed in distinct brain regions. High levels of alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA were detected in hypoglossal, facial, and parabrachial nuclei, and moderate levels in the trigeminal motor and ambiguus nuclei. By contrast, beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA was detected at low levels in hypoglossal, ambiguus, facial, and parabrachial nuclei, and at high levels in the trigeminal nucleus. In the oculomotor-trochlear nucleus, beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA was the sole isotype expressed. Low levels of messenger RNA for both calcitonin gene-related peptide transcripts were appreciated in the inferior olive. Outside the nervous system, alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA was weakly expressed in the thyroid gland and beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA in the thymus. Throughout embryogenesis, calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity usually followed the expression of either alpha- or beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA. Calcitonin messenger RNA and protein were detected only in the thyroid gland from embryonic day 18 onward. This work shows that of the three mature transcripts produced by the two calcitonin gene-related peptide genes, beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA is the predominant transcript produced early in rat embryogenesis. However, by perinatal stages alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide shows the highest expression in the brain and spinal cord. In autonomic ganglia, beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide is either the sole or the predominant transcript. Unlike the chick embryo in which calcitonin messenger RNA is expressed early in the CNS, in rat it was only expressed outside the nervous system in the thyroid gland during the last days of embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Terrado
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Spain
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8
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Abstract
At the neuromuscular junction, P2-purinoceptors mediate the actions of the co-transmitter ATP and P1-purinoceptors, those of its degradation product adenosine. The classification of the subtypes of P1- and P2-purinoceptors and their signal transduction routes is presented. Purinoceptor-mediated effects on the prejunctional release of acetylcholine and the postjunctional desensitization and expression of nicotinic receptors are discussed in depth. An additional section on the reversal action of the P2-purinoceptor antagonist suramin on neuromuscular block underscores the importance of testing purinoceptor-targeted drugs once they will be marketed, to avoid adverse effects in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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van Rossum D, Hanisch UK, Quirion R. Neuroanatomical localization, pharmacological characterization and functions of CGRP, related peptides and their receptors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1997; 21:649-78. [PMID: 9353797 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide discovered by a molecular approach over 10 years ago. More recently, islet amyloid polypeptide or amylin, and adrenomedullin were isolated from human insulinoma and pheochromocytoma respectively, and revealed between 25 and 50% sequence homology with CGRP. This review discusses findings on the anatomical distributions of CGRP mRNA, CGRP-like immunoreactivity and receptors in the central nervous system, as well as the potential physiological roles for CGRP. The anatomical distribution and biological activities of amylin and adrenomedullin are also presented. Based upon the differential biological activity of various CGRP analogs, the CGRP receptors have been classified in two major classes, namely the CGRP1 and CGRP2 subtypes. A third subtype has also been proposed (e.g. in the nucleus accumbens) as it does not share the pharmacological properties of the other two classes. The anatomical distribution and the pharmacological characteristics of amylin binding sites in the rat brain are different from those reported for CGRP but share several similarities with the salmon calcitonin receptors. The receptors identified thus far for CGRP and related peptides belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Indeed, modulation of adenylate cyclase activity following receptor activation has been reported for CGRP, amylin and adrenomedullin. Furthermore, the binding affinity of CGRP and related peptides is modulated by nucleotides such as GTP. The cloning of various calcitonin and most recently of CGRP1 and adrenomedullin receptors was reported and revealed structural similarities but also significant differences to other members of the G protein-coupled receptors. They may thus form a new subfamily. The cloning of the amylin receptor(s) as well as of the other putative CGRP receptor subtype(s) are still awaited. Finally, a broad variety of biological activities has been described for CGRP-like peptides. These include vasodilation, nociception, glucose uptake and the stimulation of glycolysis in skeletal muscles. These effects may thus suggest their potential role and therapeutic applications in migraine, subarachnoid haemorrhage, diabetes and pain-related mechanisms, among other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D van Rossum
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Verdun, Québec, Canada
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10
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CGRP and the Neuromuscular Junction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2590(08)60177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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11
