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Fusina F, Marino M, Spironelli C, Angrilli A. Ventral Attention Network Correlates With High Traits of Emotion Dysregulation in Community Women - A Resting-State EEG Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:895034. [PMID: 35721362 PMCID: PMC9205637 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.895034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have focused on resting-state brain activity, and especially on functional connectivity (FC), an approach that typically describes the statistical interdependence of activity in distant brain regions through specific networks. Our aim was to study the neurophysiological correlates of emotion dysregulation. Therefore, we expected that both the Default Mode Network (DMN), and the Ventral Attention Network (VAN) would have been involved. Indeed, the latter plays a role in the automatic orienting of attention towards biologically salient stimuli and includes key regions for emotion control and modulation. Starting from a community sample of 422 female students, we selected 25 women with high traits of emotion dysregulation (HD group) and 25 with low traits (LD group). They underwent a 64-channel EEG recording during a five-minute resting state with eyes open. Seed-based FC was computed on the EEG Alpha band (8-13 Hz) as a control band, and on EEG Gamma power (30-50 Hz) as the relevant measure. The power within each network and inter-network connectivity (Inter-NC) was also calculated. Analysis of the EEG Gamma band revealed, in the HD group, higher levels of Inter-NC between the VAN and all other resting-state networks as compared with the LD group, while no differences emerged in the Alpha band. Concerning correlations, Alpha power in the VAN was negatively correlated in the HD group with affective lability (ALS-18 questionnaire), both for total score (ρ = -0.52, p FDR < 0.01) and the Depression/Elation subscale) ρ = -0.45, p FDR < 0.05). Consistent with this, in the Gamma band, a positive correlation was found between VAN spectral power and the Depression/Elation subscale of ALS-18, again in the HD group only (ρ = 0.47, p FDR < 0.05). In conclusion, both resting state FC and network power in the VAN were found to be related to high emotion dysregulation, even in our non-clinical sample with high traits. Emotion dysregulation was characterized, in the EEG gamma band, by a VAN strongly connected to all other networks, a result that points, in women prone to emotion dysregulation, to a strong automatic orienting of attention towards their internal state, bodily sensations, and emotionally intense related thoughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fusina
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Marino
- Department of Movement Sciences, Research Center for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Chiara Spironelli
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Angrilli
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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2
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Goodroe SC, Spiers HJ. Extending neural systems for navigation to hunting behavior. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 73:102545. [PMID: 35483308 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
For decades, a central question in neuroscience has been: How does the brain support navigation? Recent research on navigation has explored how brain regions support the capacity to adapt to changes in the environment and track the distance and direction to goal locations. Here, we provide a brief review of this literature and speculate how these neural systems may be involved in another, parallel behavior-hunting. Hunting shares many of the same challenges as navigation. Like navigation, hunting requires the hunter to orient towards a goal while minimizing their distance from it while traveling. Likewise, hunting may require the accommodation of detours to locate prey or the exploitation of shortcuts for a quicker capture. Recent research suggests that neurons in the periaqueductal gray, hypothalamus, and dorsal anterior cingulate play key roles in such hunting behavior. In this review, we speculate on how these regions may operate functionally with other key brain regions involved in navigation, such as the hippocampus, to support hunting. Additionally, we posit that hunting in a group presents an additional set of challenges, where success relies on multicentric tracking and prediction of prey position as well as the position of co-hunters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Goodroe
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Hugo J Spiers
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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3
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Patai EZ, Spiers HJ. The Versatile Wayfinder: Prefrontal Contributions to Spatial Navigation. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:520-533. [PMID: 33752958 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) supports decision-making, goal tracking, and planning. Spatial navigation is a behavior that taxes these cognitive processes, yet the role of the PFC in models of navigation has been largely overlooked. In humans, activity in dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) and ventrolateral PFC (vlPFC) during detours, reveal a role in inhibition and replanning. Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is implicated in planning and spontaneous internally-generated changes of route. Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) integrates representations of the environment with the value of actions, providing a 'map' of possible decisions. In rodents, medial frontal areas interact with hippocampus during spatial decisions and switching between navigation strategies. In reviewing these advances, we provide a framework for how different prefrontal regions may contribute to different stages of navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Zita Patai
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, UK; Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language sciences, University College London, UK.
| | - Hugo J Spiers
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language sciences, University College London, UK.
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4
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Functional Imaging of Visuospatial Attention in Complex and Naturalistic Conditions. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2020. [PMID: 30547430 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
One of the ultimate goals of cognitive neuroscience is to understand how the brain works in the real world. Functional imaging with naturalistic stimuli provides us with the opportunity to study the brain in situations similar to the everyday life. This includes the processing of complex stimuli that can trigger many types of signals related both to the physical characteristics of the external input and to the internal knowledge that we have about natural objects and environments. In this chapter, I will first outline different types of stimuli that have been used in naturalistic imaging studies. These include static pictures, short video clips, full-length movies, and virtual reality, each comprising specific advantages and disadvantages. Next, I will turn to the main issue of visual-spatial orienting in naturalistic conditions and its neural substrates. I will discuss different classes of internal signals, related to objects, scene structure, and long-term memory. All of these, together with external signals about stimulus salience, have been found to modulate the activity and the connectivity of the frontoparietal attention networks. I will conclude by pointing out some promising future directions for functional imaging with naturalistic stimuli. Despite this field of research is still in its early days, I consider that it will play a major role in bridging the gap between standard laboratory paradigms and mechanisms of brain functioning in the real world.
