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Doranga S, Krogfelt KA, Cohen PS, Conway T. Nutrition of Escherichia coli within the intestinal microbiome. EcoSal Plus 2024:eesp00062023. [PMID: 38417452 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0006-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
In this chapter, we update our 2004 review of "The Life of Commensal Escherichia coli in the Mammalian Intestine" (https://doi.org/10.1128/ecosalplus.8.3.1.2), with a change of title that reflects the current focus on "Nutrition of E. coli within the Intestinal Microbiome." The earlier part of the previous two decades saw incremental improvements in understanding the carbon and energy sources that E. coli and Salmonella use to support intestinal colonization. Along with these investigations of electron donors came a better understanding of the electron acceptors that support the respiration of these facultative anaerobes in the gastrointestinal tract. Hundreds of recent papers add to what was known about the nutrition of commensal and pathogenic enteric bacteria. The fact that each biotype or pathotype grows on a different subset of the available nutrients suggested a mechanism for succession of commensal colonizers and invasion by enteric pathogens. Competition for nutrients in the intestine has also come to be recognized as one basis for colonization resistance, in which colonized strain(s) prevent colonization by a challenger. In the past decade, detailed investigations of fiber- and mucin-degrading anaerobes added greatly to our understanding of how complex polysaccharides support the hundreds of intestinal microbiome species. It is now clear that facultative anaerobes, which usually cannot degrade complex polysaccharides, live in symbiosis with the anaerobic degraders. This concept led to the "restaurant hypothesis," which emphasizes that facultative bacteria, such as E. coli, colonize the intestine as members of mixed biofilms and obtain the sugars they need for growth locally through cross-feeding from polysaccharide-degrading anaerobes. Each restaurant represents an intestinal niche. Competition for those niches determines whether or not invaders are able to overcome colonization resistance and become established. Topics centered on the nutritional basis of intestinal colonization and gastrointestinal health are explored here in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Doranga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Karen A Krogfelt
- Department of Science and Environment, Pandemix Center Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Paul S Cohen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Tyrrell Conway
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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2
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Ye C, Chen C, Feng M, Ou R, Yu X. Emerging contaminants in the water environment: Disinfection-induced viable but non-culturable waterborne pathogens. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132666. [PMID: 37793257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is essential for the control of waterborne pathogens (WPs), especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. WP can enter the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state to evade disinfection, seriously threatening water safety. VBNC WPs should be considered as an emerging contaminant to ensure a higher level of safety of the water environment. Here, this study systematically reviewed the water disinfection methods that could induce WPs into the VBNC state, and clarified the risks of different species of VBNC WPs in the relevant water environment. The physicochemical and physiological properties of VBNC cells (e.g., morphology, physiology, and resuscitation potential) were then evaluated to better understand their potential health risks. In addition, the dominant detection methods of VBNC WPs were discussed, and real-time and label-free technologies were recommended for the study of VBNC WPs in the aquatic environment. The possible mechanisms of formation and persistence at the genetic level were highlighted. It concluded that the VBNC state has a deeper level of dormancy than the persistent state, which is associated with the general stress response and stringent response systems, and its persistence is also associated with the active efflux of harmful substances. Finally, the current shortcomings and research perspectives of VBNC bacteria were summarized. This review provides new insights into the characteristics, detection methods, persistence mechanisms, and potential health risks of VBNC WPs induced by water disinfection processes, and also serves as a basis for microbial risk control in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsong Ye
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chenclan Chen
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ranwen Ou
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen 361102, China.
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3
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Wiśniewski P, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Zadernowska A. Impact of High-Pressure Processing (HPP) on Listeria monocytogenes-An Overview of Challenges and Responses. Foods 2023; 13:14. [PMID: 38201041 PMCID: PMC10778341 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
High-pressure processing (HPP) is currently one of the leading methods of non-thermal food preservation as an alternative to traditional methods based on thermal processing. The application of HPP involves the simultaneous action of a combination of several factors-pressure values (100-600 MPa), time of operation (a few-several minutes), and temperature of operation (room temperature or lower)-using a liquid medium responsible for pressure transfer. The combination of these three factors results in the inactivation of microorganisms, thus extending food shelf life and improving the food's microbiological safety. HPP can provide high value for the sensory and quality characteristics of products and reduce the population of pathogenic microorganisms such as L. monocytogenes to the required safety level. Nevertheless, the technology is not without impact on the cellular response of pathogens. L. monocytogenes cells surviving the HPP treatment may have multiple damages, which may impact the activation of mechanisms involved in the repair of cellular damage, increased virulence, or antibiotic resistance, as well as an increased expression of genes encoding pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance. This review has demonstrated that HPP is a technology that can reduce L. monocytogenes cells to below detection levels, thus indicating the potential to provide the desired level of safety. However, problems have been noted related to the possibilities of cell recovery during storage and changes in virulence and antibiotic resistance due to the activation of gene expression mechanisms, and the lack of a sufficient number of studies explaining these changes has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Wiśniewski
- Department of Food Microbiology, Meat Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland; (W.C.-W.); (A.Z.)
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4
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Liu J, Yang L, Kjellerup BV, Xu Z. Viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state, an underestimated and controversial microbial survival strategy. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1013-1023. [PMID: 37225640 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As a unique microbial response to adverse circumstances, the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state is characterized by the loss of culturability of microbial cells on/in nutrient media that normally support their growth, while maintaining metabolic activity. These cells can resuscitate to a culturable state under suitable conditions. Given the intrinsic importance of the VBNC state and recent debates surrounding it, there is a need to redefine and standardize the term, and to address essential questions such as 'How to differentiate VBNC from other similar terms?' and 'How can VBNC cells be standardly and accurately determined?'. This opinion piece aims at contributing to an improved understanding of the VBNC state and promoting its proper handling as an underestimated and controversial microbial survival strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Birthe Veno Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
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5
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Akinlabi OC, Dada RA, Nwoko ESQA, Okeke IN. PCR diagnostics are insufficient for the detection of Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in Ibadan, Nigeria. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001539. [PMID: 37549136 PMCID: PMC10406320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the contribution of different diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes to disease burden is critical to mapping risk and informing vaccine development. Targeting select virulence genes by PCR is the diagnostic approach of choice in high-burden, least-resourced African settings. We compared the performance of a commonly-used multiplex protocol to whole genome sequencing (WGS). PCR was applied to 3,815 E. coli isolates from 120 children with diarrhoea and 357 healthy controls. Three or more isolates per specimen were also Illumina-sequenced. Following quality assurance, ARIBA and Virulencefinder database were used to identify virulence targets. Root cause analysis of deviant PCR results was performed by examining target sensitivity using BLAST, Sanger sequencing false-positive amplicons, and identifying lineages prone to false-positivity using in-silico multilocus sequence typing and a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism phylogeny constructed using IQTree. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of PCR compared to WGS ranged from 0-77.8% while specificity ranged from 74.5-94.7% for different pathotypes. WGS identified more enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), fewer enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and none of the Shiga toxin-producing E. coli detected by PCR, painting a considerably different epidemiological picture. Use of the CVD432 target resulted in EAEC under-detection, and enteropathogenic E. coli eae primers mismatched more recently described intimin alleles common in our setting. False positive ETEC were over-represented among West Africa-predominant ST8746 complex strains. PCR precision varies with pathogen genome so primers optimized for use in one part of the world may have noticeably lower sensitivity and specificity in settings where different pathogen lineages predominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olabisi C. Akinlabi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Rotimi A. Dada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bowen University Iwo and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Medical Laboratory Science Programme, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - El-shama Q. A. Nwoko
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Iruka N. Okeke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
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6
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Di Salvo E, Panebianco F, Panebianco A, Ziino G. Quantitative Detection of Viable but Nonculturable Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Frozen Bivalve Molluscs. Foods 2023; 12:2373. [PMID: 37372584 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a foodborne pathogen diffusely distributed in the marine environment and often isolated from raw seafood belonging to different species, mostly shellfish. Ingestion of under- or uncooked seafood contaminated by V. parahaemolyticus can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms in humans. Due to its ability to withstand low temperatures, Vibrio spp. could survive in frozen seafoods for long periods by entering the viable but nonculturable state (VBNC) and may constitute an unrecognized source of food contamination and infection. In the present study, seventy-seven frozen bivalve molluscs (35 mussels; 42 clams) were subjected to the detection and enumeration of viable V. parahaemolyticus using standard culture methods. VBNC forms were detected and quantified by applying an optimized protocol based on Propidium Monoazide (PMA) and Quantitative PCR (qPCR). All samples were negative for both the detection and enumeration of V. parahaemolyticus by the standard culture methods. VBNC forms were detected in 11.7% of the samples (9/77), with values ranging from 1.67 to 2.29 Log CFU/g. Only clam samples were positive for the detection of VBNC forms. The results of this study highlighted that VBNC V. parahaemolyticus may be present in frozen bivalve molluscs. Further data on the prevalence of VBNC V. parahaemolyticus in frozen seafood are needed in order to perform a robust risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Di Salvo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Viale Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Felice Panebianco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio Panebianco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Viale Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Graziella Ziino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Viale Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Saima S, Ferdous J, Sultana R, Rashid RB, Almeida S, Begum A, Jensen PKM. Detecting Enteric Pathogens in Low-Risk Drinking Water in Dhaka, Bangladesh: An Assessment of the WHO Water Safety Categories. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:321. [PMID: 37368739 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8060321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiological quality of water is usually assessed by fecal coliform bacteria, and the presence of E. coli as an indicator of fecal contamination is widely recommended by international guidelines. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of diarrheagenic pathogens, in both public and personal domain water sources and examine the reliance on the WHO drinking water risk assessment guidelines. This study was conducted in a low-income urban community in Dhaka, Bangladesh between September 2014 and October 2015. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the marker and virulence genes of Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella species, and Campylobacter species, and the culture method was employed for the quantitative assessment of E. coli. According to the WHO guidelines, 48% of the public domain source water and 21% of the personal domain point-of-drinking water were classified in the low-risk group, i.e., 0 CFU of E. coli/100 mL. However, when using PCR, we detected pathogens in 39% (14/36) of the point-of-drinking water samples and 65% (74/114) of the public domain water source samples classified in the low-risk group. Our study showed that relying solely on E. coli detection as a measure of water quality may overlook the presence of other pathogens in the drinking water. In addition to the culture-based method, the detection of virulence genes by PCR should also be considered to add more scrutiny to the detection of diverse types of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabera Saima
