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Xie N, Bickley BA, Gross AD. GABA-gated chloride channel mutation (Rdl) induces cholinergic physiological compensation resulting in cross resistance in Drosophila melanogaster. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 203:105972. [PMID: 39084765 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster MD-RR strain contains an Rdl mutation (A301S) resulting in resistance to several insecticide classes viz. phenyl pyrazoles (e.g., fipronil), cyclodienes (e.g., dieldrin), and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., lindane). Fitness costs are commonly observed with resistant insect populations as side effects of the genetic change conferring the resistant phenotype. Because of fitness costs, reversion from the resistant to susceptible genotype and phenotype is common. However, the Rdl genotype in D. melanogaster appears to allow the flies to maintain the resistant genotype/phenotype without selective pressure and with minimal fitness costs. We provide evidence that compensation for the Rdl mutation influences the cholinergic system, where an increase in acetylcholinesterase gene expression and enzyme activity results in neurophysiological changes and cross resistance to a carbamate insecticide (propoxur oral resistance ratio (RR) of 63) and an organophosphate insecticide (dichlorvos oral RR of 7). Such cross resistance was not previously reported with the initial collection and testing of this strain. In addition to acetylcholinesterase, the Rdl mutation influences the expression of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype-B, resulting in resistance to non-selective muscarinic compounds (pilocarpine and atropine). Collectively, these results indicate that the Rdl mutation (A301S) at GABA-gated ionophore complex influences the physiology of the cholinergic system, leading to resistance to established insecticide classes. Additionally, this mutation may impact the effectiveness of insecticides targeting novel sites, like muscarinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xie
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Entomology, Molecular Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Brandon A Bickley
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Entomology, Molecular Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Aaron D Gross
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Entomology, Molecular Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; School of Neuroscience, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Diseases, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Ricardo PC, Arias MC, de Souza Araujo N. Decoding bee cleptoparasitism through comparative transcriptomics of Coelioxoides waltheriae and its host Tetrapedia diversipes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12361. [PMID: 38811580 PMCID: PMC11137135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Cleptoparasitism, also known as brood parasitism, is a widespread strategy among bee species in which the parasite lays eggs into the nests of the host species. Even though this behavior has significant ecological implications for the dynamics of several species, little is known about the molecular pathways associated with cleptoparasitism. To shed some light on this issue, we used gene expression data to perform a comparative analysis between two solitary neotropical bees: Coelioxoides waltheriae, an obligate parasite, and their specific host Tetrapedia diversipes. We found that ortholog genes involved in signal transduction, sensory perception, learning, and memory formation were differentially expressed between the cleptoparasite and the host. We hypothesize that these genes and their associated molecular pathways are engaged in cleptoparasitism-related processes and, hence, are appealing subjects for further investigation into functional and evolutionary aspects of cleptoparasitism in bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Cseri Ricardo
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva - Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maria Cristina Arias
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva - Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wu J, Lang H, Mu X, Zhang Z, Su Q, Hu X, Zheng H. Honey bee genetics shape the strain-level structure of gut microbiota in social transmission. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:225. [PMID: 34784973 PMCID: PMC8597283 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Honey bee gut microbiota transmitted via social interactions are beneficial to the host health. Although the microbial community is relatively stable, individual variations and high strain-level diversity have been detected across honey bees. Although the bee gut microbiota structure is influenced by environmental factors, the heritability of the gut members and the contribution of the host genetics remains elusive. Considering bees within a colony are not readily genetically identical due to the polyandry of the queen, we hypothesize that the microbiota structure can be shaped by host genetics. RESULTS We used shotgun metagenomics to simultaneously profile the microbiota and host genotypes of bees from hives of four different subspecies. Gut composition is more distant between genetically different bees at both phylotype- and "sequence-discrete population" levels. We then performed a successive passaging experiment within colonies of hybrid bees generated by artificial insemination, which revealed that the microbial composition dramatically shifts across batches of bees during the social transmission. Specifically, different strains from the phylotype of Snodgrassella alvi are preferentially selected by genetically varied hosts, and strains from different hosts show a remarkably biased distribution of single-nucleotide polymorphism in the Type IV pili loci. Genome-wide association analysis identified that the relative abundance of a cluster of Bifidobacterium strains is associated with the host glutamate receptor gene specifically expressed in the bee brain. Finally, mono-colonization of Bifidobacterium with a specific polysaccharide utilization locus impacts the alternative splicing of the gluR-B gene, which is associated with an increased GABA level in the brain. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that host genetics influence the bee gut composition and suggest a gut-brain connection implicated in the gut bacterial strain preference. Honey bees have been used extensively as a model organism for social behaviors, genetics, and the gut microbiome. Further identification of host genetic function as a shaping force of microbial structure will advance our understanding of the host-microbe interactions. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Wu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Haoyu Lang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaohuan Mu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zijing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qinzhi Su