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5
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Javadi AH, Patai EZ, Marin-Garcia E, Margolis A, Tan HRM, Kumaran D, Nardini M, Penny W, Duzel E, Dayan P, Spiers HJ. Prefrontal Dynamics Associated with Efficient Detours and Shortcuts: A Combined Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetoencenphalography Study. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:1227-1247. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Central to the concept of the “cognitive map” is that it confers behavioral flexibility, allowing animals to take efficient detours, exploit shortcuts, and avoid alluring, but unhelpful, paths. The neural underpinnings of such naturalistic and flexible behavior remain unclear. In two neuroimaging experiments, we tested human participants on their ability to navigate to a set of goal locations in a virtual desert island riven by lava, which occasionally spread to block selected paths (necessitating detours) or receded to open new paths (affording real shortcuts or false shortcuts to be avoided). Detours activated a network of frontal regions compared with shortcuts. Activity in the right dorsolateral PFC specifically increased when participants encountered tempting false shortcuts that led along suboptimal paths that needed to be differentiated from real shortcuts. We also report modulation in event-related fields and theta power in these situations, providing insight to the temporal evolution of response to encountering detours and shortcuts. These results help inform current models as to how the brain supports navigation and planning in dynamic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Dayan
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics
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6
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Psychophysiological Alteration After Virtual Reality Experiences Using Smartphone-Assisted Head Mount Displays: An EEG-Based Source Localization Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9122501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain functional changes could be observed in people after an experience of virtual reality (VR). The present study investigated cyber sickness and changes of brain regional activity using electroencephalogram (EEG)-based source localization, before and after a VR experience involving a smartphone-assisted head mount display. Thirty participants (mean age = 25 years old) were recruited. All were physically healthy and had no ophthalmological diseases. Their corrected vision was better than 20/20. Resting state EEG and the simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) were measured before and after the VR experience. Source activity of each frequency band was calculated using the sLORETA program. After the VR experience, the SSQ total score and sub scores (nausea, oculomotor symptoms, and disorientation) were significantly increased, and brain source activations were significantly increased: alpha1 activity in the cuneus and alpha2 activity in the cuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus (PCG). The change of SSQ score (after–before) showed significant negative correlation with the change of PCG activation (after–before) in the alpha2 band. The study demonstrated increased cyber sickness and increased alpha band power in the cuneus and PCG after the VR experience. Reduced PCG activation in alpha band may be associated with the symptom severity of cyber sickness.
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7
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Morone G, Spitoni GF, De Bartolo D, Ghanbari Ghooshchy S, Di Iulio F, Paolucci S, Zoccolotti P, Iosa M. Rehabilitative devices for a top-down approach. Expert Rev Med Devices 2019; 16:187-195. [PMID: 30677307 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2019.1574567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, neurorehabilitation has moved from a 'bottom-up' to a 'top down' approach. This change has also involved the technological devices developed for motor and cognitive rehabilitation. It implies that during a task or during therapeutic exercises, new 'top-down' approaches are being used to stimulate the brain in a more direct way to elicit plasticity-mediated motor re-learning. This is opposed to 'Bottom up' approaches, which act at the physical level and attempt to bring about changes at the level of the central neural system. AREAS COVERED In the present unsystematic review, we present the most promising innovative technological devices that can effectively support rehabilitation based on a top-down approach, according to the most recent neuroscientific and neurocognitive findings. In particular, we explore if and how the use of new technological devices comprising serious exergames, virtual reality, robots, brain computer interfaces, rhythmic music and biofeedback devices might provide a top-down based approach. EXPERT COMMENTARY Motor and cognitive systems are strongly harnessed in humans and thus cannot be separated in neurorehabilitation. Recently developed technologies in motor-cognitive rehabilitation might have a greater positive effect than conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Morone
- a Private Inpatient Unit , Santa Lucia foundation IRCCS , Rome , Italy.,b Clinical Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation , Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Grazia Fernanda Spitoni
- c Department of Psychology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy.,d Laboratory of Neuropsychology , IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation , Rome , Italy
| | - Daniela De Bartolo
- b Clinical Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation , Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS , Rome , Italy.,c Department of Psychology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Sheida Ghanbari Ghooshchy
- b Clinical Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation , Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS , Rome , Italy.,c Department of Psychology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Fulvia Di Iulio
- e UOC 3 Neurorihabilitation Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Stefano Paolucci
- a Private Inpatient Unit , Santa Lucia foundation IRCCS , Rome , Italy.,b Clinical Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation , Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Marco Iosa
- b Clinical Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation , Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS , Rome , Italy
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8
