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Yakubovskaya E, Zaliznyak T, Martínez JM, Taylor GT. Raman Microspectroscopy Goes Viral: Infection Dynamics in the Cosmopolitan Microalga, Emiliania huxleyi. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:686287. [PMID: 34795644 PMCID: PMC8593419 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.686287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emiliania huxleyi is a cosmopolitan member of the marine phytoplankton. This species’ capacities for carbon sequestration and sulfur mobilization make it a key player in oceanic biogeochemical cycles that influence climate on a planetary scale. Seasonal E. huxleyi blooms are abruptly terminated by viral epidemics caused by a clade of large DNA viruses collectively known as coccolithoviruses (EhVs). EhVs thereby mediate a significant part of material and energy fluxes associated with E. huxleyi population dynamics. In this study, we use spontaneous Raman microspectroscopy to perform label-free and non-invasive measurements of the macromolecular composition of individual virions and E. huxleyi host cells. Our novel autofluorescence suppression protocol enabled spectroscopic visualization of evolving macromolecular redistributions in individual E. huxleyi cells at different stages of EhV infection. Material transfer from E. huxleyi hosts to single EhV-163 virions was confirmed by combining stable isotope probing (SIP) experiments with Raman microspectroscopy. Inheritance of the host cells’ 13C-enriched isotopic signature was quantified based on red shifts of Raman peaks characteristic of phenylalanine’s phenyl ring. Two-dimensional Raman mapping of EhV-infected E. huxleyi cells revealed that the compact region producing an intense Raman DNA signal (i.e., the nucleus) in healthy E. huxleyi cells becomes diffuse during the first hours of infection. Raman DNA emissions integrated throughout individual cells decreased during the infection cycle. Our observations are consistent with EhV-163 degrading the host’s nuclear DNA, scavenging released nucleotides for its own genome replication, and shedding newly-produced virions prior to host lysis via budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yakubovskaya
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Tatiana Zaliznyak
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | | | - Gordon T Taylor
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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Ku C, Sheyn U, Sebé-Pedrós A, Ben-Dor S, Schatz D, Tanay A, Rosenwasser S, Vardi A. A single-cell view on alga-virus interactions reveals sequential transcriptional programs and infection states. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba4137. [PMID: 32490206 PMCID: PMC7239649 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba4137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of giant viruses infecting eukaryotes from diverse ecosystems has revolutionized our understanding of the evolution of viruses and their impact on protist biology, yet knowledge on their replication strategies and transcriptome regulation remains limited. Here, we profile single-cell transcriptomes of the globally distributed microalga Emiliania huxleyi and its specific giant virus during infection. We detected profound heterogeneity in viral transcript levels among individual cells. Clustering single cells based on viral expression profiles enabled reconstruction of the viral transcriptional trajectory. Reordering cells along this path unfolded highly resolved viral genetic programs composed of genes with distinct promoter elements that orchestrate sequential expression. Exploring host transcriptome dynamics across the viral infection states revealed rapid and selective shutdown of protein-encoding nuclear transcripts, while the plastid and mitochondrial transcriptomes persisted into later stages. Single-cell RNA-seq opens a new avenue to unravel the life cycle of giant viruses and their unique hijacking strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Ku
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Uri Sheyn
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Arnau Sebé-Pedrós
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daniella Schatz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amos Tanay
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shilo Rosenwasser
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Emerging Interaction Patterns in the Emiliania huxleyi-EhV System. Viruses 2017; 9:v9030061. [PMID: 28327527 PMCID: PMC5371816 DOI: 10.3390/v9030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are thought to be fundamental in driving microbial diversity in the oceanic planktonic realm. That role and associated emerging infection patterns remain particularly elusive for eukaryotic phytoplankton and their viruses. Here we used a vast number of strains from the model system Emiliania huxleyi/Emiliania huxleyi Virus to quantify parameters such as growth rate (µ), resistance (R), and viral production (Vp) capacities. Algal and viral abundances were monitored by flow cytometry during 72-h incubation experiments. The results pointed out higher viral production capacity in generalist EhV strains, and the virus-host infection network showed a strong co-evolution pattern between E. huxleyi and EhV populations. The existence of a trade-off between resistance and growth capacities was not confirmed.
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Nissimov JI, Pagarete A, Ma F, Cody S, Dunigan DD, Kimmance SA, Allen MJ. Coccolithoviruses: A Review of Cross-Kingdom Genomic Thievery and Metabolic Thuggery. Viruses 2017; 9:v9030052. [PMID: 28335474 PMCID: PMC5371807 DOI: 10.3390/v9030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccolithoviruses (Phycodnaviridae) infect and lyse the most ubiquitous and successful coccolithophorid in modern oceans, Emiliania huxleyi. So far, the genomes of 13 of these giant lytic viruses (i.e., Emiliania huxleyi viruses—EhVs) have been sequenced, assembled, and annotated. Here, we performed an in-depth comparison of their genomes to try and contextualize the ecological and evolutionary traits of these viruses. The genomes of these EhVs have from 444 to 548 coding sequences (CDSs). Presence/absence analysis of CDSs identified putative genes with particular ecological significance, namely sialidase, phosphate permease, and sphingolipid biosynthesis. The viruses clustered into distinct clades, based on their DNA polymerase gene as well as full genome comparisons. We discuss the use of such clustering and suggest that a gene-by-gene investigation approach may be more useful when the goal is to reveal differences related to functionally important genes. A multi domain “Best BLAST hit” analysis revealed that 84% of the EhV genes have closer similarities to the domain Eukarya. However, 16% of the EhV CDSs were very similar to bacterial genes, contributing to the idea that a significant portion of the gene flow in the planktonic world inter-crosses the domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef I Nissimov
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - António Pagarete
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, 7803, Norway.