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Ferdous
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, Section for Global Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Independent University, 1229 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rebeca Sultana
- Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, Section for Global Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
- icddr,b, 1212 Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ridwan Bin Rashid
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sara Almeida
- Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, Section for Global Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anowara Begum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Peter Kjær Mackie Jensen
- Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, Section for Global Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Ortiz Y, Heredia N, García S. Boundaries That Prevent or May Lead Animals to be Reservoirs of Escherichia coli O104:H4. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100053. [PMID: 36916560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O104:H4, a hybrid serotype carrying virulence factors from enteroaggregative (EAEC) and Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) pathotypes, is the reported cause of a multicountry outbreak in 2011. Evaluation of potential routes of human contamination revealed that this strain is a foodborne pathogen. In contrast to STEC strains, whose main reservoir is cattle, serotype O104:H4 has not been commonly isolated from animals or related environments, suggesting an inability to naturally colonize the gut in hosts other than humans. However, contrary to this view, this strain has been shown to colonize the intestines of experimental animals in infectious studies. In this minireview, we provide a systematic summary of reports highlighting potential evolutionary changes that could facilitate the colonization of new reservoirs by these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaraymi Ortiz
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | - Norma Heredia
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | - Santos García
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico.
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9
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Pan H, Ren Q. Wake Up! Resuscitation of Viable but Nonculturable Bacteria: Mechanism and Potential Application. Foods 2022; 12:82. [PMID: 36613298 PMCID: PMC9818539 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state is a survival strategy for bacteria when encountered with unfavorable conditions. Under favorable environments such as nutrient supplementation, external stress elimination, or supplementation with resuscitation-promoting substances, bacteria will recover from the VBNC state, which is termed "resuscitation". The resuscitation phenomenon is necessary for proof of VBNC existence, which has been confirmed in different ways to exclude the possibility of culturable-cell regrowth. The resuscitation of VBNC cells has been widely studied for the purpose of risk control of recovered pathogenic or spoilage bacteria. From another aspect, the resuscitation of functional bacteria can also be considered a promising field to explore. To support this point, the resuscitation mechanisms were comprehensively reviewed, which could provide the theoretical foundations for the application of resuscitated VBNC cells. In addition, the proposed applications, as well as the prospects for further applications of resuscitated VBNC bacteria in the food industry are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Ren
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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İzgördü ÖK, Darcan C, Kariptaş E. Overview of VBNC, a survival strategy for microorganisms. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:307. [PMID: 36276476 PMCID: PMC9526772 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are exposed to a wide variety of stress factors in their natural environments. Under that stressful conditions, they move into a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state to survive and maintain the vitality. At VBNC state, microorganisms cannot be detected by traditional laboratory methods, but they can be revived under appropriate conditions. Therefore, VBNC organisms cause serious food safety and public health problems. To date, it has been determined that more than 100 microorganism species have entered the VBNC state through many chemical and physical factors. During the last four decades, dating from the initial detection of the VBNC condition, new approaches have been developed for the induction, detection, molecular mechanisms, and resuscitation of VBNC cells. This review evaluates the current data of recent years on the inducing conditions and detection methods of the VBNC state, including with microorganisms on the VBNC state, their virulence, pathogenicity, and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Kaygusuz İzgördü
- Biotechnology Application and Research Center, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Cihan Darcan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Ergin Kariptaş
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, Samsun, Turkey
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Ge Z, Yuan P, Chen L, Chen J, Shen D, She Z, Lu Y. New Global Insights on the Regulation of the Biphasic Life Cycle and Virulence Via ClpP-Dependent Proteolysis in Legionella pneumophila. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100233. [PMID: 35427813 PMCID: PMC9112007 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila, an environmental bacterium that parasitizes protozoa, causes Legionnaires’ disease in humans that is characterized by severe pneumonia. This bacterium adopts a distinct biphasic life cycle consisting of a nonvirulent replicative phase and a virulent transmissive phase in response to different environmental conditions. Hence, the timely and fine-tuned expression of growth and virulence factors in a life cycle–dependent manner is crucial for survival and replication. Here, we report that the completion of the biphasic life cycle and bacterial pathogenesis is greatly dependent on the protein homeostasis regulated by caseinolytic protease P (ClpP)-dependent proteolysis. We characterized the ClpP-dependent dynamic profiles of the regulatory and substrate proteins during the biphasic life cycle of L. pneumophila using proteomic approaches and discovered that ClpP-dependent proteolysis specifically and conditionally degraded the substrate proteins, thereby directly playing a regulatory role or indirectly controlling cellular events via the regulatory proteins. We further observed that ClpP-dependent proteolysis is required to monitor the abundance of fatty acid biosynthesis–related protein Lpg0102/Lpg0361/Lpg0362 and SpoT for the normal regulation of L. pneumophila differentiation. We also found that the control of the biphasic life cycle and bacterial virulence is independent. Furthermore, the ClpP-dependent proteolysis of Dot/Icm (defect in organelle trafficking/intracellular multiplication) type IVB secretion system and effector proteins at a specific phase of the life cycle is essential for bacterial pathogenesis. Therefore, our findings provide novel insights on ClpP-dependent proteolysis, which spans a broad physiological spectrum involving key metabolic pathways that regulate the transition of the biphasic life cycle and bacterial virulence of L. pneumophila, facilitating adaptation to aquatic and intracellular niches. ClpP is the major determinant of biphasic life cycle–dependent protein turnover. ClpP-dependent proteolysis monitors SpoT abundance for cellular differentiation. ClpP-dependent regulation of life cycle and bacterial virulence is independent. ClpP-dependent proteolysis of T4BSS and effector proteins is vital for virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuang Ge
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Run Ze Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiome Study, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peibo Yuan
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingming Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Run Ze Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiome Study, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang She
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Run Ze Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiome Study, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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12
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Li YP, Fekih IB, Fru EC, Moraleda-Munoz A, Li X, Rosen BP, Yoshinaga M, Rensing C. Antimicrobial Activity of Metals and Metalloids. Annu Rev Microbiol 2021; 75:175-197. [PMID: 34343021 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-032921-123231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Competition shapes evolution. Toxic metals and metalloids have exerted selective pressure on life since the rise of the first organisms on the Earth, which has led to the evolution and acquisition of resistance mechanisms against them, as well as mechanisms to weaponize them. Microorganisms exploit antimicrobial metals and metalloids to gain competitive advantage over other members of microbial communities. This exerts a strong selective pressure that drives evolution of resistance. This review describes, with a focus on arsenic and copper, how microorganisms exploit metals and metalloids for predation and how metal- and metalloid-dependent predation may have been a driving force for evolution of microbial resistance against metals and metalloids. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ping Li
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China;
| | - Ibtissem Ben Fekih
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China;
| | - Ernest Chi Fru
- Centre for Geobiology and Geochemistry, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Aurelio Moraleda-Munoz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Xuanji Li
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barry P Rosen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - Masafumi Yoshinaga
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China;
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Maertens L, Matroule JY, Van Houdt R. Characteristics of the copper-induced viable-but-non-culturable state in bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:37. [PMID: 33544256 PMCID: PMC7864824 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial applications of copper (Cu) are exploited in several industries, such as agriculture and healthcare settings. While Cu is capable of efficiently killing microorganisms, sub-lethal doses can induce a viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state in bacteria of many distinct clades. VBNC cells cannot be detected by standard culture-based detection methods, and can become a threat to plants and animals as they often retain virulent traits upon resuscitation. Here we discuss the putative mechanisms of the Cu-induced VBNC state. Common observations in Cu-induced VBNC cells include a cellular response to reactive oxygen species, the exhaustion of energy reserves, and a reconfiguration of the proteome. While showing partial overlap with other VBNC state-inducing stressors, these changes seem to be part of an adaptive response to Cu toxicity. Furthermore, we argue that Cu resistance mechanisms such as P-type ATPases and multicopper oxidases may ward off entry into the VBNC state to some extent. The spread of these mechanisms across multi-species populations could increase population-level resistance to Cu antimicrobials. As Cu resistance mechanisms are often co-selected with antibiotic resistance mechanisms, this threat is exacerbated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Maertens
- Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium.,Research Unit in Microorganisms Biology (URBM), Narilis Institute, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jean-Yves Matroule
- Research Unit in Microorganisms Biology (URBM), Narilis Institute, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Rob Van Houdt
- Microbiology Unit, Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium.