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Li Y, Kong F, Ji M, Luo Y, Lan J, You X. Shared and Distinct Neural Bases of Large- and Small-Scale Spatial Ability: A Coordinate-Based Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1021. [PMID: 30686987 PMCID: PMC6335367 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Spatial ability is vital for human survival and development. However, the relationship between large-scale and small-scale spatial ability remains poorly understood. To address this issue from a novel perspective, we performed an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies to determine the shared and distinct neural bases of these two forms of spatial ability. Methods: We searched Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar for studies regarding "spatial ability" published within the last 20 years (January 1988 through June 2018). A final total of 103 studies (Table 1) involving 2,085 participants (male = 1,116) and 2,586 foci were incorporated into the meta-analysis. Results: Large-scale spatial ability was associated with activation in the limbic lobe, posterior lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, right anterior lobe, frontal lobe, and right sub-lobar area. Small-scale spatial ability was associated with activation in the parietal lobe, occipital lobe, frontal lobe, right posterior lobe, and left sub-lobar area. Furthermore, conjunction analysis revealed overlapping regions in the sub-gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus, right superior parietal lobule, right middle occipital gyrus, right superior occipital gyrus, left inferior occipital gyrus, and precuneus. The contrast analysis demonstrated that the parahippocampal gyrus, left lingual gyrus, culmen, right middle temporal gyrus, left declive, left superior occipital gyrus, and right lentiform nucleus were more strongly activated during large-scale spatial tasks. In contrast, the precuneus, right inferior frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, left supramarginal gyrus, left superior parietal lobule, right inferior occipital gyrus, and left middle frontal gyrus were more strongly activated during small-scale spatial tasks. Our results further indicated that there is no absolute difference in the cognitive strategies associated with the two forms of spatial ability (egocentric/allocentric). Conclusion: The results of the present study verify and expand upon the theoretical model of spatial ability proposed by Hegarty et al. Our analysis revealed a shared neural basis between large- and small-scale spatial abilities, as well as specific yet independent neural bases underlying each. Based on these findings, we proposed a more comprehensive version of the behavioral model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Kong
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Ji
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Yangmei Luo
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Jijun Lan
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuqun You
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
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9
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Bartley JE, Boeving ER, Riedel MC, Bottenhorn KL, Salo T, Eickhoff SB, Brewe E, Sutherland MT, Laird AR. Meta-analytic evidence for a core problem solving network across multiple representational domains. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:318-337. [PMID: 29944961 PMCID: PMC6425494 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Problem solving is a complex skill engaging multi-stepped reasoning processes to find unknown solutions. The breadth of real-world contexts requiring problem solving is mirrored by a similarly broad, yet unfocused neuroimaging literature, and the domain-general or context-specific brain networks associated with problem solving are not well understood. To more fully characterize those brain networks, we performed activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis on 280 neuroimaging problem solving experiments reporting 3166 foci from 1919 individuals across 131 papers. The general map of problem solving revealed broad fronto-cingulo-parietal convergence, regions similarly identified when considering separate mathematical, verbal, and visuospatial problem solving domain-specific analyses. Conjunction analysis revealed a common network supporting problem solving across diverse contexts, and difference maps distinguished functionally-selective sub-networks specific to task type. Our results suggest cooperation between representationally specialized sub-network and whole-brain systems provide a neural basis for problem solving, with the core network contributing general purpose resources to perform cognitive operations and manage problem demand. Further characterization of cross-network dynamics could inform neuroeducational studies on problem solving skill development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Bartley
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Emily R Boeving
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael C Riedel
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Taylor Salo
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Eric Brewe
- Department of Teaching and Learning, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Education, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Angela R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
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10
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Macaluso E, Ogawa A. Visuo-spatial orienting during active exploratory behavior: Processing of task-related and stimulus-related signals. Cortex 2018; 102:26-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Aravind G, Lamontagne A. Dual tasking negatively impacts obstacle avoidance abilities in post-stroke individuals with visuospatial neglect: Task complexity matters! Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 35:423-436. [PMID: 28697573 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with perceptual-attentional deficits due to visuospatial neglect (VSN) after a stroke are at a risk of collisions while walking in the presence of moving obstacles. The attentional burden of performing a dual-task may further compromise their obstacle avoidance performance, putting them at a greater risk of collisions. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the ability of persons with (VSN+) and without VSN (VSN-) to dual task while negotiating moving obstacles. METHODS Twenty-six stroke survivors (13 VSN+, 13 VSN-) were assessed on their ability to (a) negotiate moving obstacles while walking (locomotor single task); (b) perform a pitch-discrimination task (cognitive single task) and (c) simultaneously perform the walking and cognitive tasks (dual task). We compared the groups on locomotor (collision rates, minimum distance from obstacle and onset of strategies) and cognitive (error rates) outcomes. RESULTS For both single and dual task walking, VSN+ individuals showed higher collision rates compared to VSN- individuals. Dual tasking caused deterioration of locomotor (more collisions, delayed onset and smaller minimum distances) and cognitive performances (higher error rate) in VSN+ individuals. Contrastingly, VSN- individuals maintained collision rates, increased minimum distance, but showed more cognitive errors, prioritizing their locomotor performance. CONCLUSION Individuals with VSN demonstrate cognitive-locomotor interference under dual task conditions, which could severely compromise safety when ambulating in community environments and may explain the poor recovery of independent community ambulation in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Aravind
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Research cite of CRIR, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Anouk Lamontagne
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Research cite of CRIR, Laval, QC, Canada
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12