| | - Fangrui Ma
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Sean Cody
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - David D Dunigan
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Susan A Kimmance
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
| | - Michael J Allen
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
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Nissimov JI, Napier JA, Allen MJ, Kimmance SA. Intragenus competition between coccolithoviruses: an insight on how a select few can come to dominate many. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:133-45. [PMID: 25970076 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are a major cause of coccolithophore bloom demise in both temperate and sub-temperate oceanic regions. Most infection studies on coccolithoviruses have been conducted with a single virus strain, and the effect of intragenus competition by closely related coccolithoviruses has been ignored. Here we conducted combined infection experiments, infecting Emiliania huxleyi CCMP 2090 with two coccolithoviruses: EhV-86 and EhV-207 both simultaneously and independently. EhV-207 displayed a shorter lytic cycle and increased production potential than EhV-86 and was remarkably superior under competitive conditions. Although the viruses displayed identical adsorption kinetics in the first 2 h post infection, EhV-207 gained a numerical advantage as early as 8 h post infection. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that when infecting in combination, EhV-207 was not affected by the presence of EhV-86, whereas EhV-86 was quickly out-competed, and a significant reduction in free and cell-associated EhV-86 was seen as early as 2 days after the initial infection. The observation of such clear phenotypic differences between genetically distinct, yet similar, coccolithovirus strains, by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR allowed tentative links to the burgeoning genomic, transcriptomic and metabolic data to be made and the factors driving their selection, in particular to the de novo coccolithovirus-encoded sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway. This work illustrates that, even within a family, not all viruses are created equally, and the potential exists for relatively small genetic changes to infer disproportionately large competitive advantages for one coccolithovirus over another, ultimately leading to a few viruses dominating the many.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef I Nissimov
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Michael J Allen
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Susan A Kimmance
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
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Brown CM, Bidle KD. Attenuation of virus production at high multiplicities of infection in Aureococcus anophagefferens. Virology 2014; 466-467:71-81. [PMID: 25104555 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Infection dynamics (saturation kinetics, infection efficiency, adsorption and burst size) for the Aureococcus anophagefferens-Brown Tide virus (AaV) system were investigated using susceptible and resistant strains. Adsorption assays revealed that virus affinity to the cell surface is a key determinant of infectivity. Saturation of infection occurred at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 8 viruses per host and resulted in ~90-95% of infected cells, with burst sizes ranging from 164 to 191. Insight from the AaV genome implicates recycling of host nucleotides rather than de novo synthesis as a constraint on viral replication. Viral yields and mean burst sizes were significantly diminished with increasing MOI. This phenomenon, which was reminiscent of phage-induced 'lysis from without', appeared to be caused by viral contact and was unrelated to bacteria, signaling/toxic compounds, or defective interfering viruses. We posit that high-MOI effects attenuate viral proliferation in natural systems providing a negative feedback on virus-induced bloom collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Brown
- Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Kay D Bidle
- Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Pagarete A, Kusonmano K, Petersen K, Kimmance SA, Martínez Martínez J, Wilson WH, Hehemann JH, Allen MJ, Sandaa RA. Dip in the gene pool: metagenomic survey of natural coccolithovirus communities. Virology 2014; 466-467:129-37. [PMID: 24947907 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the global oceanic distribution and recognised biogeochemical impact of coccolithoviruses (EhV), their diversity remains poorly understood. Here we employed a metagenomic approach to study the occurrence and progression of natural EhV community genomic variability. Analysis of EhV metagenomes from the early and late stages of an induced bloom led to three main discoveries. First, we observed resilient and specific genomic signatures in the EhV community associated with the Norwegian coast, which reinforce the existence of limitations to the capacity of dispersal and genomic exchange among EhV populations. Second, we identified a hyper-variable region (approximately 21kbp long) in the coccolithovirus genome. Third, we observed a clear trend for EhV relative amino-acid diversity to reduce from early to late stages of the bloom. This study validated two new methodological combinations, and proved very useful in the discovery of new genomic features associated with coccolithovirus natural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kjell Petersen
- Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - William H Wilson
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK; Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, USA
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
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8
