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Ječmenica B, Duvnjak S, Humski A, Taylor LT, Kralj J, Krstulović F, Amšel Zelenika T, Mašović V, Jurinović L. Age-related presence and genetic diversity of Campylobacter spp. in young and adult yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis) in Croatia. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e70017. [PMID: 39374597 PMCID: PMC11458183 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.70017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
The epidemiology of Campylobacter species in wild birds is still poorly understood. This study describes the occurrence and genetic diversity of Campylobacter in adult and nestlings of yellow-legged gulls, highlighting differences between breeding locations. The gulls were captured in Croatia between 2021 and 2023. A cloacal swab was taken from each individual and tested for the presence of Campylobacter. Isolated Campylobacter species were genotyped using the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. A total of 1071 gulls were captured and sampled, of which 152 samples were identified as Campylobacter species, with Campylobacter jejuni (9.90%) being the most frequently isolated bacterium, followed by Campylobacter lari (3.36%) and Campylobacter coli (0.93%). Complete sequence type (ST) profiles were generated for 141 isolates: 100 C. jejuni, 33 C. lari, and 8 C. coli. A significant difference in the occurrence of positive Campylobacter species was found depending on the sampling sites, while both sampling site and age were significant for the occurrence of C. jejuni. Adults and nestlings showed high genetic diversity for C. jejuni and C. lari, and there were no significant differences between strains isolated from adults and nestlings or between sites, suggesting a high genotype flow in the studied gull population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Ječmenica
- Poultry CentreLaboratory for Bacteriology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry CentreZagrebCroatia
| | - Sanja Duvnjak
- Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department for Bacteriology and ParasitologyCroatian Veterinary InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Andrea Humski
- Laboratory for Food Microbiology, Department for Veterinary Public HealthCroatian Veterinary InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Louie Thomas Taylor
- Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute of OrnithologyZagrebCroatia
| | - Jelena Kralj
- Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute of OrnithologyZagrebCroatia
| | - Fani Krstulović
- Poultry CentreLaboratory for Bacteriology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry CentreZagrebCroatia
| | - Tajana Amšel Zelenika
- Poultry CentreLaboratory for Bacteriology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry CentreZagrebCroatia
| | - Viktor Mašović
- Poultry CentreLaboratory for Bacteriology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry CentreZagrebCroatia
| | - Luka Jurinović
- Poultry CentreLaboratory for Bacteriology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry CentreZagrebCroatia
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2
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Gensler CA, Hempstead SC, Keelara S, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Urie NJ, Wiedenheft AM, Marshall KL, Branan M, Stuart K, Lantz K, Jacob ME. Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Diversity of Campylobacter Isolated from U.S. Goat Feces: 2019 NAHMS Survey. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:546-559. [PMID: 38957999 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Goats are often asymptomatic carriers of Campylobacter, including the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Infections can have significant and economically detrimental health outcomes in both humans and animals. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Campylobacter in U.S. goat herds. Campylobacter species were isolated from 106 of 3,959 individual animals and from 42 of 277 goat operations that participated in fecal sample collection as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System Goat 2019 study. Weighted animal-level prevalence was 2.3% (SE = 0.5%) and operation prevalence was 13.0% (SE = 3.2%). Animal-level prevalence ranged widely from 0 to 70.0%, however, 52.4% of positive operations (22/42) had only a single isolate. C. jejuni was the most frequently isolated species (68.9%; 73/106), followed by C. coli (29.3%, 31/106). A total of 46.2% (36/78) of viable isolates were pan-susceptible to 8 antimicrobials. Resistance to tetracycline (TET) was observed in 44.9% (35/78) of isolates, while 12.8% (10/78) were resistant to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and nalidixic acid (NAL). Among all isolates, a single resistance profile CIP-NAL-TET was observed in 3.8% (3/78) of isolates. A total of 35 unique sequence types (STs) were identified, 11 of which are potentially new. Multiple C. jejuni STs were observed in 48.1% (13/27) of positive operations. Goats with access to surface water, operations reporting antibiotics in the feed or water (excluding ionophores and coccidiostats), and operations reporting abortions and without postabortion management tasks had significantly greater odds of being Campylobacter positive. This snapshot of the U.S. goat population enriches the limited pool of knowledge on Campylobacter species presence in U.S. goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gensler
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie C Hempstead
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shivaramu Keelara
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paula J Fedorka-Cray
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natalie J Urie
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Alyson M Wiedenheft
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Katherine L Marshall
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew Branan
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kiera Stuart
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kristina Lantz
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Megan E Jacob
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Mencía-Gutiérrez A, García-Peña FJ, González F, Pastor-Tiburón N, Pérez-Cobo I, Marín M, Martín-Maldonado B. Exploring the Prevalence and Resistance of Campylobacter in Urban Bird Populations. Vet Sci 2024; 11:210. [PMID: 38787182 PMCID: PMC11125644 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing urbanization of ecosystems has had a significant impact on wildlife over the last few years. Species that find an unlimited supply of food and shelter in urban areas have thrived under human presence. Wild birds have been identified as amplifying hosts and reservoirs of Campylobacter worldwide, but the information about its transmission and epidemiology is still limited. This study assessed the prevalence of Campylobacter in 137 urban birds admitted at a wildlife rescue center, with 18.8% of individuals showing positive. C. jejuni was the most frequent species (82.6%), followed by C. coli and C. lari (4.3% each). The order Passeriformes (33.3%) showed significant higher presence of Campylobacter when compared to orders Columbiformes (0%) and Ciconiiformes (17.6%), as well as in samples collected during the summer season (31.9%), from omnivorous species (36.8%) and young individuals (26.8%). Globally, Campylobacter displayed a remarkable resistance to ciprofloxacin (70.6%), tetracycline (64.7%), and nalidixic acid (52.9%). In contrast, resistance to streptomycin was low (5.8%), and all the isolates showed susceptibility to erythromycin and gentamycin. The results underline the importance of urban birds as reservoirs of thermophilic antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter and contribute to enhancing the knowledge of its distribution in urban and peri-urban ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Mencía-Gutiérrez
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fernando González
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Pastor-Tiburón
- Grupo de Rehabilitación de la Fauna Autóctona y su Hábitat (GREFA), 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Iratxe Pérez-Cobo
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, 28110 Algete, Spain
| | - María Marín
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Martín-Maldonado
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
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Souguir M, Châtre P, Drapeau A, François P, Azaiez S, Ncir S, Madec JY, Mansour W, Haenni M. Molecular characterization of highly prevalent Escherichia coli and Escherichia marmotae resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in European starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris) in Tunisia. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0222023. [PMID: 37772831 PMCID: PMC10581222 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02220-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
European starlings are widespread migratory birds that have already been described as carrying bacteria resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC-R). These birds are well known in Tunisia because they spend the wintertime in this country and are hunted for human consumption. The goal of our study was to estimate the proportion of ESC-R in these birds and to characterize the collected isolates using whole-genome sequencing. Results showed that 21.5% (42/200) of the birds carried either an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) or an acquired AmpC gene. Diverse bla CTX-M genes were responsible for the ESBL phenotype, bla CTX-M-14 being the most prevalent, while only bla CMY-2 and one bla CMY-62 were found in AmpC-positive isolates. Likewise, different genetic determinants carried these resistance genes, including IncHI2, and IncF plasmids for bla CTX-M genes and IncI1 plasmids for bla CMY-2 genes. Three chromosomally encoded bla CTX-M-15 genes were also identified. Surprisingly, species identification revealed a large proportion (32.7%) of Escherichia marmotae isolates. This species is phenotypically indistinguishable from Escherichia coli and has obviously the same capacity to acquire ESC-R genes. Our data also strongly suggest that at least the IncHI2/pST3 plasmid can spread equally between E. coli and E. marmotae. Given the potential transmission routes between humans and animals, either by direct contact with dejections or through meat preparation, it is important to closely monitor antimicrobial resistance in European starlings in Tunisia and to set up further studies to identify the sources of contamination of these birds. IMPORTANCE The One Health concept highlighted knowledge gaps in the understanding of the transmission routes of resistant bacteria. A major interest was shown in wild migratory birds since they might spread resistant bacteria over long distances. Our study brings further evidence that wild birds, even though they are not directly submitted to antibiotic treatments, can be heavily contaminated by resistant bacteria. Our results identified numerous combinations of resistance genes, genetic supports, and bacterial clones that can spread vertically or horizontally and maintain a high level of resistance in the bird population. Some of these determinants are widespread in humans or animals (IncHI2/pST3 plasmids and pandemic clones), while some others are less frequent (atypical IncI1 plasmid and minor clones). Consequently, it is essential to be aware of the risks of transmission and to take all necessary measures to prevent the proportions of resistant isolates from increasing uncontrollably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Souguir
- Laboratoire de Recherche Biophysique Métabolique et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Faculté de Médecine Ibn Al Jazzar Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Châtre
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Drapeau
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline François
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sana Azaiez
- Laboratoire de Recherche Biophysique Métabolique et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Faculté de Médecine Ibn Al Jazzar Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sana Ncir
- Laboratoire de Recherche Biophysique Métabolique et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Faculté de Médecine Ibn Al Jazzar Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Wejdene Mansour
- Laboratoire de Recherche Biophysique Métabolique et Pharmacologie Appliquée, Faculté de Médecine Ibn Al Jazzar Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Marisa Haenni
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, ANSES - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Olvera-Ramírez AM, McEwan NR, Stanley K, Nava-Diaz R, Aguilar-Tipacamú G. A Systematic Review on the Role of Wildlife as Carriers and Spreaders of Campylobacter spp. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1334. [PMID: 37106897 PMCID: PMC10135385 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are important zoonotic pathogens and can cause one of the main bacterial diarrheal diseases worldwide. Research in the context of infection arising from transmission from other humans and other vertebrates has been extensive. A large fraction of these investigations has focused on domestic animals; however, there are also a number of publications which either totally, or at least in part, consider the role of wild or feral animals as carriers or spreaders of Campylobacter spp. Here, we carry out a systematic review to explore the role played by wild vertebrates as sources of Campylobacter spp. with a compilation of prevalence data for more than 150 species including reptiles, mammals and birds. We found that numerous vertebrate species can act as carriers of Campylobacter species, but we also found that some host specificity may exist, reducing the risk of spread from wildlife to domestic animals or humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Margarita Olvera-Ramírez
- Cuerpo Académico Salud Animal y Microbiología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, Querétaro C.P. 76230, Mexico
| | - Neil Ross McEwan
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Karen Stanley
- Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Remedios Nava-Diaz
- Posdoctoral CONACyT Program, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, Querétaro C.P. 76230, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Aguilar-Tipacamú
- Cuerpo Académico Salud Animal y Microbiología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, Querétaro C.P. 76230, Mexico
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6
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Dementieieva YY, Muzyka N, Muzyka D, Chaplygina AB. Аntibiotic resistance of bacterial cultures isolated from the feral pigeon (Columba livia) and starling (Sturnus vulgaris) at a solid waste landfill. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.15421/022258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to antibiotics is well-known global phenomenon. There are places contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance such as waste landfills, especially ones that accept medical waste which did not undergo disinfection and livestock waste with bacteria not sensitive to antibiotics. An extensive system of transfer of antibiotic resistant microorganisms is formed on these territories (zoochory, groundwater, transport etc.). The aim of the research was to determine the species composition of bacteria isolated from birds of Derhachi municipal solid waste landfills in Kharkiv city, Ukraine. Also, we determine the sensitivity of bacterial isolates to a number of standard antibiotic drugs. We collected droppings of feral pigeons (Columba livia Gmelin, 1789; Columbidae) and starlings (Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758; Sturnidae) during the winter period in 2020/2021; both species are dominants of waste landfills. We isolated 15 bacteria species of 4 families by bacteriological methods (growing on simple and selective media and identification by biochemical properties): Enterobacteriaceae (Enterobacter asburiae, E. dissolvens, E. cancerogenus, E. cloacae, E. sakazakii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella terrigena, K. ornithinolytica, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis), Yersiniaceae (Serratia ficaria, S. rubidaea, S. entomophila), Morganellaceae (Providencia stuartii) and Pseudomonadaceaе (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Sensitivity was determined by the disk-diffusion method to 18 antibiotics. Ten isolates turned out to be multiresistant-resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobial drugs. A promising direction for future research is the determination of the pathogenicity of the isolates and checking the roles of birds of Derhachi solid waste landfills as reservoirs of pathogens. Currently, it can be assumed that large concentrations of synanthropic birds (especially those that forage on solid waste landfills) with a high probability are reservoirs of many bacteria, in particular those that have developed resistance to drugs.