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Olfactory encoding within the insect antennal lobe: The emergence and role of higher order temporal correlations in the dynamics of antennal lobe spiking activity. J Theor Biol 2021; 522:110700. [PMID: 33819477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the antennal lobe (AL) of three insect species - the fruit fly, sphinx moth, and locust. We first review the experimentally elucidated anatomy and physiology of the early olfactory system of each species; empirical studies of AL activity, however, often focus on assessing firing rates (averaged over time scales of about 100 ms), and hence the AL odor code is often analyzed in terms of a temporally evolving vector of firing rates. However, such a perspective necessarily misses the possibility of higher order temporal correlations in spiking activity within a single cell and across multiple cells over shorter time scales (of about 10 ms). Hence, we then review our prior theoretical work, where we constructed biophysically detailed, species-specific AL models within the fly, moth, and locust, finding that in each case higher order temporal correlations in spiking naturally emerge from model dynamics (i.e., without a prioriincorporation of elements designed to produce correlated activity). We therefore use our theoretical work to argue the perspective that temporal correlations in spiking over short time scales, which have received little experimental attention to-date, may provide valuable coding dimensions (complementing the coding dimensions provided by the vector of firing rates) that nature has exploited in the encoding of odors within the AL. We further argue that, if the AL does indeed utilize temporally correlated activity to represent odor information, such an odor code could be naturally and easily deciphered within the Mushroom Body.
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Mustard JA, Jones L, Wright GA. GABA signaling affects motor function in the honey bee. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 120:103989. [PMID: 31805284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
GABA is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. In insects, inhibition plays important roles at the neuromuscular junction, in the regulation of central pattern generators, and in the modulation of information in higher brain processing centers. Additionally, increasing our understanding of the functions of GABA is important since GABAA receptors are the targets of several classes of pesticides. To investigate the role of GABA in motor function, honey bee foragers were injected with GABA or with agonists or antagonists specific for either GABAA or GABAB receptors. Compounds that activated either type of GABA receptor decreased activity levels. Bees injected with the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin lost the ability to right themselves, whereas blockade of GABAB receptors led to increases in grooming. Injection with antagonists of either GABAA or GABAB receptors resulted in an increase in extended wing behavior, during which bees kept their wings out at right angles to their body rather than folded along their back. These data suggest that the GABA receptor types play distinct roles in behavior and that GABA may affect behavior at several different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Mustard
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
| | - Lisa Jones
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Geraldine A Wright
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
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Lethality of Sesquiterpenes Reprogramming Red Palm Weevil Detoxification Mechanism for Natural Novel Biopesticide Development. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091648. [PMID: 31027367 PMCID: PMC6539850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural biopesticide development for invasive populations of red palm weevils is mainly responsible for the destruction of date palms and demands an extensive screening program of plant secondary metabolites. In the current study, the pesticidal potential of sesquiterpenes (C15 H24), an important class of plant secondary metabolites primarily composed of three isoprene units, was evaluated by laboratory toxicity, feeding performance bioassays, and host detoxification gene expression patterns. Dose-mortality response bioassays performed against mid-aged eighth-instar red palm weevil larvae revealed dose-dependent mortality. Only three sesquiterpenes, including Farnesol (LD50 = 6559 ppm) and Farnesyl acetate (LD50 = 7867 ppm), are considered to have significant toxicity, with Picrotoxin (LD50 = 317 ppm) being the most toxic. Furthermore, highly toxic sesquiterpene (Picrotoxin) established in the current study tremendously reduced the feeding performance indices, including the efficacy of conversion of digested food (ECD) (81.74%) and the efficacy of conversion of ingested food (ECI) (73.62%). The least toxic sesquiterpenes, including β-Caryophyllene, (+)-Cedrol, Nerolidol, (+)-Nootkatone, and Parthenolide, observed in the current study failed to impart significant reductions of ECI and ECD indices. Lethality of the least toxic sesquiterpenes was overcome by greatly inducing gene expressions of Glutathione S transferase (GST) and Cytochrome P450. These encouraging results enabled us to suggest Picrotoxin as a promising biopesticide for the control of red palm weevil infestations.
