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Tanaka M, Yamada S, Watanabe Y. The Role of Neuropeptide Y in the Nucleus Accumbens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147287. [PMID: 34298907 PMCID: PMC8307209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an abundant peptide in the central nervous system, is expressed in neurons of various regions throughout the brain. The physiological and behavioral effects of NPY are mainly mediated through Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptor subtypes, which are expressed in regions regulating food intake, fear and anxiety, learning and memory, depression, and posttraumatic stress. In particular, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has one of the highest NPY concentrations in the brain. In this review, we summarize the role of NPY in the NAc. NPY is expressed principally in medium-sized aspiny neurons, and numerous NPY immunoreactive fibers are observed in the NAc. Alterations in NPY expression under certain conditions through intra-NAc injections of NPY or receptor agonists/antagonists revealed NPY to be involved in the characteristic functions of the NAc, such as alcohol intake and drug addiction. In addition, control of mesolimbic dopaminergic release via NPY receptors may take part in these functions. NPY in the NAc also participates in fat intake and emotional behavior. Accumbal NPY neurons and fibers may exert physiological and pathophysiological actions partly through neuroendocrine mechanisms and the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-251-5300
| | - Shunji Yamada
- Department of Anatomy, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
| | - Yoshihisa Watanabe
- Department of Basic Geriatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
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2
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Sex differences in behavioral and metabolic effects of gene inactivation: The neuropeptide Y and Y receptors in the brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:333-347. [PMID: 33045245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain and gonadal hormones interplay controls metabolic and behavioral functions in a sex-related manner. However, most translational neuroscience research related to animal models of endocrine and psychiatric disorders are often carried out in male animals only. The Neuropeptide Y (NPY) system shows sex-dependent differences and is sensitive to gonadal steroids. Based on published data from our and other laboratories, in this review we will discuss the sex related differences of NPY action on energy balance, bone homeostasis and behavior in rodents with the genetic manipulation of genes encoding NPY and its Y1, Y2 and Y5 cognate receptors. Comparative analyses of the phenotype of transgenic and knockout NPY and Y receptor rodents unravels sex dependent differences in the functions of this neurotransmission system, potentially helping to develop therapeutics for a variety of sex-related disorders including metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis and ethanol addiction.
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3
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Nahvi RJ, Sabban EL. Sex Differences in the Neuropeptide Y System and Implications for Stress Related Disorders. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091248. [PMID: 32867327 PMCID: PMC7564266 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders by intranasal delivery to the brain. However, the vast majority of underlying research has been performed with males despite females being twice as susceptible to many stress-triggered disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anorexia nervosa, and anxiety disorders. Here, we review sex differences in the NPY system in basal and stressed conditions and how it relates to varied susceptibility to stress-related disorders. The majority of studies demonstrate that NPY expression in many brain areas under basal, unstressed conditions is lower in females than in males. This could put them at a disadvantage in dealing with stress. Knock out animals and Flinders genetic models show that NPY is important for attenuating depression in both sexes, while its effects on anxiety appear more pronounced in males. In females, NPY expression after exposure to stress may depend on age, timing, and nature and duration of the stressors and may be especially pronounced in the catecholaminergic systems. Furthermore, alterations in NPY receptor expression and affinity may contribute to the sex differences in the NPY system. Overall, the review highlights the important role of NPY and sex differences in manifestation of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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4
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Lillehaug S, Yetman MJ, Puchades MA, Checinska MM, Kleven H, Jankowsky JL, Bjaalie JG, Leergaard TB. Brain-wide distribution of reporter expression in five transgenic tetracycline-transactivator mouse lines. Sci Data 2019; 6:190028. [PMID: 30806643 PMCID: PMC6390708 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2019.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial pattern of transgene expression in tetracycline-controlled mouse models is governed primarily by the driver line used to introduce the tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTA). Detailed maps showing where each tTA driver activates expression are therefore essential for designing and using tet-regulated models, particularly in brain research where cell type and regional specificity determine the circuits affected by conditional gene expression. We have compiled a comprehensive online repository of serial microscopic images showing brain-wide reporter expression for five commonly used tTA driver lines. We have spatially registered all images to a common three-dimensional mouse brain anatomical reference atlas for direct comparison of spatial distribution across lines. The high-resolution images and associated metadata are shared via the web page of the EU Human Brain Project. Images can be inspected using an interactive viewing tool that includes an optional overlay feature providing anatomical delineations and reference atlas coordinates. Interactive viewing is supplemented by semi-quantitative analyses of expression levels within anatomical subregions for each tTA driver line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sveinung Lillehaug
