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Glærum IL, Dunville K, Moan K, Krause M, Montaldo NP, Kirikae H, Nigro MJ, Sætrom P, van Loon B, Quattrocolo G. Postnatal persistence of hippocampal Cajal-Retzius cells has a crucial role in the establishment of the hippocampal circuit. Development 2024; 151:dev202236. [PMID: 38095282 PMCID: PMC10820737 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells are a transient neuron type that populate the postnatal hippocampus. To understand how the persistence of CR cells influences the maturation of hippocampal circuits, we combined a specific transgenic mouse line with viral vector injection to selectively ablate CR cells from the postnatal hippocampus. We observed layer-specific changes in the dendritic complexity and spine density of CA1 pyramidal cells. In addition, transcriptomic analysis highlighted significant changes in the expression of synapse-related genes across development. Finally, we were able to identify significant changes in the expression levels of latrophilin 2, a postsynaptic guidance molecule known for its role in the entorhinal-hippocampal connectivity. These findings were supported by changes in the synaptic proteomic content in CA1 stratum lacunosum-moleculare. Our results reveal a crucial role for CR cells in the establishment of the hippocampal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Lynneberg Glærum
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Center for Algorithms of the Cortex, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
- Mohn Research Center for the Brain, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Keagan Dunville
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Center for Algorithms of the Cortex, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Kristian Moan
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Center for Algorithms of the Cortex, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Maike Krause
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Center for Algorithms of the Cortex, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Nicola Pietro Montaldo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Hinako Kirikae
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Center for Algorithms of the Cortex, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Maximiliano Jose Nigro
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Center for Algorithms of the Cortex, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Pål Sætrom
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Barbara van Loon
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Giulia Quattrocolo
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Center for Algorithms of the Cortex, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
- Mohn Research Center for the Brain, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7491, Norway
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2
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Johnson KO, Harel L, Triplett JW. Postsynaptic NMDA Receptor Expression Is Required for Visual Corticocollicular Projection Refinement in the Mouse Superior Colliculus. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1310-1320. [PMID: 36717228 PMCID: PMC9987568 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1473-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient sensory processing of spatial information is facilitated through the organization of neuronal connections into topographic maps of space. In integrative sensory centers, converging topographic maps must be aligned to merge spatially congruent information. The superior colliculus (SC) receives topographically ordered visual inputs from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye and layer 5 neurons in the primary visual cortex (L5-V1). Previous studies suggest that RGCs instruct the alignment of later-arriving L5-V1 inputs in an activity-dependent manner. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this remain unclear. Here, we explored the role of NMDA receptors in visual map alignment in the SC using a conditional genetic knockout approach. We leveraged a novel knock-in mouse line that expresses tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase under the control of the Tal1 gene (Tal1CreERT2 ), which we show allows for specific recombination in the superficial layers of the SC. We used Tal1CreERT2 mice of either sex to conditionally delete the obligate GluN1 subunit of the NMDA receptor (SC-cKO) during the period of visual map alignment. We observed a significant disruption of L5-V1 axon terminal organization in the SC of SC-cKO mice. Importantly, retinocollicular topography was unaffected in this context, suggesting that alignment is also disrupted. Time-course experiments suggest that NMDA receptors may play a critical role in the refinement of L5-V1 inputs in the SC. Together, these data implicate NMDA receptors as critical mediators of activity-dependent visual map alignment in the SC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Alignment of topographic inputs is critical for integration of spatially congruent sensory information; however, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this complex process. Here, we took a conditional genetic approach to explore the role of NMDA receptors in the alignment of retinal and cortical visual inputs in the superior colliculus. We characterize a novel mouse line providing spatial and temporal control of recombination in the superior colliculus and reveal a critical role for NMDA expression in visual map alignment. These data support a role for neuronal activity in visual map alignment and provide mechanistic insight into this complex developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy O Johnson
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Leeor Harel
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Jason W Triplett
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037
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3
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Kobro-Flatmoen A, Battistin C, Nair RR, Bjorkli C, Skender B, Kentros C, Gouras G, Witter MP. Lowering levels of reelin in entorhinal cortex layer II-neurons results in lowered levels of intracellular amyloid-β. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad115. [PMID: 37091586 PMCID: PMC10120433 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Projection neurons in the anteriolateral part of entorhinal cortex layer II are the predominant cortical site for hyper-phosphorylation of tau and formation of neurofibrillary tangles in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. A majority of layer II projection neurons in anteriolateral entorhinal cortex are unique among cortical excitatory neurons by expressing the protein reelin. In prodromal Alzheimer's disease, these reelin-expressing neurons are prone to accumulate intracellular amyloid-β, which is mimicked in a rat model that replicates the spatio-temporal cascade of the disease. Two important findings in relation to this are that reelin-signalling downregulates tau phosphorylation, and that oligomeric amyloid-β interferes with reelin-signalling. Taking advantage of this rat model, we used proximity ligation assay to assess whether reelin and intracellular amyloid-β directly interact during early, pre-plaque stages in anteriolateral entorhinal cortex layer II reelin-expressing neurons. We next made a viral vector delivering micro-RNA against reelin, along with a control vector, and infected reelin-expressing anteriolateral entorhinal cortex layer II-neurons to test whether reelin levels affect levels of intracellular amyloid-β and/or amyloid precursor protein. We analysed 25.548 neurons from 24 animals, which results in three important findings. First, in reelin-expressing anteriolateral entorhinal cortex layer II-neurons, reelin and intracellular amyloid-β engage in a direct protein-protein interaction. Second, injecting micro-RNA against reelin lowers reelin levels in these neurons, amounting to an effect size of 1.3-4.5 (Bayesian estimation of Cohen's d effect size, 95% credible interval). This causes a concomitant reduction of intracellular amyloid-β ranging across three levels of aggregation, including a reduction of Aβ42 monomers/dimers amounting to an effect size of 0.5-3.1, a reduction of Aβ prefibrils amounting to an effect size of 1.1-3.5 and a reduction of protofibrils amounting to an effect size of 0.05-2.1. Analysing these data using Bayesian estimation of mutual information furthermore reveals that levels of amyloid-β are dependent on levels of reelin. Third, the reduction of intracellular amyloid-β occurs without any substantial associated changes in levels of amyloid precursor protein. We conclude that reelin and amyloid-β directly interact at the intracellular level in the uniquely reelin-expressing projection neurons in anteriolateral entorhinal cortex layer II, where levels of amyloid-β are dependent on levels of reelin. Since amyloid-β is known to impair reelin-signalling causing upregulated phosphorylation of tau, our findings are likely relevant to the vulnerability for neurofibrillary tangle-formation of this entorhinal neuronal population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Battistin
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience MTFS, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7489, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rajeevkumar Raveendran Nair
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience MTFS, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7489, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christiana Bjorkli
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience MTFS, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7489, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Belma Skender
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience MTFS, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7489, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Cliff Kentros
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience MTFS, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7489, Trondheim, Norway
- Mohn Research Center for the Brain, NTNU, 7489, Trondheim, Norway
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 97401, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Gunnar Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Menno P Witter
- Correspondence to: Menno P. Witter Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience MTFS, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7489, Trondheim, Norway 7030 Trondheim, Norway E-mail:
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4
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Maeda N, Shimizu S, Takahashi Y, Kubota R, Uomoto S, Takesue K, Takashima K, Okano H, Ojiro R, Ozawa S, Tang Q, Jin M, Ikarashi Y, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Oral Exposure to Lead Acetate for 28 Days Reduces the Number of Neural Progenitor Cells but Increases the Number and Synaptic Plasticity of Newborn Granule Cells in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis of Young-Adult Rats. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:2203-2220. [PMID: 36098941 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) causes developmental neurotoxicity. Developmental exposure to Pb acetate (PbAc) induces aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis by increasing or decreasing neural progenitor cell (NPC) subpopulations in the dentate gyrus (DG) of rats. To investigate whether hippocampal neurogenesis is similarly affected by PbAc exposure in a general toxicity study, 5-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered PbAc at 0, 4000, and 8000 ppm (w/v) in drinking water for 28 days. After exposure to 4000 or 8000 ppm PbAc, Pb had accumulated in the brains. Neurogenesis was suppressed by 8000 ppm PbAc, which was related to decreased number of type-2b NPCs, although number of mature granule cells were increased by both PbAc doses. Gene expression in the 8000 ppm PbAc group suggested suppressed NPC proliferation and increased apoptosis resulting in suppressed neurogenesis. PbAc exposure increased numbers of metallothionein-I/II+ cells and GFAP+ astrocytes in the DG hilus, and upregulated Mt1, antioxidant genes (Hmox1 and Gsta5), and Il6 in the DG, suggesting the induction of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation related to Pb accumulation resulting in suppressed neurogenesis. PbAc at 8000 ppm also upregulated Ntrk2 and increased the number of CALB2+ interneurons, suggesting the activation of BDNF-TrkB signaling and CALB2+ interneuron-mediated signals to ameliorate suppressed neurogenesis resulting in increased number of newborn granule cells. PbAc at both doses increased the number of ARC+ granule cells, suggesting the facilitation of synaptic plasticity of newborn granule cells through the activation of BDNF-TrkB signaling. These results suggest that PbAc exposure during the young-adult stage disrupted hippocampal neurogenesis, which had a different pattern from developmental exposure to PbAc. However, the induction of oxidative stress/neuroinflammation and activation of identical cellular signals occurred irrespective of the life stage at PbAc exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuno Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Saori Shimizu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yasunori Takahashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Reiji Kubota
- Division of Environmental Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Suzuka Uomoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takesue
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazumi Takashima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiromu Okano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryota Ojiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ozawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Qian Tang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Meilan Jin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, BeiBei District, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yoshiaki Ikarashi
