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Takashima Y, Biane JS, Tuszynski MH. Selective plasticity of layer 2/3 inputs onto distal forelimb controlling layer 5 corticospinal neurons with skilled grasp motor training. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113986. [PMID: 38598336 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Layer 5 neurons of the neocortex receive their principal inputs from layer 2/3 neurons. We seek to identify the nature and extent of the plasticity of these projections with motor learning. Using optogenetic and viral intersectional tools to selectively stimulate distinct neuronal subsets in rat primary motor cortex, we simultaneously record from pairs of corticospinal neurons associated with distinct features of motor output control: distal forelimb vs. proximal forelimb. Activation of Channelrhodopsin2-expressing layer 2/3 afferents onto layer 5 in untrained animals produces greater monosynaptic excitation of neurons controlling the proximal forelimb. Following skilled grasp training, layer 2/3 inputs onto corticospinal neurons controlling the distal forelimb associated with skilled grasping become significantly stronger. Moreover, peak excitatory response amplitude nearly doubles while latency shortens, and excitatory-to-inhibitory latencies become significantly prolonged. These findings demonstrate distinct, highly segregated, and cell-specific plasticity of layer 2/3 projections during skilled grasp motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy S Biane
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mark H Tuszynski
- Department of Neurosciences, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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Day M, Gibb R, Kleim J, Kolb B. Comparison of motor recovery after neonatal and adult hemidecortication. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114205. [PMID: 36347384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hemidecortication produces a wide range of cognitive and motor symptoms in both children and lab animals that are generally far greater than smaller bilateral focal lesions of cerebral cortex. Although there have been many studies of motor functions after hemidecortication, the analyses largely have been of general motor functions rather than of more skilled motor functions such as forelimb reaching. The objective of the present experiment was to analyze the sensorimotor forelimb function of rats after infant or adult hemidecortication by utilizing multiple motor analyses. Rats were given hemidecortications either on postnatal day 10 (P10) or day 90 (P90). Both groups were then tested on a number of behavioural tasks (two tests of skilled reaching, forelimb placing during spontaneous vertical exploration, and a sunflower seed opening task) beginning at P 120. In a portion of the P10 female animals, topographic movement representations were derived in the hemisphere contralateral to lesion using Intracortical Microstimulation (ICMS). The brains of the male animals were prepared for Golgi-Cox staining and subsequent analysis of dendritic arborisation and spine density. There were three main findings. 1) Both groups of hemidecorticate animals were impaired when tested on the motor tasks, but the impairments were qualitatively different in the neonatal and adult operates. For example, the P 10 hemidecorticate animals displayed simultaneous bilateral forelimb movement, or "mirror movements." 2) Hemidecortication at P90 but not P10, led to increased dendritic arborisation of Layer III pyramidal cells in the intact parietal cortex but whereas P90 animals showed a decrease in cortical thickness in the intact hemisphere, the P10 animals do not, even though there are no callosal connections. 3) P10 hemidecortication altered the details of the ICMS-delineated motor maps in a small group of female hemidecorticates that were studied. In conclusion, there was postinjury compensation for motor impairments in both P10 and P90 rats but the mechanisms were different. Furthermore, comparisons of postinjury behavioral and anatomical compensation in rats with focal cortical injuries at those ages in our previous studies showed marked differences. These results suggest that there is a fundamental difference in the way that the brain compensates from hemidecortication and focal injury in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Day
- Dept of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Robbin Gibb
- Dept of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Jeff Kleim
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, United States
| | - Bryan Kolb
- Dept of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
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Ohne H, Takahashi M, Satomi K, Hasegawa A, Takeuchi T, Sato S, Ichimura S. Mechanism of forelimb motor function restoration in rats with cervical spinal cord hemisection-neuroanatomical validation. IBRO Rep 2019; 7:10-25. [PMID: 31431931 PMCID: PMC6581651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is neuroanatomical validation of forelimb motor function restoration in rats with cervical spinal cord injury. Materials and methods We used eight cervical hemisected rats and eight normal rats. We cut in half the C3/4 cervical spinal cord of 18-weeks-old normal rats. We used 24-weeks-old rats that had reached a nearly steady state of forelimb motor function after the hemisection (Hemisection group). Normal 24-week-old rats were used as Control group. To evaluate the corticospinal tracts, neuro-tracing by biotynirated dextran-amine (BDA) was used. BDA