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7
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Smith OM, Olimpi EM, Navarro-Gonzalez N, Cornell KA, Frishkoff LO, Northfield TD, Bowles TM, Edworthy M, Eilers J, Fu Z, Garcia K, Gonthier DJ, Jones MS, Kennedy CM, Latimer CE, Owen JP, Sato C, Taylor JM, Wilson-Rankin EE, Snyder WE, Karp DS. A trait-based framework for predicting foodborne pathogen risk from wild birds. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2523. [PMID: 34921463 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent foodborne illness outbreaks have heightened pressures on growers to deter wildlife from farms, jeopardizing conservation efforts. However, it remains unclear which species, particularly birds, pose the greatest risk to food safety. Using >11,000 pathogen tests and 1565 bird surveys covering 139 bird species from across the western United States, we examined the importance of 11 traits in mediating wild bird risk to food safety. We tested whether traits associated with pathogen exposure (e.g., habitat associations, movement, and foraging strategy) and pace-of-life (clutch size and generation length) mediated foodborne pathogen prevalence and proclivities to enter farm fields and defecate on crops. Campylobacter spp. were the most prevalent enteric pathogen (8.0%), while Salmonella and Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) were rare (0.46% and 0.22% prevalence, respectively). We found that several traits related to pathogen exposure predicted pathogen prevalence. Specifically, Campylobacter and STEC-associated virulence genes were more often detected in species associated with cattle feedlots and bird feeders, respectively. Campylobacter was also more prevalent in species that consumed plants and had longer generation lengths. We found that species associated with feedlots were more likely to enter fields and defecate on crops. Our results indicated that canopy-foraging insectivores were less likely to deposit foodborne pathogens on crops, suggesting growers may be able to promote pest-eating birds and birds of conservation concern (e.g., via nest boxes) without necessarily compromising food safety. As such, promoting insectivorous birds may represent a win-win-win for bird conservation, crop production, and food safety. Collectively, our results suggest that separating crop production from livestock farming may be the best way to lower food safety risks from birds. More broadly, our trait-based framework suggests a path forward for co-managing wildlife conservation and food safety risks in farmlands by providing a strategy for holistically evaluating the food safety risks of wild animals, including under-studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Smith
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Elissa M Olimpi
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Kevin A Cornell
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Luke O Frishkoff
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Tobin D Northfield
- Department of Entomology, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, Washington, USA
- Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy M Bowles
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Max Edworthy
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Johnna Eilers
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Zhen Fu
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Karina Garcia
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - David J Gonthier
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Matthew S Jones
- Department of Entomology, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, Washington, USA
| | - Christina M Kennedy
- Global Protect Oceans, Lands and Waters Program, The Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher E Latimer
- Global Protect Oceans, Lands and Waters Program, The Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeb P Owen
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Chika Sato
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Joseph M Taylor
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | | | - William E Snyder
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel S Karp
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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8
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Cabe PR. European Starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris) as Vectors and Reservoirs of Pathogens Affecting Humans and Domestic Livestock. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020466. [PMID: 33578636 PMCID: PMC7916395 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
European starlings are an abundant, widespread avian species frequently found in close association with human development and agriculture. The ability of starlings to carry and disperse pathogens of humans and domesticated livestock has received considerable attention, including studies of enteric bacteria, viruses, and some fungi. To investigate the importance of European starlings as disease vectors, I reviewed and assessed the available literature, comprising several hundred published papers. Although a wide variety of potential pathogens have been reported in starlings, the strongest evidence suggests that they may be responsible for harboring and dispersing some species of enteric bacteria, with Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni of perhaps greatest interest, and primarily in the context of dairies, concentrated animal feeding operations, and other intensive livestock agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Cabe
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450, USA
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9
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Epping L, Antão EM, Semmler T. Population Biology and Comparative Genomics of Campylobacter Species. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 431:59-78. [PMID: 33620648 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter is the leading cause for bacterial foodborne infections in humans. Campylobacters are most commonly transmitted via the consumption of undercooked poultry meat or raw milk products. The decreasing costs of whole genome sequencing enabled large genome-based analyses of the evolution and population structure of this pathogen, as well as the development of novel high-throughput molecular typing methods. Here, we review the evolutionary development and the population diversity of the two most clinically relevant Campylobacter species; C. jejuni and C. coli. The state-of-the-art phylogenetic studies showed clustering of C. jejuni lineages into host specialists and generalists with coexisting lifestyles in chicken and livestock-associated hosts, as well as the separation of C. coli isolates of riparian origin (waterfowl, water) from C. coli isolated from clinical and farm-related samples. We will give an overview of recombination between both species and the potential impact of horizontal gene transfer on host adaptation in Campylobacter. Additionally, this review briefly places the current knowledge of the population structure of other Campylobacter species such as C. lari, C. concisus and C. upsaliensis into perspective. We also provide an overview of how molecular typing methods such as multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and whole genome MLST have been used to detect and trace Campylobacter outbreaks along the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennard Epping
- Microbial Genomics, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Torsten Semmler
- Microbial Genomics, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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10
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Importance of the Farm Environment and Wildlife for Transmission of Campylobacter jejuni in A Pasture-Based Dairy Herd. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121877. [PMID: 33260888 PMCID: PMC7761079 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle are an established reservoir of the foodborne bacterial pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Our six-month study aimed to evaluate sources and pathways governing long-term presence of C. jejuni in a pasture-based dairy herd. C. jejuni was detected in all sample types (soil, pasture, stock drinking water, bird, rodents and cow faeces). It was persistently detected from cow (54%; 49/90 samples) and bird (36%; 77/211) faeces. Genetic comparison of 252 C. jejuni isolates identified 30 Multi-Locus Sequence Types (ST). ST-61 and ST-42 were persistent in the herd and accounted for 43% of the cow isolates. They were also detected on pasture collected from fields both recently and not recently grazed, indicating that grazed pasture is an important pathway and reservoir for horizontal transmission among cows. ST-61 accounted for 9% of the bird isolates and was detected at four of the six sampling events, suggesting that bird populations might contribute to the cycling of ruminant-adapted genotypes on-farm. Overall, the results indicated that management of grazed pasture and supplementary feed contaminated by bird droppings could be targeted to effectively reduce transmission of C. jejuni to dairy herds, the farm environment and ultimately to humans.
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Smith OM, Edworthy A, Taylor JM, Jones MS, Tormanen A, Kennedy CM, Fu Z, Latimer CE, Cornell KA, Michelotti LA, Sato C, Northfield T, Snyder WE, Owen JP. Agricultural intensification heightens food safety risks posed by wild birds. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M. Smith
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Pullman WA USA
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Amanda Edworthy
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC USA
| | - Joseph M. Taylor
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens GA USA
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
| | - Matthew S. Jones
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
- WSU‐Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center Wenatchee WA USA
| | - Aaron Tormanen
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Pullman WA USA
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Arkansas Tech University Russellville AR USA
| | | | - Zhen Fu
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | | | - Kevin A. Cornell
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Pullman WA USA
| | - Lucas A. Michelotti
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens GA USA
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
| | - Chika Sato
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Pullman WA USA
| | - Tobin Northfield
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
- WSU‐Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center Wenatchee WA USA
- Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science James Cook University Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - William E. Snyder
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens GA USA
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
| | - Jeb P. Owen
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
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12
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Marotta F, Janowicz A, Di Marcantonio L, Ercole C, Di Donato G, Garofolo G, Di Giannatale E. Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of C. jejuni Isolates from Italian Wild Bird Populations. Pathogens 2020; 9:E304. [PMID: 32326051 PMCID: PMC7238051 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry is considered a major reservoir of human campylobacteriosis. It also been reported that not only poultry, but also wild birds, are capable of carrying C. jejuni, thus demonstrating to be a risk of spreading the bacteria in the environment. To gain insight into the population structure and investigate the antimicrobial resistance genotypes and phenotypes, we analyzed a collection of 135 C. jejuni from 15 species of wild birds in Italy. MLST revealed the presence of 41 sequence types (STs) and 13 clonal complexes (CCs). ST-179 complex and the generalist ST-45 complex were the most prevalent. Core genome MLST revealed that C. jejuni from ST-45 complex clustered according to the bird species, unlike the ST-179 complex which featured 3 different species in the same cluster. Overall we found a moderate prevalence of resistance to tetracycline (12.5%), ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (10%). The novel ST isolated from one pigeon showed resistance to all the antibiotics tested. The ST-179 complex (33.3%) was identified with significantly higher nalidixic acid resistance relative to other tested STs. Nine AMR genes (tet(O), cmeA, cmeB, cmeC, cmeR, aad, blaOXA-61, blaOXA-184 and erm(B)) and 23S rRNA and gyrA-associated point mutations were also described, indicating a concordance level between genotypic and phenotypic resistance of 23.3%, 23.4% and of 37.5% for streptomycin, tetracycline and quinolones/fluoroquinolones, respectively. We recommend that particular attention should be given to wild birds as key sentinel animals for the ecosystem contamination surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (G.D.D.); (G.G.); (E.D.G.)
| | - Anna Janowicz
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (G.D.D.); (G.G.); (E.D.G.)
| | - Lisa Di Marcantonio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (G.D.D.); (G.G.); (E.D.G.)
| | - Claudia Ercole
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Guido Di Donato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (G.D.D.); (G.G.); (E.D.G.)
| | - Giuliano Garofolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (G.D.D.); (G.G.); (E.D.G.)
| | - Elisabetta Di Giannatale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.J.); (L.D.M.); (G.D.D.); (G.G.); (E.D.G.)