- Division of Environmental Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan. .,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan. .,Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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5
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Ramsden CE, Keyes GS, Calzada E, Horowitz MS, Zamora D, Jahanipour J, Sedlock A, Indig FE, Moaddel R, Kapogiannis D, Maric D. Lipid Peroxidation Induced ApoE Receptor-Ligand Disruption as a Unifying Hypothesis Underlying Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease in Humans. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:1251-1290. [PMID: 35466940 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) lacks a unifying hypothesis that can account for the lipid peroxidation observed early in the disease, enrichment of ApoE in the core of neuritic plaques, hallmark plaques and tangles, and selective vulnerability of entorhinal-hippocampal structures. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that 1) high expression of ApoER2 (receptor for ApoE and Reelin) helps explain this anatomical vulnerability; 2) lipid peroxidation of ApoE and ApoER2 contributes to sAD pathogenesis, by disrupting neuronal ApoE delivery and Reelin-ApoER2-Dab1 signaling cascades. METHODS In vitro biochemical experiments; Single-marker and multiplex fluorescence-immunohistochemistry (IHC) in postmortem specimens from 26 individuals who died cognitively normal, with mild cognitive impairment or with sAD. RESULTS ApoE and ApoER2 peptides and proteins were susceptible to attack by reactive lipid aldehydes, generating lipid-protein adducts and crosslinked ApoE-ApoER2 complexes. Using in situ hybridization alongside IHC, we observed that: 1) ApoER2 is strongly expressed in terminal zones of the entorhinal-hippocampal 'perforant path' projections that underlie memory; 2) ApoE, lipid aldehyde-modified ApoE, Reelin, ApoER2, and the downstream Reelin-ApoER2 cascade components Dab1 and Thr19-phosphorylated PSD95 accumulated in the vicinity of neuritic plaques in perforant path terminal zones in sAD cases; 3) several ApoE/Reelin-ApoER2-Dab1 pathway markers were higher in sAD cases and positively correlated with histological progression and cognitive deficits. CONCLUSION Results demonstrate derangements in multiple ApoE/Reelin-ApoER2-Dab1 axis components in perforant path terminal zones in sAD and provide proof-of-concept that ApoE and ApoER2 are vulnerable to aldehyde-induced adduction and crosslinking. Findings provide the foundation for a unifying hypothesis implicating lipid peroxidation of ApoE and ApoE receptors in sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Ramsden
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory S Keyes
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Calzada
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark S Horowitz
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daisy Zamora
- Lipid Peroxidation Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jahandar Jahanipour
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Sedlock
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fred E Indig
- Confocal Imaging Facility, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Human Neuroscience Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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6
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Despotovski V, Vivekanandarajah A, Waters KA, Machaalani R. Early Postnatal Exposure to Intermittent Hypercapnic Hypoxia (IHH), but Not Nicotine, Decreases Reelin in the Young Piglet Hippocampus. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1859-1868. [PMID: 36322363 PMCID: PMC9797456 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the expression of reelin, an extracellular protein involved in lamination and migration of neurons, in the hippocampus of young piglets, and quantified to examine the following: (i) baseline levels within layers of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus (DG); (ii) differences between ventral and dorsal hippocampi; and (iii) changes attributable to postnatal exposure to continuous nicotine for 12 days, or intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia (IHH), with further analysis according to duration of IHH (1 vs 4 days). Additionally, we analysed whether any exposure altered DG morphology and whether it is related to altered reelin expression. Reelin was visualised via immunohistochemistry, and the number of positive reelin cells/mm2 was measured in the CA4/Hilus, layers of the DG, and the CA1. The dorsal DG had significantly more reelin within the subgranular zone compared to the ventral DG (p < 0.01). There was no difference in reelin between nicotine (n = 5) and controls (n = 5). IHH exposed piglets (n = 10) had significantly lowered reelin in the CA1 (p = 0.05), specifically the stratum pyramidale (p = 0.04) and the hippocampal fissure (p = 0.02), compared to their controls (n = 7); the duration of IHH had no effect. No exposure was associated with an alteration in DG morphology. This study shows that postnatal IHH exposure decreased reelin expression in the developing piglet hippocampal CA1, suggesting that IHH may result in altered neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Despotovski
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XDiscipline of Science, Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Arunnjah Vivekanandarajah
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XDiscipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Karen A. Waters
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XDiscipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XDiscipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Rita Machaalani
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XDiscipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XDiscipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
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7
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Kovács KA. Relevance of a Novel Circuit-Level Model of Episodic Memories to Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010462. [PMID: 35008886 PMCID: PMC8745479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial temporal lobe memory system has long been identified as the brain region showing the first histopathological changes in early Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the functional decline observed in patients also points to a loss of function in this brain area. Nonetheless, the exact identity of the neurons and networks that undergo deterioration has not been determined so far. A recent study has identified the entorhinal and hippocampal neural circuits responsible for encoding new episodic memories. Using this novel model we describe the elements of the episodic memory network that are especially vulnerable in early AD. We provide a hypothesis of how reduced reelin signaling within such a network can promote AD-related changes. Establishing novel associations and creating a temporal structure for new episodic memories are both affected in AD. Here, we furnish a reasonable explanation for both of these previous observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián A Kovács
- Retina Research Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó U. 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
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8
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Jiménez S, Moreno N. Analysis of the Expression Pattern of Cajal-Retzius Cell Markers in the Xenopus laevis Forebrain. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:263-282. [PMID: 34614492 DOI: 10.1159/000519025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cajal-Retzius cells are essential for cortical development in mammals, and their involvement in the evolution of this structure has been widely postulated, but very little is known about their progenitor domains in non-mammalian vertebrates. Using in situhybridization and immunofluorescence techniques we analyzed the expression of some of the main Cajal-Retzius cell markers such as Dbx1, Ebf3, ER81, Lhx1, Lhx5, p73, Reelin, Wnt3a, Zic1, and Zic2 in the forebrain of the anuran Xenopus laevis, because amphibians are the only class of anamniote tetrapods and show a tetrapartite evaginated pallium, but no layered or nuclear organization. Our results suggested that the Cajal-Retzius cell progenitor domains were comparable to those previously described in amniotes. Thus, at dorsomedial telencephalic portions a region comparable to the cortical hem was defined in Xenopus based on the expression of Wnt3a, p73, Reelin, Zic1, and Zic2. In the septum, two different domains were observed: a periventricular dorsal septum, at the limit between the pallium and the subpallium, expressing Reelin, Zic1, and Zic2, and a related septal domain, expressing Ebf3, Zic1, and Zic2. In the lateral telencephalon, the ventral pallium next to the pallio-subpallial boundary, the lack of Dbx1 and the unique expression of Reelin during development defined this territory as the most divergent with respect to mammals. Finally, we also analyzed the expression of these markers at the prethalamic eminence region, suggested as Cajal-Retzius progenitor domain in amniotes, observing there Zic1, Zic2, ER81, and Lhx1 expression. Our data show that in anurans there are different subtypes and progenitor domains of Cajal-Retzius cells, which probably contribute to the cortical regional specification and territory-specific properties. This supports the notion that the basic organization of pallial derivatives in vertebrates follows a comparable fundamental arrangement, even in those that do not have a sophisticated stratified cortical structure like the mammalian cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Nishibe M, Toyoda H, Hiraga SI, Yamashita T, Katsuyama Y. Synaptic and Genetic Bases of Impaired Motor Learning Associated with Modified Experience-Dependent Cortical Plasticity in Heterozygous Reeler Mutants. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:504-519. [PMID: 34339488 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with neurodevelopmental disorders show impaired motor skill learning. It is unclear how the effect of genetic variation on synaptic function and transcriptome profile may underlie experience-dependent cortical plasticity, which supports the development of fine motor skills. RELN (reelin) is one of the genes implicated in neurodevelopmental psychiatric vulnerability. Heterozygous reeler mutant (HRM) mice displayed impairments in reach-to-grasp learning, accompanied by less extensive cortical map reorganization compared with wild-type mice, examined after 10 days of training by intracortical microstimulation. Assessed by patch-clamp recordings after 3 days of training, the training induced synaptic potentiation and increased glutamatergic-transmission of cortical layer III pyramidal neurons in wild-type mice. In contrast, the basal excitatory and inhibitory synaptic functions were depressed, affected both by presynaptic and postsynaptic impairments in HRM mice; and thus, no further training-induced synaptic plasticity occurred. HRM exhibited downregulations of cortical synaptophysin, immediate-early gene expressions, and gene enrichment, in response to 3 days of training compared with trained wild-type mice, shown using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemisty, and RNA-sequencing. We demonstrated that motor learning impairments associated with modified experience-dependent cortical plasticity are at least partially attributed by the basal synaptic alternation as well as the aberrant early experience-induced gene enrichment in HRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nishibe
- Office of Strategic Innovative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroki Toyoda
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hiraga
- Department of Neuromedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Neuromedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Katsuyama
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
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10
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Reelin changes hippocampal learning in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113482. [PMID: 34333070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation (HF) is a neuroanatomical region essential for learning and memory. As one of the earliest regions to display the histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), determining the specific mechanisms of the HF's vulnerability is of capital importance. Reelin, a glycoprotein crucial in cortical lamination during embryonic neurogenesis, has an uncommon expression pattern within the HF and has been implicated in both learning and AD pathogenesis. We hypothesized that Reelin deficiency would expedite behavioral impairments which accompany normal aging. Additionally, we hypothesized that Reelin deficiency in the presence of mutated human microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) would further impair hippocampal function. To test our hypothesis, we utilized cohorts of aged mice, aged mice with Reelin conditional knockout (RcKO), and adult mice with both RcKO and MAPT in the Barnes maze and Trace fear conditioning. Consistent with prior literature, increased age in wild-type mice was sufficient to reduce spatial searching in the Barnes maze. Increased age both exacerbated spatial impairments and altered context learning in RcKO mice. Lastly, adult mice with both RcKO and the MAPT transgene displayed both the lowest age-of-onset and most severe spatial learning deficits. In conclusion, Reelin deficiency when combined with AD risk-factors produced consistent impairments in spatial memory tasks. Furthermore, our results further implicate Reelin's importance in both HF homeostasis and AD pathogenesis.