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Rosenwasser S, Mausz MA, Schatz D, Sheyn U, Malitsky S, Aharoni A, Weinstock E, Tzfadia O, Ben-Dor S, Feldmesser E, Pohnert G, Vardi A. Rewiring Host Lipid Metabolism by Large Viruses Determines the Fate of Emiliania huxleyi, a Bloom-Forming Alga in the Ocean. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2689-2707. [PMID: 24920329 PMCID: PMC4114960 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.125641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Marine viruses are major ecological and evolutionary drivers of microbial food webs regulating the fate of carbon in the ocean. We combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to explore the cellular pathways mediating the interaction between the bloom-forming coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi and its specific coccolithoviruses (E. huxleyi virus [EhV]). We show that EhV induces profound transcriptome remodeling targeted toward fatty acid synthesis to support viral assembly. A metabolic shift toward production of viral-derived sphingolipids was detected during infection and coincided with downregulation of host de novo sphingolipid genes and induction of the viral-encoded homologous pathway. The depletion of host-specific sterols during lytic infection and their detection in purified virions revealed their novel role in viral life cycle. We identify an essential function of the mevalonate-isoprenoid branch of sterol biosynthesis during infection and propose its downregulation as an antiviral mechanism. We demonstrate how viral replication depends on the hijacking of host lipid metabolism during the chemical "arms race" in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilo Rosenwasser
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Michaela A Mausz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry/Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniella Schatz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Uri Sheyn
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eyal Weinstock
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Oren Tzfadia
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Bioinformatics and Biological Computing Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ester Feldmesser
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry/Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Genome variations associated with viral susceptibility and calcification in Emiliania huxleyi. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80684. [PMID: 24260453 PMCID: PMC3834299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emiliania huxleyi, a key player in the global carbon cycle is one of the best studied coccolithophores with respect to biogeochemical cycles, climatology, and host-virus interactions. Strains of E. huxleyi show phenotypic plasticity regarding growth behaviour, light-response, calcification, acidification, and virus susceptibility. This phenomenon is likely a consequence of genomic differences, or transcriptomic responses, to environmental conditions or threats such as viral infections. We used an E. huxleyi genome microarray based on the sequenced strain CCMP1516 (reference strain) to perform comparative genomic hybridizations (CGH) of 16 E. huxleyi strains of different geographic origin. We investigated the genomic diversity and plasticity and focused on the identification of genes related to virus susceptibility and coccolith production (calcification). Among the tested 31940 gene models a core genome of 14628 genes was identified by hybridization among 16 E. huxleyi strains. 224 probes were characterized as specific for the reference strain CCMP1516. Compared to the sequenced E. huxleyi strain CCMP1516 variation in gene content of up to 30 percent among strains was observed. Comparison of core and non-core transcripts sets in terms of annotated functions reveals a broad, almost equal functional coverage over all KOG-categories of both transcript sets within the whole annotated genome. Within the variable (non-core) genome we identified genes associated with virus susceptibility and calcification. Genes associated with virus susceptibility include a Bax inhibitor-1 protein, three LRR receptor-like protein kinases, and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Our list of transcripts associated with coccolith production will stimulate further research, e.g. by genetic manipulation. In particular, the V-type proton ATPase 16 kDa proteolipid subunit is proposed to be a plausible target gene for further calcification studies.
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Nissimov JI, Jones M, Napier JA, Munn CB, Kimmance SA, Allen MJ. Functional inferences of environmental coccolithovirus biodiversity. Virol Sin 2013; 28:291-302. [PMID: 24006045 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cosmopolitan calcifying alga Emiliania huxleyi is one of the most abundant bloom forming coccolithophore species in the oceans and plays an important role in global biogeochemical cycling. Coccolithoviruses are a major cause of coccolithophore bloom termination and have been studied in laboratory, mesocosm and open ocean studies. However, little is known about the dynamic interactions between the host and its viruses, and less is known about the natural diversity and role of functionally important genes within natural coccolithovirus communities. Here, we investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of coccolithoviruses by the use of molecular fingerprinting techniques PCR, DGGE and genomic sequencing. The natural biodiversity of the virus genes encoding the major capsid protein (MCP) and serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) were analysed in samples obtained from the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT), the North Sea and the L4 site in the Western Channel Observatory. We discovered nine new coccolithovirus genotypes across the AMT and L4 site, with the majority of MCP sequences observed at the deep chlorophyll maximum layer of the sampled sites on the transect. We also found four new SPT gene variations in the North Sea and at L4. Their translated fragments and the full protein sequence of SPT from laboratory strains EhV-86 and EhV-99B1 were modelled and revealed that the theoretical fold differs among strains. Variation identified in the structural distance between the two domains of the SPT protein may have an impact on the catalytic capabilities of its active site. In summary, the combined use of 'standard' markers (i.e. MCP), in combination with metabolically relevant markers (i.e. SPT) are useful in the study of the phylogeny and functional biodiversity of coccolithoviruses, and can provide an interesting intracellular insight into the evolution of these viruses and their ability to infect and replicate within their algal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef I Nissimov
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
