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Hsu CY, Chuang YC, Chang FC, Chuang HY, Chiou TTY, Lee CT. Disrupted Sleep Homeostasis and Altered Expressions of Clock Genes in Rats with Chronic Lead Exposure. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9090217. [PMID: 34564368 PMCID: PMC8473409 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disturbance is one of the neurobehavioral complications of lead neurotoxicity. The present study evaluated the impacts of chronic lead exposure on alteration of the sleep–wake cycle in association with changes of clock gene expression in the hypothalamus. Sprague–Dawley rats with chronic lead exposure consumed drinking water that contained 250 ppm of lead acetate for five weeks. Electroencephalography and electromyography were recorded for scoring the architecture of the sleep–wake cycle in animals. At six Zeitgeber time (ZT) points (ZT2, ZT6, ZT10, ZT14, ZT18, and ZT22), three clock genes, including rPer1, rPer2, and rBmal1b, were analyzed. The rats with chronic lead exposure showed decreased slow wave sleep and increased wakefulness in the whole light period (ZT1 to ZT12) and the early dark period (ZT13 to ZT15) that was followed with a rebound of rapid-eye-movement sleep at the end of the dark period (ZT22 to ZT24). The disturbance of the sleep–wake cycle was associated with changes in clock gene expression that was characterized by the upregulation of rPer1 and rPer2 and the feedback repression of rBmal1b. We concluded that chronic lead exposure has a negative impact on the sleep–wake cycle in rats that predominantly disrupts sleep homeostasis. The disruption of sleep homeostasis was associated with a toxic effect of lead on the clock gene expression in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yao Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Yao-Chung Chuang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chia Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Yi Chuang
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Terry Ting-Yu Chiou
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Te Lee
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Chang-Gang Kidney Research Center, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Cooper JM, Halter KA, Prosser RA. Circadian rhythm and sleep-wake systems share the dynamic extracellular synaptic milieu. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2018; 5:15-36. [PMID: 31236509 PMCID: PMC6584685 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian circadian and sleep-wake systems are closely aligned through their coordinated regulation of daily activity patterns. Although they differ in their anatomical organization and physiological processes, they utilize overlapping regulatory mechanisms that include an assortment of proteins and molecules interacting within the extracellular space. These extracellular factors include proteases that interact with soluble proteins, membrane-attached receptors and the extracellular matrix; and cell adhesion molecules that can form complex scaffolds connecting adjacent neurons, astrocytes and their respective intracellular cytoskeletal elements. Astrocytes also participate in the dynamic regulation of both systems through modulating neuronal appositions, the extracellular space and/or through release of gliotransmitters that can further contribute to the extracellular signaling processes. Together, these extracellular elements create a system that integrates rapid neurotransmitter signaling across longer time scales and thereby adjust neuronal signaling to reflect the daily fluctuations fundamental to both systems. Here we review what is known about these extracellular processes, focusing specifically on areas of overlap between the two systems. We also highlight questions that still need to be addressed. Although we know many of the extracellular players, far more research is needed to understand the mechanisms through which they modulate the circadian and sleep-wake systems.
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Key Words
- ADAM, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase
- AMPAR, AMPA receptor
- Astrocytes
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BMAL1, Brain and muscle Arnt-like-1 protein
- Bmal1, Brain and muscle Arnt-like-1 gene
- CAM, cell adhesion molecules
- CRY, cryptochrome protein
- Cell adhesion molecules
- Circadian rhythms
- Cry, cryptochrome gene
- DD, dark-dark
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ECS, extracellular space
- EEG, electroencephalogram
- Endo N, endoneuraminidase N
- Extracellular proteases
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- IL, interleukin
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- LC, locus coeruleus
- LD, light-dark
- LH, lateral hypothalamus
- LRP-1, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
- LTP, long-term potentiation
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinases
- NCAM, neural cell adhesion molecule protein
- NMDAR, NMDA receptor
- NO, nitric oxide
- NST, nucleus of the solitary tract
- Ncam, neural cell adhesion molecule gene
- Nrl, neuroligin gene
- Nrx, neurexin gene
- P2, purine type 2 receptor
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PER, period protein
- PPT, peduculopontine tegmental nucleus
- PSA, polysialic acid
- Per, period gene
- REMS, rapid eye movement sleep
- RSD, REM sleep disruption
- SCN, suprachiasmatic nucleus
- SWS, slow wave sleep
- Sleep-wake system
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TTFL, transcriptional-translational negative feedback loop
- VIP, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
- VLPO, ventrolateral preoptic
- VP, vasopressin
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- dNlg4, drosophila neuroligin-4 gene
- nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene
- nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase protein
- tPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator
- uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator
- uPAR, uPA receptor