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael J. Yetman
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maja A. Puchades
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martyna M. Checinska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Kleven
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joanna L. Jankowsky
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan G. Bjaalie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trygve B. Leergaard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Longo A, Fadda M, Brasso C, Mele P, Palanza P, Nanavaty I, Bertocchi I, Oberto A, Eva C. Conditional inactivation of Npy1r gene in mice induces behavioural inflexibility and orbitofrontal cortex hyperactivity that are reversed by escitalopram. Neuropharmacology 2018; 133:12-22. [PMID: 29353053 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility is the ability to rapidly adapt established patterns of behaviour in the face of changing circumstance and depends critically on the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Impaired flexibility also results from altered serotonin transmission in the OFC. The Y1 (Y1R) and Y5 (Y5R) receptors for neuropeptide Y (NPY) colocalize in several brain regions and have overlapping functions in regulating cognition and emotional behaviour. The targeted disruption of gene encoding Y1R (Npy1r gene) in Y5R containing neurons (Npy1rY5R-/- mice) increases anxiety-like behaviour and spatial reference memory. Here we used the same conditional system to analyse whether the coordinated expression of the Y1R and Y5R might be required for behavioural flexibility in reversal learning tasks, OFC serotoninergic tone and OFC neural activity, as detected by immunohistochemical quantification of the immediate-early gene, c-Fos. In addition, we investigated whether the acute treatment of Npy1rY5R-/- mice with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram affected behavioural flexibility and OFC c-Fos expression. Npy1rY5R-/- male mice exhibit an impairment in performing the reversal task of the Morris water maze and the water T-maze but normal spatial learning, working memory and sociability, compared to their control siblings. Furthermore, Npy1rY5R-/- male mice display decreased 5-hydroxytriptamine (5-HT) positive fibres and increased baseline neural activity in OFC. Importantly, escitalopram normalizes OFC neural activity and restores behavioural flexibility of Npy1rY5R-/- male mice. These findings suggest that the inactivation of Y1R in Y5R containing neurons increases pyramidal neuron activity and dysregulates serotoninergic tone in OFC, whereby contributing to reversal learning impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Longo
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, C.so Massimo d'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Melissa Fadda
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, C.so Massimo d'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Brasso
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, C.so Massimo d'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Mele
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, C.so Massimo d'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Palanza
- Department of Medicine - Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ishira Nanavaty
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, C.so Massimo d'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bertocchi
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, C.so Massimo d'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Oberto
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, C.so Massimo d'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Carola Eva
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, C.so Massimo d'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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6
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Neuropeptide Y (NPY) as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 95:210-24. [PMID: 27461050 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY receptors are widely expressed in the mammalian central nervous system. Studies in both humans and rodent models revealed that brain NPY levels are altered in some neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Machado-Joseph disease. In this review, we will focus on the roles of NPY in the pathological mechanisms of these disorders, highlighting NPY as a neuroprotective agent, as a neural stem cell proliferative agent, as an agent that increases trophic support, as a stimulator of autophagy and as an inhibitor of excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Moreover, the effect of NPY in some clinical manifestations commonly observed in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Machado-Joseph disease, such as depressive symptoms and body weight loss, are also discussed. In conclusion, this review highlights NPY system as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases.