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Edgerton VR, Bodine‐Fowler S, Roy RR, Ishihara A, Hodgson JA. Neuromuscular Adaptation. Compr Physiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp120102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Schweitzer ES, Jeng CJ, Tao-Cheng JH. Selective localization and regulated release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from dense-core vesicles in engineered PC12 cells. J Neurosci Res 1996; 46:519-30. [PMID: 8951664 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19961201)46:5<519::aid-jnr1>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of the gene for calcitonin into the neuroendocrine PC12 cell line resulted in the expression of the neuronal-specific splice product, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Expression of this neuropeptide did not require treatment of the PC12 cells with NGF. By all available criteria, including biochemical, immunological, and morphological analysis, we have determined that the CGRP in stably transfected PC12 cells is sorted selectively into the large, dense-core catecholamine-containing secretory vesicles. Conversely, the CGRP is excluded from the small, synaptophysin-rich vesicles present in the same cells. Stimulation conditions that trigger the release of catecholamines cause a parallel burst in the release of CGRP. In all these respects, the engineered PC12 cells process the foreign CGRP in a manner similar to that seen in spinal motor neurons in vivo. These results indicate that this small (37 amino acids) peptide contains sorting information sufficient for targeting to large, dense-core vesicles in heterologous cells, placing very narrow constraints on the possible location of sorting signals. In addition, this CGRP-expressing cell line opens the possibility of studying the physiological role of CGRP in the establishment and maintenance of neuromuscular contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Schweitzer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles Medical School, USA
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Morara S, Sternini C, Provini L, Rosina A. Developmentally regulated expression of alpha- and beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the rat inferior olive. J Comp Neurol 1995; 354:27-38. [PMID: 7615873 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903540104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical methods have revealed the transient neonatal expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in olivocerebellar compartments, and it has been hypothesized that this peptide plays a role in the development of olivocerebellar connectivity. Furthermore, the distribution of the CGRP binding sites in the cerebellar cortex also favors this hypothesis. In this study, the pattern of postnatal expression of alpha- and beta-CGRP mRNAs in the inferior olive (IO) complex was analyzed using in situ hybridization histochemistry with RNA probes complementary to specific sequences of alpha- and beta-CGRP mRNAs, and the results were compared with the pattern of CGRP immunoreactivity. High levels of alpha-CGRP mRNA expression were found in specific subnuclei of the IO complex, i.e., the medial part of the dorsal fold of the dorsal accessory olive, the beta nucleus, the dorsal cap, the caudal third of the medial accessory olive, and the rostral part of the dorso-medial cell column; in the same subnuclei beta-CGRP mRNA was detected. The olivary distribution of the two CGRP mRNA coincided with that of CGRP immunoreactivity. The expressions of alpha-CGRP mRNA and CGRP immunoreactivity were restricted to the first 2 postnatal weeks, the peak being reached at the end of the first week; beta-CGRP mRNA was transiently expressed in the same olivary compartments, but only from postnatal day 6 to 9. In general, the alpha-CGRP signal was also more intense than the beta-CGRP signal. The present findings indicate that the alpha- and beta-CGRP mRNA expression in the olivary complex is under developmental control and restricted to specific olivocerebellar compartments. The data provide a basis for the transient expression of a CGRP olivocerebellar compartment and further support the hypothesis of a role for CGRP in the complex postnatal cerebellar phenomena of connectivity reshaping and synapse stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morara
- Instituto di Neuroscienze e Bioimmagini, CNR, Milan, Italy
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14
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Levey MS, Brumwell CL, Dryer SE, Jacob MH. Innervation and target tissue interactions differentially regulate acetylcholine receptor subunit mRNA levels in developing neurons in situ. Neuron 1995; 14:153-62. [PMID: 7826633 DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(95)90249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neurons engage in two distinct types of cell-cell interactions: they receive innervation and establish synapses on target tissues. Regulatory events that influence synapse formation and function on developing neurons are largely undefined. We show here that nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunit transcript levels are differentially regulated by innervation and target tissue interactions in developing chick ciliary ganglion neurons in situ. Using ganglia that have developed in the absence of pre- or postganglionic tissues and quantitative RT-PCR, we demonstrate that alpha 3 and beta 4 transcript levels are increased by innervation and target tissue interactions. In contrast, alpha 5 transcript levels are increased by innervation, but target tissues have little effect. Whole-cell ACh-induced currents, used to estimate the number of functional AChRs, change in correlation with alpha 3 and beta 4, but not alpha 5, transcript levels. A model is proposed in which the changes in AChR subunit expression regulate levels of synaptic activity, which is a critical determinant of synapse stabilization and elimination, and neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Levey
- Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts 01545
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15
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Brodin L, Söderberg C, Pieribone V, Larhammar D. Peptidergic neurons in the vertebrate spinal cord: evolutionary trends. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 104:61-74. [PMID: 8552784 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Brodin