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11
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Influence of Cerebral Vasodilation on Blood Reelin Levels in Growth Restricted Fetuses. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11061036. [PMID: 34199942 PMCID: PMC8228107 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is one of the most important obstetric pathologies. It is frequently caused by placental insufficiency. Previous studies have shown a relationship between FGR and impaired new-born neurodevelopment, although the molecular mechanisms involved in this association have not yet been completely clarified. Reelin is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein involved in development of neocortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and spinal cord. Reelin has been demonstrated to play a key role in regulating perinatal neurodevelopment and to contribute to the emergence and development of various psychiatric pathologies, and its levels are highly influenced by pathological conditions of hypoxia. The purpose of this article is to study whether reelin levels in new-borns vary as a function of severity of fetal growth restriction by gestational age and sex. We sub-grouped fetuses in: normal weight group (Group 1, n = 17), FGR group with normal umbilical artery Doppler and cerebral redistribution at middle cerebral artery Doppler (Group 2, n = 9), and FGR with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler (Group 3, n = 8). Our results show a significant association of elevated Reelin levels in FGR fetuses with cerebral blood redistribution compared to the normal weight group and the FGR with abnormal umbilical artery group. Future research should focus on further expanding the knowledge of the relationship of reelin and its regulated products with neurodevelopment impairment in new-borns with FGR and should include larger and more homogeneous samples and the combined use of different in vivo techniques in neonates with impaired growth during their different adaptive phases.
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12
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Shabangu T, Chen HL, Zhuang ZH, Pierani A, Chen CFF, Chou SJ. Specific contribution of neurons from the Dbx1 lineage to the piriform cortex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8349. [PMID: 33863910 PMCID: PMC8052341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The piriform cortex (PC) is a major cortical processing center for the sense of smell that receives direct inputs from the olfactory bulb. In mice, the PC consists of three neuronal layers, which are populated by cells with distinct developmental origins. One origin of PC neurons is the pool of Dbx1-expressing neural progenitors located in the ventral pallium at the pallial-subpallial boundary. Since the precise mechanisms of PC neuron development are largely unknown, we sought to define the distribution, timing of neurogenesis, morphology and projection patterns of PC neurons from the Dbx1 lineage. We found that Dbx1-lineage neurons are preferentially distributed in layer 2 and enriched in the ventral portion of the PC. Further, Dbx1 neurons are early-born neurons and contribute to most neuronal subtypes in the PC. Our data also revealed an enrichment of Dbx1-lineage neurons in the ventral anterior PC that project to the orbitofrontal cortex. These findings suggest a specific association between the developmental origin of PC neurons and their neuronal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thando Shabangu
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Hui Zhuang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Imagine Institute, Team Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, Université de Paris, F-75015, Paris, France
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Chien-Fu F Chen
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shen-Ju Chou
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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13
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Cansler HL, Wright KN, Stetzik LA, Wesson DW. Neurochemical organization of the ventral striatum's olfactory tubercle. J Neurochem 2020; 152:425-448. [PMID: 31755104 PMCID: PMC7042089 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ventral striatum is a collection of brain structures, including the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum and the olfactory tubercle (OT). While much attention has been devoted to the nucleus accumbens, a comprehensive understanding of the ventral striatum and its contributions to neurological diseases requires an appreciation for the complex neurochemical makeup of the ventral striatum's other components. This review summarizes the rich neurochemical composition of the OT, including the neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and hormones present. We also address the receptors and transporters involved in each system as well as their putative functional roles. Finally, we end with briefly reviewing select literature regarding neurochemical changes in the OT in the context of neurological disorders, specifically neurodegenerative disorders. By overviewing the vast literature on the neurochemical composition of the OT, this review will serve to aid future research into the neurobiology of the ventral striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary L Cansler
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Katherine N Wright
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lucas A Stetzik
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel W Wesson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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14
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Inhibition of excessive kallikrein-8 improves neuroplasticity in Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Exp Neurol 2020; 324:113115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Krzyzanowska A, Cabrerizo M, Clascá F, Ramos-Moreno T. Reelin Immunoreactivity in the Adult Spinal Cord: A Comparative Study in Rodents, Carnivores, and Non-human Primates. Front Neuroanat 2020; 13:102. [PMID: 31969808 PMCID: PMC6960112 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein secreted by several neuronal populations in a specific manner in both the developing and the adult central nervous system. The extent of Reelin protein distribution and its functional role in the adult neocortex is well documented in different mammal models. However, its role in the adult spinal cord has not been well characterized and its distribution in the rodent spinal cord is fragmentary and has not been investigated in carnivores or primates as of yet. To gain insight into which neuronal populations and specific circuits may be influenced by Reelin in the adult spinal cord, we have conducted light and confocal microscopy study analysis of Reelin-immunoreactive cell types in the adult spinal cord. Here, we describe and compare Reelin immunoreactive cell type and distribution in the spinal cord of adult non-human primate (macaque monkeys, Macaca mulatta), carnivore (ferret, Mustela putorius) and rodent (rat, Rattus norvegicus). Our results show that in all three species studied, Reelin-immunoreactive neurons are present in the intermediate gray matter, ventricular zone and superficial dorsal horn and intermedio-lateral nucleus, while positive cells in the Clarke nucleus are only found in rats and primates. In addition, Reelin intermediolateral neurons colocalize with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) only in macaque whilst motor neurons also colocalize Reelin and ChAT in macaque, ferret and rat spinal cord. The different expression patterns might reflect a differential role for Reelin in the pathways involved in the coordination of locomotor activity in the fore- and hind limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krzyzanowska
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Urological Cancers, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marina Cabrerizo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Clascá
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Ramos-Moreno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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16
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Long JM, Perez EJ, Roberts JA, Roberts MT, Rapp PR. Reelin in the Years: decline in the number of reelin immunoreactive neurons in layer II of the entorhinal cortex in aged monkeys with memory impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 87:132-137. [PMID: 31952867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The glycoprotein reelin has been implicated in both memory-related synaptic plasticity and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Aged rats with memory impairment display decreased reelin expression in layer II of the entorhinal cortex (EC) relative to memory-intact subjects, and here we tested whether this effect extends to the primate brain. Seven young adult (8-10 years) and 14 aged (27-38 years) rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were examined, including 7 old animals classified as impaired based on their scores from a delayed nonmatching-to-sample recognition memory test. Histological sections spanning the rostrocaudal extent of the intermediate and caudal divisions of EC were processed by immunohistochemistry and the total number of reelin-positive neurons in layer II was estimated using design-based stereological techniques. The main finding was that the number of reelin-expressing neurons in EC layer II is decreased selectively in aged monkeys with memory deficits relative to young adult and aged subjects with intact memory. The results add to evidence implicating EC-hippocampal integrity in neurocognitive aging, and they suggest that disrupted reelin signaling may be among the mechanisms that mediate the associated vulnerability of this circuitry in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Long
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evelyn J Perez
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Mary T Roberts
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter R Rapp
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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17
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Ohara S, Gianatti M, Itou K, Berndtsson CH, Doan TP, Kitanishi T, Mizuseki K, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI, Witter MP. Entorhinal Layer II Calbindin-Expressing Neurons Originate Widespread Telencephalic and Intrinsic Projections. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:54. [PMID: 31680885 PMCID: PMC6803526 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we provide the first systematic and quantitative hodological study of the calbindin-expressing (CB+) principal neurons in layer II of the entorhinal cortex and compared the respective projections of the lateral and medial subdivisions of the entorhinal cortex. Using elaborate quantitative retrograde tracing, complemented by anterograde tracing, we report that the layer II CB+ population comprises neurons with diverse, mainly excitatory projections. At least half of them originate local intrinsic and commissural projections which distribute mainly to layer I and II. We further show that long-range CB+ projections from the two entorhinal subdivisions differ substantially in that MEC projections mainly target field CA1 of the hippocampus, whereas LEC CB+ projections distribute much more widely to a substantial number of known forebrain targets. This connectional difference between the CB+ populations in LEC and MEC is reminiscent of the overall projection pattern of the two entorhinal subdivisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohara
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michele Gianatti
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kazuki Itou
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Christin H Berndtsson
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thanh P Doan
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Takuma Kitanishi
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizuseki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshio Iijima
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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18
