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Zhang Y, Zhou X, Chen S, Sun X, Zhou C. Immune mechanisms of group B coxsackievirus induced viral myocarditis. Virulence 2023; 14:2180951. [PMID: 36827455 PMCID: PMC9980623 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2180951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral myocarditis is known to be a primary cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) that can lead to heart failure and sudden cardiac death and is invariably caused by myocardial viral infection following active inflammatory destruction of the myocardium. Although acute viral myocarditis frequently recovers on its own, current chronic myocarditis therapies are unsatisfactory, where the persistence of viral or immunological insults to the heart may play a role. Cellular and mouse experimental models that utilized the most prevalent Coxsackievirus group B type 3 (CVB3) virus infection causing myocarditis have illustrated the pathophysiology of viral myocarditis. In this review, immunological insights into the different stages of development of viral myocarditis were discussed, concentrating on the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity in the development of CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China,School of public health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhou
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Shuyi Chen
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Xinchen Sun
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China,CONTACT Chenglin Zhou Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
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2
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Vecchio F, Carré A, Korenkov D, Zhou Z, Apaolaza P, Tuomela S, Burgos-Morales O, Snowhite I, Perez-Hernandez J, Brandao B, Afonso G, Halliez C, Kaddis J, Kent SC, Nakayama M, Richardson SJ, Vinh J, Verdier Y, Laiho J, Scharfmann R, Solimena M, Marinicova Z, Bismuth E, Lucidarme N, Sanchez J, Bustamante C, Gomez P, Buus S, You S, Pugliese A, Hyoty H, Rodriguez-Calvo T, Flodstrom-Tullberg M, Mallone R. Coxsackievirus infection induces direct pancreatic β-cell killing but poor anti-viral CD8+ T-cell responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.19.553954. [PMID: 37662376 PMCID: PMC10473604 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.19.553954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) infection of pancreatic β cells is associated with β-cell autoimmunity. We investigated how CVB impacts human β cells and anti-CVB T-cell responses. β cells were efficiently infected by CVB in vitro, downregulated HLA Class I and presented few, selected HLA-bound viral peptides. Circulating CD8+ T cells from CVB-seropositive individuals recognized only a fraction of these peptides, and only another sub-fraction was targeted by effector/memory T cells that expressed the exhaustion marker PD-1. T cells recognizing a CVB epitope cross-reacted with the β-cell antigen GAD. Infected β cells, which formed filopodia to propagate infection, were more efficiently killed by CVB than by CVB-reactive T cells. Thus, our in-vitro and ex-vivo data highlight limited T-cell responses to CVB, supporting the rationale for CVB vaccination trials for type 1 diabetes prevention. CD8+ T cells recognizing structural and non-structural CVB epitopes provide biomarkers to differentially follow response to infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vecchio
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Alexia Carré
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Daniil Korenkov
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Paola Apaolaza
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Soile Tuomela
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Isaac Snowhite
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Barbara Brandao
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Georgia Afonso
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - John Kaddis
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Discovery Science, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sally C. Kent
- University of Massachusetts Medical Chan School, Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah J. Richardson
- Islet Biology Exeter (IBEx), Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research (EXCEED), Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Joelle Vinh
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS UMR8249, Paris, France
| | - Yann Verdier
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS UMR8249, Paris, France
| | - Jutta Laiho
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Michele Solimena
- Paul Langerhans Institute, Technical University Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Elise Bismuth
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d’Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Lucidarme
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France
| | - Janine Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of pediatric Endocrinology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Carmen Bustamante
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of pediatric Endocrinology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Patricia Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of pediatric Endocrinology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Soren Buus
- Panum Institute, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sylvaine You
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Heikki Hyoty
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Malin Flodstrom-Tullberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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3
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Enteroviral Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: The Role of Natural Killer Cells. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070989. [PMID: 32630332 PMCID: PMC7409131 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, especially group B coxsackieviruses (CV-B), have been associated with the development of chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). The pathological mechanisms that trigger virus-induced autoimmunity against islet antigens in T1D are not fully elucidated. Animal and human studies suggest that NK cells response to CV-B infection play a crucial role in the enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D. Indeed, CV-B-infected cells can escape from cytotoxic T cells recognition and destruction by inhibition of cell surface expression of HLA class I antigen through non-structural viral proteins, but they can nevertheless be killed by NK cells. Cytolytic activity of NK cells towards pancreatic beta cells persistently-infected with CV-B has been reported and defective viral clearance by NK cells of patients with T1D has been suggested as a mechanism leading to persistence of CV-B and triggering autoimmunity reported in these patients. The knowledge about host antiviral defense against CV-B infection is not only crucial to understand the susceptibility to virus-induced T1D but could also contribute to the design of new preventive or therapeutic approaches for individuals at risk for T1D or newly diagnosed patients.