- Nobel Institute for Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Pieribone VA, Brodin L, Hökfelt T. Immunohistochemical analysis of the relation between 5-hydroxytryptamine- and neuropeptide-immunoreactive elements in the spinal cord of an amphibian (Xenopus laevis). J Comp Neurol 1994; 341:492-506. [PMID: 7515401 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903410406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, a large proportion of the bulbospinal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurons also contain neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP) and galanin (GAL). To examine whether a similar coexistence occurs in an amphibian, an immunofluorescence double-labelling technique was employed on sections of the Xenopus laevis spinal cord. Antisera raised against SP, GAL, enkephalin (ENK), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and cholecystokinin (CCK) produced a labelling of fibers at all rostrocaudal levels of the spinal cord, with the highest fiber densities for SP and ENK and intermediate densities for GAL, CCK, and CGRP, while CRF-immunoreactive fibers were barely detectable in intact animals. 5-HT-immunoreactive fibers were widely distributed in the spinal cord, and they often occurred in the vicinity of different types of peptide-immunoreactive fibers. However, no coexistence between 5-HT and the different peptide immunoreactivities could be detected, although SP and GAL immunoreactivities were sometimes found to be colocalized in the same fiber. Similar negative results were obtained when 5-HT+SP- and 5-HT+GAL-labelled sections were examined in single focal planes with a confocal microscope. After a spinal transection, (survival period 6 weeks to 4 months), almost all 5-HT-immunoreactive fibers below the lesion were lost, and a build-up of immunoreactive material occurred in fibers just rostral to the cut. In contrast, no significant loss of peptide-immunoreactive fibers occurred, although some swollen SP-, GAL-, ENK-, CRF-, and CCK-immunoreactive fibers were present rostral to the cut. The distribution of swollen peptide-immunoreactive fibers did not overlap with that of the swollen 5-HT-immunoreactive fibers. Although negative immunohistochemical data must be interpreted with caution, in conjunction with previous studies (Brodin et al. [1988] J. Comp. Neurol. 271:1-18; Sakamoto and Atsumi [1991] Cell Tissue Res. 264:221-230), the present results indicate that bulbospinal 5-HT neurons in nonmammalian vertebrates cocontain neuropeptides to a lesser extent than in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Pieribone
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Abstract
The effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on electroconvulsive shock (ECS)-induced amnesia and the possible involvement of neurotransmitters in this action were studied in rats. ECS-induced amnesia was elicited in a passive avoidance paradigm. The possible roles of different transmitters involved in mediating CGRP action were followed by pretreating the animals with different receptor blockers in doses which themselves could not influence the paradigm. CGRP facilitated learning in the passive avoidance paradigm and prevented ECS-induced amnesia in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with atropine, naloxone, phenoxybenzamine, or propranolol blocked the antiamnesic action of CGRP. Other receptor blockers, such as bicuculline, methysergide, and haloperidol, were ineffective. The results support our previous findings that CGRP facilitates passive avoidance learning and prevents ECS-induced amnesia. In the antiamnesic action of CGRP, cholinergic, opiate, and alpha- and beta-adrenergic mediators are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kovács
- Department of Pathophysiology, A. Szent-Györgyi Medical University, Szeged, Hungary
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18
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Ho RH, Wu W, Elde R. Pre-pro-somatostatin mRNA in the developing rat spinal cord with special reference to ventral horn motoneurons. Neurosci Lett 1993; 163:125-8. [PMID: 7906020 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90361-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The expression of pre-pro-somatostatin (ppSOM) mRNA in the spinal cord of the developing rat was determined by in situ hybridization. Expression of ppSOM mRNA was detected in cells in the gray matter of the dorsal and ventral horns at day E15, the earliest stage examined in this study. Expression of ppSOM mRNA persisted during development and into adulthood in the dorsal horn. In contrast, ppSOM mRNA expression in presumptive ventral horn motoneurons was apparent during pre- and perinatal periods, but it was not observed in adult rats. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ppSOM is transiently expressed by motoneurons and that a peptide derived from it may serve a role in the development of the neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Ho
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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19
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Forsgren S, Bergh A, Carlsson E, Thornell LE. Calcitonin gene-related peptide expression at endplates of different fibre types in muscles in rat hind limbs. Cell Tissue Res 1993; 274:439-46. [PMID: 7507407 DOI: 10.1007/bf00314540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) occurs only in some motoneurons. In this study, the presence of CGRP in motor endplates in relation to muscle fibre types was examined in slow (soleus muscle) and fast [tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL)] leg muscles of the rat. CGRP was detected by use of immunohistochemical methods, and staining for the mitochondrial-bound enzyme NADH-TR was used for demonstration of fibre types. The fibres showing low NADH-TR activity were interpreted as representing IIB fibres. All such fibres located in the superficial portion of TA were innervated by endplates displaying CGRP-like immunoreactivity (LI), whereas in the deep portion of TA some of these fibres lacked CGRP-LI at their endplates. Thirty per cent of the IIB fibres in EDL showed CGRP-LI at the endplates. All fibres in TA and EDL displaying high NADH-TR activity and interpreted as type-IIA fibres, lacked CGRP-LI in their motor innervation. One third of the fibres with intermediate NADH-TR activity in TA exhibited CGRP-LI at their endplates, whereas in EDL only few such fibres displayed CGRP-LI in the endplate formation. These fibres are likely to belong to type-IIX or type-I motor units. CGRP-LI was very rarely detected at the endplates in the soleus muscle. These observations show that distinct differences exist between the slow muscle, soleus, and the fast muscles, TA and EDL, but that there are also differences between the different types of fibres in TA and EDL with respect to presence of CGRP-LI at the endplates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Forsgren