was injected into the damaged side of the cerebral primary motor cortex. In order to quantitatively analyze the specimen, we recorded a site where nerve fibers appear in each specimen in the image analysis (1) and defined the increase rate of immunostaining area using ImageJ in the image analysis (2). Based on the evaluation in the image analysis (1) and the image analysis (2), the Hemisection group and the Control group were compared. Results In the image analysis (1), a region with robust appearance of aberrant nerve fibers was observed in the cephalad side of the Hemisection site in Hemisection group than Control group. In the spinal cord caudal to the hemisection, such region was generally more in Hemisection group, however, disappeared or reduced appearance was observed in some regions. In the image analysis (2), no statistical significant difference was noted in each level. Conclusion There is a high probability that these aberrant nerve fibers beyond the midline could be involved in forelimb motor function restoration in rats with cervical cord hemisection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ohne
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Masahito Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Satomi
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Kugayama Hospital, 2-14-20 Kitakarasuyama Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-0061, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hasegawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Takumi Takeuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shoichi Ichimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
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Rodent Models of Developmental Ischemic Stroke for Translational Research: Strengths and Weaknesses. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:5089321. [PMID: 31093271 PMCID: PMC6476045 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5089321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia can occur at any stage in life, but clinical consequences greatly differ depending on the developmental stage of the affected brain structures. Timing of the lesion occurrence seems to be critical, as it strongly interferes with neuronal circuit development and determines the way spontaneous plasticity takes place. Translational stroke research requires the use of animal models as they represent a reliable tool to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the generation, progression, and pathological consequences of a stroke. Moreover, in vivo experiments are instrumental to investigate new therapeutic strategies and the best temporal window of intervention. Differently from adults, very few models of the human developmental stroke have been characterized, and most of them have been established in rodents. The models currently used provide a better understanding of the molecular factors involved in the effects of ischemia; however, they still hold many limitations due to matching developmental stages across different species and the complexity of the human disorder that hardly can be described by segregated variables. In this review, we summarize the key factors contributing to neonatal brain vulnerability to ischemic strokes and we provide an overview of the advantages and limitations of the currently available models to recapitulate different aspects of the human developmental stroke.
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Matias I, Elias-Filho DH, Garcia CAB, Silva GH, Mejia J, Cabral FR, Miranda ACC, Gomes da Silva S, da Silva Lopes L, Coimbra NC, Machado HR. A new model of experimental hemispherotomy in young adult Rattus norvegicus: a neural tract tracing and SPECT in vivo study. J Neurosurg 2019; 130:1210-1223. [PMID: 29882701 DOI: 10.3171/2017.12.jns171150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to describe a new experimental model of hemispherotomy performed on laboratory animals. METHODS Twenty-six male young adult Wistar rats were distributed into two groups (surgery and control). The nonfluorescent anterograde neurotracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA; 10,000 MW) was microinjected into the motor cortex area (M1) according to The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates atlas to identify pathways and fibers disconnected after the experimental hemispherectomy. SPECT tomographic images of 99mTc hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime were obtained to verify perfusion in functioning areas of the disconnected and intact brain. A reproducible and validated surgical procedure is described in detail, including exact measurements and anatomical relationships. An additional 30 rodents (n = 10 rats per group) were divided into naïve, sham, and hemispherotomy groups and underwent the rotarod test. RESULTS Cortico-cortical neural pathways were identified crossing the midline and contacting neuronal perikarya in the contralateral brain hemisphere in controls, but not in animals undergoing hemispherotomy. There was an absence of perfusion in the left side of the brain of the animals undergoing hemispherotomy. Motor performance was significantly affected by brain injuries, increasing the number of attempts to maintain balance on the moving cylinder in the rotarod test at 10 and 30 days after the hemispherotomy, with a tendency to minimize the motor performance deficit over time. CONCLUSIONS The present findings show that the technique reproduced neural disconnection with minimal resection of brain parenchyma in young adult rats, thereby duplicating the hemispherotomy procedures in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivair Matias