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7
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Longo A, Oberto A, Mele P, Mattiello L, Pisu MG, Palanza P, Serra M, Eva C. NPY-Y1 coexpressed with NPY-Y5 receptors modulate anxiety but not mild social stress response in mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:534-42. [PMID: 26178014 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Y1 and Y5 receptors for neuropeptide Y have overlapping functions in regulating anxiety. We previously demonstrated that conditional removal of the Y1 receptor in the Y5 receptor expressing neurons in juvenile Npy1r(Y5R-/-) mice leads to higher anxiety but no changes in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity, under basal conditions or after acute restraint stress. In the present study, we used the same conditional system to analyze the specific contribution of limbic neurons coexpressing Y1 and Y5 receptors on the emotional and neuroendocrine responses to social chronic stress, using different housing conditions (isolation vs. group-housing) as a model. We demonstrated that control Npy1r(2lox) male mice housed in groups show increased anxiety and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity compared with Npy1r(2lox) mice isolated for six weeks immediately after weaning. Conversely, Npy1r(Y5R-/-) conditional mutants display an anxious-like behavior but no changes in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity as compared with their control littermates, independently of housing conditions. These results suggest that group housing constitutes a mild social stress for our B6129S mouse strain and they confirm that the conditional inactivation of Y1 receptors specifically in Y5 receptor containing neurons increases stress-related anxiety without affecting endocrine stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Longo
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation Orbassano (Turin), Turin.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin
| | - A Oberto
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation Orbassano (Turin), Turin.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin.,Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Turin
| | - P Mele
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation Orbassano (Turin), Turin.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin
| | - L Mattiello
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin
| | - M G Pisu
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - P Palanza
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma
| | - M Serra
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Life and Environmental Sciences and Center of Excellence for Neurobiology of Dependence, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - C Eva
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation Orbassano (Turin), Turin.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin.,Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Turin
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8
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Schwarz MK, Scherbarth A, Sprengel R, Engelhardt J, Theer P, Giese G. Fluorescent-protein stabilization and high-resolution imaging of cleared, intact mouse brains. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124650. [PMID: 25993380 PMCID: PMC4439039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to observe and quantify long-range neuronal connections in intact mouse brain by light microscopy, it is first necessary to clear the brain, thus suppressing refractive-index variations. Here we describe a method that clears the brain and preserves the signal from proteinaceous fluorophores using a pH-adjusted non-aqueous index-matching medium. Successful clearing is enabled through the use of either 1-propanol or tert-butanol during dehydration whilst maintaining a basic pH. We show that high-resolution fluorescence imaging of entire, structurally intact juvenile and adult mouse brains is possible at subcellular resolution, even following many months in clearing solution. We also show that axonal long-range projections that are EGFP-labelled by modified Rabies virus can be imaged throughout the brain using a purpose-built light-sheet fluorescence microscope. To demonstrate the viability of the technique, we determined a detailed map of the monosynaptic projections onto a target cell population in the lateral entorhinal cortex. This example demonstrates that our method permits the quantification of whole-brain connectivity patterns at the subcellular level in the uncut brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rolf Sprengel
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Theer
- Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guenter Giese
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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9
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Enman NM, Sabban EL, McGonigle P, Van Bockstaele EJ. Targeting the Neuropeptide Y System in Stress-related Psychiatric Disorders. Neurobiol Stress 2015; 1:33-43. [PMID: 25506604 PMCID: PMC4260418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated, extreme, or traumatic stressors can elicit pathological effects leading to many negative physical and psychological outcomes. Stressors can precipitate the onset of psychiatric diseases, or exacerbate pre-existing disorders including various anxiety and mood disorders. As stressors can negatively impact human psychiatric health, it is essential to identify neurochemicals that may confer protection from the negative sequelae of repeated or extreme stress exposure. Elucidating the neurobiological underpinnings of stress resilience will enhance our ability to promote resilience to, or recovery from, stress-related psychiatric disease. Herein, we will review the evidence for neuropeptide Y as an endogenous mediator of resilience and its potential relevance for the treatment of stress-related psychiatric diseases. Overview of neuropeptide Y and receptor subtypes in the central nervous system. Alterations of neuropeptide Y in human stress-related psychiatric disorders. Evidence for neuropeptide Y in resilience to stress-related emotionality in rodent behavioral models. Pharmacotherapeutic implications for neuropeptide Y in the treatment of stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Enman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Paul McGonigle
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
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10