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Blanter M, Sork H, Tuomela S, Flodström-Tullberg M. Genetic and Environmental Interaction in Type 1 Diabetes: a Relationship Between Genetic Risk Alleles and Molecular Traits of Enterovirus Infection? Curr Diab Rep 2019; 19:82. [PMID: 31401790 PMCID: PMC6689284 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-019-1192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the natural history of human type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the documented associations between virus infections (in particular the enteroviruses) and disease development. We review studies that examine whether T1D-specific risk alleles in genes involved in the function of the immune system can alter susceptibility to virus infections or affect the magnitude of the host antiviral response. We also highlight where the major gaps in our knowledge exist and consider possible implications that new insights gained from the discussed gene-environment interaction studies may bring. RECENT FINDINGS A commonality between several of the studied T1D risk variants studied is their role in modulating the host immune response to viral infection. Generally, little support exists indicating that the risk variants increase susceptibility to infection and moreover, they usually appear to predispose the immune system towards a hyper-reactive state, decrease the risk of infection, and/or favor the establishment of viral persistence. In conclusion, although the current number of studies is limited, this type of research can provide important insights into the mechanisms that are central to disease pathogenesis and further describe how genetic and environmental factors jointly influence the risk of T1D development. The latter may provide genetic markers that could be used for patient stratification and for the selection of method(s) for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marfa Blanter
- 0000 0000 9241 5705grid.24381.3cCenter for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fLaboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, EU Belgium
| | - Helena Sork
- 0000 0000 9241 5705grid.24381.3cCenter for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soile Tuomela
- 0000 0000 9241 5705grid.24381.3cCenter for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- 0000 0000 9241 5705grid.24381.3cCenter for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Laitinen OH, Svedin E, Kapell S, Hankaniemi MM, Larsson PG, Domsgen E, Stone VM, Määttä JAE, Hyöty H, Hytönen VP, Flodström-Tullberg M. New Coxsackievirus 2A pro and 3C pro protease antibodies for virus detection and discovery of pathogenic mechanisms. J Virol Methods 2018; 255:29-37. [PMID: 29425680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs), such as the Coxsackie B-viruses (CVBs), are common human pathogens, which can cause severe diseases including meningitis, myocarditis and neonatal sepsis. EVs encode two proteases (2Apro and 3Cpro), which perform the proteolytic cleavage of the CVB polyprotein and also cleave host cell proteins to facilitate viral replication. The 2Apro cause direct damage to the infected heart and tools to investigate 2Apro and 3Cpro expression may contribute new knowledge on virus-induced pathologies. Here, we developed new antibodies to CVB-encoded 2Apro and 3Cpro; Two monoclonal 2Apro antibodies and one 3Cpro antibody were produced. Using cells infected with selected viruses belonging to the EV A, B and C species and immunocytochemistry, we demonstrate that the 3Cpro antibody detects all of the EV species B (EV-B) viruses tested and that the 2Apro antibody detects all EV-B viruses apart from Echovirus 9. We furthermore show that the new antibodies work in Western blotting, immunocyto- and immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry to detect CVBs. Confocal microscopy demonstrated the expression kinetics of 2Apro and 3Cpro, and revealed a preferential cytosolic localization of the proteases in CVB3 infected cells. In summary, the new antibodies detect proteases that belong to EV species B in cells and tissue using multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli H Laitinen
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Emma Svedin
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Kapell
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pär G Larsson
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Erna Domsgen
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Virginia M Stone
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden
| | - Juha A E Määttä
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 141 86, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland.
