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Shabani Z, Rahbarghazi R, Karimipour M, Ghadiri T, Salehi R, Sadigh‐Eteghad S, Farhoudi M. Transplantation of bioengineered Reelin-loaded PLGA/PEG micelles can accelerate neural tissue regeneration in photothrombotic stroke model of mouse. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 7:e10264. [PMID: 35111956 PMCID: PMC8780906 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is characterized by extensive neuronal loss, glial scar formation, neural tissue degeneration that leading to profound changes in the extracellular matrix, neuronal circuitry, and long-lasting functional disabilities. Although transplanted neural stem cells (NSCs) can recover some of the functional deficit after stroke, retrieval is not complete and repair of lost tissue is negligible. Therefore, the current challenge is to use the combination of NSCs with suitably enriched biomaterials to retain these cells within the infarct cavity and accelerate the formation of a de novo tissue. This study aimed to test the regenerative potential of polylactic-co-glycolic acid-polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG) micelle biomaterial enriched with Reelin and embryonic NSCs on photothrombotic stroke model of mice to gain appropriate methods in tissue engineering. For this purpose, two sets of experiments, either in vitro or in vivo models, were performed. In vitro analyses exhibited PLGA-PEG plus Reelin-induced proliferation rate (Ki-67+ NSCs) and neurite outgrowth (axonization and dendritization) compared to PLGA-PEG + NSCs and Reelin + NSCs groups (p < 0.05). Besides, neural differentiation (Map-2+ cells) was high in NSCs cultured in the presence of Reelin-loaded PLGA-PEG micelles (p < 0.05). Double immunofluorescence staining showed that Reelin-loaded PLGA-PEG micelles increased the number of migrating neural progenitor cells (DCX+ cells) and mature neurons (NeuN+ cells) around the lesion site compared to the groups received PLGA-PEG and Reelin alone after 1 month (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry results showed that the PLGA/PEG plus Reelin significantly decreased the astrocytic gliosis and increased local angiogenesis (vWF-positive cells) relative to the other groups. These changes led to the reduction of cavity size in the Reelin-loaded PLGA-PEG+NSCs group. Neurobehavioral tests indicated Reelin-loaded PLGA-PEG+NSCs promoted neurological outcome and functional recovery (p < 0.05). These results indicated that Reelin-loaded PLGA-PEG is capable of promoting NSCs dynamic growth, neuronal differentiation, and local angiogenesis following ischemic injury via providing a desirable microenvironment. These features can lead to neural tissue regeneration and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shabani
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC)Tabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran,Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Tahereh Ghadiri
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Saeed Sadigh‐Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC)Tabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC)Tabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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Jausoro I, Marzolo MP. Reelin activates the small GTPase TC10 and VAMP7 to promote neurite outgrowth and regeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:392-406. [PMID: 32652719 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Axonal outgrowth is a fundamental process during the development of central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous system as well as in nerve regeneration and requires accurate axonal navigation and extension to the correct target. These events need proper coordination between membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal rearrangements and are under the control of the small GTPases of the Rho family, among other molecules. Reelin, a relevant protein for CNS development and synaptic function in the adult, is also present in the PNS. Upon sciatic nerve damage, Reelin expression increases and, on the other hand, mice deficient in Reelin exhibit an impaired nerve regeneration. However, the mechanism(s) involved the Reelin-dependent axonal growth is still poorly understood. In this work, we present evidence showing that Reelin stimulates dorsal root ganglia (DRG) regeneration after axotomy. Moreover, dissociated DRG neurons express the Reelin receptor Apolipoprotein E-receptor 2 and also require the presence of TC10 to develop their axons. TC10 is a Rho GTPase that promotes neurite outgrowth through the exocytic fusion of vesicles at the growth cone. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that Reelin controls TC10 activation in DRG neurons. Besides, we confirmed that the known CNS Reelin target Cdc42 is also activated in DRG and controls TC10 activity. Finally, in the process of membrane addition, we found that Reelin stimulates the fusion of membrane carriers containing the v-SNARE protein VAMP7 in vesicles that contain TC10. Altogether, our work shows a new role of Reelin in PNS, opening the option of therapeutic interventions to improve the regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Jausoro
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria-Paz Marzolo