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Liu X, Zheng T, Cai Y, Liu J. Cloning, expression and characterization of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT)-like gene subunit (LCB2) from marine Emiliania huxleyi virus ( Coccolithovirus). ACTA OCEANOLOGICA SINICA = HAI YANG XUE BAO 2012; 31:127-138. [PMID: 32226188 PMCID: PMC7097000 DOI: 10.1007/s13131-012-0259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The authors have isolated and characterized a novel serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT)-like gene in marine Emiliania huxleyi virus (EhV-99B1). The open-reading frame (ORF) of EhV99B1-SPT encoded a protein of 496 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 96 kDa and Ip 6.01. The results of sequence analysis showed that there was about 31%-45% identity in amino acid sequence with other organisms. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree suggested that the EhV99B1-SPT gene possibly horizontally transferred from the eukaryote. Hydrophobic profiles of deduced amino acid sequences suggested a hydrophobic, globular and membrane-associated protein with five transmembrane domains (TMDs) motifs. Several potential N-linked glycosylation sites were presented in SPT. These results suggested that EhV99B1-SPT was an integral endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein. Despite lower sequence identity, the secondary and three-dimensional structures predicted showed that the "pocket" structure element composed of 2α-helices and 4β-sheets was the catalytic center of this enzyme, with a typical conserved "TFTKSFG" active site in the N-terminal region and was very close to those of prokaryotic organisms. However, the N-terminal domain of EhV99B1-SPT most closely resembled the LCB2 catalysis subunit and the C-terminal domain most closely resembled the LCB1 regulatory subunit of other organisms which together formed a spherical molecule. This "chimera" was highly similar to the prokaryotic homologous SPT. For a functional identification, the EhV99B1-LCB2 subunit gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, which resulted in significant accumulation of new sphingolipid in E. coli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Liu
- Bioengineering College of Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Tianling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of MOE for Coast and Wetland Ecosystem, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Yiqin Cai
- Bioengineering College of Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Bioengineering College of Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021 China
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Draft genome sequence of four coccolithoviruses: Emiliania huxleyi virus EhV-88, EhV-201, EhV-207, and EhV-208. J Virol 2012; 86:2896-7. [PMID: 22328700 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.07046-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coccolithoviridae are a group of viruses which infect the marine coccolithophorid microalga Emiliania huxleyi. The Emiliania huxleyi viruses (known as EhVs) described herein have 160- to 180-nm diameter icosahedral structures, have genomes of approximately 400 kbp, and consist of more than 450 predicted coding sequences (CDSs). Here, we describe the genomic features of four newly sequenced coccolithoviruses (EhV-88, EhV-201, EhV-207, and EhV-208) together with their draft genome sequences and their annotations, highlighting the homology and heterogeneity of these genomes to the EhV-86 model reference genome.
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13
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Abstract
Because viruses of eukaryotic algae are incredibly diverse, sweeping generalizations about their ecology are rare. These obligate parasites infect a range of algae and their diversity can be illustrated by considering that isolates range from small particles with ssRNA genomes to much larger particles with 560 kb dsDNA genomes. Molecular research has also provided clues about the extent of their diversity especially considering that genetic signatures of algal viruses in the environment rarely match cultivated viruses. One general concept in algal virus ecology that has emerged is that algal viruses are very host specific and most infect only certain strains of their hosts; with the exception of viruses of brown algae, evidence for interspecies infectivity is lacking. Although some host-virus systems behave with boom-bust oscillations, complex patterns of intraspecies infectivity can lead to host-virus coexistence obfuscating the role of viruses in host population dynamics. Within the framework of population dynamics, host density dependence is an important phenomenon that influences virus abundances in nature. Variable burst sizes of different viruses also influence their abundances and permit speculations about different life strategies, but as exceptions are common in algal virus ecology, life strategy generalizations may not be broadly applicable. Gaps in knowledge of virus seasonality and persistence are beginning to close and investigations of environmental reservoirs and virus resilience may answer questions about virus inter-annual recurrences. Studies of algal mortality have shown that viruses are often important agents of mortality reinforcing notions about their ecological relevance, while observations of the surprising ways viruses interact with their hosts highlight the immaturity of our understanding. Considering that just two decades ago algal viruses were hardly acknowledged, recent progress affords the optimistic perspective that future studies will provide keys to unlocking our understanding of algal virus ecology specifically, and aquatic ecosystems generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Short
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada.
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14
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Abstract
Emiliania huxleyi virus 202 (EhV-202) is a member of the Coccolithoviridae, a group of viruses that infect the marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. EhV-202 has a 160- to 180-nm-diameter icosahedral structure and a genome of approximately 407 kbp, consisting of 485 coding sequences (CDSs). Here we describe the genomic features of EhV-202, together with a draft genome sequence and its annotation, highlighting the homology and heterogeneity of this genome in comparison with the EhV-86 reference genome.
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Abstract
The Coccolithoviridae are a recently discovered group of viruses that infect the marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. Emiliania huxleyi virus 203 (EhV-203) has a 160- to 180-nm-diameter icosahedral structure and a genome of approximately 400 kbp, consisting of 464 coding sequences (CDSs). Here we describe the genomic features of EhV-203 together with a draft genome sequence and its annotation, highlighting the homology and heterogeneity of this genome in comparison with the EhV-86 reference genome.