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6
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Jin WN, Ducruet AF, Liu Q, Shi SXY, Waters M, Zou M, Sheth KN, Gonzales R, Shi FD. Activation of JAK/STAT3 restores NK-cell function and improves immune defense after brain ischemia. FASEB J 2018; 32:2757-2767. [PMID: 29401578 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700962r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Stroke-induced immune suppression predisposes the host to infections and can contribute to high morbidity and mortality in stroke patients. Because ischemic stroke has a profound effect on the systemic immune response, which may explain the increased susceptibility of stroke patients to infection, an urgent need persists for a better understanding of mechanisms associated with immune suppression; new and effective treatments for stroke can then be identified. NK cells play a key role in early host defense against pathogens by killing infected cells and/or producing cytokines such as IFN-γ. Because the phenotype and function of peripheral NK cells have been widely investigated in ischemic stroke, nCounter Inflammation Gene Array Analysis was used to build immune-related gene profiles of NK cells to comprehensively analyze the molecular signature of NK cells after ischemic brain injury. We observed distinct gene expression profiles reflecting different splenic NK-cell phenotypes and functional properties across the time course of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Based on gene expression and pathway-network analysis, lower expression levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) were observed in animals with MCAO compared with sham control animals. Genetic activation of STAT3 through the introduction of STAT3 clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) plasmid prevented the loss of NK-cell-derived IFN-γ production after MCAO, together with reduced bacterial burden and mortality. Our data suggest that brain ischemia impairs NK-cell-mediated immune defense in the periphery, at least in part through the JAK-STAT3 pathway, which can be readdressed by modulating STAT3 activation status.-Jin, W.-N., Ducruet, A. F., Liu, Q., Shi, S. X.-Y., Waters, M., Zou, M., Sheth, K. N., Gonzales, R., Shi, F.-D. Activation of JAK/STAT3 restores NK-cell function and improves immune defense after brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Na Jin
- Center for Neuroinflammation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Division of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Andrew F Ducruet
- Division of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Division of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Samuel Xiang-Yu Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; and
| | - Michael Waters
- Division of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Ming Zou
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kevin N Sheth
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rayna Gonzales
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; and
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Center for Neuroinflammation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Division of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Shah M, Smolko CM, Kinicki S, Chapman ZD, Brautigan DL, Janes KA. Profiling Subcellular Protein Phosphatase Responses to Coxsackievirus B3 Infection of Cardiomyocytes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:S244-S262. [PMID: 28174228 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.o116.063487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular responses to stimuli involve dynamic and localized changes in protein kinases and phosphatases. Here, we report a generalized functional assay for high-throughput profiling of multiple protein phosphatases with subcellular resolution and apply it to analyze coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection counteracted by interferon signaling. Using on-plate cell fractionation optimized for adherent cells, we isolate protein extracts containing active endogenous phosphatases from cell membranes, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus. The extracts contain all major classes of protein phosphatases and catalyze dephosphorylation of plate-bound phosphosubstrates in a microtiter format, with cellular activity quantified at the end point by phosphospecific ELISA. The platform is optimized for six phosphosubstrates (ERK2, JNK1, p38α, MK2, CREB, and STAT1) and measures specific activities from extracts of fewer than 50,000 cells. The assay was exploited to examine viral and antiviral signaling in AC16 cardiomyocytes, which we show can be engineered to serve as susceptible and permissive hosts for CVB3. Phosphatase responses were profiled in these cells by completing a full-factorial experiment for CVB3 infection and type I/II interferon signaling. Over 850 functional measurements revealed several independent, subcellular changes in specific phosphatase activities. During CVB3 infection, we found that type I interferon signaling increases subcellular JNK1 phosphatase activity, inhibiting nuclear JNK1 activity that otherwise promotes viral protein synthesis in the infected host cell. Our assay provides a high-throughput way to capture perturbations in important negative regulators of intracellular signal-transduction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie Shah
- From the ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | | | | | | | - David L Brautigan