- Department of Anatomy, University of Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Abstract
The history of the nigrostriatal dopamine system may provide a prime example of the two faces of scientific development. First, a given concept is replaced by another simply as a result of methodologies being improved, and second, successive technical improvements make seemingly settled controversies even more complicated and disputable. The nigrostriatal pathway, which had been unrecognizable with Nauta's silver impregnation method, became apparent by use of the more sensitive silver impregnation method of Fink-Heimer. The sensitivity of the latter method, however, was still insufficient to reveal the whole extent of another ascending dopamine system, the mesocortical dopamine system, until its existence was established through the application of glyoxylic acid fluorescent histochemistry. Electron microscopic analysis of nigrostriatal dopamine synapses in properly fixed tissue was initiated by the demonstration of dark type terminal degeneration, which was induced by either electrolytic lesions or chemical destruction with a specific toxin (6-hydroxydopamine) of the substantia nigra and medial forebrain bundle. The degenerating terminal boutons, thus produced, invariably formed postsynaptic membrane specializations of asymmetric type. However, the asymmetric nature of the synaptic morphology, although later confirmed by the combined study of chemical lesions and autoradiographic anterograde tracing, was seriously challenged with the introduction of electron microscopic immunohistochemistry. The latter method has consistently revealed that symmetric en passant synapses or axonal varicosities with no synaptic membrane specializations are the only tissue compartments immunoreactive to antibodies against dopamine and its synthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. In view of the fact that more than 95% of the nigrostriatal projection neurons are dopaminergic, it is difficult to satisfactorily interpret all the available and seemingly paradoxical fine structural data. In this context, a novel concept has emerged in the process of eliminating all the possible alternative interpretations. The concept is that single nigrostriatal neurons form two chemically distinct types of synapses, one dopaminergic symmetric en passant bouton and another non-dopaminergic (still chemically unclassified) asymmetric terminal bouton. If the concept is a valid one, it contradicts Dale's long standing principle, as defined by Eccles: at all the axonal branches of a neuron there is liberation of the same transmitter substance or substances. Furthermore, a certain population of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons has recently been recognized to be immunoreactive to both dopamine synthetic tyrosine hydroxylase and GABA synthetic glutamate decarboxylase. These single neurons send projections to both the striatum and superior colliculus by way of axon collaterals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hattori
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Philippe E, Gaulin F, Audet G, Zhou C. Expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid and calcium binding protein-parvalbumin by chick motoneurons. Brain Res Bull 1993; 30:325-8. [PMID: 8457881 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(93)90260-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The expression of calcium binding protein parvalbumin (PV) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was studied in the chick motoneurons by using pre- and postembedding immunocytochemistry. Our data reveal that PV and GABA are colocalized in the majority, but not all, of chick lumbo-sacral spinal motoneurons innervating the somatic muscles. It is suggested that, in this neuromuscular system, GABA does not act as a classical inhibitory neurotransmitter but, combined with calcium, could be involved, at least in part, in the maintenance of neurons and the prevention of cell death as in certain neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Philippe
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Université Laval Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Z W Hall
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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23
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Changeux JP, Galzi JL, Devillers-Thiéry A, Bertrand D. The functional architecture of the acetylcholine nicotinic receptor explored by affinity labelling and site-directed mutagenesis. Q Rev Biophys 1992; 25:395-432. [PMID: 1293635 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583500004352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The scientific community will remember Peter Läuger as an exceptional man combining a generous personality and a sharp and skilful mind. He was able to attract by his views the interest of a large spectrum of biologists concerned by the mechanism of ion translocation through membranes. Yet, he was not a man with a single technique or theory. Using an authentically multidisciplinary approach, his ambition was to ‘understand transmembrane transport at the microscopic level, to capture its dynamics in the course of defined physiological processes’ (1987). According to him, ‘new concepts in the molecular physics of proteins’ had to be imagined, and ‘the traditional static picture of proteins has been replaced by the notions that proteins represent dynamic structures, subjected to conformational fluctuations covering a very wide time-range’ (1987).