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14
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Li J, Zhao X. Effects of quorum sensing on the biofilm formation and viable but non-culturable state. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109742. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Adler A, Katz DE, Marchaim D. The Continuing Plague of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Enterbacterales Infections: An Update. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2020; 34:677-708. [PMID: 33011052 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a common iatrogenic complication of modern life and medical care. One of the most demonstrative examples is the exponential increase in the incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) production among Enterobacteriaceae, that is, the most common human pathogens outside of the hospital setting. Infections resulting from ESBL-producing bacteria are associated with devastating outcomes, now affecting even previously healthy individuals. This poses an enormous burden and threat to public health. This article aims to narrate the evolving epidemiology of ESBL infections and highlights current challenges in terms of management and prevention of these common infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Adler
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel-Aviv 6423906 Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - David E Katz
- Division of Internal Medicine, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, 12 Shmuel Bait Street, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Dror Marchaim
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Unit of Infection Control, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.
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16
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Rajan A, Robertson MJ, Carter HE, Poole NM, Clark JR, Green SI, Criss ZK, Zhao B, Karandikar U, Xing Y, Margalef-Català M, Jain N, Wilson RL, Bai F, Hyser JM, Petrosino J, Shroyer NF, Blutt SE, Coarfa C, Song X, Prasad BVV, Amieva MR, Grande-Allen J, Estes MK, Okhuysen PC, Maresso AW. Enteroaggregative E. coli Adherence to Human Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Drives Segment and Host Specific Responses to Infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008851. [PMID: 32986782 PMCID: PMC7553275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is a significant cause of acute and chronic diarrhea, foodborne outbreaks, infections of the immunocompromised, and growth stunting in children in developing nations. There is no vaccine and resistance to antibiotics is rising. Unlike related E. coli pathotypes that are often associated with acute bouts of infection, EAEC is associated with persistent diarrhea and subclinical long-term colonization. Several secreted virulence factors have been associated with EAEC pathogenesis and linked to disease in humans, less certain are the molecular drivers of adherence to the intestinal mucosa. We previously established human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) as a model system to study host-EAEC interactions and aggregative adherence fimbriae A (AafA) as a major driver of EAEC adherence to HIEs. Here, we report a large-scale assessment of the host response to EAEC adherence from all four segments of the intestine across at least three donor lines for five E. coli pathotypes. The data demonstrate that the host response in the duodenum is driven largely by the infecting pathotype, whereas the response in the colon diverges in a patient-specific manner. Major pathways altered in gene expression in each of the four enteroid segments differed dramatically, with responses observed for inflammation, apoptosis and an overwhelming response to different mucin genes. In particular, EAEC both associated with large mucus droplets and specific mucins at the epithelial surface, binding that was ameliorated when mucins were removed, a process dependent on AafA. Pan-screening for glycans for binding to purified AafA identified the human ligand as heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Removal of HSPG abrogated EAEC association with HIEs. These results may mean that the human intestine responds remarkably different to distinct pathobionts that is dependent on the both the individual and intestinal segment in question, and uncover a major role for surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans as tropism-driving factor in adherence and/or colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubama Rajan
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Robertson
- Molecular and Cell Biology-Mol. Regulation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Hannah E. Carter
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nina M. Poole
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Justin R. Clark
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sabrina I. Green
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Zachary K. Criss
- Department of Medicine Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Boyang Zhao
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Umesh Karandikar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Yikun Xing
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Mar Margalef-Català
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Nikhil Jain
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Reid L. Wilson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Fan Bai
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Hyser
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Joseph Petrosino
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Noah F. Shroyer
- Department of Medicine Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Molecular and Cell Biology-Mol. Regulation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - BV Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Manuel R. Amieva
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Jane Grande-Allen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Pablo C. Okhuysen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Anthony W. Maresso
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
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Macori G, McCarthy SC, Burgess CM, Fanning S, Duffy G. Investigation of the Causes of Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli PCR Positive and Culture Negative Samples. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040587. [PMID: 32325659 PMCID: PMC7232186 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular methods may reveal the presence of pathogens in samples through the detection of specific target gene(s) associated with microorganisms, but often, the subsequent cultural isolation of the pathogen is not possible. This discrepancy may be related to low concentration of the cells, presence of dead cells, competitive microflora, injured cells and cells in a viable but non-culturable state, free DNA and the presence of free bacteriophages which can carry the target gene causing the PCR-positive/culture-negative results. Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) was used as a model for studying this phenomenon, based on the phage-encoded cytotoxins genes (Stx family) as the detection target in samples through real-time qPCR. Stx phages can be integrated in the STEC chromosome or can be isolated as free particles in the environment. In this study, a combination of PCR with culturing was used for investigating the presence of the stx1 and stx2 genes in 155 ovine recto-anal junction swab samples (method (a)-PCR). Samples which were PCR-positive and culture-negative were subjected to additional analyses including detection of dead STEC cells (method (b)-PCR-PMA dye assay), presence of Stx phages (method (c)-plaque assays) and inducible integrated phages (method (d)-phage induction). Method (a) showed that even though 121 samples gave a PCR-positive result (78%), only 68 samples yielded a culturable isolate (43.9%). Among the 53 (34.2%) PCR-positive/culture-negative samples, 21 (39.6%) samples were shown to have STEC dead cells only, eight (15.1%) had a combination of dead cells and inducible stx phage, while two samples (3.8%) had a combination of dead cells, inducible phage and free stx phage, and a further two samples had Stx1 free phages only (3.8%). It was thus possible to reduce the samples with no explanation to 20 (37.7% of 53 samples), representing a further step towards an improved understanding of the STEC PCR-positive/culture-negative phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guerrino Macori
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; (S.C.M.); (G.D.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Siobhán C. McCarthy
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; (S.C.M.); (G.D.)
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland;
| | - Catherine M. Burgess
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; (S.C.M.); (G.D.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland;
| | - Geraldine Duffy
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; (S.C.M.); (G.D.)