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Kobro-Flatmoen A, Witter MP. Neuronal chemo-architecture of the entorhinal cortex: A comparative review. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3627-3662. [PMID: 31293027 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The identification of neuronal markers, that is, molecules selectively present in subsets of neurons, contributes to our understanding of brain areas and the networks within them. Specifically, recognizing the distribution of different neuronal markers facilitates the identification of borders between functionally distinct brain areas. Detailed knowledge about the localization and physiological significance of neuronal markers may also provide clues to generate new hypotheses concerning aspects of normal and abnormal brain functioning. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the distribution within the entorhinal cortex of neuronal markers and the morphology of the neurons they reveal. Emphasis is on the comparative distribution of several markers, with a focus on, but not restricted to rodent, monkey and human data, allowing to infer connectional features, across species, associated with these markers, based on what is revealed by mainly rodent data. The overall conclusion from this review is that there is an emerging pattern in the distribution of neuronal markers in the entorhinal cortex when aligning data along a comparable coordinate system in various species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asgeir Kobro-Flatmoen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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19
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Martin-Lopez E, Xu C, Liberia T, Meller SJ, Greer CA. Embryonic and postnatal development of mouse olfactory tubercle. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 98:82-96. [PMID: 31200100 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory tubercle (OT) is located in the ventral-medial region of the brain where it receives primary input from olfactory bulb (OB) projection neurons and processes olfactory behaviors related to motivation, hedonics of smell and sexual encounters. The OT is part of the dopamine reward system that shares characteristics with the striatum. Together with the nucleus accumbens, the OT has been referred to as the "ventral striatum". However, despite its functional importance little is known about the embryonic development of the OT and the phenotypic properties of the OT cells. Here, using thymidine analogs, we establish that mouse OT neurogenesis occurs predominantly between E11-E15 in a lateral-to-medial gradient. Then, using a piggyBac multicolor technique we characterized the migratory route of OT neuroblasts from their embryonic point of origin. Following neurogenesis in the ventral lateral ganglionic eminence (vLGE), neuroblasts destined for the OT followed a dorsal-ventral pathway we named "ventral migratory course" (VMC). Upon reaching the nascent OT, neurons established a prototypical laminar distribution that was determined, in part, by the progenitor cell of origin. A phenotypic analysis of OT neuroblasts using a single-color piggyBac technique, showed that OT shared the molecular specification of striatal neurons. In addition to primary afferent input from the OB, the OT also receives a robust dopaminergic input from ventral tegmentum (Ikemoto, 2007). We used tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression as a proxy for dopaminergic innervation and showed that TH onset occurs at E13 and progressively increased until postnatal stages following an 'inside-out' pattern. Postnatally, we established the myelination in the OT occurring between P7 and P14, as shown with CNPase staining, and we characterized the cellular phenotypes populating the OT by immunohistochemistry. Collectively, this work provides the first detailed analysis of the developmental and maturation processes occurring in mouse OT, and demonstrates the striatal nature of the OT as part of the ventral striatum (vST).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Martin-Lopez
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christine Xu
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Teresa Liberia
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sarah J Meller
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; The Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Charles A Greer
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; The Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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20
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Martin-Lopez E, Ishiguro K, Greer CA. The Laminar Organization of Piriform Cortex Follows a Selective Developmental and Migratory Program Established by Cell Lineage. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:1-16. [PMID: 29136113 PMCID: PMC7199997 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Piriform cortex (PC) is a 3-layer paleocortex receiving primary afferent input from the olfactory bulb. The past decade has seen significant progress in understanding the synaptic, cellular and functional organization of PC, but PC embryogenesis continues to be enigmatic. Here, using birthdating strategies and clonal analyses, we probed the early development and laminar specificity of neurogenesis/gliogenesis as it relates to the organization of the PC. Our data demonstrate a temporal sequence of laminar-specific neurogenesis following the canonical "inside-out" pattern, with the notable exception of PC Layer II which exhibited an inverse "outside-in" temporal neurogenic pattern. Of interest, we found no evidence of a neurogenic gradient along the anterior to posterior axis, although the timing of neuronal migration and laminar development was delayed rostrally by approximately 24 h. To begin probing if lineage affected cell fate in the PC, we labeled PC neuroblasts using a multicolor technique and analyzed their laminar organization. Our results suggested that PC progenitors were phenotypically committed to reach specific layers early in the development. Collectively, these studies shed new light on the determinants of the laminar specificity of neuronal/glial organization in PC and the likely role of subpopulations of committed progenitors in regulating PC embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Martin-Lopez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kimiko Ishiguro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles A Greer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
- The Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
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21
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Canet-Pons J, Schubert R, Duecker RP, Schrewe R, Wölke S, Kieslich M, Schnölzer M, Chiocchetti A, Auburger G, Zielen S, Warnken U. Ataxia telangiectasia alters the ApoB and reelin pathway. Neurogenetics 2018; 19:237-255. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-018-0557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Meyer G, González-Gómez M. The heterogeneity of human Cajal-Retzius neurons. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 76:101-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Desfilis E, Abellán A, Sentandreu V, Medina L. Expression of regulatory genes in the embryonic brain of a lizard and implications for understanding pallial organization and evolution. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:166-202. [PMID: 28891227 PMCID: PMC5765483 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The comparison of gene expression patterns in the embryonic brain of mouse and chicken is being essential for understanding pallial organization. However, the scarcity of gene expression data in reptiles, crucial for understanding evolution, makes it difficult to identify homologues of pallial divisions in different amniotes. We cloned and analyzed the expression of the genes Emx1, Lhx2, Lhx9, and Tbr1 in the embryonic telencephalon of the lacertid lizard Psammodromus algirus. The comparative expression patterns of these genes, critical for pallial development, are better understood when using a recently proposed six‐part model of pallial divisions. The lizard medial pallium, expressing all genes, includes the medial and dorsomedial cortices, and the majority of the dorsal cortex, except the region of the lateral cortical superposition. The latter is rich in Lhx9 expression, being excluded as a candidate of dorsal or lateral pallia, and may belong to a distinct dorsolateral pallium, which extends from rostral to caudal levels. Thus, the neocortex homolog cannot be found in the classical reptilian dorsal cortex, but perhaps in a small Emx1‐expressing/Lhx9‐negative area at the front of the telencephalon, resembling the avian hyperpallium. The ventral pallium, expressing Lhx9, but not Emx1, gives rise to the dorsal ventricular ridge and appears comparable to the avian nidopallium. We also identified a distinct ventrocaudal pallial sector comparable to the avian arcopallium and to part of the mammalian pallial amygdala. These data open new venues for understanding the organization and evolution of the pallium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Desfilis
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio Abellán
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Vicente Sentandreu
- Servicio Central de Apoyo a la Investigación Experimental (SCSIE), Sección de Genómica, University of València, 46100, València, Spain
| | - Loreta Medina
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), 25198, Lleida, Spain
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Kitamura N, Wani K, Okamoto M, Aoki S, Ishihara T. Postnatal development of GABAergic interneurons and perineuronal nets in mouse temporal cortex subregions. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 63:27-37. [PMID: 28859888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In human neuropsychiatric disorders, there are functional and anatomical abnormalities of GABAergic interneurons in each temporal cortex subregion. Furthermore, accumulation of amyloid-β is observed in the temporal cortex in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Each subregion of the temporal cortex has an important role in coordinating the input and output of the hippocampus. When subregions of the temporal cortex are impaired, memory and learning ability decrease. GABAergic interneurons control excitatory neurons, forming the cortico-cortical and cortico-hippocampal networks. However, in temporal cortex subregions, details of the distribution and developmental processes of GABAergic interneurons and perineuronal nets (PNNs) have not been elucidated. Here we examined the development of GABAergic interneurons and PNNs in mouse temporal cortex subregions. Results indicate that temporal cortex GABAergic interneurons have developmental stages different to those of the primary sensory cortex. In addition, the density of PNNs in the temporal cortex is lower than that in the sensory cortex. Furthermore, we found that the Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-reactive extracellular matrix molecule is present in the upper level of layer 1 of the temporal cortex. These results support the idea that mouse temporal cortex subregions develop differently from other cortical regions and have region-specific characteristics after maturation. The present study results suggested that the structure of the temporal cortex is significantly different from the sensory cortex and that temporal cortex may be highly vulnerable to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Shinji Murakami
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Kenta Wani
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shozo Aoki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
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Ndel1 and Reelin Maintain Postnatal CA1 Hippocampus Integrity. J Neurosci 2017; 36:6538-52. [PMID: 27307241 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2869-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED How the integrity of laminar structures in the postnatal brain is maintained impacts neuronal functions. Ndel1, the mammalian homolog of NuDE from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, is an atypical microtubule (MT)-associated protein that was initially investigated in the contexts of neurogenesis and neuronal migration. Constitutive knock-out mice for Ndel1 are embryonic lethal, thereby necessitating the creation a conditional knock-out to probe the roles of Ndel1 in postnatal brains. Here we report that CA1 pyramidal neurons from mice postnatally lacking Ndel1 (Ndel1 conditional knock-out) exhibit fragmented MTs, dendritic/synaptic pathologies, are intrinsically hyperexcitable and undergo dispersion independently of neuronal migration defect. Secondary to the pyramidal cell changes is the decreased inhibitory drive onto pyramidal cells from interneurons. Levels of the glycoprotein Reelin that regulates MTs, neuronal plasticity, and cell compaction are significantly reduced in hippocampus of mutant mice. Strikingly, a single injection of Reelin into the hippocampus of Ndel1 conditional knock-out mice ameliorates ultrastructural, cellular, morphological, and anatomical CA1 defects. Thus, Ndel1 and Reelin contribute to maintain postnatal CA1 integrity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The significance of this study rests in the elucidation of a role for Nde1l and Reelin in postnatal CA1 integrity using a new conditional knock-out mouse model for the cytoskeletal protein Ndel1, one that circumvents the defects associated with neuronal migration and embryonic lethality. Our study serves as a basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying postnatal hippocampal maintenance and function, and the significance of decreased levels of Ndel1 and Reelin observed in patients with neurological disorders.