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13
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Generalizability and comparability of prevalence estimates in the wild bird literature: methodological and epidemiological considerations. Anim Health Res Rev 2020; 21:89-95. [PMID: 32066515 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252320000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Wild birds have been the focus of a great deal of research investigating the epidemiology of zoonotic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in the environment. While enteric pathogens (e.g. Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7) and antimicrobial resistant bacteria of public health importance have been isolated from a wide variety of wild bird species, there is a considerable variation in the measured prevalence of a given microorganism from different studies. This variation may often reflect differences in certain ecological and biological factors such as feeding habits and immune status. Variation in prevalence estimates may also reflect differences in sample collection and processing methods, along with a host of epidemiological inputs related to overall study design. Because the generalizability and comparability of prevalence estimates in the wild bird literature are constrained by their methodological and epidemiological underpinnings, understanding them is crucial to the accurate interpretation of prevalence estimates. The main purpose of this review is to examine methodological and epidemiological inputs to prevalence estimates in the wild bird literature that have a major bearing on their generalizability and comparability. The inputs examined here include sample type, microbiological methods, study design, bias, sample size, definitions of prevalence outcomes and parameters, and control of clustering. The issues raised in this review suggest, among other things, that future prevalence studies of wild birds should avoid opportunistic sampling when possible, as this places significant limitations on the generalizability of prevalence data.
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14
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Smith OM, Snyder WE, Owen JP. Are we overestimating risk of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:652-679. [PMID: 32003106 PMCID: PMC7317827 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enteric illnesses remain the second largest source of communicable diseases worldwide, and wild birds are suspected sources for human infection. This has led to efforts to reduce pathogen spillover through deterrence of wildlife and removal of wildlife habitat, particularly within farming systems, which can compromise conservation efforts and the ecosystem services wild birds provide. Further, Salmonella spp. are a significant cause of avian mortality, leading to additional conservation concerns. Despite numerous studies of enteric bacteria in wild birds and policies to discourage birds from food systems, we lack a comprehensive understanding of wild bird involvement in transmission of enteric bacteria to humans. Here, we propose a framework for understanding spillover of enteric pathogens from wild birds to humans, which includes pathogen acquisition, reservoir competence and bacterial shedding, contact with people and food, and pathogen survival in the environment. We place the literature into this framework to identify important knowledge gaps. Second, we conduct a meta‐analysis of prevalence data for three human enteric pathogens, Campylobacter spp., E. coli, and Salmonella spp., in 431 North American breeding bird species. Our literature review revealed that only 3% of studies addressed the complete system of pathogen transmission. In our meta‐analysis, we found a Campylobacter spp. prevalence of 27% across wild birds, while prevalence estimates of pathogenic E. coli (20%) and Salmonella spp. (6.4%) were lower. There was significant bias in which bird species have been tested, with most studies focusing on a small number of taxa that are common near people (e.g. European starlings Sturnus vulgaris and rock pigeons Columba livia) or commonly in contact with human waste (e.g. gulls). No pathogen prevalence data were available for 65% of North American breeding bird species, including many commonly in contact with humans (e.g. black‐billed magpie Pica hudsonia and great blue heron Ardea herodias), and our metadata suggest that some under‐studied species, taxonomic groups, and guilds may represent equivalent or greater risk to human infection than heavily studied species. We conclude that current data do not provide sufficient information to determine the likelihood of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans and thus preclude management solutions. The primary focus in the literature on pathogen prevalence likely overestimates the probability of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans because a pathogen must survive long enough at an infectious dose and be a strain that is able to colonize humans to cause infection. We propose that future research should focus on the large number of under‐studied species commonly in contact with people and food production and demonstrate shedding of bacterial strains pathogenic to humans into the environment where people may contact them. Finally, studies assessing the duration and intensity of bacterial shedding and survival of bacteria in the environment in bird faeces will help provide crucial missing information necessary to calculate spillover probability. Addressing these essential knowledge gaps will support policy to reduce enteric pathogen spillover to humans and enhance bird conservation efforts that are currently undermined by unsupported fears of pathogen spillover from wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164, U.S.A
| | - William E Snyder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, P.O. Box 646382, Pullman, WA, 99164, U.S.A
| | - Jeb P Owen
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, P.O. Box 646382, Pullman, WA, 99164, U.S.A
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15
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Kim J, Guk JH, Mun SH, An JU, Kim W, Lee S, Song H, Seong JK, Suh JG, Cho S. The Wild Mouse ( Micromys minutus): Reservoir of a Novel Campylobacter jejuni Strain. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3066. [PMID: 31993041 PMCID: PMC6971111 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common zoonotic pathogens worldwide. Although the main sources of human C. jejuni infection are livestock, wildlife can also affect C. jejuni transmission in humans. However, it remains unclear whether wild mice harbor C. jejuni and are involved in the "environment-wildlife-livestock-human" transmission cycle of C. jejuni in humans. Here, we characterized C. jejuni from wild mice and identified genetic traces of wild mouse-derived C. jejuni in other hosts using a traditional approach, along with comparative genomics. We captured 115 wild mice (49 Mus musculus and 66 Micromys minutus) without any clinical symptoms from 22 sesame fields in Korea over 2 years. Among them, M. minutus were typically caught in remote areas of human houses and C. jejuni was solely isolated from M. minutus (42/66, 63.6%). We identified a single clone (MLST ST-8388) in all 42 C. jejuni isolates, which had not been previously reported, and all isolates had the same virulence/survival-factor profile, except for the plasmid-mediated virB11 gene. No isolates exhibited antibiotic resistance, either in phenotypic and genetic terms. Comparative-genomic analysis and MST revealed that C. jejuni derived from M. minutus (strain SCJK2) was not genetically related to those derived from other sources (registered in the NCBI genome database and PubMLST database). Therefore, we hypothesize that C. jejuni from M. minutus is a normal component of the gut flora following adaptation to the gastro-intestinal tract. Furthermore, M. minutus-derived C. jejuni had different ancestral lineages from those derived from other sources, and there was a low chance of C. jejuni transmission from M. minutus to humans/livestock because of their habitat. In conclusion, M. minutus may be a potential reservoir for a novel C. jejuni, which is genetically different from those of other sources, but may not be involved in the transmission of C. jejuni to other hosts, including humans and livestock. This study could form the basis for further studies focused on understanding the transmission cycle of C. jejuni, as well as other zoonotic pathogens originating from wild mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyung Kim
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Guk
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Mun
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Uk An
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woohyun Kim
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soomin Lee
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyokeun Song
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Gyo Suh
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Cho
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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16
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Du J, Luo J, Huang J, Wang C, Li M, Wang B, Wang B, Chang H, Ji J, Sen K, He H. Emergence of Genetic Diversity and Multi-Drug Resistant Campylobacter jejuni From Wild Birds in Beijing, China. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2433. [PMID: 31736887 PMCID: PMC6829156 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is considered as an opportunistic zoonotic pathogen that may cause gastroenteritis in humans and other animals. Wild birds may be as potential vectors of C. jejuni around urban and suburban areas. Here, 520 samples were collected from 33 wild bird species in urban and suburban areas, Beijing. In total 57 C. jejuni were isolated from seven species. It was found that Nineteen (33.33%, 19/57) isolates were resistant to at least one of 11 antibiotics, especially streptomycin (36.84%) and four isolates resistant to all. Nineteen (33.33%, 19/57) isolates were multi-drug resistance. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of the isolates showed that 36 different sequence types (STs) belonged to four Clonal complexes and unassigned. Twenty STs (55.56%) and six alleles among them were first detected. Virulence genes including flaA, cadF, and the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) gene cluster, were detected in all isolates, but truncated cdt gene clusters only detected in the isolates from the crow, daurian jackdaw and silver pheasant. In conclusion, it was the first detection of C. jejuni involved truncated cdt gene clusters from the silver pheasant. These wild birds around urban and suburban areas may pose potential public health problems as reservoir vectors of C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengmin Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public, Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Li
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bojun Wang
- Beijing Wildlife Rescue Center, Beijing Municipal Bureau of Landscape and Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Chang
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Ji
- Beijing Wildlife Rescue Center, Beijing Municipal Bureau of Landscape and Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Keya Sen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Washington, Bothell, WA, United States
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Hankel J, Jung K, Kuder H, Keller B, Keller C, Galvez E, Strowig T, Visscher C. Caecal Microbiota of Experimentally Campylobacter jejuni-Infected Chickens at Different Ages. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2303. [PMID: 31649644 PMCID: PMC6796544 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the most common bacterial cause of foodborne zoonosis in the European Union. Infections are often linked to the consumption and handling of poultry meat. The aim of the present study was to investigate the caecal microbiota of birds infected with C. jejuni at different ages. Therefore, a total of 180 birds of the laying hybrid Lohmann Brown-Classic were housed in 12 subgroups of 15 animals each in three performed repetitions. Three birds per subgroup were experimentally infected with C. jejuni at an age of about 21 days and about 78 days (4.46 ± 0.35 log10 CFU/bird). Twenty-one days after experimental infection, microbiome studies were performed on 72 caecal samples of dissected birds (three primary infected and three further birds/subgroup). Amplification within the hypervariable region V 4 of the 16S rRNA gene was performed and sequenced with the Illumina MiSeq platform. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS® Enterprise Guide® (version 7.1) and R (version 3.5.2). Both factors, the experimental replication (p < 0.001) and the chickens' age at infection (p < 0.001) contributed significantly to the differences in microbial composition of the caecal samples. The factor experimental replication explained 24% of the sample's variability, whereas the factor age at infection explained 14% thereof. Twelve of 32 families showed a significantly different count profile between the two age groups, whereby strongest differences were seen for seven families, among them the family Campylobacteraceae (adjusted p = 0.003). The strongest difference between age groups was seen for a bacterial species that is assigned to the genus Turicibacter which in turn belongs to the family Erysipelotrichaceae (adjusted p < 0.0001). Correlation analyses revealed a common relationship in both chicken ages at infection between the absolute abundance of Campylobacteraceae and Alcaligenaceae, which consists of the genus Parasutterella. In general, concentrations of particular volatile fatty acids (VFA) demonstrated a negative correlation to absolute abundance of Campylobacteraceae, whereby the strongest link was seen for n-butyrate (-0.51141; p < 0.0001). Despite performing consecutive repetitions, the factor experimental replication contributed more to the differences of microbial composition in comparison to the factor age at infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hankel
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Henrike Kuder
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Birgit Keller
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christoph Keller
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Hanover, Germany
| | - Eric Galvez