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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The Secreted Glycoprotein Reelin Suppresses the Proliferation and Regulates the Distribution of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells in the Embryonic Neocortex. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7625-7636. [PMID: 32913108 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0125-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells (OPCs) are generated, proliferate, migrate, and differentiate in the developing brain. Although the development of OPCs is prerequisite for normal brain function, the molecular mechanisms regulating their development in the neocortex are not fully understood. Several molecules regulate the tangential distribution of OPCs in the developing neocortex, but the cue molecule(s) that regulate their radial distribution remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the secreted glycoprotein Reelin suppresses the proliferation of OPCs and acts as a repellent for their migration in vitro These functions rely on the binding of Reelin to its receptors and on the signal transduction involving the intracellular protein Dab1. In the late embryonic neocortex of mice with attenuated Reelin signaling [i.e., Reelin heterozygote-deficient, Dab1 heterozygote-deficient mutant, or very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR)-deficient mice], the number of OPCs increased and their distribution shifted toward the superficial layers. In contrast, the number of OPCs decreased and they tended to distribute in the deep layers in the neocortex of mice with abrogated inactivation of Reelin by proteolytic cleavage, namely a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motifs 3 (ADAMTS-3)-deficient mice and cleavage-resistant Reelin knock-in mice. Both male and female animals were used. These data indicate that Reelin-Dab1 signaling regulates the proliferation and radial distribution of OPCs in the late embryonic neocortex and that the regulation of Reelin function by its specific proteolysis is required for the normal development of OPCs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we report that Reelin-Dab1 signaling regulates the proliferation and radial distribution of OPCs in the late embryonic mouse neocortex. Oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells (OPCs) express Reelin signaling molecules and respond to Reelin stimulation. Reelin-Dab1 signaling suppresses the proliferation of OPCs both in vitro and in vivo Reelin repels OPCs in vitro, and the radial distribution of OPCs is altered in mice with either attenuated or augmented Reelin-Dab1 signaling. This is the first report identifying the secreted molecule that plays a role in the radial distribution of OPCs in the late embryonic neocortex. Our results also show that the regulation of Reelin function by its specific proteolysis is important for the normal development of OPCs.
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Pasten C, Cerda J, Jausoro I, Court FA, Cáceres A, Marzolo MP. ApoER2 and Reelin are expressed in regenerating peripheral nerve and regulate Schwann cell migration by activating the Rac1 GEF protein, Tiam1. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 69:1-11. [PMID: 26386179 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoER2 and its ligand Reelin participate in neuronal migration during development. Upon receptor binding, Reelin induces the proteolytic processing of ApoER2 as well as the activation of signaling pathway, including small Rho GTPases. Besides its presence in the central nervous system (CNS), Reelin is also secreted by Schwann cells (SCs), the glial cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Reelin deficient mice (reeler) show decreased axonal regeneration in the PNS; however neither the presence of ApoER2 nor the role of the Reelin signaling pathway in the PNS have been evaluated. Interestingly SC migration occurs during PNS development and during injury-induced regeneration and involves activation of small Rho GTPases. Thus, Reelin-ApoER2 might regulate SC migration during axon regeneration in the PNS. Here we demonstrate the presence of ApoER2 in PNS. After sciatic nerve injury Reelin was induced and its receptor ApoER2 was proteolytically processed. In vitro, SCs express both Reelin and ApoER2 and Reelin induces SC migration. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying Reelin-dependent SC migration, we examined the involvement of Rac1, a conspicuous small GTPase family member. FRET experiments revealed that Reelin activates Rac1 at the leading edge of SCs. In addition, Tiam1, a major Rac1-specific GEF was required for Reelin-induced SC migration. Moreover, Reelin-induced SC migration was decreased after suppression of the polarity protein PAR3, consistent with its association to Tiam1. Even more interesting, we demonstrated that PAR3 binds preferentially to the full-length cytoplasmic tail of ApoER2 corresponding to the splice-variant containing the exon 19 that encodes a proline-rich insert and that ApoER2 was required for SC migration. Our study reveals a novel function for Reelin/ApoER2 in PNS, inducing cell migration of SCs, a process relevant for PNS development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Pasten
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joaquín Cerda
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Jausoro
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe A Court
- Millennium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Santiago, Chile; Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Cáceres
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Instituto Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra (INIMEC) CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria-Paz Marzolo
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Santiago, Chile.