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Haberman RP, Branch A, Gallagher M. Targeting Neural Hyperactivity as a Treatment to Stem Progression of Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:662-676. [PMID: 28560709 PMCID: PMC5509635 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), the most common form of dementia in the elderly, causes progressive and severe loss of cognitive abilities. With greater numbers of people living to advanced ages, LOAD will increasingly burden both the healthcare system and society. There are currently no available disease-modifying therapies, and the failure of several recent pathology-based strategies has highlighted the urgent need for effective therapeutic targets. With aging as the greatest risk factor for LOAD, targeting mechanisms by which aging contributes to disease could prove an effective strategy to delay progression to clinical dementia by intervention in elderly individuals in an early prodromal stage of disease. Excess neural activity in the hippocampus, a recently described phenomenon associated with age-dependent memory loss, was first identified in animal models of aging and subsequently translated to clinical conditions of aging and early-stage LOAD. Critically, elevated activity was similarly localized to specific circuits within the hippocampal formation in aged animals and humans. Here we review evidence for hippocampal hyperactivity as a significant contributor to age-dependent cognitive decline and the progressive accumulation of pathology in LOAD. We also describe studies demonstrating the efficacy of reducing hyperactivity with an initial test therapy, levetiracetam (Keppra), an atypical antiepileptic. By targeting excess neural activity, levetiracetam may improve cognition and attenuate the accumulation of pathology contributing to progression to the dementia phase of LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P Haberman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 116 Dunning Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Audrey Branch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 116 Dunning Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Michela Gallagher
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 116 Dunning Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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Witter MP, Doan TP, Jacobsen B, Nilssen ES, Ohara S. Architecture of the Entorhinal Cortex A Review of Entorhinal Anatomy in Rodents with Some Comparative Notes. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:46. [PMID: 28701931 PMCID: PMC5488372 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is the major input and output structure of the hippocampal formation, forming the nodal point in cortico-hippocampal circuits. Different division schemes including two or many more subdivisions have been proposed, but here we will argue that subdividing EC into two components, the lateral EC (LEC) and medial EC (MEC) might suffice to describe the functional architecture of EC. This subdivision then leads to an anatomical interpretation of the different phenotypes of LEC and MEC. First, we will briefly summarize the cytoarchitectonic differences and differences in hippocampal projection patterns on which the subdivision between LEC and MEC traditionally is based and provide a short comparative perspective. Second, we focus on main differences in cortical connectivity, leading to the conclusion that the apparent differences may well correlate with the functional differences. Cortical connectivity of MEC is features interactions with areas such as the presubiculum, parasubiculum, retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and postrhinal cortex, all areas that are considered to belong to the "spatial processing domain" of the cortex. In contrast, LEC is strongly connected with olfactory areas, insular, medial- and orbitofrontal areas and perirhinal cortex. These areas are likely more involved in processing of object information, attention and motivation. Third, we will compare the intrinsic networks involving principal- and inter-neurons in LEC and MEC. Together, these observations suggest that the different phenotypes of both EC subdivisions likely depend on the combination of intrinsic organization and specific sets of inputs. We further suggest a reappraisal of the notion of EC as a layered input-output structure for the hippocampal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno P. Witter
- Functional Neuroanatomy, KavlI Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Center for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway
| | - Thanh P. Doan
- Functional Neuroanatomy, KavlI Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Center for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway
| | - Bente Jacobsen
- Functional Neuroanatomy, KavlI Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Center for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway
| | - Eirik S. Nilssen
- Functional Neuroanatomy, KavlI Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Center for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway
| | - Shinya Ohara
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life ScienceSendai, Japan
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Meyer G, González-Gómez M. The Subpial Granular Layer and Transient Versus Persisting Cajal-Retzius Neurons of the Fetal Human Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:2043-2058. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gundela Meyer
- Units of Anatomy (MGG) and Histology (GM), Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Miriam González-Gómez
- Units of Anatomy (MGG) and Histology (GM), Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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30
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Development and Organization of the Evolutionarily Conserved Three-Layered Olfactory Cortex. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-REV-0193-16. [PMID: 28144624 PMCID: PMC5272922 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0193-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory cortex is part of the mammalian cerebral cortex together with the neocortex and the hippocampus. It receives direct input from the olfactory bulbs and participates in odor discrimination, association, and learning (Bekkers and Suzuki, 2013). It is thought to be an evolutionarily conserved paleocortex, which shares common characteristics with the three-layered general cortex of reptiles (Aboitiz et al., 2002). The olfactory cortex has been studied as a “simple model” to address sensory processing, though little is known about its precise cell origin, diversity, and identity. While the development and the cellular diversity of the six-layered neocortex are increasingly understood, the olfactory cortex remains poorly documented in these aspects. Here is a review of current knowledge of the development and organization of the olfactory cortex, keeping the analogy with those of the neocortex. The comparison of olfactory cortex and neocortex will allow the opening of evolutionary perspectives on cortical development.
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31
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Sexually Dimorphic Expression of Reelin in the Brain of a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 61:359-367. [PMID: 27866325 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence highlights the protective role of reelin against amyloid β (Aβ)-induced synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease (AD). In this study, exploiting TgCRND8 mice that overexpress a mutant form of amyloid β precursor protein (AβPP) and display an early onset of AD neuropathological signs, we addressed the question whether changes of reelin expression eventually precede the appearance of Aβ-plaques in a sex-dependent manner. We show that sex-associated and brain region-specific differences in reelin expression appear long before Aβ-plaque formation. However, in spite of a downregulation of reelin expression compared to males, TgCRND8 females display fewer Aβ-plaques, suggesting that additional factors, other than sex and reelin level, influence amyloidosis in this mouse model.