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Kovanen S, Rossi M, Pohja-Mykrä M, Nieminen T, Raunio-Saarnisto M, Sauvala M, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Hänninen ML, Kivistö R. Population Genetics and Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Western Jackdaws and Game Birds in Finland. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e02365-18. [PMID: 30552190 PMCID: PMC6365822 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02365-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry are considered a major reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis, but the roles of environmental reservoirs, including wild birds, have not been assessed in depth. In this study, we isolated and characterized Campylobacter jejuni from western jackdaws (n = 91, 43%), mallard ducks (n = 82, 76%), and pheasants (n = 9, 9%). Most of the western jackdaw and mallard duck C. jejuni isolates represented multilocus sequence typing (MLST) sequence types (STs) that diverged from those previously isolated from human patients and various animal species, whereas all pheasant isolates represented ST-19, a common ST among human patients and other hosts worldwide. Whole-genome MLST revealed that mallard duck ST-2314 and pheasant ST-19 isolates represented bacterial clones that were genetically highly similar to human isolates detected previously. Further analyses revealed that in addition to a divergent ClonalFrame genealogy, certain genomic characteristics of the western jackdaw C. jejuni isolates, e.g., a novel cdtABC gene cluster and the type VI secretion system (T6SS), may affect their host specificity and virulence. Game birds may thus pose a risk for acquiring campylobacteriosis; therefore, hygienic measures during slaughter and meat handling warrant special attention.IMPORTANCE The roles of environmental reservoirs, including wild birds, in the molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni have not been assessed in depth. Our results showed that game birds may pose a risk for acquiring campylobacteriosis, because they had C. jejuni genomotypes highly similar to human isolates detected previously. Therefore, hygienic measures during slaughter and meat handling warrant special attention. On the contrary, a unique phylogeny was revealed for the western jackdaw isolates, and certain genomic characteristics identified among these isolates are hypothesized to affect their host specificity and virulence. Comparative genomics within sequence types (STs), using whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST), and phylogenomics are efficient methods to analyze the genomic relationships of C. jejuni isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kovanen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirko Rossi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Pohja-Mykrä
- Ruralia Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Timo Nieminen
- Ruralia Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | | | - Mikaela Sauvala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Hänninen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rauni Kivistö
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Johansson H, Ellström P, Artursson K, Berg C, Bonnedahl J, Hansson I, Hernandez J, Lopez-Martín J, Medina-Vogel G, Moreno L, Olsen B, Olsson Engvall E, Skarin H, Troell K, Waldenström J, Ågren J, González-Acuña D. Characterization of Campylobacter spp. isolated from wild birds in the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206502. [PMID: 30412585 PMCID: PMC6226163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A lack of knowledge of naturally occurring pathogens is limiting our ability to use the Antarctic to study the impact human-mediated introduction of infectious microorganisms have on this relatively uncontaminated environment. As no large-scale coordinated effort to remedy this lack of knowledge has taken place, we rely on smaller targeted efforts to both study present microorganisms and monitor the environment for introductions. In one such effort, we isolated Campylobacter species from fecal samples collected from wild birds in the Antarctic Peninsula and the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia. Indeed, in South Georgia, we found Campylobacter lari and the closely related Campylobacter peloridis, but also distantly related human-associated multilocus sequence types of Campylobacter jejuni. In contrast, in the Antarctic Peninsula, we found C. lari and two closely related species, Campylobacter subantarcticus and Campylobacter volucris, but no signs of human introduction. In fact, our finding of human-associated sequence types of C. jejuni in South Georgia, but not in the Antarctic Peninsula, suggests that efforts to limit the spread of infectious microorganisms to the Antarctic have so far been successful in preventing the introduction of C. jejuni. However, we do not know how it came to South Georgia and whether the same mode of introduction could spread it from there to the Antarctic Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Johansson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Charlotte Berg
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bonnedahl
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jorge Hernandez
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Juana Lopez-Martín
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Medina-Vogel
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lucila Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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Vogt NA, Pearl DL, Taboada EN, Reid-Smith RJ, Mulvey MR, Janecko N, Mutschall SK, Jardine CM. A repeated cross-sectional study of the epidemiology of Campylobacter and antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae in free-living Canada geese in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:60-72. [PMID: 30288954 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
From May through October 2016, we conducted a repeated cross-sectional study examining the effects of temporal, spatial, flock and demographic factors (i.e. juvenile vs. adult) on the prevalence of Campylobacter and antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae among 344 fresh faecal samples collected from Canada geese (Branta canadensis) from four locations where birds nested in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter among all fresh faecal samples was 9.3% and was greatest in the fall when these birds became more mobile following the nesting season. Based on 40 gene comparative genomic fingerprinting (CGF40), the increase in prevalence noted in the fall was matched by an increase in the number of unique CGF40 subtypes identified. Resistance to colistin was detected most commonly, in 6% of Escherichia coli isolates, and was highest in the late summer months. All colistin-resistant isolates were negative for the mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes; a chromosomal resistance mechanism (PmrB) was identified in all of these isolates. The prevalence of samples with E. coli exhibiting multi-class resistance or extended spectrum beta-lactamase was low (i.e. <2% of samples). The intra-class correlation coefficients, estimated from the variance components of multilevel logistic regression models, indicated that the shedding of Campylobacter and antimicrobial resistant E. coli among geese within a flock (i.e. birds collected from the same site on the same day) was moderately correlated. Spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal clusters identified using the spatial scan statistic, largely supported the findings from our multi-level models. Salmonella was not isolated from any of the fresh faecal samples collected suggesting that its prevalence in this population of birds was very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine A Vogt
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eduardo N Taboada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard J Reid-Smith
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael R Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nicol Janecko
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven K Mutschall
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Claire M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Hankel J, Popp J, Meemken D, Zeiger K, Beyerbach M, Taube V, Klein G, Visscher C. Influence of lauric acid on the susceptibility of chickens to an experimental Campylobacter jejuni colonisation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204483. [PMID: 30261072 PMCID: PMC6160076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the organic acids, lauric acid has shown a high level of in vitro activity against Campylobacter jejuni. The prevalence and intensity of C. jejuni excretion at slaughter often becomes lower with increasing age. In higher-aged broilers on organic farms which often use other breeds, in turn, the prevalence of C. jejuni is sometimes higher at slaughter. The question then arises as to whether a diet with higher lauric acid concentrations, the age alone or the genetic breed might have an effect in the spread and intensity of an experimental C. jejuni infection in vivo. Therefore, two complete diets with or without 2% lauric acid from palm kernel fatty acids were offered to 450 chickens (ten subgroups à 15 birds, repetitions: n = 3) of two broiler and two layer breeds (Ross 308, Hubbard JA 757, Lohmann Dual and Lohmann Brown-Classic). All breeds were reared for 42 days, Lohmann Brown-Classic also for about 98 days. Twenty-one days before dissection, three seeder birds per subgroup were orally infected with a 1 mL inoculum of C. jejuni (4.46±0.35 log10 CFU/mL). Qualitative detection of C. jejuni in cloacal swabs was performed at days 2, 4, 7, 14 after inoculation and at dissection in all birds. Quantitative detection was performed on excreta samples of seeder birds at days 2, 11 and 17 after experimental challenge and on caecal samples of all birds at dissection. Two days after experimental inoculation, C. jejuni prevalence was higher in control birds without lauric acid supplementation (48.9% vs. 39.6%; P = 0.0462). Depending on age, two days after inoculation the C. jejuni prevalence in young Lohmann Brown-Classic chickens was significantly lower (37.8% vs. 61.1%) whereas at dissection it was higher (99% vs. 67%). At day 2 after inoculation C. jejuni counts in the excreta of young Lohmann Brown-Classic were lower in comparison to those in old ones (log10 CFU/g: 3.30±2.68 vs. 5.24±1.56). Eleven (log10 CFU/g: 5.14±1.13 vs. 4.16±0.82) and 17 days after inoculatioin (log10 CFU/g: 3.77±2.02 vs. 1.72±1.87) it was the reverse situation. At dissection, the carriage of C. jejuni in caecal content was higher in younger than in older birds (log10 CFU/g: 8.57±0.46 vs. 6.66±1.43). An effect of genetic breed on C. jejuni prevalence was seen at dissection, this being lowest in Lohmann Dual chickens (91% vs. 98.9% in other breeds). At d 17 after challenge, C. jejuni counts in the excreta of young Lohmann Brown-Classic were lower in comparison to Ross 308 and Hubbard JA 757 (log10 CFU/g: 3.77±2.02 vs. 5.21±0.85 and 5.62±0.90). Lohmann Dual chickens showed an intermediary excretion, this being only significant lower compared to Hubbard JA 757 (log10 CFU/g: 4.31±0.89). In summary, the effect of lauric acid is limited to the initial phase after experimental inoculation. A higher age at infection seems to lead to a more rapid limitation of the infection. The excretion of C. jejuni appears to decrease more rapidly in layer breeds than in broiler lines after experimental inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hankel
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johanna Popp
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Meemken
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Germany
| | - Katrin Zeiger
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Beyerbach
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Venja Taube
- BEST 3 Gefluegelernaehrung GmbH, Twistringen, Germany
| | - Günter Klein
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Wide but Variable Distribution of a Hypervirulent Campylobacter jejuni Clone in Beef and Dairy Cattle in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01425-17. [PMID: 28970227 PMCID: PMC5717212 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01425-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni clone SA is the major cause of sheep abortion and contributes significantly to foodborne illnesses in the United States. Clone SA is hypervirulent because of its distinct ability to produce systemic infection and its predominant role in clinical sheep abortion. Despite the importance of clone SA, little is known about its distribution and epidemiological features in cattle. Here we describe a prospective study on C. jejuni clone SA prevalence in 35 feedlots in 5 different states in the United States and a retrospective analysis of clone SA in C. jejuni isolates collected by National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) dairy studies in 2002, 2007, and 2014. In feedlot cattle feces, the overall prevalence of Campylobacter organisms was 72.2%, 82.1% of which were C. jejuni. Clone SA accounted for 5.8% of the total C. jejuni isolates, but its prevalence varied by feedlot and state. Interestingly, starlings on the feedlots harbored C. jejuni in feces, including clone SA, suggesting that these birds may play a role in the transmission of Campylobacter. In dairy cattle, the overall prevalence of clone SA was 7.2%, but a significant decrease in the prevalence was observed from 2002 to 2014. Whole-genome sequence analysis of the dairy clone SA isolates revealed that it was genetically stable over the years and most of the isolates carried the tetracycline resistance gene tet(O) in the chromosome. These findings indicate that clone SA is widely distributed in both beef and dairy cattle and provide new insights into the molecular epidemiology of clone SA in ruminants. IMPORTANCEC. jejuni clone SA is a major cause of small-ruminant abortion and an emerging threat to food safety because of its association with foodborne outbreaks. Cattle appear to serve as a major reservoir for this pathogenic organism, but there is a major gap in our knowledge about the epidemiology of clone SA in beef and dairy cattle. By taking advantage of surveillance studies conducted on a national scale, we found a wide but variable distribution of clone SA in feedlot cattle and dairy cows in the United States. Additionally, the work revealed important genomic features of clone SA isolates from cattle. These findings provide critically needed information for the development of preharvest interventions to control the transmission of this zoonotic pathogen. Control of C. jejuni clone SA will benefit both animal health and public health, as it is a zoonotic pathogen causing disease in both ruminants and humans.