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Antal MC, Samama B, Ghandour MS, Boehm N. Human Neural Cells Transiently Express Reelin during Olfactory Placode Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135710. [PMID: 26270645 PMCID: PMC4535952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin, an extracellular glycoprotein is essential for migration and correct positioning of neurons during development. Since the olfactory system is known as a source of various migrating neuronal cells, we studied Reelin expression in the two chemosensory olfactory systems, main and accessory, during early developmental stages of human foetuses/embryos from Carnegie Stage (CS) 15 to gestational week (GW) 14. From CS 15 to CS 18, but not at later stages, a transient expression of Reelin was detected first in the presumptive olfactory and then in the presumptive vomeronasal epithelium. During the same period, Reelin-positive cells detach from the olfactory/vomeronasal epithelium and migrate through the mesenchyme beneath the telencephalon. Dab 1, an adaptor protein of the Reelin pathway, was simultaneously expressed in the migratory mass from CS16 to CS17 and, at later stages, in the presumptive olfactory ensheathing cells. Possible involvements of Reelin and Dab 1 in the peripheral migrating stream are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cristina Antal
- Institut d'Histologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS UMR 7357, Strasbourg, France
| | - Brigitte Samama
- Institut d'Histologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - M. Said Ghandour
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie et de Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS, UMR 7237, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS UMR 7357, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nelly Boehm
- Institut d'Histologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Ahmad I, Fernando A, Gurgel R, Jason Clark J, Xu L, Hansen MR. Merlin status regulates p75(NTR) expression and apoptotic signaling in Schwann cells following nerve injury. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:114-122. [PMID: 26057084 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After nerve injury, Schwann cells (SCs) dedifferentiate, proliferate, and support axon regrowth. If axons fail to regenerate, denervated SCs eventually undergo apoptosis due, in part, to increased expression of the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor, p75(NTR). Merlin is the protein product of the NF2 tumor suppressor gene implicated in SC tumorigenesis. Here we explore the contribution of merlin to SC responses to nerve injury. We find that merlin becomes phosphorylated (growth permissive) in SCs following acute axotomy and following gradual neural degeneration in a deafness model, temporally correlated with increased p75(NTR) expression. p75(NTR) levels are elevated in P0SchΔ39-121 transgenic mice that harbor an Nf2 mutation in SCs relative to wild-type mice before axotomy and remain elevated for a longer period of time following injury. Replacement of wild-type, but not phospho-mimetic (S518D), merlin isoforms suppresses p75(NTR) expression in primary human schwannoma cultures which otherwise lack functional merlin. Despite elevated levels of p75(NTR), SC apoptosis following axotomy is blunted in P0SchΔ39-121 mice relative to wild-type mice suggesting that loss of functional merlin contributes to SC resistance to apoptosis. Further, cultured SCs from mice with a tamoxifen-inducible knock-out of Nf2 confirm that SCs lacking functional merlin are less sensitive to p75(NTR)-mediated cell death. Taken together these results point to a model whereby loss of axonal contact following nerve injury results in merlin phosphorylation leading to increased p75(NTR) expression. Further, they demonstrate that merlin facilitates p75(NTR)-mediated apoptosis in SCs helping to explain how neoplastic SCs that lack functional merlin survive long-term in the absence of axonal contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Ahmad
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Augusta Fernando
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Richard Gurgel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - J Jason Clark
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Linjing Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Marlan R Hansen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Sotelo P, Farfán P, Benitez ML, Bu G, Marzolo MP. Sorting nexin 17 regulates ApoER2 recycling and reelin signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93672. [PMID: 24705369 PMCID: PMC3976305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoER2 is a member of the low density-lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) family. As a receptor for reelin, ApoER2 participates in neuronal migration during development as well as synaptic plasticity and survival in the adult brain. A previous yeast two-hybrid screen showed that ApoER2 is a binding partner of sorting nexin 17 (SNX17) - a cytosolic adaptor protein that regulates the trafficking of several membrane proteins in the endosomal pathway, including LRP1, P-selectin and integrins. However, no further studies have been performed to investigate the role of SNX17 in ApoER2 trafficking and function. In this study, we present evidence based on GST pull-down and inmunoprecipitation assays that the cytoplasmic NPxY endocytosis motif of ApoER2 interacts with the FERM domain of SNX17. SNX17 stimulates ApoER2 recycling in different cell lines including neurons without affecting its endocytic rate and also facilitates the transport of ApoER2 from the early endosomes to the recycling endosomes. The reduction of SNX17 was associated with accumulation of an ApoER2 carboxy-terminal fragment (CTF). In addition, in SNX17 knockdown cells, constitutive ApoER2 degradation was not modified, whereas reelin-induced ApoER2 degradation was increased, implying that SNX17 is a regulator of the receptor's half-life. Finally, in SNX17 silenced hippocampal and cortical neurons, we underscored a positive role of this endosomal protein in the development of the dendritic tree and reelin signaling. Overall, these results establish the role of SNX17 in ApoER2 trafficking and function and aid in identifying new links between endocytic trafficking and receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sotelo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millenium Nucleus for Renerative Biology (MINREB), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Farfán
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millenium Nucleus for Renerative Biology (MINREB), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Luisa Benitez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millenium Nucleus for Renerative Biology (MINREB), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - María-Paz Marzolo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millenium Nucleus for Renerative Biology (MINREB), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Decisive role of Reelin signaling during early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2013; 246:108-16. [PMID: 23632168 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the largest unmet medical concerns of our society. Around 25 million patients worldwide together with their families are still waiting for an effective treatment. We have recently initiated a re-evaluation of our knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sporadic AD. Based on the existing literature, we have proposed a mechanistic explanation of how the late-onset form of the disease may evolve on the cellular level. Here, we expand this hypothesis by addressing the pathophysiological changes underlying the early and almost invariant appearance of the neurofibrillary tangles, the only reliable correlate of the cognitive status, in distinct brain areas and their consistent "spread" along interconnected neurons as the disease advances. In this review we present and discuss novel evidence that the extracellular signaling protein Reelin, expressed along the olfactory and limbic pathways in the adult brain, might hold a key to understand the earliest steps of the disease, highlighting the olfactory pathway as the brain's Achilles heel involved in the initiation of the pathophysiological characteristic of late-onset AD.