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Brenachot X, Gautier T, Nédélec E, Deckert V, Laderrière A, Nuzzaci D, Rigault C, Lemoine A, Pénicaud L, Lagrost L, Benani A. Brain Control of Plasma Cholesterol Involves Polysialic Acid Molecules in the Hypothalamus. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:245. [PMID: 28515677 PMCID: PMC5414510 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The polysialic acid (PSA) is a large glycan that is added to cell-surface proteins during their post-translational maturation. In the brain, PSA modulates distances between cells and controls the plasticity of the nervous system. In the hypothalamus, PSA is involved in many aspects of energy balance including food intake, osmoregulation, circadian rhythm, and sleep. In this work, we investigated the role of hypothalamic PSA in the regulation of plasma cholesterol levels and distribution. We report that HFD consumption in mice rapidly increased plasma cholesterol, including VLDL, LDL, and HDL-cholesterol. Although plasma VLDL-cholesterol was normalized within the first week, LDL and HDL were still elevated after 2 weeks upon HFD. Importantly, we found that hypothalamic PSA removal aggravated LDL elevation and reduced HDL levels upon HFD. These results indicate that hypothalamic PSA controls plasma lipoprotein profile by circumventing the rise of LDL-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in plasma during overfeeding. Although mechanisms by which hypothalamic PSA controls plasma cholesterol homeostasis remains to be elucidated, these findings also suggest that low level of hypothalamic PSA might be a risk factor for dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Brenachot
- AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Thomas Gautier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale LNC, U1231, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Nédélec
- AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Valérie Deckert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale LNC, U1231, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Amélie Laderrière
- AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Danaé Nuzzaci
- AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Caroline Rigault
- AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Aleth Lemoine
- AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale LNC, U1231, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
| | - Alexandre Benani
- AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche ComtéDijon, France
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O'Callaghan EK, Ballester Roig MN, Mongrain V. Cell adhesion molecules and sleep. Neurosci Res 2016; 116:29-38. [PMID: 27884699 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play essential roles in the central nervous system, where some families are involved in synaptic development and function. These synaptic adhesion molecules (SAMs) are involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, and the formation of neuronal networks. Recent findings from studies examining the consequences of sleep loss suggest that these molecules are candidates to act in sleep regulation. This review highlights the experimental data that lead to the identification of SAMs as potential sleep regulators, and discusses results supporting that specific SAMs are involved in different aspects of sleep regulation. Further, some potential mechanisms by which SAMs may act to regulate sleep are outlined, and the proposition that these molecules may serve as molecular machinery in the two sleep regulatory processes, the circadian and homeostatic components, is presented. Together, the data argue that SAMs regulate the neuronal plasticity that underlies sleep and wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kate O'Callaghan
- Research Centre and Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin West Blvd. Montreal, QC, H4J 1C5, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Maria Neus Ballester Roig
- Research Centre and Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin West Blvd. Montreal, QC, H4J 1C5, Canada; Neurophysiology of Sleep and Biology Rhythms Laboratory, IDISPA (Health Research Foundation Illes Balears), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Research Centre and Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin West Blvd. Montreal, QC, H4J 1C5, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada,.
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Enzymatic Depletion of the Polysialic Acid Moiety Associated with the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Inhibits Antidepressant Efficacy. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1670-80. [PMID: 26530284 PMCID: PMC4832030 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressant drugs are too often ineffective, the exact mechanism of efficacy is still ambiguous, and there has been a paucity of novel targets for pharmacotherapy. In an attempt to understand the pathogenesis of depression and subsequently develop more efficacious antidepressant drugs, multiple theories have been proposed, including the modulation of neurotransmission, the upregulation of neurogenesis and neurotrophic factors, normalizing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal reactivity, and the reduction of neuroinflammation; all of which have supporting lines of evidence. Therefore, an ideal molecular target for novel pharmaceutical intervention would function at the confluence of these theories. The polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) functions broadly, serving to mediate synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, neurotrophic factor signaling, and inflammatory signaling throughout the brain; all of which are associated with the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Moreover, the expression of PSA-NCAM is reduced by depression, and conversely enhanced by antidepressant treatment, particularly within the hippocampus. Here we demonstrate that selectively cleaving the polysialic acid moiety, using the bacteriophage-derived enzyme endoneuraminidase N, completely inhibits the antidepressant efficacy of the selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (FLX) in a chronic unpredictable stress model of depression. We also observe a corresponding attenuation of FLX-induced hippocampal neuroplasticity, including decreased hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptic density, and neural activation. These data indicate that PSA-NCAM-mediated neuroplasticity is necessary for antidepressant action; therefore PSA-NCAM represents an interesting, and novel, target for pharmacotherapy.