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Genomic Comparison of Campylobacter spp. and Their Potential for Zoonotic Transmission between Birds, Primates, and Livestock. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:7165-7175. [PMID: 27736787 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01746-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the leading cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. Wild birds, including American crows, are abundant in urban, suburban, and agricultural settings and are likely zoonotic vectors of Campylobacter Their proximity to humans and livestock increases the potential spreading of Campylobacter via crows between the environment, livestock, and humans. However, no studies have definitively demonstrated that crows are a vector for pathogenic Campylobacter We used genomics to evaluate the zoonotic and pathogenic potential of Campylobacter from crows to other animals with 184 isolates obtained from crows, chickens, cows, sheep, goats, humans, and nonhuman primates. Whole-genome analysis uncovered two distinct clades of Campylobacter jejuni genotypes; the first contained genotypes found only in crows, while a second genotype contained "generalist" genomes that were isolated from multiple host species, including isolates implicated in human disease, primate gastroenteritis, and livestock abortion. Two major β-lactamase genes were observed frequently in these genomes (oxa-184, 55%, and oxa-61, 29%), where oxa-184 was associated only with crows and oxa-61 was associated with generalists. Mutations in gyrA, indicative of fluoroquinolone resistance, were observed in 14% of the isolates. Tetracycline resistance (tetO) was present in 22% of the isolates, yet it occurred in 91% of the abortion isolates. Virulence genes were distributed throughout the genomes; however, cdtC alleles recapitulated the crow-only and generalist clades. A specific cdtC allele was associated with abortion in livestock and was concomitant with tetO These findings indicate that crows harboring a generalist C. jejuni genotype may act as a vector for the zoonotic transmission of Campylobacter IMPORTANCE: This study examined the link between public health and the genomic variation of Campylobacter in relation to disease in humans, primates, and livestock. Use of large-scale whole-genome sequencing enabled population-level assessment to find new genes that are linked to livestock disease. With 184 Campylobacter genomes, we assessed virulence traits, antibiotic resistance susceptibility, and the potential for zoonotic transfer to observe that there is a "generalist" genotype that may move between host species.
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Mughini-Gras L, Penny C, Ragimbeau C, Schets FM, Blaak H, Duim B, Wagenaar JA, de Boer A, Cauchie HM, Mossong J, van Pelt W. Quantifying potential sources of surface water contamination with Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 101:36-45. [PMID: 27244295 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter is the most common causative agent of human bacterial gastroenteritis and is frequently found in surface water, where it indicates recent contamination with animal faeces, sewage effluent, and agricultural run-off. The contribution of different animal reservoirs to surface water contamination with Campylobacter is largely unknown. In the Netherlands, the massive poultry culling to control the 2003 avian influenza epidemic coincided with a 44-50% reduction in human campylobacteriosis cases in the culling areas, suggesting substantial environment-mediated spread of poultry-borne Campylobacter. We inferred the origin of surface water Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains in Luxembourg and the Netherlands, as defined by multilocus sequence typing, by comparison to strains from poultry, pigs, ruminants, and wild birds, using the asymmetric island model for source attribution. Most Luxembourgish water strains were attributed to wild birds (61.0%), followed by poultry (18.8%), ruminants (15.9%), and pigs (4.3%); whereas the Dutch water strains were mainly attributed to poultry (51.7%), wild birds (37.3%), ruminants (9.8%), and pigs (1.2%). Attributions varied over seasons and surface water types, and geographical variation in the relative contribution of poultry correlated with the magnitude of poultry production at either the national or provincial level, suggesting that environmental dissemination of Campylobacter from poultry farms and slaughterhouses can be substantial in poultry-rich regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lapo Mughini-Gras
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Christian Penny
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Catherine Ragimbeau
- National Health Laboratory (LNS), Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg
| | - Franciska M Schets
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty Blaak
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; WHO-Collaborating Center for Campylobacter and OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; WHO-Collaborating Center for Campylobacter and OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert de Boer
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Henry-Michel Cauchie
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Joel Mossong
- National Health Laboratory (LNS), Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg
| | - Wilfrid van Pelt
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Influence of Host Ecology and Behavior on Campylobacter jejuni Prevalence and Environmental Contamination Risk in a Synanthropic Wild Bird Species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:4811-20. [PMID: 27260356 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01456-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne pathogen that often leads to human infections through the consumption of contaminated poultry. Wild birds may play a role in the transmission of C. jejuni by acting as reservoir hosts. Despite ample evidence that wild birds harbor C. jejuni, few studies have addressed the role of host ecology in transmission to domestic animals or humans. We tested the hypothesis that host social behavior and habitat play a major role in driving transmission risk. C. jejuni infection and host ecology were studied simultaneously in wild American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) in Davis, CA, over 3 years. We found that 178 of 337 samples tested were culture positive (53%), with infection varying by season and host age. Among adult crows, infection rates were highest during the winter, when migrants return and crows form large communal roosts. Nestlings had the highest risk of infection, and whole-genome sequencing supports the observation of direct transmission between nestlings. We deployed global positioning system (GPS) receivers to quantify habitat use by crows; space use was nonrandom, with crows preferentially occupying some habitats while avoiding others. This behavior drastically amplified the risk of environmental contamination from feces in specific locations. This study demonstrates that social behavior contributes to infection within species and that habitat use leads to a heterogeneous risk of cross-species transmission. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in industrialized countries. Despite efforts to reduce the colonization of poultry flocks and eventual infection of humans, the incidence of human C. jejuni infection has remained high. Because wild birds can harbor strains of C. jejuni that eventually infect humans, there has long been speculation that wild birds might act as an important reservoir in the C. jejuni infection cycle. We simultaneously studied infection prevalence, social behavior, and movement ecology in wild American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos). We found that social behavior contributed to patterns of infection and that movement behavior resulted in some areas having a high risk of transmission while others had a low risk. The incorporation of ecological data into studies of C. jejuni in wild birds has the potential to resolve when and how wild birds contribute to domestic animal and human C. jejuni infection, leading to better control of initial poultry contamination.
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Hald B, Skov MN, Nielsen EM, Rahbek C, Madsen JJ, Wainø M, Chriél M, Nordentoft S, Baggesen DL, Madsen M. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in wild birds on Danish livestock farms. Acta Vet Scand 2016; 58:11. [PMID: 26842400 PMCID: PMC4739333 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing the occurrence of campylobacteriosis is a food safety issue of high priority, as in recent years it has been the most commonly reported zoonosis in the EU. Livestock farms are of particular interest, since cattle, swine and poultry are common reservoirs of Campylobacter spp. The farm environment provides attractive foraging and breeding habitats for some bird species reported to carry thermophilic Campylobacter spp. We investigated the Campylobacter spp. carriage rates in 52 wild bird species present on 12 Danish farms, sampled during a winter and a summer season, in order to study the factors influencing the prevalence in wild birds according to their ecological guild. In total, 1607 individual wild bird cloacal swab samples and 386 livestock manure samples were cultured for Campylobacter spp. according to the Nordic Committee on Food Analysis method NMKL 119. RESULTS The highest Campylobacter spp. prevalence was seen in 110 out of 178 thrushes (61.8 %), of which the majority were Common Blackbird (Turdus merula), and in 131 out of 616 sparrows (21.3 %), a guild made up of House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus). In general, birds feeding on a diet of animal or mixed animal and vegetable origin, foraging on the ground and vegetation in close proximity to livestock stables were more likely to carry Campylobacter spp. in both summer (P < 0.001) and winter (P < 0.001) than birds foraging further away from the farm or in the air. Age, fat score, gender, and migration range were not found to be associated with Campylobacter spp. carriage. A correlation was found between the prevalence (%) of C. jejuni in wild birds and the proportions (%) of C. jejuni in both manure on cattle farms (R(2) = 0.92) and poultry farms (R(2) = 0.54), and between the prevalence (%) of C. coli in wild birds and the proportions (%) of C. coli in manure on pig farms (R(2) = 0.62). CONCLUSIONS The ecological guild of wild birds influences the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. through the behavioural patterns of the birds. More specifically, wild birds eating food of animal or mixed animal and vegetable origin and foraging on the ground close to livestock were more likely to carry Campylobacter spp. than those foraging further away or hunting in the air. These findings suggest that wild birds may play a role in sustaining the epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Hald
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2860, Søborg, Denmark.
| | - Marianne Nielsine Skov
- Department of Microbiology, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- Research Unit for Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Eva Møller Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.
| | - Jesper Johannes Madsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Michael Wainø
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Chr. Hansen, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
| | - Mariann Chriél
- The Danish Meatboard, 1609, Copenhagen V, Denmark.