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Salisbury EA, Lazard ZW, Ubogu EE, Davis AR, Olmsted-Davis EA. Transient brown adipocyte-like cells derive from peripheral nerve progenitors in response to bone morphogenetic protein 2. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012; 1:874-85. [PMID: 23283549 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineurial-associated brown adipocyte-like cells were rapidly generated during bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-induced sciatic nerve remodeling in the mouse. Two days after intramuscular injection of transduced mouse fibroblast cells expressing BMP2 into wild-type mice, there was replication of beta-3 adrenergic receptor(+) (ADRB3(+)) cells within the sciatic nerve perineurium. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting and analysis of cells isolated from these nerves confirmed ADRB3(+) cell expansion and their expression of the neural migration marker HNK1. Similar analysis performed 4 days after BMP2 delivery revealed a significant decrease in ADRB3(+) cells from isolated sciatic nerves, with their concurrent appearance within the adjacent soft tissue, suggesting migration away from the nerve. These soft tissue-derived cells also expressed the brown adipose marker uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Quantification of ADRB3-specific RNA in total hind limb tissue revealed a 3-fold increase 2 days after delivery of BMP2, followed by a 70-fold increase in UCP1-specific RNA after 3 days. Expression levels then rapidly returned to baseline by 4 days. Interestingly, these ADRB3(+) UCP1(+) cells also expressed the neural guidance factor reelin. Reelin(+) cells demonstrated distinct patterns within the injected muscle, concentrated toward the area of BMP2 release. Blocking mast cell degranulation-induced nerve remodeling resulted in the complete abrogation of UCP1-specific RNA and protein expression within the hind limbs following BMP2 injection. The data collectively suggest that local BMP2 administration initiates a cascade of events leading to the expansion, migration, and differentiation of progenitors from the peripheral nerve perineurium to brown adipose-like cells in the mouse, a necessary prerequisite for associated nerve remodeling.