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Danovaro R, Corinaldesi C, Dell'Anno A, Fuhrman JA, Middelburg JJ, Noble RT, Suttle CA. Marine viruses and global climate change. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:993-1034. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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17
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Nissimov JI, Worthy CA, Rooks P, Napier JA, Kimmance SA, Henn MR, Ogata H, Allen MJ. Draft genome sequence of the coccolithovirus EhV-84. Stand Genomic Sci 2011; 5:1-11. [PMID: 22180805 PMCID: PMC3236045 DOI: 10.4056/sigs.1884581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coccolithoviridae is a recently discovered group of viruses that infect the marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. Emiliania huxleyi virus 84 (EhV-84) has a 160 -180 nm diameter icosahedral structure and a genome of approximately 400 kbp. Here we describe the structural and genomic features of this virus, together with a near complete draft genome sequence (~99%) and its annotation. This is the fourth genome sequence of a member of the coccolithovirus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef I. Nissimov
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Charlotte A. Worthy
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5
| | - Paul Rooks
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Johnathan A. Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5
| | - Susan A. Kimmance
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Matthew R Henn
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Hiroyuki Ogata
- Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory, CNRS-UPR2589, Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology (IFR-88), Aix-Marseille University, 163 avenue de Luminy Case 934, FR-13288 Marseille, France
| | - Michael J. Allen
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
- Corresponding author: Michael J. Allen ()
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Santos F, Moreno-Paz M, Meseguer I, López C, Rosselló-Mora R, Parro V, Antón J. Metatranscriptomic analysis of extremely halophilic viral communities. THE ISME JOURNAL 2011; 5:1621-33. [PMID: 21490689 PMCID: PMC3176508 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2011.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hypersaline environments harbour the highest number of viruses reported for aquatic environments. In crystallizer ponds from solar salterns, haloviruses coexist with extremely halophilic Archaea and Bacteria and present a high diversity although little is known about their activity. In this work, we analyzed the viral expression in one crystallizer using a metatranscriptomic approach in which clones from a metaviromic library were immobilized in a microarray and used as probes against total mRNA extracted from the hypersaline community. This approach has two advantages: (i) it overcomes the fact that there is no straightforward, unambiguous way to extract viral mRNA from bulk mRNAs and (ii) it makes the sequencing of all mRNAs unnecessary. Transcriptomic data indicated that the halovirus assemblage was highly active at the time of sampling and the viral groups with the highest expression levels were those related to high GC content haloarchaea and Salinibacter representatives, which are minor components in the environment. Moreover, the changes in the viral expression pattern and in the numbers of free viral particles were analyzed after submitting the samples to two stress conditions: ultraviolet-radiation and dilution. Results showed that Archaea were more sensitive than Bacteria to these stress conditions. The overexpression in the predicted archaeal virus fraction raised and the total numbers of free viruses increased. Furthermore, we identified some very closely related viral clones, displaying single-nucleotide polymorphisms, which were expressed only under certain conditions. These clones could be part of very closely related virus genomes for which we propose the term 'ecoviriotypes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Santos
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Mercedes Moreno-Paz
- Departamento de Evolución Molecular, Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Meseguer
- Departamento de Producción vegetal y Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Cristina López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ramon Rosselló-Mora
- Marine Microbiology Group, Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Esporles (Mallorca), Spain
| | - Víctor Parro
- Departamento de Evolución Molecular, Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefa Antón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio Ramón Margalef, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Pagarete A, Corguillé G, Tiwari B, Ogata H, Vargas C, Wilson WH, Allen MJ. Unveiling the transcriptional features associated with coccolithovirus infection of natural Emiliania huxleyi blooms. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 78:555-64. [PMID: 22066669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gildas Corguillé
- CNRS/UMPC, FR2424; Service Informatique et Génomique; Station Biologique; Roscoff; France
| | - Bela Tiwari
- NERC Environmental Bioinformatics Centre; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology; Wallingford; UK
| | - Hiroyuki Ogata
- Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory; CNRS-UPR2589; Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology (IFR-88); Aix-Marseille University; Marseille; France
| | - Colomban Vargas
- Equipe EPPO-Evolution du Plancton et PaléoOcéans; CNRS-UMR7144; Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Station Biologique; Roscoff; France
| | - William H. Wilson
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences; West Boothbay Harbor; ME; USA
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20
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Coccolithophores: functional biodiversity, enzymes and bioprospecting. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:586-602. [PMID: 21731551 PMCID: PMC3124974 DOI: 10.3390/md9040586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Emiliania huxleyi is a single celled, marine phytoplankton with global distribution. As a key species for global biogeochemical cycling, a variety of strains have been amassed in various culture collections. Using a library consisting of 52 strains of E. huxleyi and an 'in house' enzyme screening program, we have assessed the functional biodiversity within this species of fundamental importance to global biogeochemical cycling, whilst at the same time determining their potential for exploitation in biocatalytic applications. Here, we describe the screening of E. huxleyi strains, as well as a coccolithovirus infected strain, for commercially relevant biocatalytic enzymes such as acid/alkali phosphodiesterase, acid/alkali phosphomonoesterase, EC1.1.1-type dehydrogenase, EC1.3.1-type dehydrogenase and carboxylesterase.