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Kimura M, Sakai A, Sakamoto A, Suzuki H. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated enhancement of noradrenergic descending inhibition in the locus coeruleus exerts prolonged analgesia in neuropathic pain. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2469-78. [PMID: 25572945 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The locus coeruleus (LC) is the principal nucleus containing the noradrenergic neurons and is a major endogenous source of pain modulation in the brain. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a well-established neurotrophic factor for noradrenergic neurons, is a major pain modulator in the spinal cord and primary sensory neurons. However, it is unknown whether GDNF is involved in pain modulation in the LC. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the left sciatic nerve were used as a model of neuropathic pain. GDNF was injected into the left LC of rats with CCI for 3 consecutive days and changes in mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed. The α2 -adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine was injected intrathecally to assess the involvement of descending inhibition in GDNF-mediated analgesia. The MEK inhibitor U0126 was used to investigate whether the ERK signalling pathway plays a role in the analgesic effects of GDNF. KEY RESULTS Both mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were attenuated 24 h after the first GDNF injection. GDNF increased the noradrenaline content in the dorsal spinal cord. The analgesic effects continued for at least 3 days after the last injection. Yohimbine abolished these effects of GDNF. The analgesic effects of GDNF were partly, but significantly, inhibited by prior injection of U0126 into the LC. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS GDNF injection into the LC exerts prolonged analgesic effects on neuropathic pain in rats by enhancing descending noradrenergic inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kimura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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McCall T, Weil ZM, Nacher J, Bloss EB, El Maarouf A, Rutishauser U, McEwen BS. Depletion of polysialic acid from neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) increases CA3 dendritic arborization and increases vulnerability to excitotoxicity. Exp Neurol 2013; 241:5-12. [PMID: 23219884 PMCID: PMC3570583 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic immobilization stress (CIS) shortens apical dendritic trees of CA3 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus of the male rat, and dendritic length may be a determinant of vulnerability to stress. Expression of the polysialylated form of neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) in the hippocampal formation is increased by stress, while PSA removal by Endo-neuraminidase-N (endo-N) is known to cause the mossy fibers to defasciculate and synapse ectopically in their CA3 target area. We show here that enzymatic removal of PSA produced a remarkable expansion of dendritic arbors of CA3 pyramidal neurons, with a lesser effect in CA1. This expansion eclipsed the CIS-induced shortening of CA3 dendrites, with the expanded dendrites of both no-stress-endo-N and CIS-endo-N rats being longer than those in no-stress-control rats and much longer than those in CIS-control rats. As predicted by the hypothesis that endo-N-induced dendritic expansion might increase vulnerability to excitotoxic challenge, systemic injection with kainic acid, showed markedly increased neuronal degeneration, as assessed by fluorojade B histochemistry, in rats that had been treated with endo-N compared to vehicle-treated rats throughout the entire hippocampal formation. PSA removal also exacerbated the CIS-induced reduction in body weight and abolished effects of CIS on NPY and NR2B mRNA levels. These findings support the hypothesis that CA3 arbor plasticity plays a protective role during prolonged stress and clarify the role of PSA-NCAM in stress-induced dendritic plasticity.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Body Mass Index
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/drug effects
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/pathology
- Dendrites/drug effects
- Dendrites/pathology
- Dendrites/ultrastructure
- Disease Models, Animal
- Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/toxicity
- Fluoresceins
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Kainic Acid/toxicity
- Male
- Metalloendopeptidases/pharmacology
- Nerve Degeneration/chemically induced
- Nerve Degeneration/pathology
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/drug effects
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Organic Chemicals
- Pyramidal Cells/drug effects
- Pyramidal Cells/metabolism
- Pyramidal Cells/pathology
- Pyramidal Cells/ultrastructure
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Sialic Acids/deficiency
- Silver Staining
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy McCall
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York NY 10065, USA
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