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Cona G, Laera G, Edelstyn N, Bisiacchi PS. Deficits in prospective memory following damage to the medial subdivision of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. J Neuropsychol 2018; 13:398-416. [PMID: 29604176 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the neurocognitive mechanisms that lead individuals remembering to execute an intention at the right moment (prospective memory, PM) and how such mechanisms are influenced by the features of that intention is a fundamental theoretical challenge. In particular, the functional contribution of subcortical regions to PM is still unknown. This study was aimed at investigating the role of the medial subdivision of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (mMDT) in PM, with particular focus on the processes that are mediated by the projections from/to this structure. We analysed the performance of a patient (OG) with a right-sided lesion involving the mMDT in a series of PM tasks that varied for focality (i.e., overlapping of processes for the PM and ongoing tasks) and emotional valence of the stimuli, comparing the patient's performance with that of a control group. We found that the mMDT damage led to deficits in PM that were modulated by focality and emotional valence. OG indeed showed: a greater cost in the ongoing performance when a non-focal PM task was added; a slowing down in retrieving the intentions, in particular when these were associated with focal PM cues; an abnormal performance in the task with positive PM cues. Our findings provide evidence of a contribution of mMDT to PM and suggest a modulation of prefrontal-dependent strategic monitoring and a possible interaction with the limbic structures in the integration of emotion and PM processes. They also give support to the still controversial idea that connections with the perirhinal cortex mediate familiarity-based recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Cona
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.,Padua Neuroscience Center, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianvito Laera
- School of Psychology, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | | | - Patrizia S Bisiacchi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.,Padua Neuroscience Center, Padova, Italy
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13
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Cogné M, Violleau MH, Klinger E, Joseph PA. Influence of non-contextual auditory stimuli on navigation in a virtual reality context involving executive functions among patients after stroke. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2018; 61:372-379. [PMID: 29407275 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topographical disorientation is frequent among patients after a stroke and can be well explored with virtual environments (VEs). VEs also allow for the addition of stimuli. A previous study did not find any effect of non-contextual auditory stimuli on navigational performance in the virtual action planning-supermarket (VAP-S) simulating a medium-sized 3D supermarket. However, the perceptual or cognitive load of the sounds used was not high. OBJECTIVE We investigated how non-contextual auditory stimuli with high load affect navigational performance in the VAP-S for patients who have had a stroke and any correlation between this performance and dysexecutive disorders. METHODS Four kinds of stimuli were considered: sounds from living beings, sounds from supermarket objects, beeping sounds and names of other products that were not available in the VAP-S. The condition without auditory stimuli was the control. The Groupe de réflexion pour l'évaluation des fonctions exécutives (GREFEX) battery was used to evaluate executive functions of patients. RESULTS The study included 40 patients who have had a stroke (n=22 right-hemisphere and n=18 left-hemisphere stroke). Patients' navigational performance was decreased under the 4 conditions with non-contextual auditory stimuli (P<0.05), especially for those with dysexecutive disorders. For the 5 conditions, the lower the performance, the more GREFEX tests were failed. Patients felt significantly disadvantaged by the non-contextual sounds sounds from living beings, sounds from supermarket objects and names of other products as compared with beeping sounds (P<0.01). Patients' verbal recall of the collected objects was significantly lower under the condition with names of other products (P<0.001). Left and right brain-damaged patients did not differ in navigational performance in the VAP-S under the 5 auditory conditions. CONCLUSIONS These non-contextual auditory stimuli could be used in neurorehabilitation paradigms to train patients with dysexecutive disorders to inhibit disruptive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Cogné
- Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Bordeaux and EA4136, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, 92380 Garches, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène Violleau
- Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Bordeaux and EA4136, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Evelyne Klinger
- Digital Interactions Health and Disability Lab, ESIEA, 53000 Laval, France; French Institute for Research on Handicap, 75000 Paris, France.
| | - Pierre-Alain Joseph
- Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Bordeaux and EA4136, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; French Institute for Research on Handicap, 75000 Paris, France.
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14
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Serino S, Barello S, Miraglia F, Triberti S, Repetto C. Virtual Reality as a Potential Tool to Face Frailty Challenges. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1541. [PMID: 28928703 PMCID: PMC5591852 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Serino
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred HeartMilan, Italy.,Applied Technology for Neuropsychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilan, Italy
| | - Serena Barello
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred HeartMilan, Italy
| | - Francesca Miraglia
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of the Sacred HeartRome, Italy.,Brain Connectivity Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele PisanaRome, Italy
| | - Stefano Triberti
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred HeartMilan, Italy
| | - Claudia Repetto
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred HeartMilan, Italy
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15
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Abstract
The ecological environment offered by virtual reality is primarily supported by visual information. The different image contents and their rhythmic presentation imply specific bottom-up and top-down processing. Because these processes already occur during passive observation we studied the brain responses evoked by the presentation of specific 3D virtual tunnels with respect to 2D checkerboard. For this, we characterized electroencephalograhy dynamics (EEG), the evoked potentials and related neural generators involved in various visual paradigms. Time-frequency analysis showed modulation of alpha-beta oscillations indicating the presence of stronger prediction and after-effects of the 3D-tunnel with respect to the checkerboard. Whatever the presented image, the generators of the P100 were situated bilaterally in the occipital cortex (BA18, BA19) and in the right inferior temporal cortex (BA20). In checkerboard but not 3D-tunnel presentation, the left fusiform gyrus (BA37) was additionally recruited. P200 generators were situated in the temporal cortex (BA21) and the cerebellum (lobule VI/Crus I) specifically for the checkerboard while the right parahippocampal gyrus (BA36) and the cerebellum (lobule IV/V and IX/X) were involved only during the 3D-tunnel presentation. For both type of image, P300 generators were localized in BA37 but also in BA19, the right BA21 and the cerebellar lobule VI for only the checkerboard and the left BA20-BA21 for only the 3D-tunnel. Stronger P300 delta-theta oscillations recorded in this later situation point to a prevalence of the effect of changing direction over the proper visual content of the 3D-tunnel. The parahippocampal gyrus (BA36) implicated in navigation was also identified when the 3D-tunnel was compared to their scrambled versions, highlighting an action-oriented effect linked to navigational content.