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Ménard C, Folacci M, Brunello L, Charreton M, Collet C, Mary R, Rousset M, Thibaud JB, Vignes M, Charnet P, Cens T. Multiple combinations of RDL subunits diversify the repertoire of GABA receptors in the honey bee parasite Varroa destructor. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19012-19024. [PMID: 30333227 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, and GABA-gated ion channels are the target of different classes of insecticides, including fipronil. We report here the cloning of six subunits (four RDL, one LCCH3, and one GRD) that constitute the repertoire of the GABA-gated ion channel family of the Varroa mite (Varroa destructor), a honey bee ectoparasite. We also isolated a truncated GRD subunit with a premature stop codon. We found that when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, three of the four RDL subunits (VdesRDL1, VdesRDL2, and VdesRDL3) formed functional, homomultimeric anionic receptors, whereas GRD and LCCH3 produced heteromultimeric cationic receptors. These receptors displayed specific sensitivities toward GABA and fipronil, and VdesRDL1 was the most resistant to the insecticide. We identified specific residues in the VdesRDL1 pore-lining region that explain its high resistance to fipronil. VdesRDL4 did not form a functional receptor when expressed alone, but it assembled with VdesRDL1 to form a heteromultimeric receptor with properties distinct from those of the VdesRDL1 homomultimeric receptor. Moreover, VdesRDL1 physically interacted with VdesRDL3, generating a heteromultimeric receptor combining properties of both subunits. On the other hand, we did not detect any functional interaction between VdesLCCH3 and the VdesRDL subunits, an observation that differed from what was previously reported for Drosophila melanogaster In conclusion, this study provides insights relevant to improve our understanding of the precise role of GABAergic signaling in insects and new tools for the development of Varroa mite-specific insecticidal agents that do not harm honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Ménard
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
| | - Mathilde Folacci
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
| | - Lorène Brunello
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
| | - Mercedes Charreton
- the INRA UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914 Avignon cedex 9, France
| | - Claude Collet
- the INRA UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914 Avignon cedex 9, France
| | - Rosanna Mary
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
| | - Matthieu Rousset
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
| | - Jean-Baptiste Thibaud
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
| | - Michel Vignes
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
| | - Pierre Charnet
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
| | - Thierry Cens
- From the Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France and
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Taylor-Wells J, Hawkins J, Colombo C, Bermudez I, Jones AK. Cloning and functional expression of intracellular loop variants of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) RDL GABA receptor. Neurotoxicology 2017; 60:207-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Taylor-Wells J, Jones AK. Variations in the Insect GABA Receptor, RDL, and Their Impact on Receptor Pharmacology. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2017-1265.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennina Taylor-Wells
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford OX3 8NZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K. Jones
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford OX3 8NZ, United Kingdom
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Lei H, Yu Y, Zhu S, Rangan AV. Intrinsic and Network Mechanisms Constrain Neural Synchrony in the Moth Antennal Lobe. Front Physiol 2016; 7:80. [PMID: 27014082 PMCID: PMC4781831 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Projection-neurons (PNs) within the antennal lobe (AL) of the hawkmoth respond vigorously to odor stimulation, with each vigorous response followed by a ~1 s period of suppression—dubbed the “afterhyperpolarization-phase,” or AHP-phase. Prior evidence indicates that this AHP-phase is important for the processing of odors, but the mechanisms underlying this phase and its function remain unknown. We investigate this issue. Beginning with several physiological experiments, we find that pharmacological manipulation of the AL yields surprising results. Specifically, (a) the application of picrotoxin (PTX) lengthens the AHP-phase and reduces PN activity, whereas (b) the application of Bicuculline-methiodide (BIC) reduces the AHP-phase and increases PN activity. These results are curious, as both PTX and BIC are inhibitory-receptor antagonists. To resolve this conundrum, we speculate that perhaps (a) PTX reduces PN activity through a disinhibitory circuit involving a heterogeneous population of local-neurons, and (b) BIC acts to hamper certain intrinsic currents within the PNs that contribute to the AHP-phase. To probe these hypotheses further we build