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Steen Nordentoft
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk, 4400, Kalundborg, Denmark.
| | - Dorte Lau Baggesen
- Department of Microbiology, Danish Veterinary Laboratory, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2860, Søborg, Denmark.
| | - Mogens Madsen
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Poultry, Fish and Fur Animals, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Dianova Ltd., 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
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Griekspoor P, Hansbro PM, Waldenström J, Olsen B. Campylobacter jejuni sequence types show remarkable spatial and temporal stability in Blackbirds. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2015; 5:28383. [PMID: 26634844 PMCID: PMC4669312 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v5.28383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The zoonotic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni has a broad host range but is especially associated with birds, both domestic and wild. Earlier studies have indicated thrushes of the genus Turdus in Europe to be frequently colonized with C. jejuni, and predominately with host-associated specific genotypes. The European Blackbird Turdus merula has a large distribution in Europe, including some oceanic islands, and was also introduced to Australia by European immigrants in the 1850s. Methods The host specificity and temporal stability of European Blackbird C. jejuni was investigated with multilocus sequence typing in a set of isolates collected from Sweden, Australia, and The Azores. Results Remarkably, we found that the Swedish, Australian, and Azorean isolates were genetically highly similar, despite extensive spatial and temporal isolation. This indicates adaptation, exquisite specificity, and stability in time for European Blackbirds, which is in sharp contrast with the high levels of recombination and mutation found in poultry-related C. jejuni genotypes. Conclusion The maintenance of host-specific signals in spatially and temporally separated C. jejuni populations suggests the existence of strong purifying selection for this bacterium in European Blackbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Griekspoor
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden;
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Zoonosis Science Center, IMBIM, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Cody AJ, McCarthy ND, Bray JE, Wimalarathna HML, Colles FM, Jansen van Rensburg MJ, Dingle KE, Waldenström J, Maiden MCJ. Wild bird-associated Campylobacter jejuni isolates are a consistent source of human disease, in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 7:782-8. [PMID: 26109474 PMCID: PMC4755149 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of wild birds as a source of human campylobacteriosis was investigated in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (UK) over a 10 year period. The probable origin of human Campylobacter jejuni genotypes, as described by multilocus sequence typing, was estimated by comparison with reference populations of isolates from farm animals and five wild bird families, using the STRUCTURE algorithm. Wild bird-attributed isolates accounted for between 476 (2.1%) and 543 (3.5%) cases annually. This proportion did not vary significantly by study year (P = 0.934) but varied seasonally, with wild bird-attributed genotypes comprising a greater proportion of isolates during warmer compared with cooler months (P = 0.003). The highest proportion of wild bird-attributed illness occurred in August (P < 0.001), with a significantly lower proportion in November (P = 0.018). Among genotypes attributed to specific groups of wild birds, seasonality was most apparent for Turdidae-attributed isolates, which were absent during cooler, winter months. This study is consistent with some wild bird species representing a persistent source of campylobacteriosis, and contributing a distinctive seasonal pattern to disease burden. If Oxfordshire is representative of the UK as a whole in this respect, these data suggest that the national burden of wild bird-attributed isolates could be in the order of 10,000 annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Cody
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Noel D McCarthy
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Health Protection Agency, London, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- NIHR Health Protections Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James E Bray
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Kate E Dingle
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Martin C J Maiden
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Health Protections Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Grange ZL, Gartrell BD, Biggs PJ, Nelson NJ, Marshall JC, Howe L, Balm MGM, French NP. Using a common commensal bacterium in endangered Takahe as a model to explore pathogen dynamics in isolated wildlife populations. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2015; 29:1327-1336. [PMID: 25963514 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Predicting and preventing outbreaks of infectious disease in endangered wildlife is problematic without an understanding of the biotic and abiotic factors that influence pathogen transmission and the genetic variation of microorganisms within and between these highly modified host communities. We used a common commensal bacterium, Campylobacter spp., in endangered Takahe (Porphyrio hochstetteri) populations to develop a model with which to study pathogen dynamics in isolated wildlife populations connected through ongoing translocations. Takahe are endemic to New Zealand, where their total population is approximately 230 individuals. Takahe were translocated from a single remnant wild population to multiple offshore and mainland reserves. Several fragmented subpopulations are maintained and connected through regular translocations. We tested 118 Takahe from 8 locations for fecal Campylobacter spp. via culture and DNA extraction and used PCR for species assignment. Factors relating to population connectivity and host life history were explored using multivariate analytical methods to determine associations between host variables and bacterial prevalence. The apparent prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Takahe was 99%, one of the highest reported in avian populations. Variation in prevalence was evident among Campylobacter species identified. C. sp. nova 1 (90%) colonized the majority of Takahe tested. Prevalence of C. jejuni (38%) and C. coli (24%) was different between Takahe subpopulations, and this difference was associated with factors related to population management, captivity, rearing environment, and the presence of agricultural practices in the location in which birds were sampled. Modeling results of Campylobacter spp. in Takahe metapopulations suggest that anthropogenic management of endangered species within altered environments may have unforeseen effects on microbial exposure, carriage, and disease risk. Translocation of wildlife between locations could have unpredictable consequences including the spread of novel microbes between isolated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe L Grange
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
- mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
- Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Brett D Gartrell
- Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
- mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nicola J Nelson
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan C Marshall
- mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Laryssa Howe
- Wildbase, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Matthew G M Balm
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
- mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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Ramonaitė S, Novoslavskij A, Zakarienė G, Aksomaitienė J, Malakauskas M. High Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Campylobacter jejuni in Wild Crows and Pigeons. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:559-65. [PMID: 26228635 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0881-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence, seasonal variation and genetic diversity of Campylobacter spp. in pigeons and crows over a 1-year period were evaluated. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 166 (34.6 %) out of 480 wild bird faecal samples. The occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in faecal samples was higher among crows (39.2 %) than pigeons (30.0 %), (P < 0.05). Campylobacter jejuni was the most common species detected among wild bird faecal samples (98.2 %). Meanwhile, Campylobacter coli prevalence in wild bird faecal samples was low-6 %. The Simpson's diversity index of C. jejuni flaA RFLP types was lower in pigeons (D = 0.88) compared with C. jejuni isolates detected in crows (D = 0.97). Obtained results revealed that C. jejuni are widely prevalent among crows and pigeons, indicating these wild birds as potential infection sources to humans. Further studies are required to determine crows and pigeons role in zoonotic transmission of Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigita Ramonaitė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Aleksandr Novoslavskij
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gintarė Zakarienė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jurgita Aksomaitienė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Malakauskas
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
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31
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Mohan V. Faeco-prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in urban wild birds and pets in New Zealand. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:1. [PMID: 25645429 PMCID: PMC4417317 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Greater attention has been given to Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) prevalence in poultry and ruminants as they are regarded as the major contributing reservoirs of human campylobacteriosis. However, relatively little work has been done to assess the prevalence in urban wild birds and pets in New Zealand, a country with the highest campylobacteriosis notification rates. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the faeco-prevalence of C. jejuni in urban wild birds and pets and its temporal trend in the Manawatu region of New Zealand. Findings A repeated cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2008 to July 2009, where faecal samples were collected from 906 ducks, 835 starlings, 23 Canadian goose, 2 swans, 2 pied stilts, 498 dogs and 82 cats. The faeco-prevalence of C. jejuni was 20% in ducks, 18% in starlings, 9% in Canadian goose, 5% in dogs and 7% in cats. The faeco-prevalence of C. jejuni was relatively higher during warmer months of the year in ducks, starlings and dogs while starlings showed increased winter prevalence. No such trend could be assessed in Canadian goose, swans, pied stilts and cats as samples could not be collected for the entire study period from these species. Conclusions This study estimated the faeco-prevalence of C. jejuni in different animal species where the prevalence was relatively high during warmer months in general. However, there was relative increase in winter prevalence in starlings. The urban wild bird species and pets may be considered potential risk factors for human campylobacteriosis in New Zealand, particularly in small children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vathsala Mohan
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. .,Post-Doctoral Scientist, AgResearch, Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Llarena AK, Skarp-de Haan CPA, Rossi M, Hänninen ML. Characterization of the Campylobacter jejuni population in the barnacle geese reservoir. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:209-21. [PMID: 24948379 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and have been isolated from a wide number of different hosts and environmental sources. Waterfowl is considered a natural reservoir for this zoonotic bacterium and may act as a potential infection source for human campylobacteriosis. In this study, faecal samples from 924 barnacle geese were tested for the presence of C. jejuni and C. coli. The resulting C. jejuni and C. coli populations were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), structure analysis by BAPS and phylogenetic analysis based on full genome sequences. The prevalences of C. jejuni in barnacle geese faeces were 11.5% and 23.1% in 2011 and 2012, respectively, and only 0.2% of the samples were positive for C. coli in both years. Furthermore, a possible adaption of the clonal complexes (CCs) ST-702 and ST-1034 to the barnacle geese reservoir was found, as these two CCs represented the majority of the typed isolates and were repeatedly isolated from different flocks at several time-points. Further core genome phylogenetic analysis using ClonalFrame revealed a formation of a distinct monophyletic lineage by these two CCs, suggesting a certain degree of clonality of the C. jejuni population adapted to barnacle geese. Therefore, although STs also commonly found in humans patients (e.g. ST-45) were among the barnacle geese C. jejuni isolates, this reservoir is probably an infrequent source for human campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-K Llarena
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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33
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Colles FM, McCarthy ND, Bliss CM, Layton R, Maiden MCJ. The long-term dynamics of Campylobacter colonizing a free-range broiler breeder flock: an observational study. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:938-46. [PMID: 25588789 PMCID: PMC4390391 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A free-range broiler breeder flock was studied in order to determine the natural patterns of Campylobacter colonization over a period of 63 weeks. Campylobacter sequence types (STs) were not mutually exclusive and on average colonized only 17.7% of the birds tested at any time. Campylobacter STs typically reached a peak in prevalence upon initial detection in the flock before tailing off, although the ST and antigenic flaA short variable region in combination were stable over a number of months. There was evidence that, with a couple of exceptions, the ecology of C. jejuni and C. coli differed, with the latter forming a more stable population. Despite being free range, no newly colonizing STs were detected over a 6-week period in autumn and a 10-week period in winter, towards the end of the study. There was limited evidence that those STs identified among broiler chicken flocks on the same farm site were likely to colonize the breeder flock earlier (R(2) 0.16, P 0.01). These results suggest that there is natural control of Campylobacter dynamics within a flock which could potentially be exploited in designing new intervention strategies, and that the two different species should perhaps be considered separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Colles
- The Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
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34
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Prevalence and pathogenic potential of campylobacter isolates from free-living, human-commensal american crows. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:1639-44. [PMID: 24375131 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03393-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a potential role for wild birds in zoonotic transmission of Campylobacter jejuni, the leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. In this study, we detected Campylobacter spp. in 66.9% (85/127) of free-ranging American crows (Corvus brachyrhyncos) sampled in the Sacramento Valley of California in 2012 and 2013. Biochemical testing and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA revealed that 93% of isolates (n = 70) were C. jejuni, with cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) and flagellin A genes detected by PCR in 20% and 46% of the C. jejuni isolates (n = 59), respectively. The high prevalence of C. jejuni, coupled with the occurrence of known virulence markers CDT and flagellin A, demonstrates that crows shed Campylobacter spp. in their feces that are potentially pathogenic to humans. Crows are abundant in urban, suburban, and agricultural settings, and thus further study to determine their role in zoonotic transmission of Campylobacter will inform public health.