- 1Laboratory of Pediatric Neurosurgery and Developmental Neuropathology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy
- 2Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, and
| | | | | | - Guilherme Henrique Silva
- 1Laboratory of Pediatric Neurosurgery and Developmental Neuropathology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy
| | | | | | | | - Sérgio Gomes da Silva
- 3Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein; and
- 5Núcleo de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (NPT), Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luíza da Silva Lopes
- 1Laboratory of Pediatric Neurosurgery and Developmental Neuropathology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- 2Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, and
- 4Neuroelectrophysiology Multiuser Centre and Neurobiology of Pain and Emotions Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo
| | - Hélio Rubens Machado
- 1Laboratory of Pediatric Neurosurgery and Developmental Neuropathology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy
- 4Neuroelectrophysiology Multiuser Centre and Neurobiology of Pain and Emotions Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo
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Mohammed H, Hollis ER. Cortical Reorganization of Sensorimotor Systems and the Role of Intracortical Circuits After Spinal Cord Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:588-603. [PMID: 29882081 PMCID: PMC6095783 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticity of sensorimotor systems in mammals underlies the capacity for motor learning as well as the ability to relearn following injury. Spinal cord injury, which both deprives afferent input and interrupts efferent output, results in a disruption of cortical somatotopy. While changes in corticospinal axons proximal to the lesion are proposed to support the reorganization of cortical motor maps after spinal cord injury, intracortical horizontal connections are also likely to be critical substrates for rehabilitation-mediated recovery. Intrinsic connections have been shown to dictate the reorganization of cortical maps that occurs in response to skilled motor learning as well as after peripheral injury. Cortical networks incorporate changes in motor and sensory circuits at subcortical or spinal levels to induce map remodeling in the neocortex. This review focuses on the reorganization of cortical networks observed after injury and posits a role of intracortical circuits in recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Mohammed
- Burke Neurological Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA
| | - Edmund R Hollis
- Burke Neurological Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA.
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Zareen N, Dodson S, Armada K, Awad R, Sultana N, Hara E, Alexander H, Martin JH. Stimulation-dependent remodeling of the corticospinal tract requires reactivation of growth-promoting developmental signaling pathways. Exp Neurol 2018; 307:133-144. [PMID: 29729248 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The corticospinal tract (CST) can become damaged after spinal cord injury or stroke, resulting in weakness or paralysis. Repair of the damaged CST is limited because mature CST axons fail to regenerate, which is partly because the intrinsic axon growth capacity is downregulated in maturity. Whereas CST axons sprout after injury, this is insufficient to recover lost functions. Chronic motor cortex (MCX) electrical stimulation is a neuromodulatory strategy to promote CST axon sprouting, leading to functional recovery after CST lesion. Here we examine the molecular mechanisms of stimulation-dependent CST axonal sprouting and synapse formation. MCX stimulation rapidly upregulates mTOR and Jak/Stat signaling in the corticospinal system. Chronic stimulation, which leads to CST sprouting and increased CST presynaptic sites, further enhances mTOR and Jak/Stat activity. Importantly, chronic stimulation shifts the equilibrium of the mTOR repressor PTEN to the inactive phosphorylated form suggesting a molecular transition to an axon growth state. We blocked each signaling pathway selectively to determine potential differential contributions to axonal outgrowth and synapse formation. mTOR blockade prevented stimulation-dependent axon sprouting. Surprisingly, Jak/Stat blockade did not abrogate sprouting, but instead prevented the increase in CST presynaptic sites produced by chronic MCX stimulation. Chronic stimulation increased the number of spinal neurons expressing the neural activity marker cFos. Jak/Stat blockade prevented the increase in cFos-expressing neurons after chronic stimulation, confirming an important role for Jak/Stat signaling in activity-dependent CST synapse formation. MCX stimulation is a neuromodulatory repair strategy that reactivates distinct developmentally-regulated signaling pathways for axonal outgrowth and synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neela Zareen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shahid Dodson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristine Armada
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rahma Awad
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nadia Sultana
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erina Hara
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heather Alexander