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22
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Allen MJ, Lanzén A, Bratbak G. Characterisation of the coccolithovirus intein. Mar Genomics 2010; 4:1-7. [PMID: 21429459 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The identification of inteins in viral genomes is becoming increasingly common. Inteins are selfish DNA elements found within coding regions of host proteins. Following translation, they catalyse their own excision and the formation of a peptide bond between the flanking protein regions. Many inteins also display homing endonuclease function. Here, the newly identified coccolithovirus intein is described and is predicted to have both self-splicing and homing endonuclease activity. The biochemical mechanism of its protein splicing activity is hypothesised, and the prevalence of the intein among natural coccolithovirus isolates is tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Allen
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK.
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Sorensen G, Baker AC, Hall MJ, Munn CB, Schroeder DC. Novel virus dynamics in an Emiliania huxleyi bloom. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2009; 31:787-791. [PMID: 19495423 PMCID: PMC2689785 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbp027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Diel studies of an Emiliania huxleyi bloom within a mesocosm revealed a highly dynamic associated viral community, changing on small times scales of hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Sorensen
- The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Andrea C. Baker
- The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Matthew J. Hall
- The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Colin B. Munn
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Declan C. Schroeder
- The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
- corresponding author:
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Millard AD, Zwirglmaier K, Downey MJ, Mann NH, Scanlan DJ. Comparative genomics of marine cyanomyoviruses reveals the widespread occurrence of Synechococcus host genes localized to a hyperplastic region: implications for mechanisms of cyanophage evolution. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:2370-87. [PMID: 19508343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of cyanophages isolated to date are cyanomyoviruses, a group related to bacteriophage T4. Comparative genome analysis of five cyanomyoviruses, including a newly sequenced cyanophage S-RSM4, revealed a 'core genome' of 64 genes, the majority of which are also found in other T4-like phages. Subsequent comparative genomic hybridization analysis using a pilot microarray showed that a number of 'host' genes are widespread in cyanomyovirus isolates. Furthermore, a hyperplastic region was identified between genes g15-g18, within a highly conserved structural gene module, which contained a variable number of inserted genes that lacked conservation in gene order. Several of these inserted genes were host-like and included ptoX, gnd, zwf and petE encoding plastoquinol terminal oxidase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and plastocyanin respectively. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that these genes were acquired independently of each other, even though they have become localized within the same genomic region. This hyperplastic region contains no detectable sequence features that might be mechanistically involved with the acquisition of host-like genes, but does appear to be a site specifically associated with the acquisition process and may represent a novel facet of the evolution of marine cyanomyoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Millard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, UK.
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25
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Monier A, Pagarete A, de Vargas C, Allen MJ, Read B, Claverie JM, Ogata H. Horizontal gene transfer of an entire metabolic pathway between a eukaryotic alga and its DNA virus. Genome Res 2009; 19:1441-9. [PMID: 19451591 DOI: 10.1101/gr.091686.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between viruses and phytoplankton, the main primary producers in the oceans, affect global biogeochemical cycles and climate. Recent studies are increasingly revealing possible cases of gene transfers between cyanobacteria and phages, which might have played significant roles in the evolution of cyanobacteria/phage systems. However, little has been documented about the occurrence of horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic phytoplankton/virus systems. Here we report phylogenetic evidence for the transfer of seven genes involved in the sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway between the cosmopolitan eukaryotic microalga Emiliania huxleyi and its large DNA virus EhV. PCR assays indicate that these genes are prevalent in E. huxleyi and EhV strains isolated from different geographic locations. Patterns of protein and gene sequence conservation support that these genes are functional in both E. huxleyi and EhV. This is the first clear case of horizontal gene transfer of multiple functionally linked enzymes in a eukaryotic phytoplankton-virus system. We examine arguments for the possible direction of the gene transfer. The virus-to-host direction suggests the existence of ancient viruses that controlled the complex metabolic pathway in order to infect primitive eukaryotic cells. In contrast, the host-to-virus direction suggests that the serial acquisition of genes involved in the same metabolic pathway might have been a strategy for the ancestor of EhVs to stay ahead of their closest relatives in the great evolutionary race for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Monier
- Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory, CNRS-UPR2589, Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology (IFR-88), Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
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26
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Wilson WH, Van Etten JL, Allen MJ. The Phycodnaviridae: the story of how tiny giants rule the world. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 328:1-42. [PMID: 19216434 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-68618-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The family Phycodnaviridae encompasses a diverse and rapidly expanding collection of large icosahedral, dsDNA viruses that infect algae. These lytic and lysogenic viruses have genomes ranging from 160 to 560 kb. The family consists of six genera based initially on host range and supported by sequence comparisons. The family is monophyletic with branches for each genus, but the phycodnaviruses have evolutionary roots that connect them with several other families of large DNA viruses, referred to as the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV). The phycodnaviruses have diverse genome structures, some with large regions of noncoding sequence and others with regions of ssDNA. The genomes of members in three genera in the Phycodnaviridae have been sequenced. The genome analyses have revealed more than 1000 unique genes, with only 14 homologous genes in common among the three genera of phycodnaviruses sequenced to date. Thus, their gene diversity far exceeds the number of so-called core genes. Not much is known about the replication of these viruses, but the consequences of these infections on phytoplankton have global affects, including influencing geochemical cycling and weather patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Wilson
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 180 McKown Point, P.O. Box 475, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575-0475, USA.