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18
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Identification of Antibiotics That Diminish Disease in a Murine Model of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.02159-19. [PMID: 32015030 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02159-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) cause disease ranging from mild diarrhea to hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and are the most common cause of renal failure in children in high-income countries. The severity of the disease derives from the release of Shiga toxins (Stx). The use of antibiotics to treat EHEC infections is generally avoided, as it can result in increased stx expression. Here, we systematically tested different classes of antibiotics and found that their influence on stx expression and release varies significantly. We assessed a selection of these antibiotics in vivo using the Citrobacter rodentium ϕstx 2dact mouse model and show that stx 2d-inducing antibiotics resulted in weight loss and kidney damage despite clearance of the infection. However, several non-Stx-inducing antibiotics cleared bacterial infection without causing Stx-mediated pathology. Our results suggest that these antibiotics might be useful in the treatment of EHEC-infected human patients and decrease the risk of HUS development.
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19
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Li Y, Huang TY, Mao Y, Chen Y, Shi F, Peng R, Chen J, Bai C, Chen L, Wang K, Liu J. Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Formation of the Viable but Nonculturable State of Pediococcus acidilactici BM-PA17927 and Its Control and Detection in Food System. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:586777. [PMID: 33117324 PMCID: PMC7550757 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.586777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of environmental conditions including nutrient content, acetic acid concentration, salt concentration, and temperature on the formation of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state of Pediococcus acidilactici, as well as its control and detection in food system. Methods: Representing various environmental conditions in different food systems, 16 induction groups were designed for the formation of VBNC state of P. acidilactici. Traditional plate counting was applied to measure the culturable cell numbers, and Live/Dead Bacterial Viability Kit combined with fluorescent microscopy was used to identify viable cells numbers. The inhibition of bacterial growth and VBNC state formation by adjusting the environmental conditions were investigated, and the clearance effect of VBNC cells in crystal cake system was studied. In addition, a propidium monoazide-polymerase chain reaction (PMA-PCR) assay was applied to detect the VBNC P. acidilactici cells in crystal cake food system. Results: Among the environmental conditions included in this study, acetic acid concentration had the greatest effect on the formation of VBNC state of P. acidilactici, followed by nutritional conditions and salt concentration. Reducing nutrients in the environment and treating with 1.0% acetic acid can inhibit P. acidilactici from entering the VBNC state. In the crystal cake system, the growth of P. acidilactici and the formation of VBNC state can be inhibited by adding 1.0% acetic acid and storing at -20°C. In crystal cake system, the PMA-PCR assay can be used to detect VBNC P. acidilactici cells at a concentration higher than 104 cells/ml. Conclusion: The VBNC state of P. acidilactici can be influenced by the changing of environmental conditions, and PMA-PCR assay can be applied in food system for the detection of VBNC P. acidilactici cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Li
- Department of Haematology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Teng-Yi Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yuzhu Mao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Shi
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixin Peng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxuan Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiying Bai
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Kan Wang,
| | - Junyan Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Junyan Liu,
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20
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Antunes P, Novais C, Peixe L. Food-to-Humans Bacterial Transmission. Microbiol Spectr 2020; 8:10.1128/microbiolspec.mtbp-0019-2016. [PMID: 31950894 PMCID: PMC10810214 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mtbp-0019-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms vehiculated by food might benefit health, cause minimal change within the equilibrium of the host microbial community or be associated with foodborne diseases. In this chapter we will focus on human pathogenic bacteria for which food is conclusively demonstrated as their transmission mode to human. We will describe the impact of foodborne diseases in public health, the reservoirs of foodborne pathogens (the environment, human and animals), the main bacterial pathogens and food vehicles causing human diseases, and the drivers for the transmission of foodborne diseases related to the food-chain, host or bacteria features. The implication of food-chain (foodborne pathogens and commensals) in the transmission of resistance to antibiotics relevant to the treatment of human infections is also evidenced. The multiplicity and interplay of drivers related to intensification, diversification and globalization of food production, consumer health status, preferences, lifestyles or behaviors, and bacteria adaptation to different challenges (stress tolerance and antimicrobial resistance) from farm to human, make the prevention of bacteria-food-human transmission a modern and continuous challenge. A global One Health approach is mandatory to better understand and minimize the transmission pathways of human pathogens, including multidrug-resistant pathogens and commensals, through food-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Antunes
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Novais
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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21
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Dong K, Pan H, Yang D, Rao L, Zhao L, Wang Y, Liao X. Induction, detection, formation, and resuscitation of viable but non‐culturable state microorganisms. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 19:149-183. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Hanxu Pan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Dong Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Lei Rao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
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22
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Gorski L, Rivadeneira P, Cooley MB. New strategies for the enumeration of enteric pathogens in water. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 11:765-776. [PMID: 31342654 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water quality standards for drinking water and recreational waters have long been based on the enumeration of faecal coliforms in the various water supplies, with 0 CFU Escherichia coli/100 ml for drinking water and <126 CFU generic E. coli/100 ml for recreational waters. Irrigation water will soon undergo the same scrutiny in the United States. For over 50 years the most probable number method has been used by laboratories to estimate the level of viable bacteria in a sample, but this method is labour intensive and slow, especially if large numbers of samples need to be tested. In this review, we describe some recent innovations in methods to enumerate enteric pathogens in water. These methods are based on different reasoning schemes that can be categorized as biosensors and nucleic acid-based methods. All the methods described here used natural water sources. Several were also used to survey the bacterial levels in naturally contaminated samples. The different methods vary in their limits of detection, ease of use, and potential portability. Some combine very good limits of detection with the ability to overcome technical challenges; however, there is considerable room for improvement, as none of the methods are without shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gorski
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Paula Rivadeneira
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Yuma, AZ, USA
| | - Michael B Cooley
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
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24
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Alizade H, Hosseini Teshnizi S, Azad M, Shojae S, Gouklani H, Davoodian P, Ghanbarpour R. An overview of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 24:23. [PMID: 31007693 PMCID: PMC6450139 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_256_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is a common enteric pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal infections, particularly in developing countries. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of DEC in various geographical regions in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS English (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) and Persian (IranMedex, SID, Magiran, and Iran Doc) databases were comprehensively searched from January 1990 to April 2017. Study selection and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers. After assessing heterogeneity among studies, a random effects model was applied to estimate pooled prevalence. Data analyses were done with the Stata software (version 12.0). This meta-analysis was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42017070411. RESULTS A total of 73 studies with 18068 isolates were eligible for inclusion within the meta-analysis. The results of random effects model showed that the most prevalent DEC pathotypes were enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (16%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 11%-23%), enteroaggregative E. coli (11%; 95% CI: 8%-15%), atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (11%; 95% CI: 8%-14%), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (9%; 95% CI: 6%-13%), diffuse adherent E. coli (6%; 95% CI: 6%-12%), enteroinvasive E. coli (4%; 95% CI: 2%-6%), and typical EPEC (3%; 95% CI: 1%-5%). CONCLUSION This study showed that DEC infections in the Iranian population have low frequency. Our data suggest that the ETEC pathotype can be regarded as one of the most important etiological agents of diarrhea in this country. However, the prevalence of DEC pathotypes is diverse in different regions of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Alizade
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Azad
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Saeed Shojae
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hamed Gouklani
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Parivash Davoodian
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Reza Ghanbarpour
- Molecular Microbiology Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Ogane H, Sato TA, Shinokawa C, Sawai J. Low-concentration Sorbic Acid Promotes the Induction of Escherichia coli into a Viable but Nonculturable State. Biocontrol Sci 2019; 24:67-71. [PMID: 30880315 DOI: 10.4265/bio.24.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The effect of food preservatives and sanitizers at low concentrations on the induction of Escherichia coli into a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state was investigated. When E. coli was incubated in physiological saline at 37℃, the viable cell count measured by plate counting was approximately 3-logs lower than that measured by flow cytometry after 30 days. This difference, and morphological changes in cells, confirmed the transition of E. coli into a VBNC state. Adding 10 μg/l of sorbic acid significantly promoted the induction of E. coli into a VBNC state. This effect was not seen with benzoic acid or sodium hypochlorite at the same concentration. Resuscitation of E. coli VBNC cells was successful when they were grown in nutrient broth containing sodium pyruvate. These results suggest that the presence of low concentrations of food additives in a food manufacturing environment may act as potential triggers for bacterial VBNC induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Ogane
- Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Kanagawa Institute of Technology
| | - Taka-Aki Sato
- Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Kanagawa Institute of Technology
| | - Chika Shinokawa
- Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Kanagawa Institute of Technology
| | - Jun Sawai
- Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Kanagawa Institute of Technology
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Schnabel U, Handorf O, Yarova K, Zessin B, Zechlin S, Sydow D, Zellmer E, Stachowiak J, Andrasch M, Below H, Ehlbeck J. Plasma-Treated Air and Water-Assessment of Synergistic Antimicrobial Effects for Sanitation of Food Processing Surfaces and Environment. Foods 2019; 8:foods8020055. [PMID: 30717375 PMCID: PMC6406376 DOI: 10.3390/foods8020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The synergistic antimicrobial effects of plasma-processed air (PPA) and plasma-treated water (PTW), which are indirectly generated by a microwave-induced non-atmospheric pressure plasma, were investigated with the aid of proliferation assays. For this purpose, microorganisms (Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Pectobacterium carotovorum, sporulated Bacillus atrophaeus) were cultivated as monocultures on specimens with polymeric surface structures. Both the distinct and synergistic antimicrobial potential of PPA and PTW were governed by the plasma-on time (5⁻50 s) and the treatment time of the specimens with PPA/PTW (1⁻5 min). In single PTW treatment of the bacteria, an elevation of the reduction factor with increasing treatment time could be observed (e.g., reduction factor of 2.4 to 3.0 for P. carotovorum). In comparison, the combination of PTW and subsequent PPA treatment leads to synergistic effects that are clearly not induced by longer treatment times. These findings have been valid for all bacteria (L. monocytogenes > P. carotovorum = E. coli). Controversially, the effect is reversed for endospores of B. atrophaeus. With pure PPA treatment, a strong inactivation at 50 s plasma-on time is detectable, whereas single PTW treatment shows no effect even with increasing treatment parameters. The use of synergistic effects of PTW for cleaning and PPA for drying shows a clear alternative for currently used sanitation methods in production plants. Highlights: Non-thermal atmospheric pressure microwave plasma source used indirect in two different modes-gaseous and liquid; Measurement of short and long-living nitrite and nitrate in corrosive gas PPA (plasma-processed air) and complex liquid PTW (plasma-treated water); Application of PTW and PPA in single and combined use for biological decontamination of different microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Schnabel
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Cathal Brugha Street, D01 HV58 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Oliver Handorf
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Kateryna Yarova
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Björn Zessin
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Susann Zechlin
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Diana Sydow
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Elke Zellmer
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Greifswald, Walter-Rathenau-Straße 49A, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Jörg Stachowiak
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Mathias Andrasch
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Harald Below
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Greifswald, Walter-Rathenau-Straße 49A, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Jörg Ehlbeck
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
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Detection and Evaluation of Viable but Non-culturable Escherichia coli O157:H7 Induced by Low Temperature with a BCAC-EMA-Rti-LAMP Assay in Chicken Without Enrichment. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Role of food sanitising treatments in inducing the ‘viable but nonculturable’ state of microorganisms. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Han D, Hung YC, Wang L. Evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water on pork products and the formation of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) pathogens. Food Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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30
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EmPis-1L, an Effective Antimicrobial Peptide Against the Antibiotic-Resistant VBNC State Cells of Pathogenic Bacteria. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 11:667-675. [PMID: 30032476 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The antibiotic-resistant viable but non-culturable (VBNC) pathogenic bacteria are considered as a new threat to public health. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), possessing bactericidal effects in a rapid membrane attacking mode, are supposed to be effective against bacteria entering the VBNC state. In the current study, the activity of grouper AMP piscidin killing the VBNC state cells of pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli O157, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus OS4 was studied. After entering the VBNC state, cells of E. coli O157, S. aureus, and V. parahaemolyticus OS4 developed resistance to the antibiotics Ampicillin and Kanamycin. Rather than truncated form of Malabar grouper piscidin 1 (EmPis-1S), full-length Malabar grouper piscidin 1 (EmPis-1L) showed strong activity to kill the above VBNC bacteria. The VBNC state cells (1 × 105 CFU/mL) of the three species of bacteria could be totally lysed by 10 μmol/L of EmPis-1L in 1 h. The VBNC state cells of S. aureus were most susceptible to EmPis-1L, which killed the cells by 100% in 30 min at the low concentration of 2.0 μmol/L. In addition, EmPis-1L at the concentration of no more than 10 μmol/L showed no observed toxicity to human lung carcinoma epithelial cells (A549) and mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2a). Accordingly, EmPis-1L could be a promisingly safe and efficient agent for eliminating the traditional antibiotic-resistant VBNC state cells of pathogenic bacteria, E. coli, S. aureus, and V. parahaemolyticus.
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31
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Albersmeier JP, Bremer JP, Dammermann W, Lüth S, Hagenmüller F, Rüther C, Otto H, Nielsen AM, Schumacher U, Ullrich S. Outcome and clinical course of EHEC O104 infection in hospitalized patients: A prospective single center study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191544. [PMID: 29420567 PMCID: PMC5805174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Shiga-toxin producing O157:H7 Entero Haemorrhagic E. coli [STEC/EHEC] are the most common cause of Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome [HUS] related to infectious haemorrhagic colitis. Nearly all recommendations on long term treatment of EHEC infections refer to this strain. The 2011 outbreak in Northern Europe was the first of this dimension to be caused by the serotype O104:H4. We report on the 3.5 year follow up of 61 patients diagnosed with symptomatic EHEC O104:H4 infection in spring 2011. Methods Patients with EHEC O104 infection were followed in a monocentric, prospective observational study at four time points: 4, 12, 24 and 36 months. These data include the patients’ histories, clinical findings, and complications. Results Sixty-one patients suffering from EHEC O104:H4 associated enterocolitis participated in the study at the time of hospital discharge. The mean age of patients was 43 ± 2 years, 37 females and 24 males. 48 patients participated in follow up 1 [FU 1], 34 patients in follow up 2 [FU 2], 23 patients in follow up 3 [FU 3] and 18 patients in follow up 4 [FU 4]. Out of 61 patients discharged from the hospital and included in the study, 54 [84%] were examined at least at one additional follow up. Serum creatinine decreased significantly between discharge and FU 1 from 1.3 ± 0.1 mg/dl to 0.7 ± 0.1 mg/dl [p = 0.0045]. From FU 1 until FU 4, no further change in creatinine levels could be observed. The patients need of antihypertensive medications decreased significantly [p = 0.0005] between discharge and FU 1 after four months. From FU 1 until FU 3, 24 months later, no further significant change in antihypertensive treatment was observed. Conclusions Our findings suggest that patients free of pathological findings at time of discharge do not need a specific follow up. Patients with persistent health problems at hospital discharge should be clinically monitored over four months to evaluate chronic organ damage. Progressive or new emerging renal damage could not be observed over time in any patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Albersmeier
- Anatomie und Experimentelle Morphologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. P. Bremer
- Abteilung für Rheumatologie und Immunology, Klinikum Bad Bramstedt, Bad Bramstedt, Germany
| | - W. Dammermann
- Center of Internal Medicine II, Brandenburg Medical School, Campus Brandenburg a.d.H., Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - S. Lüth
- Center of Internal Medicine II, Brandenburg Medical School, Campus Brandenburg a.d.H., Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - F. Hagenmüller
- I. Medizinische Klinik, Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. Rüther
- I. Medizinische Klinik, Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg, Germany
| | - H. Otto
- I. Medizinische Klinik, Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. M. Nielsen
- I. Medizinische Klinik, Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg, Germany
| | - U. Schumacher
- Anatomie und Experimentelle Morphologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Ullrich
- Anatomie und Experimentelle Morphologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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El-Aziz NKA, Tartor YH, El-Aziz Gharib AA, Ammar AM. Propidium Monoazide Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Enumeration of Some Viable but Nonculturable Foodborne Bacteria in Meat and Meat Products. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:226-234. [PMID: 29298099 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne infections due to bacterial pathogens are increasing worldwide. Given the surreptitious nature of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria, they largely remain a threat to public health and food safety due to their non-detectability through conventional plate count techniques. Hence, species-specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (qPCR) alone and combined with the use of propidium monoazide (PMA) was used along with the plate count method to quantify VBNC Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and Enterobacteriaceae in fresh and processed meat samples. The major bacterial pathogen isolated was S. aureus (93%) followed by Enterobacteriaceae (80.33%), C. perfringens (26.33%), and B. cereus (21.33%); their total viable counts were mostly recorded in raw meat than examined meat products. PMA quantitative real-time PCR (PMA qRT-PCR) could detect and quantify VBNC bacteria in 90.48% of culture-negative samples. It affirmed the presence of VBNC S. aureus (n = 10), B. cereus (n = 8), C. perfringens (n = 6), and Enterobacteriaceae (n = 12) in either single or mixed bacterial contamination. The log10 mean values of VBNC bacterial counts were highly reported for C. perfringens and S. aureus (9.60 ± 0.449 and 8.27 ± 0.453 CFU/g, respectively) followed by Enterobacteriaceae (6.95 ± 0.564 CFU/g) and B. cereus (6.69 ± 0.749 CFU/g). Sequencing of rpoB gene of Enterobacteriaceae enabled the identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae complex, Enterobacter cloacae complex, and Salmonella Typhi, which have been reported to be capable of entry into the VBNC state. To our knowledge, this is the first report at least in Egypt that records the presence of VBNC cells in meat samples representing a strong threat to public health and food safety. Moreover, PMA qRT-PCR allowed a quick and unequivocal way of enumeration of VBNC foodborne bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan Khairy Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Yasmine Hasanine Tartor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Ahlam Abd El-Aziz Gharib