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Changeux
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS D1284, Département des Biotechnologies, Paris, France
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24
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Hökfelt T, Arvidsson U, Ceccatelli S, Cortés R, Cullheim S, Dagerlind A, Johnson H, Orazzo C, Piehl F, Pieribone V. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the brain, spinal cord, and some peripheral systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 657:119-34. [PMID: 1637079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb22762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Hökfelt
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Changeux JP, Duclert A, Sekine S. Calcitonin gene-related peptides and neuromuscular interactions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 657:361-78. [PMID: 1322090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb22783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J P Changeux
- UA CNRS D1284, Département des Biotechnologies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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26
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Forsgren S, Bergh A, Carlsson E, Thornell LE. Studies on the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like and substance P-like immunoreactivities in rat hind limb muscles. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1992; 24:345-53. [PMID: 1378825 DOI: 10.1007/bf01046166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles in the rat were examined with respect to the presence of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like as well as substance P-like immunoreactivity. In some of the motor endplates in these muscles, identified by staining for acetylcholinesterase activity, calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was detected, but in others it was not. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was found to coexist with substance-P-like immunoreactivity in nerve fibres located outside and inside the capsule of the muscle spindles, as well as in nerve fibres located in nerve fascicles. These fibres presumably represent sensory nerve fibres. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity, but not substance P-like immunoreactivity, was also detected in cap-like structures located on the surface of the intrafusal muscle fibres in the polar regions of the spindles, structures which are likely to correspond to motor plate endings. The observations suggest that calcitonin gene-related peptide is heterogeneously present in the endplates of rat hind limb muscles, and gives for the first time immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in the innervation of muscle spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Forsgren
- Department of Anatomy, University of Umeå, Sweden
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27
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Calderó J, Casanovas A, Sorribas A, Esquerda JE. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat spinal cord motoneurons: subcellular distribution and changes induced by axotomy. Neuroscience 1992; 48:449-61. [PMID: 1603329 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90504-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Using light and electron microscopy, a study has been made of the changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in rat lumbar spinal cord motoneurons during cell body response to sciatic nerve injury. At light microscopy level, calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was evaluated using an indirect immunofluorescence technique combined with Fast Blue retrograde tracing and a peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure. The calcitonin gene-related peptide changes to sciatic nerve transection and crushing were compared. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was transiently increased after the peripheral nerve lesion, but the response was sustained for a longer period when the peripheral nerve was transected and nerve regeneration prevented. The first changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity were detected four days after nerve crush or transection. In animal spinal cords to which nerve crush had been applied, the maximal enhancement of immunoreactivity was found 11 days after lesion. This was followed by a gradual decline, normal levels being attained 45 days after nerve crushing. When the nerve was transected, the response was similar, but the maximal calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was maintained over a period of between 11 and 30 days. As with crushing, an important decrease was observed after 45 days. The ultrastructural compartmentation of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was studied using either peroxidase-antiperoxidase method or immunogold labelling. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immuno-reactivity was located in restricted sacs of the Golgi complex, multivesicular bodies, small vesicles and tubulo-vesicular structures. Large, strongly labelled vesicles resembling secretory granules were also observed in neuronal bodies. Our results reveal that the increase of calcitonin gene-related peptide in motoneurons is a relevant change the cell body undergoes in response to peripheral injury. The ultrastructural location of the peptide distribution suggests specific compartmentation on tubulo-vesicular structures connected with the Golgi complex which form a network in the neuronal cytoplasm. The distribution pattern observed may be related to the sorting and delivery of calcitonin gene-related peptide to secretory vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Calderó
- Universitat de Barcelona, Estudi General de Lleida, Facultat de Medicina, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Catalonia, Spain
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28