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Orcinha C, Münzner G, Gerlach J, Kilias A, Follo M, Egert U, Haas CA. Seizure-Induced Motility of Differentiated Dentate Granule Cells Is Prevented by the Central Reelin Fragment. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:183. [PMID: 27516734 PMCID: PMC4963407 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Granule cell dispersion (GCD) represents a pathological widening of the granule cell layer in the dentate gyrus and it is frequently observed in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Recent studies in human MTLE specimens and in animal epilepsy models have shown that a decreased expression and functional inactivation of the extracellular matrix protein Reelin correlates with GCD formation, but causal evidence is still lacking. Here, we used unilateral kainate (KA) injection into the mouse hippocampus, an established MTLE animal model, to precisely map the loss of reelin mRNA-synthesizing neurons in relation to GCD along the septotemporal axis of the epileptic hippocampus. We show that reelin mRNA-producing neurons are mainly lost in the hilus and that this loss precisely correlates with the occurrence of GCD. To monitor GCD formation in real time, we used organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) prepared from mice which express enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) primarily in differentiated dentate granule cells. Using life cell microscopy we observed that increasing doses of KA resulted in an enhanced motility of eGFP-positive granule cells. Moreover, KA treatment of OHSC resulted in a rapid loss of Reelin-producing interneurons mainly in the hilus, as observed in vivo. A detailed analysis of the migration behavior of individual eGFP-positive granule cells revealed that the majority of these neurons actively migrate toward the hilar region, where Reelin-producing neurons are lost. Treatment with KA and subsequent addition of the recombinant R3–6 Reelin fragment significantly prevented the movement of eGFP-positive granule cells. Together, these findings suggest that GCD formation is indeed triggered by a loss of Reelin in hilar interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Orcinha
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Gert Münzner
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Gerlach
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Antje Kilias
- Faculty of Biology, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; Laboratory for Biomicrotechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; Lighthouse Core Facility, Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Egert
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; Laboratory for Biomicrotechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools, Cluster of Excellence, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Carola A Haas
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools, Cluster of Excellence, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
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Bock HH, May P. Canonical and Non-canonical Reelin Signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:166. [PMID: 27445693 PMCID: PMC4928174 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large secreted glycoprotein that is essential for correct neuronal positioning during neurodevelopment and is important for synaptic plasticity in the mature brain. Moreover, Reelin is expressed in many extraneuronal tissues; yet the roles of peripheral Reelin are largely unknown. In the brain, many of Reelin's functions are mediated by a molecular signaling cascade that involves two lipoprotein receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (Apoer2) and very low density-lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr), the neuronal phosphoprotein Disabled-1 (Dab1), and members of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases as crucial elements. This core signaling pathway in turn modulates the activity of adaptor proteins and downstream protein kinase cascades, many of which target the neuronal cytoskeleton. However, additional Reelin-binding receptors have been postulated or described, either as coreceptors that are essential for the activation of the "canonical" Reelin signaling cascade involving Apoer2/Vldlr and Dab1, or as receptors that activate alternative or additional signaling pathways. Here we will give an overview of canonical and alternative Reelin signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms involved, and their potential physiological roles in the context of different biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra May
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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Preethi J, Singh HK, Rajan KE. Possible Involvement of Standardized Bacopa monniera Extract (CDRI-08) in Epigenetic Regulation of reelin and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor to Enhance Memory. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:166. [PMID: 27445807 PMCID: PMC4921742 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacopa monniera extract (CDRI-08; BME) has been known to improve learning and memory, and understanding the molecular mechanisms may help to know its specificity. We investigated whether the BME treatment alters the methylation status of reelin and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) to enhance the memory through the interaction of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) with synaptic proteins. Rat pups were subjected to novel object recognition test following daily oral administration of BME (80 mg/kg) in 0.5% gum acacia (per-orally, p.o.; PND 15–29)/three doses of 5-azacytidine (5-azaC; 3.2 mg/kg) in 0.9% saline (intraperitoneally, i.p.) on PND-30. After the behavioral test, methylation status of reelin, BDNF and activation of NMDAR, and its interactions with synaptic proteins were tested. Rat pups treated with BME/5-azaC showed higher discrimination towards novel objects than with old objects during testing. Further, we observed an elevated level of unmethylated DNA in reelin and BDNF promoter region. Up-regulated reelin along with the splice variant of apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER 2, ex 19) form a cluster and activate NMDAR through disabled adopter protein-1 (DAB1) to enhance BDNF. Observed results suggest that BME regulate reelin epigenetically, which might enhance NMDAR interactions with synaptic proteins and induction of BDNF. These changes may be linked with improved novel object recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakumar Preethi
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Hemant K Singh
- Laboratories for CNS Disorder, Learning and Memory, Division of Pharmacology, Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India
| | - Koilmani E Rajan
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli, India
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Kobro-Flatmoen A, Nagelhus A, Witter MP. Reelin-immunoreactive neurons in entorhinal cortex layer II selectively express intracellular amyloid in early Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 93:172-83. [PMID: 27195475 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with subtle pathological changes including increased intracellular expression of amyloid-β (Aβ). A structure affected particularly early in the course of AD is the entorhinal cortex, where neuronal death in layer II is observed already at initial stages. Neurons in EC-layer II, particularly those that express the protein Reelin, give rise to projections to the hippocampal dentate gyrus and this projection shows severe loss of synaptic contacts during early-stage AD. Given this anatomical specificity, we sought to determine whether increased intracellular expression of Aβ is selectively associated with Reelin-immunoreactive neurons in layer II of the entorhinal cortex. Here we report that in a transgenic rat model, which mimics the onset and distribution of extracellular amyloid deposits seen in human AD subjects, expression of intracellular Aβ in entorhinal layer II selectively occurs in Reelin-immunoreactive neurons during the early, pre-plaque stage. This Reelin-Aβ association is also present in human subjects with AD-related pathological changes, even in early disease stages. These findings strongly indicate that Reelin-immunoreactive neurons in entorhinal layer II play a crucial role during the initial stages of AD, and may therefore lead to refined hypotheses concerning the origin of this devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asgeir Kobro-Flatmoen
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience & Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Anne Nagelhus
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience & Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience & Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
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36
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Lintas C, Sacco R, Persico AM. Differential methylation at the RELN gene promoter in temporal cortex from autistic and typically developing post-puberal subjects. J Neurodev Disord 2016; 8:18. [PMID: 27134686 PMCID: PMC4850686 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reelin plays a pivotal role in neurodevelopment and in post-natal synaptic plasticity and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The reelin (RELN) gene expression is significantly decreased in ASD, both in the brain and peripherally. Methylation at the RELN gene promoter is largely triggered at puberty, and hypermethylation has been found in post-mortem brains of schizophrenic and bipolar patients. METHODS In this study, we assessed RELN gene methylation status in post-mortem temporocortical tissue samples (BA41/42 or 22) of six pairs of post-puberal individuals with ASD and typically developing subjects, matched for sex (male:female, M:F = 5:1), age, and post-mortem interval. RESULTS ASD patients display a significantly higher number of methylated CpG islands and heavier methylation in the 5' region of the RELN gene promoter, spanning from -458 to -223 bp, whereas controls have more methylated CpG positions and greater extent of methylation at the 3' promoter region, spanning from -222 to +1 bp. The most upstream promoter region (-458 to -364 bp) is methylated only in ASD brains, while the most downstream region (-131 to +1 bp) is methylated exclusively in control brains. Within this general framework, three different methylation patterns are discernible, each correlated with different extents of reduction in reelin gene expression among ASD individuals compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS The methylation pattern is different in ASD and control post-mortem brains. ASD-specific CpG positions, located in the most upstream gene promoter region, may exert a functional role potentially conferring ASD risk by blunting RELN gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Lintas
- Unit of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy ; Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Sacco
- Unit of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy ; Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Unit of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, via Consolare Valeria 1, I-98125 Messina, Italy ; Mafalda Luce Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Milan, Italy
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Carceller H, Rovira-Esteban L, Nacher J, Castrén E, Guirado R. Neurochemical Phenotype of Reelin Immunoreactive Cells in the Piriform Cortex Layer II. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:65. [PMID: 27013976 PMCID: PMC4785191 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin, a glycoprotein expressed by Cajal-Retzius neurons throughout the marginal layer of developing neocortex, has been extensively shown to play an important role during brain development, guiding neuronal migration and detachment from radial glia. During the adult life, however, many studies have associated Reelin expression to enhanced neuronal plasticity. Although its mechanism of action in the adult brain remains mostly unknown, Reelin is expressed mainly by a subset of mature interneurons. Here, we confirm the described phenotype of this subpopulation in the adult neocortex. We show that these mature interneurons, although being in close proximity, lack polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) expression, a molecule expressed by a subpopulation of mature interneurons, related to brain development and involved in neuronal plasticity of the adult brain as well. However, in the layer II of Piriform cortex there is a high density of cells expressing Reelin whose neurochemical phenotype and connectivity has not been described before. Interestingly, in close proximity to these Reelin expressing cells there is a numerous subpopulation of immature neurons expressing PSA-NCAM and doublecortin (DCX) in this layer of the Piriform cortex. Here, we show that Reelin cells express the neuronal marker Neuronal Nuclei (NeuN), but however the majority of neurons lack markers of mature excitatory or inhibitory neurons. A detail analysis of its morphology indicates these that some of these cells might correspond to semilunar neurons. Interestingly, we found that the majority of these cells express T-box brain 1 (TBR-1) a transcription factor found not only in post-mitotic neurons that differentiate to glutamatergic excitatory neurons but also in Cajal-Retzius cells. We suggest that the function of these Reelin expressing cells might be similar to that of the Cajal-Retzius cells during development, having a role in the maintenance of the immature phenotype of the PSA-NCAM/DCX neurons through its receptors apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) in the Piriform cortex layer II during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Carceller
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, CIBERSAM, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Universitat de Valencia Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Rovira-Esteban
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, CIBERSAM, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Universitat de Valencia Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Nacher
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, CIBERSAM, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Universitat de Valencia Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - Eero Castrén
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ramon Guirado