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27
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Földes-Papp Z. Viral Chip Technology in Genomic Medicine. GENOMIC AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2009. [PMCID: PMC7149707 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-369420-1.00048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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The "Cheshire Cat" escape strategy of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in response to viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:15944-9. [PMID: 18824682 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0807707105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi is one of the most successful eukaryotes in modern oceans. The two phases in its haplodiploid life cycle exhibit radically different phenotypes. The diploid calcified phase forms extensive blooms, which profoundly impact global biogeochemical equilibria. By contrast, the ecological role of the noncalcified haploid phase has been completely overlooked. Giant phycodnaviruses (Emiliania huxleyi viruses, EhVs) have been shown to infect and lyse diploid-phase cells and to be heavily implicated in the regulation of populations and the termination of blooms. Here, we demonstrate that the haploid phase of E. huxleyi is unrecognizable and therefore resistant to EhVs that kill the diploid phase. We further show that exposure of diploid E. huxleyi to EhVs induces transition to the haploid phase. Thus we have clearly demonstrated a drastic difference in viral susceptibility between life cycle stages with different ploidy levels in a unicellular eukaryote. Resistance of the haploid phase of E. huxleyi provides an escape mechanism that involves separation of meiosis from sexual fusion in time, thus ensuring that genes of dominant diploid clones are passed on to the next generation in a virus-free environment. These "Cheshire Cat" ecological dynamics release host evolution from pathogen pressure and thus can be seen as an opposite force to a classic "Red Queen" coevolutionary arms race. In E. huxleyi, this phenomenon can account for the fact that the selective balance is tilted toward the boom-and-bust scenario of optimization of both growth rates of calcifying E. huxleyi cells and infectivity of EhVs.
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Monier A, Claverie JM, Ogata H. Taxonomic distribution of large DNA viruses in the sea. Genome Biol 2008; 9:R106. [PMID: 18598358 PMCID: PMC2530865 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-7-r106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic mapping of metagenomics data reveals the taxonomic distribution of large DNA viruses in the sea, including giant viruses of the Mimiviridae family. Background Viruses are ubiquitous and the most abundant biological entities in marine environments. Metagenomics studies are increasingly revealing the huge genetic diversity of marine viruses. In this study, we used a new approach - 'phylogenetic mapping' - to obtain a comprehensive picture of the taxonomic distribution of large DNA viruses represented in the Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition metagenomic data set. Results Using DNA polymerase genes as a taxonomic marker, we identified 811 homologous sequences of likely viral origin. As expected, most of these sequences corresponded to phages. Interestingly, the second largest viral group corresponded to that containing mimivirus and three related algal viruses. We also identified several DNA polymerase homologs closely related to Asfarviridae, a viral family poorly represented among isolated viruses and, until now, limited to terrestrial animal hosts. Finally, our approach allowed the identification of a new combination of genes in 'viral-like' sequences. Conclusion Albeit only recently discovered, giant viruses of the Mimiviridae family appear to constitute a diverse, quantitatively important and ubiquitous component of the population of large eukaryotic DNA viruses in the sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Monier
- Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory, CNRS-UPR 2589, IFR-88, Université de la Méditerranée Parc Scientifique de Luminy, avenue de Luminy, FR-13288 Marseille, France.
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30
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Aquatic virus diversity accessed through omic techniques: a route map to function. Curr Opin Microbiol 2008; 11:226-32. [PMID: 18554975 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are arguably the simplest form of life yet they play a crucial role in regulating planetary processes. From shuttling genes to 'lubricating' microbial loop dynamics, viruses are integral in shaping microbial ecology. In every environment on Earth the role of viruses goes far beyond the simple infect-replicate-kill cycle. Their enormous abundance and seemingly infinite diversity provide the vital clues to the true function of viruses. New 'omic' approaches are now allowing researchers to gain extraordinary insights into virus diversity and inferred function, particularly within aquatic environments. The development of molecular markers and application of techniques including microarrays, metagenomic sequencing and proteomic analysis are now being applied to virus communities. Despite this shift towards culture-independent approaches it has proved difficult to derive useful information about infection strategies since so much of the sequence information has no database matches. Future advances will involve tools such as microarrays to help determine the functionality of unknown genes. Sequence information should be considered as a starting point for asking questions and developing hypotheses about the role of viruses. It is an exciting new era for virus ecology and when used in combination with more traditional approaches, virus genomics will give us access to their ecological function on an unprecedented scale.