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35
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Mohan V, Stevenson M, Marshall J, Fearnhead P, Holland BR, Hotter G, French NP. Campylobacter jejuni colonization and population structure in urban populations of ducks and starlings in New Zealand. Microbiologyopen 2013; 2:659-73. [PMID: 23873654 PMCID: PMC3831628 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A repeated cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and the population structure of C. jejuni in European starlings and ducks cohabiting multiple public access sites in an urban area of New Zealand. The country's geographical isolation and relatively recent history of introduction of wild bird species, including the European starling and mallard duck, create an ideal setting to explore the impact of geographical separation on the population biology of C. jejuni, as well as potential public health implications. A total of 716 starling and 720 duck fecal samples were collected and screened for C. jejuni over a 12 month period. This study combined molecular genotyping, population genetics and epidemiological modeling and revealed: (i) higher Campylobacter spp. isolation in starlings (46%) compared with ducks (30%), but similar isolation of C. jejuni in ducks (23%) and starlings (21%), (ii) significant associations between the isolation of Campylobacter spp. and host species, sampling location and time of year using logistic regression, (iii) evidence of population differentiation, as indicated by FST, and host-genotype association with clonal complexes CC ST-177 and CC ST-682 associated with starlings, and clonal complexes CC ST-1034, CC ST-692, and CC ST-1332 associated with ducks, and (iv) greater genetic diversity and genotype richness in ducks compared with starlings. These findings provide evidence that host-associated genotypes, such as the starling-associated ST-177 and ST-682, represent lineages that were introduced with the host species in the 19th century. The isolation of sequence types associated with human disease in New Zealand indicate that wild ducks and starlings need to be considered as a potential public health risk, particularly in urban areas. We applied molecular epidemiology and population genetics to obtain insights in to the population structure, host-species relationships, gene flow and evolution of Campylobacter jejuni in urban ducks and starlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vathsala Mohan
- mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Characterization of the Campylobacter jejuni cryptic plasmid pTIW94 recovered from wild birds in the southeastern United States. Plasmid 2013; 70:268-71. [PMID: 23639726 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence was determined for a cryptic plasmid, pTIW94, recovered from several Campylobacter jejuni isolates from wild birds in the southeastern United States. pTIW94 is a circular molecule of 3860 nucleotides, with a G+C content (31.0%) similar to that of many Campylobacter spp. genomes. A typical origin of replication, with iteron sequences, was identified upstream of DNA sequences that demonstrated similarity to replication initiation proteins. A total of five open reading frames (ORFs) were identified; two of the five ORFs demonstrated significant similarity to plasmid pCC2228-2 found within Campylobacter coli. These two ORFs were similar to essential replication proteins RepA (100%; 26/26 aa identity) and RepB (95%; 327/346 aa identity). A third identified ORF demonstrated significant similarity (99%; 421/424 aa identity) to the MOB protein from C. coli 67-8, originally recovered from swine. The other two identified ORFs were either similar to hypothetical proteins from other Campylobacter spp., or exhibited no significant similarity to any DNA or protein sequence in the GenBank database. Promoter regions (-35 and -10 signal sites), ribosomal binding sites upstream of ORFs, and stem-loop structures were also identified within the plasmid. These results demonstrate that pTIW94 represents a previously un-reported small cryptic plasmid with unique sequences as well as highly similar sequences to other small plasmids found within Campylobacter spp., and that this cryptic plasmid is present among Campylobacter spp. recovered from different genera of wild birds.
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Molecular detection of Campylobacter spp. and fecal indicator bacteria during the northern migration of sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) at the central Platte River. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3762-9. [PMID: 23584775 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03990-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk to human health of the annual sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) migration through Nebraska, which is thought to be a major source of fecal pollution of the central Platte River, is unknown. To better understand potential risks, the presence of Campylobacter species and three fecal indicator bacterial groups (Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, and Bacteroidetes) was assayed by PCR from crane excreta and water samples collected during their stopover at the Platte River, Nebraska, in 2010. Genus-specific PCR assays and sequence analyses identified Campylobacter jejuni as the predominant Campylobacter species in sandhill crane excreta. Campylobacter spp. were detected in 48% of crane excreta, 24% of water samples, and 11% of sediment samples. The estimated densities of Enterococcus spp. were highest in excreta samples (mean, 4.6 × 10(8) cell equivalents [CE]/g), while water samples contained higher levels of Bacteroidetes (mean, 5.1 × 10(5) CE/100 ml). Enterococcus spp., E. coli, and Campylobacter spp. were significantly increased in river water and sediments during the crane migration period, with Enterococcus sp. densities (~3.3 × 10(5) CE/g) 2 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than those of Bacteroidetes (4.9 × 10(3) CE/g), E. coli (2.2 × 10(3) CE/g), and Campylobacter spp. (37 CE/g). Sequencing data for the 16S rRNA gene and Campylobacter species-specific PCR assays indicated that C. jejuni was the major Campylobacter species present in water, sediments, and crane excreta. Overall, migration appeared to result in a significant, but temporary, change in water quality in spring, when there may be a C. jejuni health hazard associated with water and crops visited by the migrating birds.
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Griekspoor P, Colles FM, McCarthy ND, Hansbro PM, Ashhurst-Smith C, Olsen B, Hasselquist D, Maiden MCJ, Waldenström J. Marked host specificity and lack of phylogeographic population structure of Campylobacter jejuni in wild birds. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:1463-72. [PMID: 23356487 PMCID: PMC3596980 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens often infect several animal species, and gene flow among populations infecting different host species may affect the biological traits of the pathogen including host specificity, transmissibility and virulence. The bacterium Campylobacter jejuni is a widespread zoonotic multihost pathogen, which frequently causes gastroenteritis in humans. Poultry products are important transmission vehicles to humans, but the bacterium is common in other domestic and wild animals, particularly birds, which are a potential infection source. Population genetic studies of C. jejuni have mainly investigated isolates from humans and domestic animals, so to assess C. jejuni population structure more broadly and investigate host adaptation, 928 wild bird isolates from Europe and Australia were genotyped by multilocus sequencing and compared to the genotypes recovered from 1366 domestic animal and human isolates. Campylobacter jejuni populations from different wild bird species were distinct from each other and from those from domestic animals and humans, and the host species of wild bird was the major determinant of C. jejuni genotype, while geographic origin was of little importance. By comparison, C. jejuni differentiation was restricted between more phylogenetically diverse farm animals, indicating that domesticated animals may represent a novel niche for C. jejuni and thereby driving the evolution of those bacteria as they exploit this niche. Human disease is dominated by isolates from this novel domesticated animal niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Griekspoor
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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39
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Sanad YM, Closs G, Kumar A, LeJeune JT, Rajashekara G. Molecular epidemiology and public health relevance of Campylobacter isolated from dairy cattle and European starlings in Ohio, USA. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 10:229-36. [PMID: 23259503 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy cattle serve as a potential source for Campylobacter infection in humans. Outbreaks associated with consumption of either Campylobacter contaminated raw milk or contaminated milk after treatment were previously recorded in the United States. Further, starlings have been implicated in the spread of bacterial pathogens among livestock. Here, we determined the prevalence, genotypic, and phenotypic properties of Campylobacter isolated from fecal samples of dairy cattle and starlings found on the same establishment in northeastern Ohio. Campylobacter were detected in 83 (36.6%) and 57 (50.4%) out of 227 dairy and 113 starling fecal samples, respectively. Specifically, 79 C. jejuni, five C. coli, and two other Campylobacter spp. were isolated from dairy feces, while all isolates from starlings (n=57) were C. jejuni. Our results showed that the prevalence of C. jejuni in birds was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that in dairy cattle. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis showed that C. jejuni were genotypically diverse and host restricted; however, there were several shared genotypes between dairy cattle and starling isolates. Likewise, many shared clonal complexes (CC) between dairy cattle and starlings were observed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis. As in humans, both in cattle and starlings, the CC 45 and CC 21 were the most frequently represented CCs. As previously reported, CC 177 and CC 682 were restricted to the bird isolates, while CC 42 was restricted to dairy cattle isolates. Further, two new sequence types (STs) were detected in C. jejuni from dairy cattle. Interestingly, cattle and starling C. jejuni showed high resistance to multiple antimicrobials, including ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and gentamicin. In conclusion, our results highlight starlings as potential reservoirs for C. jejuni, and they may play an important role in the epidemiology of clinically important C. jejuni in dairy population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser M Sanad
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
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40
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Colles FM, Maiden MCJ. Campylobacter sequence typing databases: applications and future prospects. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:2695-2709. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.062000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. M. Colles
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - M. C. J. Maiden
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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41
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Differences in the fecal concentrations and genetic diversities of Campylobacter jejuni populations among individual cows in two dairy herds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:7564-71. [PMID: 22904055 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01783-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy cows have been identified as common carriers of Campylobacter jejuni, which causes many of the human gastroenteritis cases reported worldwide. To design on-farm management practices that control the human infection sourced from dairy cows, the first step is to acquire an understanding of the excretion patterns of the cow reservoir. We monitored the same 35 cows from two dairy farms for C. jejuni excretion fortnightly for up to 12 months. The objective was to examine the concentration of C. jejuni and assess the genetic relationship of the C. jejuni populations excreted by individual cows. Significant differences (P < 0.01) in C. jejuni fecal concentration were observed among the 35 cows, with median concentrations that varied by up to 3.6 log(10) · g(-1) feces. A total of 36 different genotypes were identified from the 514 positive samples by using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR. Although 22 of these genotypes were excreted by more than one cow, the analysis of frequencies and distribution of the genotypes by model-based statistics revealed a high degree of individuality in the C. jejuni population in each cow. The observed variation in the frequency of excretion of a genotype among cows and the analysis by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of these genotypes suggest that excretion of C. jejuni in high numbers is due to a successful adaptation of a particular genotype to a particular cow's gut environment, but that animal-related factors render some individual cows resistant to colonization by particular genotypes. The reasons for differences in C. jejuni colonization of animals warrant further investigation.