- the ‖Center for Cell Signaling and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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Lind K, Svedin E, Domsgen E, Kapell S, Laitinen OH, Moll M, Flodström-Tullberg M. Coxsackievirus counters the host innate immune response by blocking type III interferon expression. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1368-1380. [PMID: 26935471 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I IFNs play an important role in the immune response to enterovirus infections. Their importance is underscored by observations showing that many enteroviruses including coxsackie B viruses (CVBs) have developed strategies to block type I IFN production. Recent studies have highlighted a role for the type III IFNs (also called IFNλs) in reducing permissiveness to infections with enteric viruses including coxsackievirus. However, whether or not CVBs have measures to evade the effects of type III IFNs remains unknown. By combining virus infection studies and different modes of administrating the dsRNA mimic poly I : C, we discovered that CVBs target both TLR3- and MDA5/RIG-I-mediated type III IFN expression. Consistent with this, the cellular protein expression levels of the signal transduction proteins TRIF and IPS1 were reduced and no hyperphosphorylation of IRF-3 was observed following infection with the virus. Notably, decreased expression of full-length TRIF and IPS1 and the appearance of cleavage products was observed upon both CVB3 infection and in cellular protein extracts incubated with recombinant 2Apro, indicating an important role for the viral protease in subverting the cellular immune system. Collectively, our study reveals that CVBs block the expression of type III IFNs, and that this is achieved by a similar mechanism as the virus uses to block type I IFN production. We also demonstrate that the virus blocks several intracellular viral recognition pathways of importance for both type I and III IFN production. The simultaneous targeting of numerous arms of the host immune response may be required for successful viral replication and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lind
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Svedin
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erna Domsgen
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Kapell
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olli H Laitinen
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Moll
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Lind K, Svedin E, Utorova R, Stone VM, Flodström-Tullberg M. Type III interferons are expressed by Coxsackievirus-infected human primary hepatocytes and regulate hepatocyte permissiveness to infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:687-95. [PMID: 24773058 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis is a common and potentially fatal manifestation of severe Coxsackievirus infections, particularly in newborn children. Little is known of the immune-mediated mechanisms regulating permissiveness to liver infection. It is well established that type I interferons (IFNs) play an important role in the host innate immune response to Coxsackievirus infections. Recent studies have highlighted a role for another IFN family, the type III IFNs (also called IFN-λ), in anti-viral defence. Whether type III IFNs are produced by hepatocytes during a Coxsackievirus infection remains unknown. Moreover, whether or not type III IFNs protects hepatocytes from a Coxsackievirus infection has not been addressed. In this study, we show that primary human hepatocytes respond to a Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection by up-regulating the expression of type III IFNs. We also demonstrate that type III IFNs induce an anti-viral state in hepatocytes characterized by the up-regulated expression of IFN-stimulated genes, including IFN-stimulated gene (ISG15), 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 2 (OAS2), protein kinase regulated by dsRNA (PKR) and myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1). Furthermore, our study reveals that type III IFNs attenuate CVB3 replication both in hepatocyte cell lines and primary human hepatocytes. Our studies suggest that human hepatocytes express type III IFNs in response to a Coxsackievirus infection and highlight a novel role for type III IFNs in regulating hepatocyte permissiveness to this clinically relevant type of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lind
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Miteva K, Van Linthout S, Volk HD, Tschöpe C. Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stromal cells revisited in the context of inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:353097. [PMID: 23853610 PMCID: PMC3703801 DOI: 10.1155/2013/353097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is a common inflammatory cardiomyopathy, associated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which can lead to chronic left ventricular dysfunction. Under conventional heart failure therapy, inflammatory cardiomyopathy typically has a progressive course, indicating a need for alternative therapeutic strategies to improve long-term outcomes. Experimental and clinical studies consistently support the application of cellular transplantation as a strategy to improve myocardial function. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) mediate distinct paracrine effects supporting endogenous regeneration, but most important are their remarkable immunoregulatory properties. In this review, an overview of current knowledge on immunopathology in myocarditis will be given. Furthermore, current research regarding the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs in the context of myocarditis will be discussed. Finally, the impact of MSC priming by the environment on their functionality and the advantages of systemic administration of MSCs under myocarditis are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapka Miteva
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK, Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Berlin, Germany