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Frank DW, Sabatinelli D. Primate Visual Perception: Motivated Attention in Naturalistic Scenes. Front Psychol 2017; 8:226. [PMID: 28265250 PMCID: PMC5316551 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has consistently revealed enhanced neural activation corresponding to attended cues coupled with suppression to unattended cues. This attention effect depends both on the spatial features of stimuli and internal task goals. However, a large majority of research supporting this effect involves circumscribed tasks that possess few ecologically relevant characteristics. By comparison, natural scenes have the potential to engage an evolved attention system, which may be characterized by supplemental neural processing and integration compared to mechanisms engaged during reduced experimental paradigms. Here, we describe recent animal and human studies of naturalistic scene viewing to highlight the specific impact of social and affective processes on the neural mechanisms of attention modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Frank
- Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA; BioImaging Research Center, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA; Division of Neuroscience, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
| | - Dean Sabatinelli
- BioImaging Research Center, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA; Division of Neuroscience, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
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17
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Local morphology informs location of activation during navigation within the parahippocampal region of the human brain. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1581-1596. [PMID: 27562779 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between the local morphological features that define the entorhinal and parahippocampal cortex in the medial temporal region of the human brain and activation as measured during a navigation task with functional magnetic resonance imaging was examined individually in healthy participants. Two functional activation clusters were identified one within the caudal end of the collateral sulcus proper and the other in the parahippocampal extension of the collateral sulcus, clearly establishing the activation in the posterior parahippocampal cortex. A third activation cluster was identified where the anterior segment of the collateral sulcus proper gives way to the posterior segment, demonstrating also activation within the middle parahippocampal cortex. No activation was observed in the entorhinal cortex that lies medial to the rhinal sulcus or in the anterior part of the parahippocampal cortex along the anterior branch of the collateral sulcus proper. The activations could also be clearly differentiated from the cortex of the fusiform and lingual gyri that lie laterally and posteriorly. These findings demonstrated specific activation in the middle and posterior part of the parahippocampal cortex when information necessary for navigation was retrieved from a previously established cognitive map and demonstrate that the sulci that comprise the collateral sulcal complex represent important landmarks that can provide an accurate localization of activation foci along the parahippocampal cortex and allow identification of subdivisions involved in the processing of spatial information.
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18
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Spiers HJ, Gilbert SJ. Solving the detour problem in navigation: a model of prefrontal and hippocampal interactions. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:125. [PMID: 25852515 PMCID: PMC4366647 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adapting behavior to accommodate changes in the environment is an important function of the nervous system. A universal problem for motile animals is the discovery that a learned route is blocked and a detour is required. Given the substantial neuroscience research on spatial navigation and decision-making it is surprising that so little is known about how the brain solves the detour problem. Here we review the limited number of relevant functional neuroimaging, single unit recording and lesion studies. We find that while the prefrontal cortex (PFC) consistently responds to detours, the hippocampus does not. Recent evidence suggests the hippocampus tracks information about the future path distance to the goal. Based on this evidence we postulate a conceptual model in which: Lateral PFC provides a prediction error signal about the change in the path, frontopolar and superior PFC support the re-formulation of the route plan as a novel subgoal and the hippocampus simulates the new path. More data will be required to validate this model and understand (1) how the system processes the different options; and (2) deals with situations where a new path becomes available (i.e., shortcuts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo J Spiers
- Department of Experimental Psychology, UCL Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London London, UK
| | - Sam J Gilbert
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London London, UK
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Boccia M, Guariglia C, Sabatini U, Nemmi F. Navigating toward a novel environment from a route or survey perspective: neural correlates and context-dependent connectivity. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:2005-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Slobounov SM, Ray W, Johnson B, Slobounov E, Newell KM. Modulation of cortical activity in 2D versus 3D virtual reality environments: an EEG study. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 95:254-60. [PMID: 25448267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing empirical evidence that virtual reality (VR) is valuable for education, training, entertaining and medical rehabilitation due to its capacity to represent real-life events and situations. However, the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral confounds in VR environments are still poorly understood. In two experiments, we examined the effect of fully immersive 3D stereoscopic presentations and less immersive 2D VR environments on brain functions and behavioral outcomes. In Experiment 1 we examined behavioral and neural underpinnings of spatial navigation tasks using electroencephalography (EEG). In Experiment 2, we examined EEG correlates of postural stability and balance. Our major findings showed that fully immersive 3D VR induced a higher subjective sense of presence along with enhanced success rate of spatial navigation compared to 2D. In Experiment 1 power of frontal midline EEG (FM-theta) was significantly higher during the encoding phase of route presentation in the 3D VR. In Experiment 2, the 3D VR resulted in greater postural instability and modulation of EEG patterns as a function of 3D versus 2D environments. The findings support the inference that the fully immersive 3D enriched-environment requires allocation of more brain and sensory resources for cognitive/motor control during both tasks than 2D presentations. This is further evidence that 3D VR tasks using EEG may be a promising approach for performance enhancement and potential applications in clinical/rehabilitation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semyon M Slobounov