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Mason IJ, Mudge AW. Onset of CGRP expression and its restriction to a subset of spinal motor neuron pools in the chick embryo is not affected by treatment with curare. Neurosci Lett 1992; 138:128-32. [PMID: 1407650 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(92)90488-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is expressed in and defines a subset of motor neuron pools in the lumbar spinal cord of the chick embryo. The onset of CGRP expression in individual pools coincides with both the period of the initial innervation of the leg and the beginning of naturally occurring cell death in the lumbar motor column. Administration of neuromuscular blocking agents at this time results in a striking reduction of normal motor neuron loss. It has been reported that such treatment also results in the abolition of CGRP expression at later stages of development. In this study, we have examined the effect of curare treatment on CGRP expression in motor neurons earlier in their development. We find that, in contrast to the effects reported at later stages, inhibition of neuromuscular activity does not affect either the onset of CGRP expression or its restriction to a subset of motor neuron pools. This demonstrates that the control of the onset of CGRP expression is unlikely to be linked to processes which are regulated by neuromuscular transmission including naturally-occurring cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Mason
- MRC Brain Development Programme, U.M.D.S. Guy's, Hospital, London, UK
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29
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Quartu M, Diaz G, Floris A, Lai ML, Priestley JV, Del Fiacco M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the human trigeminal sensory system at developmental and adult life stages: immunohistochemistry, neuronal morphometry and coexistence with substance P. J Chem Neuroanat 1992; 5:143-57. [PMID: 1375032 DOI: 10.1016/0891-0618(92)90040-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been examined by the indirect immunofluorescence technique in the Gasserian ganglion and spinal nucleus of the human trigeminal nerve. In the ganglion CGRP is present in almost 50% of primary sensory neurons, in varicose and non-varicose nerve fibres and in pericellular basket-like plexuses around non-immunoreactive ganglionic perikarya. Morphometric analysis reveals that the CGRP-positive neuronal population is heterogeneous in cell size. Observation of specimens from subjects at fetal, perinatal and adult life stages reveals that the percentage of CGRP-immunoreactive cells reaches a maximum at perinatal stages and then remains constant, declining only in old age. Pericellular basket-like nerve fibres are detectable only in fetal and pre-term and full-term newborn tissue. Coexistence between CGRP and substance P (SP) occurs, SP being present in about one quarter of the CGRP-immunoreactive neurons and CGRP being localized in a little more than half of the SP-immunoreactive neurons. However, perikarya, nerve fibres and pericellular fibres containing only one or other peptide are also present. Bundles of immunoreactive fibres and dot-like nerve terminals occur in the spinal tract and superficial and deep regions of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. A particularly dense plexus is present in the peripheral nuclear layers. Double immunostaining shows a similar regional distribution for SP. However, in inner substantia gelatinosa the density of CGRP-immunoreactive fibres is much higher than that of SP-immunoreactive ones. The results obtained add information to our knowledge of the organization of neurochemically identified neurons in the human trigeminal sensory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quartu
- Dipartimento di Citomorfologia, University of Cagliari, Italy
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hökfelt
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Bonfanti L, Bellardi S, Ghidella S, Gobetto A, Polak JM, Merighi A. Distribution of five peptides, three general neuroendocrine markers, and two synaptic-vesicle-associated proteins in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the adult and newborn dog: an immunocytochemical study. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1991; 191:154-66. [PMID: 1862758 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001910203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the immunocytochemical distribution of five neuropeptides (calcitonin gene-related peptide [CGRP], enkephalin, galanin, somatostatin, and substance P), three neuronal markers (neurofilament triplet proteins, neuron-specific enolase [NSE], and protein gene product 9.5), and two synaptic-vesicle-associated proteins (synapsin I and synaptophysin) in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of adult and newborn dogs. CGRP and substance P were the only peptides detectable at birth in the spinal cord; they were present within a small number of immunoreactive fibers concentrated in laminae I-II. CGRP immunoreactivity was also observed in motoneurons and in dorsal root ganglion cells. In adult animals, all peptides under study were localized to varicose fibers forming rich plexuses within laminae I-III and, to a lesser extent, lamina X and the intermediolateral cell columns. Some dorsal root ganglion neurons were CGRP- and/or substance P-immunoreactive. The other antigens were present in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of both adult and newborn animals, with the exception of NSE, which, at birth, was not detectable in spinal cord neurons. Moreover, synapsin I/synaptophysin immunoreactivity, at birth, was restricted to laminae I-II, while in adult dogs, immunostaining was observed in terminal-like elements throughout the spinal neuropil. These results suggest that in the dog spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia, peptide-containing pathways complete their development during postnatal life, together with the full expression of NSE and synapsin I/synaptophysin immunoreactivities. In adulthood, peptide distribution is similar to that described in other mammals, although a relative absence of immunoreactive cell bodies was observed in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bonfanti
- Dipartimento di Morfofisiologia Veterinaria, Univezsità degli Studi di Torino, Italy
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32
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Villar MJ, Roa M, Huchet M, Changeux JP, Valentino KL, Hökfelt T. Occurrence of neuropeptide K-like immunoreactivity in ventral horn cells of the chicken spinal cord during development. Brain Res 1991; 541:149-53. [PMID: 2029616 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91089-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The possible occurrence of NPK-LI in the ventral horns of the embryonic chicken spinal cord was investigated by means of the indirect immunofluorescence method. The results showed a transient appearance of NPK-LI in cells of the lateral motor column between day 5 of incubation and hatching. After this they disappeared and in the ventral horns NPK-LI remained only in fibers. The results are discussed in terms of a possible trophic action of NPK during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Villar