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Kemball CC, Alirezaei M, Whitton JL. Type B coxsackieviruses and their interactions with the innate and adaptive immune systems. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1329-47. [PMID: 20860480 PMCID: PMC3045535 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses are important human pathogens, and their interactions with the innate and adaptive immune systems are of particular interest. Many viruses evade some aspects of the innate response, but coxsackieviruses go a step further by actively inducing, and then exploiting, some features of the host cell response. Furthermore, while most viruses encode proteins that hinder the effector functions of adaptive immunity, coxsackieviruses and their cousins demonstrate a unique capacity to almost completely evade the attention of naive CD8(+) T cells. In this artcle, we discuss the above phenomena, describe the current status of research in the field, and present several testable hypotheses regarding possible links between virus infection, innate immune sensing and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Kemball
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mehrdad Alirezaei
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J Lindsay Whitton
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Kemball CC, Harkins S, Whitmire JK, Flynn CT, Feuer R, Whitton JL. Coxsackievirus B3 inhibits antigen presentation in vivo, exerting a profound and selective effect on the MHC class I pathway. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000618. [PMID: 19834548 PMCID: PMC2757675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses encode proteins whose major function is to evade or disable the host T cell response. Nevertheless, most viruses are readily detected by host T cells, and induce relatively strong T cell responses. Herein, we employ transgenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as sensors to evaluate in vitro and in vivo antigen presentation by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), and we show that this virus almost completely inhibits antigen presentation via the MHC class I pathway, thereby evading CD8+ T cell immunity. In contrast, the presentation of CVB3-encoded MHC class II epitopes is relatively unencumbered, and CVB3 induces in vivo CD4+ T cell responses that are, by several criteria, phenotypically normal. The cells display an effector phenotype and mature into multi-functional CVB3-specific memory CD4+ T cells that expand dramatically following challenge infection and rapidly differentiate into secondary effector cells capable of secreting multiple cytokines. Our findings have implications for the efficiency of antigen cross-presentation during coxsackievirus infection. Many viruses—for example, large DNA viruses like smallpox virus and herpesviruses—encode several proteins whose major function is to combat the host's immune response, but these proteins usually battle in vain; in general, the mammalian immune system is sufficiently accomplished to penetrate this viral armor, allowing the infected animal to mount an immune response that can eradicate—or, at least, suppress—the infectious agent. Here, we show that coxsackievirus, a small RNA virus, carries a far more powerful punch than its larger DNA cousins; it almost entirely evades detection by host CD8+ T cells, which usually are one of the key components of an antiviral immune response. How does the virus achieve such success? Normally, when a virus infects a cell, certain host proteins capture small fragments of the virus and display them on the cell's surface, allowing them to be detected by the host immune system—usually, by cells called CD8+ T cells. We show here that coxsackievirus very effectively prevents these “flags” from reaching the cell surface in a form that can trigger naïve T cells to respond; in effect, the virus renders the cell “invisible” to CD8+ T cells, creating a cocoon in which the virus can multiply undisturbed by host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Kemball
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Harkins
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jason K. Whitmire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Claudia T. Flynn
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ralph Feuer
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - J. Lindsay Whitton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Enumeration and functional evaluation of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in lymphoid and peripheral sites of coxsackievirus B3 infection. J Virol 2008; 82:4331-42. [PMID: 18305030 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02639-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that coxsackievirus B (CVB) activates CD8(+) T cells in vivo, but the extent of this activation and the antigen specificity of the CD8(+) T cells remain uncertain. Furthermore, CVB-induced CD4(+) T-cell responses have not been carefully investigated. Herein, we evaluate CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell responses both in a secondary lymphoid organ (spleen) and in peripheral tissues (heart and pancreas), using a recombinant CVB3 (rCVB3.6) that encodes well-characterized CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell epitopes. Despite reaching high levels in vivo, rCVB3.6 failed to trigger a marked expansion of CD8(+) or CD4(+) T cells, and T-cell activation was surprisingly limited. Furthermore, epitope-specific effector functions could not be detected using highly sensitive in vivo and ex vivo assays. Moreover, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I tetramer analysis indicated that our inability to detect CVB3-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses could not be explained by the cells being dysfunctional. In contrast to naïve T cells, epitope-specific memory CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells proliferated markedly, indicating that both of the rCVB3.6-encoded epitopes were presented by their respective MHC molecules in vivo. These data are consistent with the observation that several CVB3 proteins can limit the presentation of viral epitopes on the surface of infected cells and suggest that the level of MHC/peptide complex is sufficient to trigger memory but not naïve T cells. Finally, our findings have implications for the biological significance of cross-priming, a process thought by some to be important for the induction of antiviral CD8(+) T-cell responses.
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