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John H Martin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Neuroscience Program, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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Sebastianelli L, Versace V, Taylor A, Brigo F, Nothdurfter W, Saltuari L, Trinka E, Nardone R. Functional reorganization after hemispherectomy in humans and animal models: What can we learn about the brain's resilience to extensive unilateral lesions? Brain Res Bull 2017; 131:156-167. [PMID: 28414105 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hemispherectomy (HS) is an effective surgical procedure aimed at managing otherwise intractable epilepsy in cases of diffuse unihemispheric pathologies. Neurological recovery in subjects treated with HS is not limited to seizure reduction, rather, sensory-motor and behavioral improvement is often observed. This outcome highlights the considerable capability of the brain to react to such an extensive lesion, by functionally reorganizing and rewiring the cerebral cortex, especially early in life. In this narrative review, we summarize the animal studies as well as the human neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies dealing with the reorganizational processes that occur after HS. These topics are of particular interest in understanding mechanisms of functional recovery after brain injury. HS offers the chance to investigate contralesional hemisphere activity in controlling ipsilateral limb movements, and the role of transcallosal interactions, before and after the surgical procedure. These post-injury neuroplastic phenomena actually differ from those observed after less extensive brain damage. Therefore, they illustrate how different lesions could lead the contralesional hemisphere to play the "good" or "bad" role in functional recovery. These issues may have clinical implications and could inform rehabilitation strategies aiming to improve functional recovery following unilateral hemispheric lesions. Future studies, involving large cohorts of hemispherectomized patients, will be necessary in order to obtain a greater understanding of how cerebral reorganization can contribute to residual sensorimotor, visual and auditory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sebastianelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy, and Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy, and Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alexandra Taylor
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesco Brigo
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Nothdurfter
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy, and Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Leopold Saltuari
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Italy, and Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Centre of Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy.
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Vallone F, Lai S, Spalletti C, Panarese A, Alia C, Micera S, Caleo M, Di Garbo A. Post-Stroke Longitudinal Alterations of Inter-Hemispheric Correlation and Hemispheric Dominance in Mouse Pre-Motor Cortex. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146858. [PMID: 26752066 PMCID: PMC4709093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Limited restoration of function is known to occur spontaneously after an ischemic injury to the primary motor cortex. Evidence suggests that Pre-Motor Areas (PMAs) may “take over” control of the disrupted functions. However, little is known about functional reorganizations in PMAs. Forelimb movements in mice can be driven by two cortical regions, Caudal and Rostral Forelimb Areas (CFA and RFA), generally accepted as primary motor and pre-motor cortex, respectively. Here, we examined longitudinal changes in functional coupling between the two RFAs following unilateral photothrombotic stroke in CFA (mm from Bregma: +0.5 anterior, +1.25 lateral). Methods Local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded from the RFAs of both hemispheres in freely moving injured and naïve mice. Neural signals were acquired at 9, 16 and 23 days after surgery (sub-acute period in stroke animals) through one bipolar electrode per hemisphere placed in the center of RFA, with a ground screw over the occipital bone. LFPs were pre-processed through an efficient method of artifact removal and analysed through: spectral,cross-correlation, mutual information and Granger causality analysis. Results Spectral analysis demonstrated an early decrease (day 9) in the alpha band power in both the RFAs. In the late sub-acute period (days 16 and 23), inter-hemispheric functional coupling was reduced in ischemic animals, as shown by a decrease in the cross-correlation and mutual information measures. Within the gamma and delta bands, correlation measures were already reduced at day 9. Granger analysis, used as a measure of the symmetry of the inter-hemispheric causal connectivity, showed a less balanced activity in the two RFAs after stroke, with more frequent oscillations of hemispheric dominance. Conclusions These results indicate robust electrophysiological changes in PMAs after stroke. Specifically, we found alterations in transcallosal connectivity, with reduced inter-hemispheric functional coupling and a fluctuating dominance pattern. These reorganizations may underlie vicariation of lost functions following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vallone
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR, Pisa, Italy
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Lai
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Spalletti
- Neuroscience Institute, CNR, Pisa, Italy