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García-Miranda P, Vázquez-Carretero MD, Sesma P, Peral MJ, Ilundain AA. Reelin is involved in the crypt-villus unit homeostasis. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 19:188-98. [PMID: 22897172 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal myofibroblasts secrete substances that control organogenesis and wound repair of the intestine. The myofibroblasts of the rat small intestine express reelin and the present work explores whether reelin regulates crypt-villus unit homeostasis using normal mice and mice with the reelin gene disrupted (reeler). The results reveal that mouse small intestine expresses reelin, its receptors apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VldlR) and the reelin effector protein Disabled-1 (Dab1) and that reelin expression is restricted to myofibroblasts. The absence of reelin significantly reduces epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis and the number of Paneth cells. These effects are observed during the suckling, weaning, and adult periods. The number of Goblet cells is increased in the 2-month-old reeler mice. The absence of reelin also expands the extracellular space of the adherens junctions and desmosomes without significantly affecting either the tight-junction structure or the epithelial paracellular permeability. In conclusion, this is the first in vivo work showing that the absence of reelin alters intestinal epithelium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García-Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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BECKER JÜRGEN, FRÖHLICH JOHANNA, PERSKE CHRISTINA, PAVLAKOVIC HELENA, WILTING JÖRG. Reelin signalling in neuroblastoma: Migratory switch in metastatic stages. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:681-9. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Saijilafu, Hur EM, Zhou FQ. Genetic dissection of axon regeneration via in vivo electroporation of adult mouse sensory neurons. Nat Commun 2011; 2:543. [PMID: 22109517 PMCID: PMC3518864 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulating gene expression in vivo specifically in neurons with precise spatiotemporal control is important to study the function of gene(s) or pathway(s) in the nervous system. Although various transgenic approaches or virus-mediated transfection methods are available, they are time consuming and/or lack precise temporal control. Here we introduce an efficient electroporation approach to transfect adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in vivo that enables manipulation of gene expression in an acute and precise fashion. We have applied this method to manipulate gene expression in three widely used in vivo models of axon injury and regeneration, including dorsal column transection, dorsal root rhizotomy, and peripheral axotomy. By electroporating DRGs with siRNAs against c-jun to specifically deplete c-Jun in adult neurons, we provide evidence for the role of c-Jun in regulation of in vivo axon regeneration. This method will serve as a powerful tool to genetically dissect axon regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saijilafu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Cellular form of prion protein inhibits Reelin-mediated shedding of Caspr from the neuronal cell surface to potentiate Caspr-mediated inhibition of neurite outgrowth. J Neurosci 2010; 30:9292-305. [PMID: 20610764 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5657-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extension of axonal and dendritic processes in the CNS is tightly regulated by outgrowth-promoting and -inhibitory cues to assure precision of synaptic connections. We identify a novel role for contactin-associated protein (Caspr) as an inhibitory cue that reduces neurite outgrowth from CNS neurons. We show that proteolysis of Caspr at the cell surface is regulated by the cellular form of prion protein (PrP), which directly binds to Caspr. PrP inhibits Reelin-mediated shedding of Caspr from the cell surface, thereby increasing surface levels of Caspr and potentiating the inhibitory effect of Caspr on neurite outgrowth. PrP deficiency results in reduced levels of Caspr at the cell surface, enhanced neurite outgrowth in vitro, and more efficient regeneration of axons in vivo following spinal cord injury. Thus, we reveal a previously unrecognized role for Caspr and PrP in inhibitory modulation of neurite outgrowth in CNS neurons, which is counterbalanced by the proteolytic activity of Reelin.
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Tos P, Ronchi G, Papalia I, Sallen V, Legagneux J, Geuna S, Giacobini‐Robecchi M. Chapter 4 Methods and Protocols in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Experimental Research: Part I—Experimental Models. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 87:47-79. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)87004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Laviola G, Ognibene E, Romano E, Adriani W, Keller F. Gene-environment interaction during early development in the heterozygous reeler mouse: clues for modelling of major neurobehavioral syndromes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 33:560-72. [PMID: 18845182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Autism and schizophrenia are multifactorial disorders with increasing prevalence in the young population. Among candidate molecules, reelin (RELN) is a protein of the extracellular matrix playing a key role in brain development and synaptic plasticity. The heterozygous (HZ) reeler mouse provides a model for studying the role of reelin deficiency for the onset of these syndromes. We investigated whether early indices of neurobehavioral disorders can be identified in the infant reeler, and whether the consequences of ontogenetic adverse experiences may question or support the suitability of this model. A first study focused on the link between early exposure to Chlorpyryfos and its enduring neurobehavioral consequences. Our data are interesting in view of recently discovered cholinergic abnormalities in autism and schizophrenia, and may suggest new avenues for early pharmacological intervention. In a second study, we analyzed the consequences of repeated maternal separation early in ontogeny. The results provide evidence of how unusual stress early in development are converted into altered behavior in some, but not all, individuals depending on gender and genetic background. A third study aimed to verify the reliability of the model at critical age windows. Data suggest reduced anxiety, increased impulsivity and disinhibition, and altered pain threshold in response to morphine for HZ, supporting a differential organization of brain dopaminergic, serotonergic and opioid systems in this genotype. In conclusion, HZ exhibited a complex behavioral and psycho-pharmacological phenotype, and differential responsivity to ontogenetic adverse conditions. HZ may be used to disentangle interactions between genetic vulnerability and environmental factors. Such an approach could help to model the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Laviola
- Sect. Behavioral Neuroscience, Dept. Cell Biology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, I-00161 Roma, Italy.
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Roglio I, Bianchi R, Gotti S, Scurati S, Giatti S, Pesaresi M, Caruso D, Panzica G, Melcangi R. Neuroprotective effects of dihydroprogesterone and progesterone in an experimental model of nerve crush injury. Neuroscience 2008; 155:673-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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