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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Caruncho HJ, Brymer K, Romay-Tallón R, Mitchell MA, Rivera-Baltanás T, Botterill J, Olivares JM, Kalynchuk LE. Reelin-Related Disturbances in Depression: Implications for Translational Studies. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:48. [PMID: 26941609 PMCID: PMC4766281 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The finding that reelin expression is significantly decreased in mood and psychotic disorders, together with evidence that reelin can regulate key aspects of hippocampal plasticity in the adult brain, brought our research group and others to study the possible role of reelin in the pathogenesis of depression. This review describes recent progress on this topic using an animal model of depression that makes use of repeated corticosterone (CORT) injections. This methodology produces depression-like symptoms in both rats and mice that are reversed by antidepressant treatment. We have reported that CORT causes a decrease in the number of reelin-immunopositive cells in the dentate gyrus subgranular zone (SGZ), where adult hippocampal neurogenesis takes place; that down-regulation of the number of reelin-positive cells closely parallels the development of a depression-like phenotype during repeated CORT treatment; that reelin downregulation alters the co-expression of reelin with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS); that deficits in reelin might also create imbalances in glutamatergic and GABAergic circuits within the hippocampus and other limbic structures; and that co-treatment with antidepressant drugs prevents both reelin deficits and the development of a depression-like phenotype. We also observed alterations in the pattern of membrane protein clustering in peripheral lymphocytes in animals with low levels of reelin. Importantly, we found parallel changes in membrane protein clustering in depression patients, which differentiated two subpopulations of naïve depression patients that showed a different therapeutic response to antidepressant treatment. Here, we review these findings and develop the hypothesis that restoring reelin-related function could represent a novel approach for antidepressant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector J Caruncho
- Neuroscience Cluster, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kyle Brymer
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Milann A Mitchell
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Department of Psychiatry, Alvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute of Vigo Galicia, Spain
| | - Justin Botterill
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jose M Olivares
- Department of Psychiatry, Alvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute of Vigo Galicia, Spain
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Trimethyltin Modulates Reelin Expression and Endogenous Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus of Developing Rats. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1559-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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40
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Armstrong C, Wang J, Yeun Lee S, Broderick J, Bezaire MJ, Lee SH, Soltesz I. Target-selectivity of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in layer II of medial entorhinal cortex in normal and epileptic animals. Hippocampus 2016; 26:779-93. [PMID: 26663222 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The medial entorhinal cortex layer II (MEClayerII ) is a brain region critical for spatial navigation and memory, and it also demonstrates a number of changes in patients with, and animal models of, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Prior studies of GABAergic microcircuitry in MEClayerII revealed that cholecystokinin-containing basket cells (CCKBCs) select their targets on the basis of the long-range projection pattern of the postsynaptic principal cell. Specifically, CCKBCs largely avoid reelin-containing principal cells that form the perforant path to the ipsilateral dentate gyrus and preferentially innervate non-perforant path forming calbindin-containing principal cells. We investigated whether parvalbumin containing basket cells (PVBCs), the other major perisomatic targeting GABAergic cell population, demonstrate similar postsynaptic target selectivity as well. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that the functional or anatomic arrangement of circuit selectivity is disrupted in MEClayerII in chronic TLE, using the repeated low-dose kainate model in rats. In control animals, we found that PVBCs innervated both principal cell populations, but also had significant selectivity for calbindin-containing principal cells in MEClayerII . However, the magnitude of this preference was smaller than for CCKBCs. In addition, axonal tracing and paired recordings showed that individual PVBCs were capable of contacting both calbindin and reelin-containing principal cells. In chronically epileptic animals, we found that the intrinsic properties of the two principal cell populations, the GABAergic perisomatic bouton numbers, and selectivity of the CCKBCs and PVBCs remained remarkably constant in MEClayerII . However, miniature IPSC frequency was decreased in epilepsy, and paired recordings revealed the presence of direct excitatory connections between principal cells in the MEClayerII in epilepsy, which is unusual in normal adult MEClayerII . Taken together, these findings advance our knowledge about the organization of perisomatic inhibition both in control and in epileptic animals. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren Armstrong
- Irvine Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Jessica Wang
- Irvine Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Soo Yeun Lee
- Irvine Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - John Broderick
- Irvine Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Marianne J Bezaire
- Irvine Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Irvine Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Irvine Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
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Zhou Q, Obana EA, Radomski KL, Sukumar G, Wynder C, Dalgard CL, Doughty ML. Inhibition of the histone demethylase Kdm5b promotes neurogenesis and derepresses Reln (reelin) in neural stem cells from the adult subventricular zone of mice. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:627-39. [PMID: 26739753 PMCID: PMC4750923 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of epigenetic regulators in the control of adult neurogenesis is largely undefined. We show that the histone demethylase enzyme Kdm5b (Jarid1b) negatively regulates neurogenesis from adult subventricular zone (SVZ) neural stem cells (NSCs) in culture. shRNA-mediated depletion of Kdm5b in proliferating adult NSCs decreased proliferation rates and reduced neurosphere formation in culture. When transferred to differentiation culture conditions, Kdm5b-depleted adult NSCs migrated from neurospheres with increased velocity. Whole-genome expression screening revealed widespread transcriptional changes with Kdm5b depletion, notably the up-regulation of reelin (Reln), the inhibition of steroid biosynthetic pathway component genes and the activation of genes with intracellular transport functions in cultured adult NSCs. Kdm5b depletion increased extracellular reelin concentration in the culture medium and increased phosphorylation of the downstream reelin signaling target Disabled-1 (Dab1). Sequestration of extracellular reelin with CR-50 reelin-blocking antibodies suppressed the increase in migratory velocity of Kdm5b-depleted adult NSCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that Kdm5b is present at the proximal promoter of Reln, and H3K4me3 methylation was increased at this locus with Kdm5b depletion in differentiating adult NSCs. Combined the data suggest Kdm5b negatively regulates neurogenesis and represses Reln in neural stem cells from the adult SVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhou
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Edwin A Obana
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Kryslaine L Radomski
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Gauthaman Sukumar
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Christopher Wynder
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Martin L Doughty
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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42
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Dazzo E, Fanciulli M, Serioli E, Minervini G, Pulitano P, Binelli S, Di Bonaventura C, Luisi C, Pasini E, Striano S, Striano P, Coppola G, Chiavegato A, Radovic S, Spadotto A, Uzzau S, La Neve A, Giallonardo AT, Mecarelli O, Tosatto SCE, Ottman R, Michelucci R, Nobile C. Heterozygous reelin mutations cause autosomal-dominant lateral temporal epilepsy. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:992-1000. [PMID: 26046367 PMCID: PMC4457960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADLTE) is a genetic epilepsy syndrome clinically characterized by focal seizures with prominent auditory symptoms. ADLTE is genetically heterogeneous, and mutations in LGI1 account for fewer than 50% of affected families. Here, we report the identification of causal mutations in reelin (RELN) in seven ADLTE-affected families without LGI1 mutations. We initially investigated 13 ADLTE-affected families by performing SNP-array linkage analysis and whole-exome sequencing and identified three heterozygous missense mutations co-segregating with the syndrome. Subsequent analysis of 15 small ADLTE-affected families revealed four additional missense mutations. 3D modeling predicted that all mutations have structural effects on protein-domain folding. Overall, RELN mutations occurred in 7/40 (17.5%) ADLTE-affected families. RELN encodes a secreted protein, Reelin, which has important functions in both the developing and adult brain and is also found in the blood serum. We show that ADLTE-related mutations significantly decrease serum levels of Reelin, suggesting an inhibitory effect of mutations on protein secretion. We also show that Reelin and LGI1 co-localize in a subset of rat brain neurons, supporting an involvement of both proteins in a common molecular pathway underlying ADLTE. Homozygous RELN mutations are known to cause lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia. Our findings extend the spectrum of neurological disorders associated with RELN mutations and establish a link between RELN and LGI1, which play key regulatory roles in both the developing and adult brain.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/blood
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/chemistry
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Chromosome Mapping
- Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/genetics
- Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/pathology
- Exome
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/blood
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/chemistry
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Components
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation, Missense/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/blood
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Pedigree
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Folding
- Proteins/metabolism
- Rats
- Reelin Protein
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Serine Endopeptidases/blood
- Serine Endopeptidases/chemistry
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Sleep Wake Disorders/genetics
- Sleep Wake Disorders/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Dazzo
- Section of Padua, Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Elena Serioli
- Section of Padua, Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Minervini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pulitano
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Simona Binelli
- Carlo Besta Foundation Neurological Institute, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Bonaventura
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Elena Pasini
- IRCCS-Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bellaria Hospital, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Striano
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa and Giannina Gaslini Institute, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Giangennaro Coppola
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84100 Salerno, Italy
| | - Angela Chiavegato
- Section of Padua, Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche, 07041 Alghero, Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | - Oriano Mecarelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Silvio C E Tosatto
- Section of Padua, Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 35121 Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Ruth Ottman
- Departments of Epidemiology and Neurology and the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Roberto Michelucci
- IRCCS-Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bellaria Hospital, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Nobile
- Section of Padua, Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 35121 Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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Reelin expression in brain endothelial cells: an electron microscopy study. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:16. [PMID: 25887698 PMCID: PMC4374371 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reelin expression and function have been extensively studied in the brain, although its expression has been also reported in other tissues including blood. This raises the possibility that reelin might be able to cross the blood-brain barrier, which could be functionally relevant. Up-to-date no studies have been conducted to assess if reelin is present in the blood-brain barrier, which is mainly constituted by tightly packed endothelial cells. In this report we assessed the expression of reelin in brain capillaries using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Results At the light microscope, reelin immunolabeling appeared in specific endothelial cells in brain areas that presented abundant diffuse labeling for this protein (e.g., layer I of the cortex, or the stratum lacunosum moleculare of the hippocampus), while it was mostly absent from capillaries in other brain areas (e.g., deeper cortical layers, or the CA1 layer of the hippocampus). As expected, at the electron microscope reelin labeling was observed in neurons of the cortex, where most of the labeling was associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Importantly, reelin was also observed in some endothelial cells located in small capillaries, which confirmed the findings obtained at the light microscope. In these cells, reelin labeling was located primarily in caveolae (i.e., vesicles of transcytosis), and associated with the plasma membrane of the luminal side of endothelial cells. In addition, some scarce labeling was observed in the nuclear membrane. Conclusions The presence of reelin immunolabeling in brain endothelial cells, and particularly in caveolar vesicles within these cells, suggests that reelin and/or reelin peptides may be able to cross the blood-brain barrier, which could have important physiological, pathological, and therapeutic implications.