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Allen MJ, Howard JA, Lilley KS, Wilson WH. Proteomic analysis of the EhV-86 virion. Proteome Sci 2008; 6:11. [PMID: 18346272 PMCID: PMC2322966 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emiliania huxleyi virus 86 (EhV-86) is the type species of the genus Coccolithovirus within the family Phycodnaviridae. The fully sequenced 407,339 bp genome is predicted to encode 473 protein coding sequences (CDSs) and is the largest Phycodnaviridae sequenced to date. The majority of EhV-86 CDSs exhibit no similarity to proteins in the public databases. RESULTS Proteomic analysis by 1-DE and then LC-MS/MS determined that the virion of EhV-86 is composed of at least 28 proteins, 23 of which are predicted to be membrane proteins. Besides the major capsid protein, putative function can be assigned to 4 other components of the virion: two lectin proteins, a thioredoxin and a serine/threonine protein kinase. CONCLUSION This study represents the first steps toward the identification of the protein components that make up the EhV-86 virion. Aside from the major capsid protein, whose function in the virion is well known and defined, the nature of the other proteins suggest roles involved with viral budding, caspase activation, signalling, anti-oxidation, virus adsorption and host range determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Allen
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, UK.
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Kegel J, Allen MJ, Metfies K, Wilson WH, Wolf-Gladrow D, Valentin K. Pilot study of an EST approach of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi during a virus infection. Gene 2007; 406:209-16. [PMID: 18035506 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Blooms of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi can be infected by viruses, which can lead to bloom-termination. This pilot study used an expressed sequence tag (EST) approach to get a first view of gene-expression changes that occur during viral infection of E. huxleyi. cDNA libraries were constructed from uninfected cultures and 6, 12, and 24 h after infection with E. huxleyi-specific virus 86 (EhV-86). From each library 60-90 ESTs were randomly selected and annotated manually with PhyloGena. Viral genes were identified using BLAST-Search of the known viral genome. The data of this study show, that 6 h after viral infection the algal transcriptome changed significantly although few viral transcripts were present. At this point, changes mainly concerned transcripts related to photosynthesis and protein metabolism. However, after 24 h viral transcripts were most abundant. Viral transcripts found at this stage of viral infection encode proteins involved in protein degradation, nucleic acid degradation, transcription and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kegel
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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33
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Holmfeldt K, Middelboe M, Nybroe O, Riemann L. Large variabilities in host strain susceptibility and phage host range govern interactions between lytic marine phages and their Flavobacterium hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:6730-9. [PMID: 17766444 PMCID: PMC2074958 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01399-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phages are a main mortality factor for marine bacterioplankton and are thought to regulate bacterial community composition through host-specific infection and lysis. In the present study we demonstrate for a marine phage-host assemblage that interactions are complex and that specificity and efficiency of infection and lysis are highly variable among phages infectious to strains of the same bacterial species. Twenty-three Bacteroidetes strains and 46 phages from Swedish and Danish coastal waters were analyzed. Based on genotypic and phenotypic analyses, 21 of the isolates could be considered strains of Cellulophaga baltica (Flavobacteriaceae). Nevertheless, all bacterial strains showed unique phage susceptibility patterns and differed by up to 6 orders of magnitude in sensitivity to the same titer of phage. The isolated phages showed pronounced variations in genome size (8 to >242 kb) and host range (infecting 1 to 20 bacterial strains). Our data indicate that marine bacterioplankton are susceptible to multiple co-occurring phages and that sensitivity towards phage infection is strain specific and exists as a continuum between highly sensitive and resistant, implying an extremely complex web of phage-host interactions. Hence, effects of phages on bacterioplankton community composition and dynamics may go undetected in studies where strain identity is not resolvable, i.e., in studies based on the phylogenetic resolution provided by 16S rRNA gene or internal transcribed spacer sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Holmfeldt
- Department of Natural Sciences, Kalmar University, S-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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34
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Martínez JM, Schroeder DC, Larsen A, Bratbak G, Wilson WH. Molecular dynamics of Emiliania huxleyi and cooccurring viruses during two separate mesocosm studies. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 73:554-62. [PMID: 17098923 PMCID: PMC1796978 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00864-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, sequencing analysis, and analytical flow cytometry to monitor the dynamics and genetic richness of Emiliania huxleyi isolates and cooccurring viruses during two mesocosm experiments in a Norwegian fjord in 2000 and 2003. We exploited variations in a gene encoding a protein with calcium-binding motifs (GPA) and in the major capsid protein (MCP) gene to assess allelic and genotypic richness within E. huxleyi and E. huxleyi-specific viruses (EhVs), respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows the effectiveness of the GPA gene for analysis of natural communities of E. huxleyi. Our results revealed the existence of a genetically rich, yet stable E. huxleyi and EhV community in the fjordic environment. Incredibly, the same virus and host genotypes dominated in separate studies conducted 3 years apart. Both E. huxleyi-dominated blooms contained the same six E. huxleyi alleles. In addition, despite the presence of at least six and four EhV genotypes at the start of the blooms in 2000 and 2003, respectively, the same two virus genotypes dominated the naturally occurring infections during the exponential and termination phases of the blooms in both years.
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