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Ammar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
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33
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Köckerling E, Karrasch L, Schweitzer A, Razum O, Krause G. Public Health Research Resulting from One of the World's Largest Outbreaks Caused by Entero-Hemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Germany 2011: A Review. Front Public Health 2017; 5:332. [PMID: 29312915 PMCID: PMC5732330 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2011, Germany experienced one of the largest outbreaks of entero-hemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) ever reported. Four years thereafter, we systematically searched for scientific publications in PubMed and MEDPILOT relating to this outbreak in order to assess the pattern of respective research activities and to assess the main findings and recommendations in the field of public health. Following PRISMA guidelines, we selected 133 publications, half of which were published within 17 months after outbreak onset. Clinical medicine was covered by 71, microbiology by 60, epidemiology by 46, outbreak reporting by 11, and food safety by 9 papers. Those on the last three topics drew conclusions on methods in surveillance, diagnosis, and outbreak investigation, on resources in public health, as well as on inter-agency collaboration, and public communication. Although the outbreak primarily affected Germany, most publications were conducted by multinational cooperations. Our findings document how soon and in which fields research was conducted with respect to this outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Köckerling
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Department Münster, Institute for Rehabilitation Research IfR, Münster, Germany
| | - Laura Karrasch
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Aparna Schweitzer
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oliver Razum
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Gérard Krause
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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34
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Böhnlein C, Kabisch J, Müller-Herbst S, Fiedler G, Franz CMAP, Pichner R. Persistence and reduction of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O26:H11 in different types of raw fermented sausages. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 261:82-88. [PMID: 29017095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fermented sausages have been identified as source of several outbreaks of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Illnesses linked to non-O157 STEC serotypes appear to be on the rise worldwide, and serogroup O26 is the second most reported in Europe after O157. However, data on the behavior of serogroup O26 in food are rare, so that the aim of this study was to investigate the survival of STEC O26:H11 in different types of fermented sausages ("Teewurst", fast-ripened and long-fermented salami). Challenge studies were performed with an inoculation cocktail which consisted of three STEC O26:H11 strains isolated from human, cattle and food sources. In the short-ripened spreadable sausage type "Teewurst" STEC counts decreased by only 0.5 log10 within 28days. In contrast, STEC reductions from 2.2 to 2.6 log10 units were observed in the different salami products, while the most pronounced decrease of 1.0 log10 unit within one day was detected in fast-ripened sausages with glucono delta-lactone (GdL). Moreover, numbers of the food-associated E. coli O26:H11 strain were significantly higher (p<0.001) than those of the human and cattle STEC O26:H11 strains in all types of fermented sausages. Approximately 60% of all STEC isolates from GdL salami shared the genotypic virulence profile of the food-associated E. coli O26:H11 strain. In summary, hurdles of acidification and drying during salami ripening resulted in reductions of STEC O26:H11 counts. However, our results also indicate that STEC O26:H11 can persist in the environment of "Teewurst" and might therefore pose a risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Böhnlein
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jan Kabisch
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Gregor Fiedler
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rohtraud Pichner
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany; Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
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Riveros M, García W, García C, Durand D, Mercado E, Ruiz J, Ochoa TJ. Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Bacteremic Children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1329-1336. [PMID: 29016293 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is an important cause of Gram-negative bacteremia. The aim of this study was to characterize at the molecular and phenotypic levels E. coli strains belonging to different diarrheagenic pathotypes [diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC)] isolated from bacteremia in children younger than 5 years of age. Seventy bacteremia E. coli strains were collected in a prospective study in 12 hospitals in Lima, Peru. The presence of virulence genes associated with DEC [enterotoxigenic (lt and st), enteropathogenic (eaeA), shiga toxin-producing (stx1and stx2), enteroinvasive (ipaH), enteroaggregative (aggR), and diffusely adherent (daaD)] was determined by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Those positive E. coli strains were further analyzed for 18 additional virulence factors encoding genes and others phenotypic features. Virulence genes associated with DEC were identified in seven bacteremic children (10%), including: one aggR-positive [enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)], one eaeA-positive [enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)], one st-positive [enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)], one daaD-positive [diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC)], and three strain positive for aggR and daaD (EAEC/DAEC) at the same time. All strains, except EPEC, had the Ag43 adhesin, and all, except ETEC had the siderophore gene fyuA. The phylogenetic profile of these strains was variable, two (B2), two (D), two (A), and one (B1) strain. These isolates were susceptible to all tested antibacterial agents except to ampicillin and gentamicin. The three EAEC/DAEC strains showed biofilm formation and aggregative adhesion and had the same repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR patterns. These findings suggest that some DEC strains, especially agg-R and daa-D positive, might cause bacteremia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Riveros
- Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Wilfredo García
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Coralith García
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - David Durand
- Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Erik Mercado
- Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Theresa J Ochoa
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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36
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Li J, Ding T, Liao X, Chen S, Ye X, Liu D. Synergetic effects of ultrasound and slightly acidic electrolyzed water against Staphylococcus aureus evaluated by flow cytometry and electron microscopy. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 38:711-719. [PMID: 27590751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the synergetic effects of ultrasound and slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) on the inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus using flow cytometry and electron microscopy. The individual ultrasound treatment for 10min only resulted in 0.36logCFU/mL reductions of S. aureus, while the SAEW treatment alone for 10min resulted in 3.06logCFU/mL reductions. The log reductions caused by combined treatment were enhanced to 3.68logCFU/mL, which were greater than the sum of individual treatments. This phenomenon was referred to as synergistic effects. FCM analysis distinguished live and dead cells as well as revealed dynamic changes in the physiological states of S. aureus after different treatments. The combined treatment greatly reduced the number of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria to 0.07%; in contrast, a single ultrasound treatment for 10min induced the formation of VBNC cells to 45.75%. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that greater damage to the appearance and ultrastructure of S. aureus were achieved after combined ultrasound-SAEW treatment compared to either treatment alone. These results indicated that combining ultrasound with SAEW is a promising sterilization technology with potential uses for environmental remediation and food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xinyu Liao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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37
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Adler A, Katz DE, Marchaim D. The Continuing Plague of Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae Infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2017; 30:347-375. [PMID: 27208763 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a common iatrogenic complication of modern life and medical care. One of the most demonstrative examples is the exponential increase in the incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) production among Enterobacteriaceae, which is the most common human pathogens outside of the hospital settings. Infections resulting from ESBL-producing bacteria are associated with devastating outcomes, now affecting even previously healthy individuals. This development poses an enormous burden and threat to public health. This paper aims to narrate the evolving epidemiology of ESBL infections, and highlight current challenges in terms of management and prevention of these common infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Adler
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - David E Katz
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dror Marchaim
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Division of Infectious Diseases, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