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Romay-Tallon R, Rivera-Baltanas T, Kalynchuk LE, Caruncho HJ. Differential effects of corticosterone on the colocalization of reelin and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the adult hippocampus in wild type and heterozygous reeler mice. Brain Res 2015; 1594:274-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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45
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Kupferman JV, Basu J, Russo MJ, Guevarra J, Cheung SK, Siegelbaum SA. Reelin signaling specifies the molecular identity of the pyramidal neuron distal dendritic compartment. Cell 2014; 158:1335-1347. [PMID: 25201528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The apical dendrites of many neurons contain proximal and distal compartments that receive synaptic inputs from different brain regions. These compartments also contain distinct complements of ion channels that enable the differential processing of their respective synaptic inputs, making them functionally distinct. At present, the molecular mechanisms that specify dendritic compartments are not well understood. Here, we report that the extracellular matrix protein Reelin, acting through its downstream, intracellular Dab1 and Src family tyrosine kinase signaling cascade, is essential for establishing and maintaining the molecular identity of the distal dendritic compartment of cortical pyramidal neurons. We find that Reelin signaling is required for the striking enrichment of HCN1 and GIRK1 channels in the distal tuft dendrites of both hippocampal CA1 and neocortical layer 5 pyramidal neurons, where the channels actively filter inputs targeted to these dendritic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine V Kupferman
- Department of Biology, Kavli Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jayeeta Basu
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Marco J Russo
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jenieve Guevarra
- Department of Biology, Kavli Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephanie K Cheung
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Steven A Siegelbaum
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Kavli Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Akane H, Saito F, Shiraki A, Takeyoshi M, Imatanaka N, Itahashi M, Murakami T, Shibutani M. Downregulation of immediate-early genes linking to suppression of neuronal plasticity in rats after 28-day exposure to glycidol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:150-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Pielecka-Fortuna J, Wagener RJ, Martens AK, Goetze B, Schmidt KF, Staiger JF, Löwel S. The disorganized visual cortex in reelin-deficient mice is functional and allows for enhanced plasticity. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:3449-67. [PMID: 25119525 PMCID: PMC4575689 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of neocortical circuits is the segregation of processing streams into six distinct layers. The importance of this layered organization for cortical processing and plasticity is little understood. We investigated the structure, function and plasticity of primary visual cortex (V1) of adult mice deficient for the glycoprotein reelin and their wild-type littermates. In V1 of rl-/- mice, cells with different laminar fates are present at all cortical depths. Surprisingly, the (vertically) disorganized cortex maintains a precise retinotopic (horizontal) organization. Rl-/- mice have normal basic visual capabilities, but are compromised in more challenging perceptual tasks, such as orientation discrimination. Additionally, rl-/- animals learn and memorize a visual task as well as their wild-type littermates. Interestingly, reelin deficiency enhances visual cortical plasticity: juvenile-like ocular dominance plasticity is preserved into late adulthood. The present data offer an important insight into the capabilities of a disorganized cortical system to maintain basic functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Pielecka-Fortuna
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Bernstein Fokus Neurotechnologie, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 6, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Robin Jan Wagener
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Martens
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Bernstein Fokus Neurotechnologie, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 6, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bianka Goetze
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Bernstein Fokus Neurotechnologie, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 6, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karl-Friedrich Schmidt
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Bernstein Fokus Neurotechnologie, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 6, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
- Collaborative Research Center 889, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Siegrid Löwel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Bernstein Fokus Neurotechnologie, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 6, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Collaborative Research Center 889, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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Camacho J, Ejaz E, Ariza J, Noctor SC, Martínez-Cerdeño V. RELN-expressing neuron density in layer I of the superior temporal lobe is similar in human brains with autism and in age-matched controls. Neurosci Lett 2014; 579:163-7. [PMID: 25067827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reelin protein (RELN) level is reduced in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of subjects with autism. RELN is synthesized and secreted by a subpopulation of neurons in the developing cerebral cortex termed Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells. These cells are abundant in the marginal zone during cortical development, many die after development is complete, but a small population persists into adulthood. In adult brains, RELN is secreted by the surviving CR cells, by a subset of GABAergic interneurons in layer I, and by pyramidal cells and GABAergic interneurons in deeper cortical layers. It is widely believed that decreased RELN in layer I of the cerebral cortex of subjects with autism may result from a decrease in the density of RELN expressing neurons in layer I; however, this hypothesis has not been tested. We examined RELN expression in layer I of the adult human cortex and found that 70% of cells express RELN in both control and autistic subjects. We quantified the density of neurons in layer I of the superior temporal cortex of subjects with autism and age-matched control subjects. Our data show that there is no change in the density of neurons in layer I of the cortex of subjects with autism, and therefore suggest that reduced RELN expression in the cerebral cortex of subjects with autism is not a consequence of decreased numbers of RELN-expressing neurons in layer I. Instead reduced RELN may result from abnormal RELN processing, or a decrease in the number of other RELN-expressing neuronal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Camacho
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children of Northern California, 2425 Stockton BLVD, Sacramento, CA 958172, United States
| | - Ehsan Ejaz
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children of Northern California, 2425 Stockton BLVD, Sacramento, CA 958172, United States
| | - Jeanelle Ariza
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children of Northern California, 2425 Stockton BLVD, Sacramento, CA 958172, United States
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, United States; MIND Institute, UC Davis, United States
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children of Northern California, 2425 Stockton BLVD, Sacramento, CA 958172, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, United States; MIND Institute, UC Davis, United States.
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Castagna C, Aimar P, Alasia S, Lossi L. Post-natal development of the Reeler mouse cerebellum: An ultrastructural study. Ann Anat 2014; 196:224-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Martínez-Cerdeño V, Noctor SC. Cajal, Retzius, and Cajal-Retzius cells. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:48. [PMID: 24987337 PMCID: PMC4060955 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The marginal zone (MZ) of the prenatal cerebral cortex plays a crucial role in cellular migration and laminar patterning in the developing neocortex and its equivalent in the adult brain – layer I, participates in cortical circuitry integration within the adult neocortex. The MZ/layer I, which has also been called the plexiform layer and cell-poor zone of Meynert, among others, is home to several cell populations including glia, neurons, and Cajal–Retzius (CR) cells. Cajal once said that the MZ is one of the oldest formations in the phylogenetic series, and that the characteristics of layer I in human are similar in all vertebrates except fish (Ramon y Cajal, 1899). Despite the presence of CR cells in the MZ/layer I of all developing and adult vertebrate brains, and more than one hundred years of research, the phenotype and function of layer I cells have still not been clearly defined. Recent technological advances have yielded significant progress in functional and developmental studies, but much remains to be understood about neurons in MZ/layer I. Since the time of Retzius and Cajal, and continuing with modern era research from the likes of Marín-Padilla, the study of CR cells has been based on their morphological characteristics in Golgi staining. However, since Cajal’s initial description, the term “CR cell” has been applied differently and now is often used to indicate reelin (Reln)-positive cells in MZ/layer I. Here we review the history of work by Cajal, Retzius, and others pertaining to CR cells. We will establish a link between original descriptions of CR cell morphology by Cajal, Retzius, and others, and current understandings of the cell populations that reside in MZ/layer I based on the use of cellular markers. We propose to use the term “CR cell” for the class of neurons that express Reln in the MZ/layer I in both prenatal, developing and adult cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA ; Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA ; MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
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