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, 276 Recreation Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - William Ray
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, 356 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Brian Johnson
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, 276 Recreation Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Elena Slobounov
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, 276 Recreation Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, 276 Recreation Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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21
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Wong CW, Olafsson V, Plank M, Snider J, Halgren E, Poizner H, Liu TT. Resting-state fMRI activity predicts unsupervised learning and memory in an immersive virtual reality environment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109622. [PMID: 25286145 PMCID: PMC4186845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the real world, learning often proceeds in an unsupervised manner without explicit instructions or feedback. In this study, we employed an experimental paradigm in which subjects explored an immersive virtual reality environment on each of two days. On day 1, subjects implicitly learned the location of 39 objects in an unsupervised fashion. On day 2, the locations of some of the objects were changed, and object location recall performance was assessed and found to vary across subjects. As prior work had shown that functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures of resting-state brain activity can predict various measures of brain performance across individuals, we examined whether resting-state fMRI measures could be used to predict object location recall performance. We found a significant correlation between performance and the variability of the resting-state fMRI signal in the basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, insula, and regions in the frontal and temporal lobes, regions important for spatial exploration, learning, memory, and decision making. In addition, performance was significantly correlated with resting-state fMRI connectivity between the left caudate and the right fusiform gyrus, lateral occipital complex, and superior temporal gyrus. Given the basal ganglia's role in exploration, these findings suggest that tighter integration of the brain systems responsible for exploration and visuospatial processing may be critical for learning in a complex environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wah Wong
- Center for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Valur Olafsson
- Neuroscience Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Markus Plank
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Joseph Snider
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Eric Halgren
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Howard Poizner
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Thomas T. Liu
- Center for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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22
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Howard LR, Javadi AH, Yu Y, Mill RD, Morrison LC, Knight R, Loftus MM, Staskute L, Spiers HJ. The hippocampus and entorhinal cortex encode the path and Euclidean distances to goals during navigation. Curr Biol 2014; 24:1331-1340. [PMID: 24909328 PMCID: PMC4062938 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite decades of research on spatial memory, we know surprisingly little about how the brain guides navigation to goals. While some models argue that vectors are represented for navigational guidance, other models postulate that the future path is computed. Although the hippocampal formation has been implicated in processing spatial goal information, it remains unclear whether this region processes path- or vector-related information. Results We report neuroimaging data collected from subjects navigating London’s Soho district; these data reveal that both the path distance and the Euclidean distance to the goal are encoded by the medial temporal lobe during navigation. While activity in the posterior hippocampus was sensitive to the distance along the path, activity in the entorhinal cortex was correlated with the Euclidean distance component of a vector to the goal. During travel periods, posterior hippocampal activity increased as the path to the goal became longer, but at decision points, activity in this region increased as the path to the goal became closer and more direct. Importantly, sensitivity to the distance was abolished in these brain areas when travel was guided by external cues. Conclusions The results indicate that the hippocampal formation contains representations of both the Euclidean distance and the path distance to goals during navigation. These findings argue that the hippocampal formation houses a flexible guidance system that changes how it represents distance to the goal depending on the fluctuating demands of navigation. The hippocampus represents both the path and the Euclidean distances to goals Entorhinal activity reflects the change in the Euclidean distance when the goal is set The posterior hippocampus represents the future path at different stages en route Significant correlations are abolished when travel is guided by external cues
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorelei R Howard
- UCL Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Research Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK; Aging & Cognition Research Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Amir Homayoun Javadi
- UCL Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Research Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Yichao Yu
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ravi D Mill
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Laura C Morrison
- UCL Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Research Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Rebecca Knight
- Department of Psychology, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Michelle M Loftus
- UCL Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Research Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Laura Staskute
- UCL Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Research Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Hugo J Spiers
- UCL Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Research Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK.