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Kimura K, Morimatsu K, Inaoka T, Yamamoto K. Injury and recovery of Escherichia coli ATCC25922 cells treated by high hydrostatic pressure at 400–600 MPa. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 123:698-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Poole K. At the Nexus of Antibiotics and Metals: The Impact of Cu and Zn on Antibiotic Activity and Resistance. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:820-832. [PMID: 28526548 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Environmental influences on antibiotic activity and resistance can wreak havoc with in vivo antibiotic efficacy and, ultimately, antimicrobial chemotherapy. In nature, bacteria encounter a variety of metal ions, particularly copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), as contaminants in soil and water, as feed additives in agriculture, as clinically-used antimicrobials, and as components of human antibacterial responses. Importantly, there is a growing body of evidence for Cu/Zn driving antibiotic resistance development in metal-exposed bacteria, owing to metal selection of genetic elements harbouring both metal and antibiotic resistance genes, and metal recruitment of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Many classes of antibiotics also form complexes with metal cations, including Cu and Zn, and this can hinder (or enhance) antibiotic activity. This review highlights the ways in which Cu/Zn influence antibiotic resistance development and antibiotic activity, and in so doing impact in vivo antibiotic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Poole
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
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40
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Zhao X, Zhong J, Wei C, Lin CW, Ding T. Current Perspectives on Viable but Non-culturable State in Foodborne Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:580. [PMID: 28421064 PMCID: PMC5378802 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, a unique state in which a number of bacteria respond to adverse circumstances, was first discovered in 1982. Unfortunately, it has been reported that many foodborne pathogens can be induced to enter the VBNC state by the limiting environmental conditions during food processing and preservation, such as extreme temperatures, drying, irradiation, pulsed electric field, and high pressure stress, as well as the addition of preservatives and disinfectants. After entering the VBNC state, foodborne pathogens will introduce a serious crisis to food safety and public health because they cannot be detected using conventional plate counting techniques. This review provides an overview of the various features of the VBNC state, including the biological characteristics, induction and resuscitation factors, formation and resuscitation mechanisms, detection methods, and relationship to food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Junliang Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Caijiao Wei
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Hubei Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Chii-Wann Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
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Lara FBM, Nery DR, de Oliveira PM, Araujo ML, Carvalho FRQ, Messias-Silva LCF, Ferreira LB, Faria-Junior C, Pereira AL. Virulence Markers and Phylogenetic Analysis of Escherichia coli Strains with Hybrid EAEC/UPEC Genotypes Recovered from Sporadic Cases of Extraintestinal Infections. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:146. [PMID: 28217123 PMCID: PMC5290387 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence genes from different E. coli pathotypes are blended in hybrid strains. E. coli strains with hybrid enteroaggregative/uropathogenic (EAEC/UPEC) genotypes have sporadically emerged causing outbreaks of extraintestinal infections, however their association with routine infections is yet underappreciated. We assessed 258 isolates of E. coli recovered from 86 consecutive cases of extraintestinal infections seeking EAEC and hybrid genotype (EAEC/UPEC) strains. Extensive virulence genotyping was carried out to detect 21 virulence genes, including molecular predictors of EAEC and UPEC strains. Phylogenetic groups and sequence types (STs) were identified, as well as it was performed phylogenetic analyses in order to evaluate whether hybrid EAEC/UPEC strains belonged to intestinal or extraintestinal lineages of E. coli. Adhesion assays were performed to evaluate the biofilm formation by hybrid strains in human urine and cell culture medium (DMEM). Molecular predictors of UPEC were detected in more than 70% of the strains (chuA in 85% and fyuA in 78%). Otherwise, molecular predictors of EAEC (aatA and aggR) were detected in only 3.4% (9/258) of the strains and always along with the UPEC predictor fyuA. Additionally, the pyelonephritis-associated pilus (pap) gene was also detected in all of the hybrid EAEC/UPEC strains. EAEC/UPEC strains were recovered from two cases of community-onset urinary tract infections (UTI) and from a case of bacteremia. Analyses revealed that hybrid EAEC/UPEC strains were phylogenetically positioned in two different clades. Two representative strains, each recovered from UTI and bacteremia, were positioned into a characteristic UPEC clade marked by strains belonging to phylogenetic group D and ST3 (Warwick ST 69). Another hybrid EAEC/UPEC strain was classified as phylogroup A-ST478 and positioned in a commensal clade. Hybrid EAEC/UPEC strains formed biofilms at modest, but perceptible levels either in DMEM or in urine samples. We showed that different lineages of E. coli, at least phylogenetic group A and D, can acquire and gather EAEC and UPEC virulence genes promoting the emergence of hybrid EAEC/UPEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviane B M Lara
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Biology Institute, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Danielly R Nery
- Campus of Ceilândia, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Mayana L Araujo
- Campus of Ceilândia, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Celio Faria-Junior
- Central Laboratory for Public Health, Secretary of State for Health Brasília, Brazil
| | - Alex L Pereira
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Biology Institute, University of BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil; Campus of Ceilândia, University of BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
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M. R. Sinaga Y, Dewanti-Hariyadi R, - S. Cronobacter sakazakii MEMASUKI KONDISI VIABLE BUT NONCULTURABLE SELAMA PEMBENTUKAN BIOFILM. JURNAL TEKNOLOGI DAN INDUSTRI PANGAN 2016. [DOI: 10.6066/jtip.2016.27.2.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Wu YT, Tam C, Zhu LS, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SMJ. Human Tear Fluid Reduces Culturability of Contact Lens-Associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms but Induces Expression of the Virulence-Associated Type III Secretion System. Ocul Surf 2016; 15:88-96. [PMID: 27670247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a significant virulence determinant for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using a rodent model, we found that contact lens (CL)-related corneal infections were associated with lens surface biofilms. Here, we studied the impact of human tear fluid on CL-associated biofilm growth and T3SS expression. METHODS P. aeruginosa biofilms were formed on contact lenses for up to 7 days with or without human tear fluid, then exposed to tear fluid for 5 or 24 h. Biofilms were imaged using confocal microscopy. Bacterial culturability was quantified by viable counts, and T3SS gene expression measured by RT-qPCR. Controls included trypticase soy broth, PBS and planktonic bacteria. RESULTS With or without tear fluid, biofilms grew to ∼108 CFU viable bacteria by 24 h. Exposing biofilms to tear fluid after they had formed without it on lenses reduced bacterial culturability ∼180-fold (P<.001). CL growth increased T3SS gene expression versus planktonic bacteria [5.46 ± 0.24-fold for T3SS transcriptional activitor exsA (P=.02), and 3.76 ± 0.36-fold for T3SS effector toxin exoS (P=.01)]. Tear fluid further enhanced exsA and exoS expression in CL-grown biofilms, but not planktonic bacteria, by 2.09 ± 0.38-fold (P=.04) and 1.89 ± 0.26-fold (P<.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Considering the pivitol role of the T3SS in P. aeruginosa infections, its induction in CL-grown P. aeruginosa biofilms by tear fluid might contribute to the pathogenesis of CL-related P. aeruginosa keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne T Wu
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Connie Tam
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lucia S Zhu
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David J Evans
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne M J Fleiszig
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Graduate Groups in Vision Science, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases & Immunity, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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44
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Radosavljević V, Finke EJ, Belojević G. Analysis of Escherichia Coli O104:H4 Outbreak in Germany in 2011 Using Differentiation Method for Unusual Epidemiological Events. Cent Eur J Public Health 2016; 24:9-15. [PMID: 27070964 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to further clarify the origin of Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak in Germany in 2011 (German Ec) as the likelihood of a deliberate act has not been excluded in previous analyses. METHODS We use an original and the most detailed scoring method so far, with 33 parameters pertaining to the source of infection/reservoir or possible perpetrator, pathogen or biological agent, transmission mechanism/factors or means/media of delivery, and population at risk or target. RESULTS Total scores for a deliberate or accidental epidemic indicate that the outbreak was more probably caused unintentionally, presumably due to technical accidents or hygienic shortcomings in the food chain. CONCLUSIONS The validity of the present assessment is limited by the lack of data on the reservoir of the pathogen, the source of infection, and the mode of food contamination. Conclusive evidences on these parameters are essential for the final clarification of the outbreak origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladan Radosavljević
- Military Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia.,Medical Corps Headquarters, Army of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ernst Jürgen Finke
- Specialist in Microbiology, Virology and Infection Epidemiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Goran Belojević
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Long-term survival of the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak strain on fenugreek seeds. Food Microbiol 2016; 59:190-5. [PMID: 27375259 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A major outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4 occurred in Germany in 2011. The epidemiological investigation revealed that a contaminated batch of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum) was the most probable source of the pathogen. It was suggested that the most probable point of contamination was prior to leaving the importer, meaning that the seed contamination with STEC O104:H4 should have happened more than one year before the seeds were used for sprout production. Here, we investigated the capacity of STEC O104:H4 and closely related pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic Escherichia coli strains for long-term survival on dry fenugreek seeds. We did not observe a superior survival capacity of STEC O104:H4 on dry seeds. For none of the strains tested cultivatable cells were found without enrichment on contaminated seeds after more than 24 weeks of storage. Our findings suggest that contamination previous to the distribution from the importer may be less likely than previously assumed. We show that seeds contaminated with E. coli in extremely high numbers can be completely sterilized by a short treatment with bleach. This simple and cheap procedure does not affect the germination capacity of the seeds and could significantly improve safety in sprout production.