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de Haan CPA, Lampén K, Corander J, Hänninen ML. Multilocus Sequence Types of EnvironmentalCampylobacter jejuniIsolates and their Similarities to those of Human, Poultry and BovineC. jejuniIsolates. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:125-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Sippy R, Sandoval-Green CMJ, Sahin O, Plummer P, Fairbanks WS, Zhang Q, Blanchong JA. Occurrence and molecular analysis of Campylobacter in wildlife on livestock farms. Vet Microbiol 2011; 157:369-75. [PMID: 22266157 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife harbor a variety of Campylobacter spp. and may play a significant role in the transmission of Campylobacter to livestock. Although studies have been conducted on wildlife-associated Campylobacter isolates from farms in other countries, there are little data available for livestock farms in the United States. In addition, the critical questions of whether wildlife harbor Campylobacter that is pathogenic to ruminants and/or antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter have yet to be addressed. We captured wild small mammals (n=142) and small birds (n=188) at livestock farms in central Iowa and sampled them for thermophilic Campylobacter during autumn 2009, spring 2010, and autumn 2010. Overall prevalence was 4.79%, with isolates found only in wild birds. Molecular typing revealed four multilocus sequence types (STs), three of which are novel. The remaining ST (ST-806) was found in two house sparrows and is an ST previously associated with ruminant abortion cases. Further analysis of ST-806 wild bird and ruminant abortion isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, resistance gene location, and antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that the isolates are nearly identical. This is the first account of isolation of Campylobacter types from wild birds that are known to be pathogenic to ruminants. Furthermore, these same two wild bird isolates are resistant to the antibiotic fluoroquinolone. Our results indicate there is an overall low prevalence of Campylobacter in selected wildlife in Iowa, but suggest that wildlife may play a role in the epidemiology of pathogenic Campylobacter for domestic livestock, and may also serve as a reservoir for antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sippy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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The prevalence of Campylobacter amongst a free-range broiler breeder flock was primarily affected by flock age. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22825. [PMID: 22174732 PMCID: PMC3236184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter successfully colonizes broiler chickens, but little is known about the longer term natural history of colonization, since most flocks are slaughtered at an immature age. In this study, the prevalence and genetic diversity of Campylobacter colonizing a single free-range broiler breeder flock was investigated over the course of a year. The age of the flock was the most important factor in determining both the prevalence and diversity of Campylobacter over time. There was no correlation with season, temperature, the amount of rain and sunshine, or the dynamics of colonization amongst geographically and temporally matched broiler flocks. The higher prevalence rates coincided with the age at which broiler chickens are typically slaughtered, but then in the absence of bio-security or other intervention methods, and despite changes in flock management, the prevalence fell to significantly lower levels for the remainder of the study. The genetic diversity of Campylobacter increased as the flock aged, implying that genotypes were accumulated within the flock and may persist for a long time. A better understanding of the ecology of Campylobacter within commercial chicken flocks will allow the design of more effective farm-based interventions.
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Colles FM, Ali JS, Sheppard SK, McCarthy ND, Maiden MCJ. Campylobacter populations in wild and domesticated Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2011; 3:574-580. [PMID: 22164198 PMCID: PMC3229703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the Campylobacter genotypes that colonize farmed and wild ducks will help to assess the proportion of human disease that is potentially attributable to the consumption of duck meat and environmental exposure to duck faeces. Comparison of temporally and geographically matched farmed and wild ducks showed that they had different Campylobacter populations in terms of: (i) prevalence, (ii) Campylobacter species and (iii) diversity of genotypes. Furthermore, 92.4% of Campylobacter isolates from farmed ducks were sequence types (STs) commonly associated with human disease, in contrast to just one isolate from the wild ducks. Only one ST, ST-45, was shared between the two sources, accounting for 0.9% of wild duck isolates and 5% of farmed duck isolates. These results indicate that domestic 'niche' as well as host type may affect the distribution of Campylobacter, and that husbandry practises associated with intensive agriculture may be involved in generating a reservoir of human disease associated lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Colles
- The Department of Zoology, University of OxfordSouth Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Jan S Ali
- The Department of Zoology, University of OxfordSouth Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- The Department of Zoology, University of OxfordSouth Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Noel D McCarthy
- The Department of Zoology, University of OxfordSouth Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Martin C J Maiden
- The Department of Zoology, University of OxfordSouth Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
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Gardner TJ, Fitzgerald C, Xavier C, Klein R, Pruckler J, Stroika S, McLaughlin JB. Outbreak of campylobacteriosis associated with consumption of raw peas. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53:26-32. [PMID: 21653299 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, and most cases are identified as sporadic events rather than as parts of recognized outbreaks. We report findings from a substantial 2008 campylobacteriosis outbreak with general implications for fresh produce safety. METHODS We conducted a matched case-control study to determine the source of the outbreak and enhanced surveillance to identify additional cases. Clinical and environmental specimens were tested for Campylobacter, and isolates were subtyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS By routine surveillance, we identified 63 cases of laboratory-confirmed infection. Only raw peas, consumed by 30 (67%) of 45 case-patients and by 15 (17%) of 90 control participants, were associated with illness (adjusted odds ratio: 8.2; P<.001). An additional 69 patients (26 laboratory-confirmed) who reported eating raw peas within 10 days of illness onset were identified through enhanced surveillance. In all, 5 cases were hospitalized, and Guillain-Barré syndrome developed in 1 case; none died. The implicated pea farm was located near a Sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) stopover and breeding site. Of 36 environmental samples collected, 16 were positive for C. jejuni-14 crane-feces samples and 2 pea samples. We identified 25 unique combined SmaI-KpnI PFGE patterns among clinical isolates; 4 of these combined PFGE patterns identified in 15 of 55 human isolates were indistinguishable from PFGE patterns identified in environmental samples. CONCLUSIONS This investigation established a rare laboratory-confirmed link between a campylobacterosis outbreak and an environmental source and identified wild birds as an underrecognized source of produce contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie J Gardner
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia30333, USA.
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Michán C, Daniels C, Ramos J. New molecular techniques for pathogen analysis, in silico
determination of RND efflux pump substrate specificity, shotgun proteomic monitoring of bioremediation and yeast bio-applications. Microb Biotechnol 2010. [PMCID: PMC3815337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Michán
- Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edificio Severo Ochoa C‐6, 2 Planta, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Craig Daniels
- Structural Proteomics in Toronto, UHN and University of Toronto, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, C.H. Best Institute 112 College Street, M5G 1L6, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan‐Luis Ramos
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/ Prof. Albareda, 1, E‐18008 Granada, Spain
- *E‐mail ; Tel. (+34) 958 181608; Fax (+34) 958 135740
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de Haan CPA, Kivistö RI, Hakkinen M, Corander J, Hänninen ML. Multilocus sequence types of Finnish bovine Campylobacter jejuni isolates and their attribution to human infections. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:200. [PMID: 20659332 PMCID: PMC2914712 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter jejuni is the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. Due to the sporadic nature of infection, sources often remain unknown. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been successfully applied to population genetics of Campylobacter jejuni and mathematical modelling can be applied to the sequence data. Here, we analysed the population structure of a total of 250 Finnish C. jejuni isolates from bovines, poultry meat and humans collected in 2003 using a combination of Bayesian clustering (BAPS software) and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS In the first phase we analysed sequence types (STs) of 102 Finnish bovine C. jejuni isolates by MLST and found a high diversity totalling 50 STs of which nearly half were novel. In the second phase we included MLST data from domestic human isolates as well as poultry C. jejuni isolates from the same time period. Between the human and bovine isolates we found an overlap of 72.2%, while 69% of the human isolates were overlapping with the chicken isolates. In the BAPS analysis 44.3% of the human isolates were found in bovine-associated BAPS clusters and 45.4% of the human isolates were found in the poultry-associated BAPS cluster. BAPS reflected the phylogeny of our data very well. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that bovines and poultry were equally important as reservoirs for human C. jejuni infections in Finland in 2003. Our results differ from those obtained in other countries where poultry has been identified as the most important source for human infections. The low prevalence of C. jejuni in poultry flocks in Finland could explain the lower attribution of human infection to poultry. Of the human isolates 10.3% were found in clusters not associated with any host which warrants further investigation, with particular focus on waterborne transmission routes and companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P A de Haan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu, Helsinki, Finland.
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Decreasing trend of overlapping multilocus sequence types between human and chicken Campylobacter jejuni isolates over a decade in Finland. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:5228-36. [PMID: 20543048 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00581-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the long-term multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of the population structure and dynamics of 454 Finnish human Campylobacter jejuni isolates, as well as 208 chicken isolates, collected during the mid-1990s to 2007. The sequence type clonal complexes (ST CC) ST-45 CC, ST-21 CC, and ST-677 CC were the most common ones found among all isolates, and they covered 73.9% of all isolates. The ST-283 CC also was found frequently among chicken isolates (8.2%). The predominant STs among all isolates were ST-45, ST-50, and ST-677. ST-137 and ST-230 were common among human isolates, and ST-267 was found more frequently among chicken isolates than human isolates. The ST-45 CC was significantly associated with chicken isolates (P < 0.01), whereas the ST-21 CC was associated with human isolates (P < 0.001). The ST-677 CC was not associated with any host (P = 0.5), and an opposite temporary trend of this complex was seen among chicken and human isolates, with an increase in the former and a decrease in the latter during the study period. Furthermore, the ST-22 and ST-48 CCs were significantly associated with human isolates (P < 0.01), but neither of the CCs was found in chicken isolates. The annual overlap between STs from human and chicken isolates decreased from 76% at the beginning of the study to 58% at the end. Our results suggest that the importance of chicken as a reservoir for strains associated with human infections has declined despite the consumption of domestic chicken meat increasing during the follow-up period by 83%.
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Waldenström J, Axelsson-Olsson D, Olsen B, Hasselquist D, Griekspoor P, Jansson L, Teneberg S, Svensson L, Ellström P. Campylobacter jejuni colonization in wild birds: results from an infection experiment. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9082. [PMID: 20140204 PMCID: PMC2816703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in most parts of the world. The bacterium has a broad host range and has been isolated from many animals and environments. To investigate shedding patterns and putative effects on an avian host, we developed a colonization model in which a wild bird species, the European Robin Erithacus rubecula, was inoculated orally with C. jejuni from either a human patient or from another wild bird species, the Song Thrush Turdus philomelos. These two isolates were genetically distinct from each other and provoked very different host responses. The Song Thrush isolate colonized all challenged birds and colonization lasted 6.8 days on average. Birds infected with this isolate also showed a transient but significant decrease in body mass. The human isolate did not colonize the birds and could be detected only in the feces of the birds shortly after inoculation. European Robins infected with the wild bird isolate generated a specific antibody response to C. jejuni membrane proteins from the avian isolate, which also was cross-reactive to membrane proteins of the human isolate. In contrast, European Robins infected with the human isolate did not mount a significant response to bacterial membrane proteins from either of the two isolates. The difference in colonization ability could indicate host adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Waldenström
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
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