- Life Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Panarese
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Silvestro Micera
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering School of Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Takiguchi M, Atobe Y, Kadota T, Funakoshi K. Compensatory projections of primary sensory fibers in lumbar spinal cord after neonatal thoracic spinal transection in rats. Neuroscience 2015. [PMID: 26208841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Complete spinal transection in adult rats results in poor recovery of hind limb function, whereas significant spontaneous recovery can occur following spinal cord transection in rat neonates. The mechanisms underlying the recovery, however, are poorly understood. Recent studies in rodents suggested that the recovery is not due to axonal regeneration, but rather due to reorganization of the neural circuits in the spinal cord below the injury site, including central pattern generators. Few studies have reported histological evidence for changes in the primary sensory fibers or terminals. Thus, in the present study, we transected spinal cords of rats at thoracic level 8 at postnatal day 5. Four weeks after the injury, biotinylated-dextran amine (BDA), an anterograde tracer, was injected into the dorsal root ganglion of the lumbar spinal cord to examine the localization of sensory fibers and their terminal buttons in the spinal cord. BDA-positive axons in the rat spinal cord following neonatal spinal transection (neo ST) were longer than those in sham-operated or normal rats. The number of terminal buttons was also higher in spinal cords of neo ST rats compared with sham-operated or normal rats. These findings suggest that sensory fibers project more strongly and make more synapses following neo ST to compensate for the lack of supraspinal projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takiguchi
- Neuroanatomy, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Y Atobe
- Neuroanatomy, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
| | - T Kadota
- Neuroanatomy, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
| | - K Funakoshi
- Neuroanatomy, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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Yoshikawa A, Nakamachi T, Shibato J, Rakwal R, Shioda S. Comprehensive analysis of neonatal versus adult unilateral decortication in a mouse model using behavioral, neuroanatomical, and DNA microarray approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22492-517. [PMID: 25490135 PMCID: PMC4284721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, studying the development, especially of corticospinal neurons, it was concluded that the main compensatory mechanism after unilateral brain injury in rat at the neonatal stage was due in part to non-lesioned ipsilateral corticospinal neurons that escaped selection by axonal elimination or neuronal apoptosis. However, previous results suggesting compensatory mechanism in neonate brain were not correlated with high functional recovery. Therefore, what is the difference among neonate and adult in the context of functional recovery and potential mechanism(s) therein? Here, we utilized a brain unilateral decortication mouse model and compared motor functional recovery mechanism post-neonatal brain hemisuction (NBH) with adult brain hemisuction (ABH). Three analyses were performed: (1) Quantitative behavioral analysis of forelimb movements using ladder walking test; (2) neuroanatomical retrograde tracing analysis of unlesioned side corticospinal neurons; and (3) differential global gene expressions profiling in unlesioned-side neocortex (rostral from bregma) in NBH and ABH on a 8 × 60 K mouse whole genome Agilent DNA chip. Behavioral data confirmed higher recovery ability in NBH over ABH is related to non-lesional frontal neocortex including rostral caudal forelimb area. A first inventory of differentially expressed genes genome-wide in the NBH and ABH mouse model is provided as a resource for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshikawa
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Nakamachi
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Junko Shibato
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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Clowry GJ, Basuodan R, Chan F. What are the Best Animal Models for Testing Early Intervention in Cerebral Palsy? Front Neurol 2014; 5:258. [PMID: 25538677 PMCID: PMC4255621 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventions to treat cerebral palsy should be initiated as soon as possible in order to restore the nervous system to the correct developmental trajectory. One drawback to this approach is that interventions have to undergo exceptionally rigorous assessment for both safety and efficacy prior to use in infants. Part of this process should involve research using animals but how good are our animal models? Part of the problem is that cerebral palsy is an umbrella term that covers a number of conditions. There are also many causal pathways to cerebral palsy, such as periventricular white matter injury in premature babies, perinatal infarcts of the middle cerebral artery, or generalized anoxia at the time of birth, indeed multiple causes, including intra-uterine infection or a genetic predisposition to infarction, may need to interact to produce a clinically significant injury. In this review, we consider which animal models best reproduce certain aspects of the condition, and the extent to which the multifactorial nature of cerebral palsy has been modeled. The degree to which the corticospinal system of various animal models human corticospinal system function and development is also explored. Where attempts have already been made to test early intervention in animal models, the outcomes are evaluated in light of the suitability of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin John Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Reem Basuodan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Felix Chan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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Saiki A, Kimura R, Samura T, Fujiwara-Tsukamoto Y, Sakai Y, Isomura Y. Different modulation of common motor information in rat primary and secondary motor cortices. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98662. [PMID: 24893154 PMCID: PMC4043846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents have primary and secondary motor cortices that are involved in the execution of voluntary movements via their direct and parallel projections to the spinal cord. However, it is unclear whether the rodent secondary motor cortex has any motor function distinct from the primary motor cortex to properly control voluntary movements. In the present study, we quantitatively examined neuronal activity in the caudal forelimb area (CFA) of the primary motor cortex and rostral forelimb area (RFA) of the secondary motor cortex in head-fixed rats performing forelimb movements (pushing, holding, and pulling a lever). We found virtually no major differences between CFA and RFA neurons, regardless of neuron subtypes, not only in their basal spiking properties but also in the time-course, amplitude, and direction preference of their functional activation for simple forelimb movements. However, the RFA neurons, as compared with the CFA neurons, showed obviously a greater susceptibility of their functional activation to an alteration in a behavioral situation, a 'rewarding' response that leads to reward or a 'consummatory' response that follows reward water, which might be accompanied by some internal adaptations without affecting the motor outputs. Our results suggest that, although the CFA and RFA neurons commonly process fundamental motor information to properly control forelimb movements, the RFA neurons may be functionally differentiated to integrate motor information with internal state information for an adaptation to goal-directed behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Saiki
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- JST CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Kimura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- JST CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Samura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujiwara-Tsukamoto
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- JST CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sakai
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- JST CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Isomura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- JST CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Umeda T, Funakoshi K. Reorganization of motor circuits after neonatal hemidecortication. Neurosci Res 2014; 78:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lindau NT, Bänninger BJ, Gullo M, Good NA, Bachmann LC, Starkey ML, Schwab ME. Rewiring of the corticospinal tract in the adult rat after unilateral stroke and anti-Nogo-A therapy. Brain 2013; 137:739-56. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Wanakhachornkrai O, Umeda T, Isa K, Tantisira MH, Tantisira B, Isa T. Reorganization of sensory pathways after neonatal hemidecortication in rats. Neurosci Res 2013; 79:94-8. [PMID: 24252619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated ascending somatosensory pathways in neonatally hemidecorticated rats. Injection of an anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), into the contralesional dorsal root ganglions revealed ipsilateral projections to the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) in hemidecorticated rats as well as in normal rats. Injection of BDA into the DCN on the same side revealed that while most axons projected to the contralateral thalamus, some axons were detected in the ipsilateral thalamus in hemidecorticated rats while such projections were rarely detected in normal rats. The results suggest that aberrant ipsilateral projections of DCN neurons contralateral to the lesion developed after the hemidecortication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oraphan Wanakhachornkrai
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan; Physiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Rangsit University, Pathumthani, Thailand; Inter-disciplinary Program of Physiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tatsuya Umeda
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Isa
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mayuree H Tantisira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Boonyong Tantisira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan; School of Life Science, The Graduated University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Japan; Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan
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A behavioral method for identifying recovery and compensation: Hand use in a preclinical stroke model using the single pellet reaching task. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:950-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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