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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33
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Roa M, Changeux JP. Characterization and developmental evolution of a high-affinity binding site for calcitonin gene-related peptide on chick skeletal muscle membrane. Neuroscience 1991; 41:563-70. [PMID: 1651462 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90349-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a putative neurotransmitter of central and peripheral nervous systems which coexists with acetylcholine in motor nerve terminals and exerts multiple effects on skeletal muscle, suggesting a trophic role for this neuropeptide. Using radiolabeled calcitonin gene-related peptide as a probe in a specific binding assay, we have characterized calcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites on chick skeletal muscle membranes. Binding is time-dependent, saturable and reversible. Scatchard analyses revealed two classes of sites: high-affinity sites with a KD value of 62 pM, and low-affinity sites with a KD value of 3.3 nM. The maximal number of sites is, respectively, 22 and 155 fmol/mg protein for high- and low-affinity binding sites. Specific binding was not affected by the presence, in excess, of other neuropeptides such as salmon calcitonin or somatostatin or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Affinity of the binding site for calcitonin gene-related peptide was decreased in the presence of 5'-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate, suggesting a physiological coupling of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor to a GTP binding protein. In a developmental study of chick muscle, we found the highest activity of calcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites in 11-14 day embryos, following a pattern of evolution similar to that of acetylcholine receptors (constant ratio of 12 acetylcholine receptors per calcitonin gene-related peptide binding site). However, both receptors appear differentially regulated: while the number of acetylcholine receptors increases 5-16-fold after denervation, calcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites slightly diminish in number. These results are discussed in terms of the physiological significance of calcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites on chick skeletal muscle membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roa
- U.A. CNRS D 1284 Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Department des Biotechnologies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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34
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Arvidsson U, Schalling M, Cullheim S, Ulfhake B, Terenius L, Verhofstad A, Hökfelt T. Evidence for coexistence between calcitonin gene-related peptide and serotonin in the bulbospinal pathway in the monkey. Brain Res 1990; 532:47-57. [PMID: 2282533 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
By the use of the indirect immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization techniques, the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity (LI) and CGRP mRNA was studied in the spinal cord as well as in the midline raphe nuclei and the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla oblongata of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). In the spinal cord only a few large neurons in the motor nucleus contained CGRP-LI, while a majority of the neurons in the hypoglossal nucleus contained CGRP-LI. A relatively dense innervation by CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) fibers was also seen close to cell bodies and proximal dendrites of large neurons in the motor nucleus, especially in its ventral part. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-, substance P- and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-IR varicosities were also observed in a similar position around large neurons in the motor nucleus. Double labeling disclosed that the majority of CGRP-IR axon terminals also contained 5-HT-LI. Expression of CGRP mRNA was found in neurons in the medullary midline raphe nuclei and in large neurons in the motor nucleus at the cervical spinal cord level. In adjacent sections of the medulla oblongata, CGRP-labeled neurons in the midline raphe nuclei also expressed preprotachykinin mRNA. The present results show that CGRP- and 5-HT-LI coexist in fibers within the motor nucleus of the monkey spinal cord and that this coexistence is probably due to the presence of CGRP in the descending bulbospinal, serotonergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Arvidsson
- Department of Anatomy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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35
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Matteoli M, Balbi S, Sala C, Chini B, Cimino M, Vitadello M, Fumagalli G. Developmentally regulated expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide at mammalian neuromuscular junction. J Mol Neurosci 1990; 2:175-84. [PMID: 2275848 DOI: 10.1007/bf02896842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Using indirect immunofluorescence techniques, we have found that calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity is present in the neuromuscular junctions of somatic muscles as well as in almost all motor neurons of the lumbar enlargement of 1-week-old rats. It gradually decreases in both motor neurons and motor nerve endings as the animal grows up and completely disappears from the neuromuscular junctions in adult rats, persisting only in the motor nerve endings on the intrafusal fibers. In situ hybridization experiments have shown that the down-regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity is strictly related to a reduction in CGRP mRNA levels in the spinal motor neurons. These results indicate that the expression of CGRP is developmentally regulated in spinal cord alpha motor neurons. They also suggest that the peptide may play an important role at the immature neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matteoli
- CNR Istituto Fisiologia Centri Nervosi, Milan, Italy
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36