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Longo A, Mele P, Bertocchi I, Oberto A, Bachmann A, Bartolomucci A, Palanza P, Sprengel R, Eva C. Conditional inactivation of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors unravels the role of Y1 and Y5 receptors coexpressing neurons in anxiety. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:840-9. [PMID: 24548641 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Y1 receptor (Y1R) and Y5 receptor (Y5R) for neuropeptide Y share similar actions in the regulation of anxiety. Previously demonstrated that conditional removal of the Y1R during postnatal development in the forebrain excitatory neurons leads to higher anxiety, increased hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity, and decreased body growth rate in male mice raised by foster mothers that exhibit high levels of maternal care. In the present study, we used the same conditional system to analyze the specific contribution to emotional behavior and stress response of the Y1R coexpressed with the Y5R. METHODS Using the Cre-loxP recombination system, we investigated anxious behavior, spatial memory, and metabolic functions of conditional knockout mice in which the inactivation of the Npy1r gene was induced in the Y5Rs expressing neurons of juvenile mice (Npy1r(Y5R-/-) ). RESULTS Npy1r(Y5R-/-) mice show increased anxiety-related behavior but no changes in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity or in body weight growth, independently of gender and mouse strain used as foster mothers. Also, Npy1r(Y5R-/-) mice of both genders display increased spatial reference memory in the Morris water maze test. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that neuropeptide Y Y1R differentially expressed in the limbic system regulates anxiety and stress responses via distinct neurochemical circuits. In addition, we provide the first experimental genetic evidence that the Y1Rs coexpressed with the Y5R are involved in retention of spatial memory in male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Longo
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation (AL, PM, IB, AO, CE), Orbassano (Turin); Department of Neuroscience (AL, PM, IB, AO, CE)
| | - Paolo Mele
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation (AL, PM, IB, AO, CE), Orbassano (Turin); Department of Neuroscience (AL, PM, IB, AO, CE)
| | - Ilaria Bertocchi
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation (AL, PM, IB, AO, CE), Orbassano (Turin); Department of Neuroscience (AL, PM, IB, AO, CE)
| | - Alessandra Oberto
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation (AL, PM, IB, AO, CE), Orbassano (Turin); Neuroscience Institute of Turin (AO, CE); Department of Neuroscience (AL, PM, IB, AO, CE)
| | - Alessia Bachmann
- Departments of Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Forensic Medicine (ABac), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (ABar), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Paola Palanza
- Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology (PP), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Rolf Sprengel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology (RS), Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carola Eva
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation (AL, PM, IB, AO, CE), Orbassano (Turin); Neuroscience Institute of Turin (AO, CE); Department of Neuroscience (AL, PM, IB, AO, CE).
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11
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Larhammar D, Bergqvist CA. Ancient Grandeur of the Vertebrate Neuropeptide Y System Shown by the Coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:27. [PMID: 23483106 PMCID: PMC3591787 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y (NPY) family receptors and peptides have previously been characterized in several tetrapods, teleost fishes, and in a holocephalan cartilaginous fish. This has shown that the ancestral NPY system in the jawed vertebrates consisted of the peptides NPY and peptide YY (PYY) and seven G-protein-coupled receptors named Y1–Y8 (Y3 does not exist). The different vertebrate lineages have subsequently lost or gained a few receptor genes. For instance, the human genome has lost three of the seven receptors while the zebrafish has lost two and gained two receptor genes. Here we describe the NPY system of a representative of an early diverging lineage among the sarcopterygians, the West Indian Ocean coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae. The coelacanth was found to have retained all seven receptors from the ancestral jawed vertebrate. The receptors display the typical characteristics found in other vertebrates. Interestingly, the coelacanth was found to have the local duplicate of the PYY gene, called pancreatic polypeptide, previously only identified in tetrapods. Thus, this duplication took place very early in the sarcopterygian lineage, before the origin of tetrapods. These findings confirm the ancient complexity of the NPY system and show that mammals have lost more NPY receptors than any other vertebrate lineage. The coelacanth has all three peptides found in tetrapods and has retained the ancestral jawed vertebrate receptor repertoire with neither gains or losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Larhammar
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory - Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Nguyen AD, Mitchell NF, Lin S, Macia L, Yulyaningsih E, Baldock PA, Enriquez RF, Zhang L, Shi YC, Zolotukhin S, Herzog H, Sainsbury A. Y1 and Y5 receptors are both required for the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40191. [PMID: 22768253 PMCID: PMC3387009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) acting in the hypothalamus is one of the most powerful orexigenic agents known. Of the five known Y receptors, hypothalamic Y1 and Y5 have been most strongly implicated in mediating hyperphagic effects. However, knockout of individual Y1 or Y5 receptors induces late-onset obesity – and Y5 receptor knockout also induces hyperphagia, possibly due to redundancy in functions of these genes. Here we show that food intake in mice requires the combined actions of both Y1 and Y5 receptors. Germline Y1Y5 ablation in Y1Y5−/− mice results in hypophagia, an effect that is at least partially mediated by the hypothalamus, since mice with adult-onset Y1Y5 receptor dual ablation targeted to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus (Y1Y5Hyp/Hyp) also exhibit reduced spontaneous or fasting-induced food intake when fed a high fat diet. Interestingly, despite hypophagia, mice with germline or hypothalamus-specific Y1Y5 deficiency exhibited increased body weight and/or increased adiposity, possibly due to compensatory responses to gene deletion, such as the decreased energy expenditure observed in male Y1Y5−/− animals relative to wildtype values. While Y1 and Y5 receptors expressed in other hypothalamic areas besides the PVN – such as the dorsomedial nucleus and the ventromedial hypothalamus – cannot be excluded from having a role in the regulation of food intake, these studies demonstrate the pivotal, combined role of both Y1 and Y5 receptors in the mediation of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy D. Nguyen