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23
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Boccia M, Nemmi F, Guariglia C. Neuropsychology of environmental navigation in humans: review and meta-analysis of FMRI studies in healthy participants. Neuropsychol Rev 2014; 24:236-51. [PMID: 24488500 PMCID: PMC4010721 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-014-9247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the past 20 years, many studies in the cognitive neurosciences have analyzed human ability to navigate in recently learned and familiar environments by investigating the cognitive processes involved in successful navigation. In this study, we reviewed the main experimental paradigms and made a cognitive-oriented meta-analysis of fMRI studies of human navigation to underline the importance of the experimental designs and cognitive tasks used to assess navigational skills. We performed a general activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of 66 fMRI experiments to identify the neural substrates underpinning general aspects of human navigation. Four individual ALE analyses were performed to identify the neural substrates of different experimental paradigms (i.e., familiar vs. recently learned environments) and different navigational strategies (allocentric vs. egocentric). Results of the general ALE analysis highlighted a wide network of areas with clusters in the occipital, parietal, frontal and temporal lobes, especially in the parahippocampal cortex. Familiar environments seem to be processed by an extended temporal-frontal network, whereas recently learned environments require activation in the parahippocampal cortex and the parietal and occipital lobes. Allocentric strategy is subtended by the same areas as egocentric strategy, but the latter elicits greater activation in the right precuneus, middle occipital lobe and angular gyrus. Our results suggest that different neural correlates are involved in recalling a well-learned or recently acquired environment and that different networks of areas subtend egocentric and allocentric strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Boccia
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università La Sapienza, Via dei Marsi, 78, 00185, Rome, Italy,
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24
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Aravind G, Lamontagne A. Perceptual and locomotor factors affect obstacle avoidance in persons with visuospatial neglect. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2014; 11:38. [PMID: 24645796 PMCID: PMC3994560 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-11-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For safe ambulation in the community, detection and avoidance of static and moving obstacles is necessary. Such abilities may be compromised by the presence of visuospatial neglect (VSN), especially when the obstacles are present in the neglected, i.e. contralesional field. Methods Twelve participants with VSN were tested in a virtual environment (VE) for their ability to a) detect moving obstacles (perceptuo-motor task) using a joystick with their non-paretic hand, and b) avoid collision (locomotor task) with moving obstacles while walking in the VE. The responses of the participants to obstacles approaching on the contralesional side and from head-on were compared to those during ipsilesional approaches. Results Up to 67 percent of participants (8 out of 12) collided with either contralesional or head-on obstacles or both. Delay in detection (perceptuo-motor task) and execution of avoidance strategies, and smaller distances from obstacles (locomotor task) were observed for colliders compared to non-colliders. Participants’ performance on the locomotor task was not explained by clinical measures of VSN but slower walkers displayed fewer collisions. Conclusion Persons with VSN are at the risk of colliding with dynamic obstacles approaching from the contralesional side and from head-on. Locomotor-specific assessments of navigational abilities are needed to appreciate the recovery achieved or challenges faced by persons with VSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Aravind
- School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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25
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Visual processing in anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder: similarities, differences, and future research directions. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1483-91. [PMID: 23810196 PMCID: PMC3786585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are psychiatric disorders that involve distortion of the experience of one's physical appearance. In AN, individuals believe that they are overweight, perceive their body as "fat," and are preoccupied with maintaining a low body weight. In BDD, individuals are preoccupied with misperceived defects in physical appearance, most often of the face. Distorted visual perception may contribute to these cardinal symptoms, and may be a common underlying phenotype. This review surveys the current literature on visual processing in AN and BDD, addressing lower- to higher-order stages of visual information processing and perception. We focus on peer-reviewed studies of AN and BDD that address ophthalmologic abnormalities, basic neural processing of visual input, integration of visual input with other systems, neuropsychological tests of visual processing, and representations of whole percepts (such as images of faces, bodies, and other objects). The literature suggests a pattern in both groups of over-attention to detail, reduced processing of global features, and a tendency to focus on symptom-specific details in their own images (body parts in AN, facial features in BDD), with cognitive strategy at least partially mediating the abnormalities. Visuospatial abnormalities were also evident when viewing images of others and for non-appearance related stimuli. Unfortunately no study has directly compared AN and BDD, and most studies were not designed to disentangle disease-related emotional responses from lower-order visual processing. We make recommendations for future studies to improve the understanding of visual processing abnormalities in AN and BDD.
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26
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Kühn S, Gallinat J. Segregating cognitive functions within hippocampal formation: a quantitative meta-analysis on spatial navigation and episodic memory. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:1129-42. [PMID: 23362184 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important cognitive domains where hippocampal formation is crucially involved are navigation and memory. Some evidence suggests that different hippocampal subregions mediate these domains. However, a quantitative meta-analysis on neuroimaging studies of spatial navigation versus memory is lacking. By means of activation likelihood estimation (ALE), we investigate concurrence of brain regions activated during spatial navigation encoding and retrieval as well as during episodic memory encoding and retrieval tasks in humans. During encoding in spatial navigation, activity was located in more posterior regions of the hippocampal formation, whereas episodic memory encoding was located in more anterior regions. Retrieval in spatial navigation was more strongly lateralized to the right compared to episodic memory retrieval. Within studies on spatial navigation retrieval, immediate recall was located more posterior and delayed recall more anterior. Overlap between concurrence of activation in spatial navigation and episodic memory was rather limited in comparison to uniquely involved regions. This argues in favor of two distinct networks, one for spatial navigation the other for episodic memory within the hippocampal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kühn
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Experimental Psychology and Ghent Institute for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ghent University Henri Dunantlaan 2, Gent, Belgium; Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Frank DW, Sabatinelli D. Stimulus-driven reorienting in the ventral frontoparietal attention network: the role of emotional content. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:116. [PMID: 22557960 PMCID: PMC3340946 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity in the human temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) is hypothesized to underlie stimulus-driven, or “bottom-up” attention reorienting. Demanding tasks require focused attention, and as task difficulty increases, activity suppression in the ventral network correlates positively with task performance, an effect thought to reflect the gating of irrelevant cues. However, activation in these structures is elicited by a range of stimulus features and task demands that vary across multiple characteristics, complicating the interpretation of the functional role of this pathway. Consideration of several current studies suggests that, in addition to task difficulty, the motivational relevance or emotional intensity of distractor stimuli may supersede ongoing task priority, and evoke ventral network activation. Support for this possibility is offered from a review of recent reports, and the import of this perspective for models of attention reorienting is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Frank