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Philippe E, Gaulin F, Delagrave C, Geffard M. Expression of GABA-immunoreactivity by spinal motoneurons of some vertebrates. Neurosci Lett 1990; 116:12-6. [PMID: 2259443 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90378-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological and biochemical investigations have shown that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. However, the present study shows that some motoneurons located in the spinal cord of young chickens and adult monkeys display a GABA-like immunoreactivity. The expression of GABA immunoreactivity in vertebrate motoneurons suggests that this inhibitory amino acid is colocalized with acetylcholine and could play a role in the neuromuscular transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Philippe
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie, Université Laval, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada
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37
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Haynes LW. Immunocytochemical detection of beta-endorphin in mouse spinal motoneurons cocultured with astrocytes from spinal cord and forebrain. MOLECULAR AND CHEMICAL NEUROPATHOLOGY 1990; 12:27-35. [PMID: 2278604 DOI: 10.1007/bf03160055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Beta-endorphin was detected by immunocytochemistry in motoneurons from mouse embryo spinal cord enriched by differential sedimentation and plated onto cultures of embryonic astrocytes from appropriate (cord) and inappropriate (cerebral cortex) sources. Growth of motoneurons on astrocytes for 5 d in vitro improved cell differentiation and suppressed beta-endorphin immunoreactivity. Immunoreactivity was suppressed to a greater degree in motoneurons plated onto cortical rather than spinal cord astrocytes. Some small, dense spinal cord cells also exhibited beta-endorphin immunoreactivity, but staining was unaffected by cultivation on astrocytes. Cell contact and/or hormonal factors deriving from glia may contribute to the regulation of beta-endorphin, a trophic neuropeptide conditionally expressed in normal and pathologic motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Haynes
- Department of Zoology, University of Bristol, UK
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Kirilovsky J, Duclert A, Fontaine B, Devillers-Thiery A, Osterlund M, Changeux JP. Acetylcholine receptor expression in primary cultures of embryonic chick myotubes--II. Comparison between the effects of spinal cord cells and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Neuroscience 1989; 32:289-96. [PMID: 2586756 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord cells co-cultured with primary chick myotubes caused a 1.5-3-fold increase in the number of muscle surface acetylcholine receptors assayed with [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin. This increase did not result from the metabolic stabilization of the acetylcholine receptor protein and was at least partially due to a stimulation of acetylcholine receptor biosynthesis up to the level of the accumulation of alpha-subunit mature and partially spliced precursor mRNAs. A medium conditioned by spinal cord cells also caused a rise in acetylcholine receptor number. This increase did not coincide with an augmentation of the intracellular cyclic AMP level as reported for the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide. In contrast, spinal cord cells and the medium conditioned by them potentiated the effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide on acetylcholine receptor number. Stimulation of acetylcholine receptor synthesis by the conditioned medium was blocked by the protein kinase C activator 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate and by the calcium ionophore A23187. These two compounds have already been reported to block the increase of acetylcholine receptor number produced by the voltage sensitive sodium channel antagonist tetrodotoxin which stimulates acetylcholine receptor biosynthesis by blocking spontaneous electrical activity of the cultured muscle cells. The possibility that different neural factors and second messenger systems are involved in the regulation of acetylcholine receptor biosynthesis during the development of the neuromuscular junction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kirilovsky
- URA CNRS 0210, Département des Biotechnologies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Osterlund M, Fontaine B, Devillers-Thiery A, Geoffroy B, Changeux JP. Acetylcholine receptor expression in primary cultures of embryonic chick myotubes--I. Discoordinate regulation of alpha-, gamma- and delta-subunit gene expression by calcitonin gene-related peptide and by muscle electrical activity. Neuroscience 1989; 32:279-87. [PMID: 2586755 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide calcitonin gene-related peptide, and muscle electrical activity regulate in opposite directions the content of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit mRNA in primary cultures of chick embryonic myotubes. Indeed, treating the cells with calcitonin gene-related peptide or blocking the spontaneous activity of muscle cells by tetrodotoxin (an inhibitor of sodium channels) increases, although to different levels, the content of acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit mRNA [Fontaine B., Klarsfeld A. and Changeux J. P. (1987) J. Cell Biol. 105, 1337-1342; Klarsfeld A. and Changeux J. P. (1985) Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 4558-4562]. In this paper, we demonstrate that, under these in vitro culture conditions, calcitonin gene-related peptide (0.1 microM) and tetrodotoxin (0.5 microM) regulate to a smaller extent (no more than 2.5-fold above control) the levels of acetylcholine receptor gamma- and delta-subunit mRNAs. No effect of either compound on acetylcholine receptor biosynthesis was observed during the initial three days of culture. The response to calcitonin gene-related peptide was already maximal when the cells were treated between days three and four after plating (about 3-fold increase of the alpha-subunit mRNA level). The effect of tetrodotoxin resulted in a six-fold increase of the acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit mRNA level in cells treated between days three and four, and still increased when the cells were exposed to tetrodotoxin through days six and eight (up to a maximum of 20-fold).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Osterlund
- URA CNRS 0210, Département des Biotechnologies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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