a computational model of the AL and benchmark our model against our experimental observations. We find that, for parameters which satisfy these benchmarks, our model exhibits a particular kind of synchronous activity: namely, “multiple-firing-events” (MFEs). These MFEs are causally-linked sequences of spikes which emerge stochastically, and turn out to have important dynamical consequences for all the experimentally observed phenomena we used as benchmarks. Taking a step back, we extract a few predictions from our computational model pertaining to the real AL: Some predictions deal with the MFEs we expect to see in the real AL, whereas other predictions involve the runaway synchronization that we expect when BIC-application hampers the AHP-phase. By examining the literature we see support for the former, and we perform some additional experiments to confirm the latter. The confirmation of these predictions validates, at least partially, our initial speculation above. We conclude that the AL is poised in a state of high-gain; ready to respond vigorously to even faint stimuli. After each response the AHP-phase functions to prevent runaway synchronization and to “reset” the AL for another odor-specific response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lei
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yanxue Yu
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Beijing, China
| | - Shuifang Zhu
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Beijing, China
| | - Aaditya V Rangan
- Department of Mathematics, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University New York, NY, USA
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Low doses of neonicotinoid pesticides in food rewards impair short-term olfactory memory in foraging-age honeybees. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15322. [PMID: 26477973 PMCID: PMC4609922 DOI: 10.1038/srep15322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are often applied as systemic seed treatments to crops and have reported negative impact on pollinators when they appear in floral nectar and pollen. Recently, we found that bees in a two-choice assay prefer to consume solutions containing field-relevant doses of the neonicotinoid pesticides, imidacloprid (IMD) and thiamethoxam (TMX), to sucrose alone. This suggests that neonicotinoids enhance the rewarding properties of sucrose and that low, acute doses could improve learning and memory in bees. To test this, we trained foraging-age honeybees to learn to associate floral scent with a reward containing nectar-relevant concentrations of IMD and TMX and tested their short (STM) and long-term (LTM) olfactory memories. Contrary to our predictions, we found that none of the solutions enhanced the rate of olfactory learning and some of them impaired it. In particular, the effect of 10 nM IMD was observed by the second conditioning trial and persisted 24 h later. In most other groups, exposure to IMD and TMX affected STM but not LTM. Our data show that negative impacts of low doses of IMD and TMX do not require long-term exposure and suggest that impacts of neonicotinoids on olfaction are greater than their effects on rewarding memories.
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Effect of GABAergic inhibition on odorant concentration coding in mushroom body intrinsic neurons of the honeybee. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2013; 200:183-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-013-0877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Clifford MR, Riffell JA. Mixture and odorant processing in the olfactory systems of insects: a comparative perspective. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2013; 199:911-28. [PMID: 23660810 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-013-0818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Natural olfactory stimuli are often complex mixtures of volatiles, of which the identities and ratios of constituents are important for odor-mediated behaviors. Despite this importance, the mechanism by which the olfactory system processes this complex information remains an area of active study. In this review, we describe recent progress in how odorants and mixtures are processed in the brain of insects. We use a comparative approach toward contrasting olfactory coding and the behavioral efficacy of mixtures in different insect species, and organize these topics around four sections: (1) Examples of the behavioral efficacy of odor mixtures and the olfactory environment; (2) mixture processing in the periphery; (3) mixture coding in the antennal lobe; and (4) evolutionary implications and adaptations for olfactory processing. We also include pertinent background information about the processing of individual odorants and comparative differences in wiring and anatomy, as these topics have been richly investigated and inform the processing of mixtures in the insect olfactory system. Finally, we describe exciting studies that have begun to elucidate the role of the processing of complex olfactory information in evolution and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie R Clifford
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA,
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