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA
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28
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Nardo D, Santangelo V, Macaluso E. Stimulus-driven orienting of visuo-spatial attention in complex dynamic environments. Neuron 2011; 69:1015-28. [PMID: 21382559 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In everyday life attention operates within complex and dynamic environments, while laboratory paradigms typically employ simple and stereotyped stimuli. This fMRI study investigated stimulus-driven spatial attention using a virtual-environment video. We explored the influence of bottom-up signals by computing saliency maps of the environment and by introducing attention-grabbing events in the video. We parameterized the efficacy of these signals for the orienting of spatial attention by measuring eye movements and used these parameters to analyze the imaging data. The efficacy of bottom-up signals modulated ongoing activity in dorsal fronto-parietal regions and transient activation of the ventral attention system. Our results demonstrate that the combination of computational, behavioral, and imaging techniques enables studying cognitive functions in ecologically valid contexts. We highlight the central role of the efficacy of stimulus-driven signals in both dorsal and ventral attention systems, with a dissociation of the efficacy of background salience versus distinctive events in the two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Nardo
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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29
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Persistent posterior and transient anterior medial temporal lobe activity during navigation. Neuroimage 2010; 52:1654-66. [PMID: 20677377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional segregation along the posterior-anterior axis of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) has been suggested. In brief, it is thought that the posterior hippocampus represents environmental detail and/or encodes space, whereas the anterior part represents the environment more as a whole and/or subserves behavior. Different phases of navigation should thus recruit different structures within the MTL. Based on animal studies and neuroimaging data from humans, the initial phase of navigation, i.e., self-localization, target localization and path planning, should depend on the anterior MTL independent of upcoming navigational demands, whereas posterior MTL should be active throughout navigation. We tested this prediction using fMRI with navigation in a learned large-scale virtual office landscape with numerous complex landmarks under different navigational conditions. The initial navigational phase specifically engaged the anterior MTL. Increased activity was found bilaterally in the rostral and caudal entorhinal cortex. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of entorhinal activity in virtual navigation detected in a direct comparison. Also bilateral anterior hippocampus and anterior parahippocampal cortex were significantly more active during the initial phase. Activity lasting throughout the navigational period was found in the right posterior hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex. Hippocampal activity for the entire navigation period was only detected when the virtual environment remained unaltered. Navigational success was positively correlated with activity in the anterior right hippocampus for the initial phase, and more posteriorly in the hippocampus for the whole navigation period. Plots of the BOLD signal time course demonstrated that activity in the anterior hippocampus was transient whereas activity in the posterior hippocampus peaked regularly throughout the entire navigation period. These results support a functional segregation within the MTL with regard to navigational phases. The anterior MTL appears to complete associations related to the environment at large and provide a behavioral plan for navigation, whereas the posterior part keeps track of current location.
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30
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Marsh R, Hao X, Xu D, Wang Z, Duan Y, Liu J, Kangarlu A, Martinez D, Garcia F, Tau GZ, Yu S, Packard MG, Peterson BS. A virtual reality-based FMRI study of reward-based spatial learning. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:2912-21. [PMID: 20570684 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although temporo-parietal cortices mediate spatial navigation in animals and humans, the neural correlates of reward-based spatial learning are less well known. Twenty-five healthy adults performed a virtual reality fMRI task that required learning to use extra-maze cues to navigate an 8-arm radial maze and find hidden rewards. Searching the maze in the spatial learning condition compared to the control conditions was associated with activation of temporo-parietal regions, albeit not including the hippocampus. The receipt of rewards was associated with activation of the hippocampus in a control condition when using the extra-maze cues for navigation was rendered impossible by randomizing the spatial location of cues. Our novel experimental design allowed us to assess the differential contributions of the hippocampus and other temporo-parietal areas to searching and reward processing during reward-based spatial learning. This translational research will permit parallel studies in animals and humans to establish the functional similarity of learning systems across species; cellular and molecular studies in animals may then inform the effects of manipulations on these systems in humans, and fMRI studies in humans may inform the interpretation and relevance of findings in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Marsh
- The MRI Unit, Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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31
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Kraus MS, Keefe RSE, Krishnan RKR. Memory-prediction errors and their consequences in schizophrenia. Neuropsychol Rev 2009; 19:336-52. [PMID: 19575296 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-009-9106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits play a central role in the onset of schizophrenia. Cognitive impairment precedes the onset of psychosis in at least a subgroup of patients, and accounts for considerable dysfunction. Yet cognitive deficits as currently measured are not significantly related to hallucinations and delusions. Part of this counterintuitive absence of a relationship may be caused by the lack of an organizing principle of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia research. We review literature suggesting that a system of memory-based prediction is central to human perception, thought and action , and forward the notion that many of the symptoms of schizophrenia are a result of a failure of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kraus
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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32
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Electrophysiological correlates of high-level perception during spatial navigation. Psychon Bull Rev 2009; 16:313-9. [PMID: 19293100 DOI: 10.3758/pbr.16.2.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We studied the electrophysiological basis of object recognition by recording scalp electroencephalograms while participants played a virtual-reality taxi driver game. Participants searched for passengers and stores during virtual navigation in simulated towns. We compared oscillatory brain activity in response to store views that were targets or nontargets (during store search) or neutral (during passenger search). Even though store category was solely defined by task context (rather than by sensory cues), frontal electrophysiological activity in the low frequency bands (primarily in the [4-8 Hz] band) reliably distinguished between the target, nontarget, and neutral store views. These results implicate low-frequency oscillatory brain activity in frontal regions as an important variable in the study of the cognitive processes involved in object recognition, categorization, and other forms of high-level perception.
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