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46
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Cabal A, Geue L, Gómez-Barrero S, Barth S, Bárcena C, Hamm K, Porrero MC, Valverde A, Cantón R, Menge C, Gortázar C, Domínguez L, Álvarez J. Detection of virulence-associated genes characteristic of intestinal Escherichia coli pathotypes, including the enterohemorrhagic/enteroaggregative O104:H4, in bovines from Germany and Spain. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:433-42. [PMID: 26085084 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cattle are reservoirs of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli; however, their role in the epidemiology of other pathogenic E. coli remains undefined. A new set of quantitative real-time PCR assays for the direct detection and quantification of nine virulence-associated genes (VAGs) characteristic of the most important human E. coli pathotypes and four serotype-related genes (wzxO104 , fliCH4 , rbfO157 , fliCH7 ) that can be used as a surveillance tool for detection of pathogenic strains was developed. A total of 970 cattle fecal samples were collected in slaughterhouses in Germany and Spain, pooled into 134 samples and analyzed with this tool. stx1, eae and invA were more prevalent in Spanish samples whereas bfpA, stx2, ehxA, elt, est and the rbfO157 /fliCH7 combination were observed in similar proportions in both countries. Genes characteristic of the hybrid O104:H4 strain of the 2011 German outbreak (stx2/aggR/wzxO104 /fliCH4 ) were simultaneously detected in six fecal pools from one German abattoir located near the outbreak epicenter. Although no isolate harboring the full stx2/aggR/wzxO104 /fliCH4 combination was cultured, sequencing of the aggR positive PCR products revealed 100% homology to the aggR from the outbreak strain. Concomitant detection by this direct approach of VAGs from a novel human pathogenic E. coli strain in cattle samples implies that the E. coli gene pool in these animals can be implicated in de novo formation of such highly-virulent strains. The application of this set of qPCRs in surveillance studies could be an efficient early-warning tool for the emergence of zoonotic E. coli in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Cabal
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid.,SaBio-IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute, CSIC-Castilla-La Mancha University, 13071, Ciudad Real
| | - Lutz Geue
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Barth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Carmen Bárcena
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid
| | - Katharina Hamm
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Aránzazu Valverde
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid
| | - Rafael Cantón
- Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research, Madrid.,Antimicrobial Resistance and Bacterial Virulence Unit associated with the Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio-IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute, CSIC-Castilla-La Mancha University, 13071, Ciudad Real
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- SaBio-IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute, CSIC-Castilla-La Mancha University, 13071, Ciudad Real
| | - Julio Álvarez
- Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research, Madrid.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55455, USA
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Pienaar JA, Singh A, Barnard TG. The viable but non-culturable state in pathogenic Escherichia coli: A general review. Afr J Lab Med 2016; 5:368. [PMID: 28879110 PMCID: PMC5436400 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v5i1.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The persistence and pathogenicity of pathogenic bacteria are dependent on the ability of the species to survive in adverse conditions. During the infectious process, the organism may need to pass through certain hostile anatomical sites, such as the stomach. Under various environmental stresses, many bacteria enter into the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, where they are ‘alive’ or metabolically active, but will not grow on conventional media. Escherichia coli bacteria encounter several diverse stress factors during their growth, survival and infection and thus may enter into the VBNC state. Objectives This review discusses various general aspects of the VBNC state, the mechanisms and possible public health impact of indicator and pathogenic E. coli entering into the VBNC state. Method A literature review was conducted to ascertain the possible impact of E. coli entering into the VBNC state. Results Escherichia coli enter into the VBNC state by means of several induction mechanisms. Various authors have found that E. coli can be resuscitated post-VBNC. Certain strains of pathogenic E. coli are still able to produce toxins in the VBNC state, whilst others are avirulent during the VBNC state but are able to regain virulence after resuscitation. Conclusion Pathogenic and indicator E. coli entering into the VBNC state could have an adverse effect on public health if conventional detection methods are used, where the number of viable cells could be underestimated and the VBNC cells still produce toxins or could, at any time, be resuscitated and become virulent again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Pienaar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Technology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Atheesha Singh
- Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tobias G Barnard
- Water and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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48
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Ayrapetyan M, Oliver JD. The viable but non-culturable state and its relevance in food safety. Curr Opin Food Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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49
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Aurass P, Gerlach T, Becher D, Voigt B, Karste S, Bernhardt J, Riedel K, Hecker M, Flieger A. Life Stage-specific Proteomes of Legionella pneumophila Reveal a Highly Differential Abundance of Virulence-associated Dot/Icm effectors. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:177-200. [PMID: 26545400 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.053579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Major differences in the transcriptional program underlying the phenotypic switch between exponential and post-exponential growth of Legionella pneumophila were formerly described characterizing important alterations in infection capacity. Additionally, a third state is known where the bacteria transform in a viable but nonculturable state under stress, such as starvation. We here describe phase-related proteomic changes in exponential phase (E), postexponential phase (PE) bacteria, and unculturable microcosms (UNC) containing viable but nonculturable state cells, and identify phase-specific proteins. We present data on different bacterial subproteomes of E and PE, such as soluble whole cell proteins, outer membrane-associated proteins, and extracellular proteins. In total, 1368 different proteins were identified, 922 were quantified and 397 showed differential abundance in E/PE. The quantified subproteomes of soluble whole cell proteins, outer membrane-associated proteins, and extracellular proteins; 841, 55, and 77 proteins, respectively, were visualized in Voronoi treemaps. 95 proteins were quantified exclusively in E, such as cell division proteins MreC, FtsN, FtsA, and ZipA; 33 exclusively in PE, such as motility-related proteins of flagellum biogenesis FlgE, FlgK, and FliA; and 9 exclusively in unculturable microcosms soluble whole cell proteins, such as hypothetical, as well as transport/binding-, and metabolism-related proteins. A high frequency of differentially abundant or phase-exclusive proteins was observed among the 91 quantified effectors of the major virulence-associated protein secretion system Dot/Icm (> 60%). 24 were E-exclusive, such as LepA/B, YlfA, MavG, Lpg2271, and 13 were PE-exclusive, such as RalF, VipD, Lem10. The growth phase-related specific abundance of a subset of Dot/Icm virulence effectors was confirmed by means of Western blotting. We therefore conclude that many effectors are predominantly abundant at either E or PE which suggests their phase specific function. The distinct temporal or spatial presence of such proteins might have important implications for functional assignments in the future or for use as life-stage specific markers for pathogen analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Aurass
- From the ‡Robert Koch-Institut, Wernigerode Branch, Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella (FG11), Burgstr. 37, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Thomas Gerlach
- From the ‡Robert Koch-Institut, Wernigerode Branch, Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella (FG11), Burgstr. 37, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- §Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Birgit Voigt
- §Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Susanne Karste
- From the ‡Robert Koch-Institut, Wernigerode Branch, Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella (FG11), Burgstr. 37, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- §Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Riedel
- §Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Hecker
- §Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Antje Flieger
- From the ‡Robert Koch-Institut, Wernigerode Branch, Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella (FG11), Burgstr. 37, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany;
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50
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Hao X, Lüthje FL, Qin Y, McDevitt SF, Lutay N, Hobman JL, Asiani K, Soncini FC, German N, Zhang S, Zhu YG, Rensing C. Survival in amoeba--a major selection pressure on the presence of bacterial copper and zinc resistance determinants? Identification of a "copper pathogenicity island". Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5817-24. [PMID: 26088177 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of metal resistance determinants in bacteria usually is attributed to geological or anthropogenic metal contamination in different environments or associated with the use of antimicrobial metals in human healthcare or in agriculture. While this is certainly true, we hypothesize that protozoan predation and macrophage killing are also responsible for selection of copper/zinc resistance genes in bacteria. In this review, we outline evidence supporting this hypothesis, as well as highlight the correlation between metal resistance and pathogenicity in bacteria. In addition, we introduce and characterize the "copper pathogenicity island" identified in Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains isolated from copper- and zinc-fed Danish pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Hao
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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