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natalie F. Mitchell
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shu Lin
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ernie Yulyaningsih
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul A. Baldock
- Bone and Mineral Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronaldo F. Enriquez
- Bone and Mineral Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Serge Zolotukhin
- Division of Cell and Molecular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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13
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Yulyaningsih E, Zhang L, Herzog H, Sainsbury A. NPY receptors as potential targets for anti-obesity drug development. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:1170-202. [PMID: 21545413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y system has proven to be one of the most important regulators of feeding behaviour and energy homeostasis, thus presenting great potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of disorders such as obesity and at the other extreme, anorexia. Due to the initial lack of pharmacological tools that are active in vivo, functions of the different Y receptors have been mainly studied in knockout and transgenic mouse models. However, over recent years various Y receptor selective peptidic and non-peptidic agonists and antagonists have been developed and tested. Their therapeutic potential in relation to treating obesity and other disorders of energy homeostasis is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernie Yulyaningsih
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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14
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Rostkowski AB, Teppen TL, Peterson DA, Urban JH. Cell-specific expression of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor immunoreactivity in the rat basolateral amygdala. J Comp Neurol 2009; 517:166-76. [PMID: 19731317 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Activation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptors (Y1r) in the rat basolateral nuclear complex of the amygdala (BLA) produces anxiolysis and interferes with the generation of conditioned fear. NPY is important in regulating the output of the BLA, yet the cell types involved in mediating this response are currently unknown. The current studies employed multiple label immunocytochemistry to determine the distribution of Y1r-immunoreactivity (-ir) in glutamatergic pyramidal and GABAergic cell populations in the BLA using scanning laser confocal stereology. Pyramidal neurons were identified by expression of calcium-calmodulin dependent kinase II (CaMKII-ir) and functionally distinct interneuron subpopulations were distinguished by peptide (cholecystokinin, somatostatin) or calcium-binding protein (parvalbumin, calretinin) content. Throughout the BLA, Y1r-ir was predominately on soma with negligible fiber staining. The high degree of coexpression of Y1r-ir (99.9%) in CaMKII-ir cells suggests that these receptors colocalize on pyramidal cells and that NPY could influence BLA output by directly regulating the activity of these projection neurons. Additionally, Y1r-ir was also colocalized with the interneuronal markers studied. Parvalbumin-ir interneurons, which participate in feedforward inhibition of BLA pyramidal cells, represented the largest number of Y1r expressing interneurons in the BLA ( approximately 4% of the total neuronal population). The anatomical localization of NPY receptors on different cell populations within the BLA provides a testable circuit whereby NPY could modulate the activity of the BLA via actions on both projection cells and interneuronal cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Rostkowski
- Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
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15
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Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Fritsch B, Qashu F, Braga MFM. Pathology and pathophysiology of the amygdala in epileptogenesis and epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2008; 78:102-16. [PMID: 18226499 PMCID: PMC2272535 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute brain insults, such as traumatic brain injury, status epilepticus, or stroke are common etiologies for the development of epilepsy, including temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), which is often refractory to drug therapy. The mechanisms by which a brain injury can lead to epilepsy are poorly understood. It is well recognized that excessive glutamatergic activity plays a major role in the initial pathological and pathophysiological damage. This initial damage is followed by a latent period, during which there is no seizure activity, yet a number of pathophysiological and structural alterations are taking place in key brain regions, that culminate in the expression of epilepsy. The process by which affected/injured neurons that have survived the acute insult, along with well-preserved neurons are progressively forming hyperexcitable, epileptic neuronal networks has been termed epileptogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms of epileptogenesis is crucial for the development of therapeutic interventions that will prevent the manifestation of epilepsy after a brain injury, or reduce its severity. The amygdala, a temporal lobe structure that is most well known for its central role in emotional behavior, also plays a key role in epileptogenesis and epilepsy. In this article, we review the current knowledge on the pathology of the amygdala associated with epileptogenesis and/or epilepsy in TLE patients, and in animal models of TLE. In addition, because a derangement in the balance between glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission is a salient feature of hyperexcitable, epileptic neuronal circuits, we also review the information available on the role of the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems in epileptogenesis and epilepsy in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Aroniadou-Anderjaska
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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