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Desai SK, Zhou Y, Dilawari R, Routh AL, Popov V, Kenney LJ. RpoS activates formation of Salmonella Typhi biofilms and drives persistence in the gall bladder. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.26.564249. [PMID: 37961640 PMCID: PMC10634867 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of strategies for targeting the asymptomatic carriage of Salmonella Typhi in chronic typhoid patients has suffered owing to our basic lack of understanding of the molecular mechanisms that enable the formation of S. Typhi biofilms. Traditionally, studies have relied on cholesterol-attached biofilms formed by a closely related serovar, Typhimurium, to mimic multicellular Typhi communities formed on human gallstones. In long-term infections, S. Typhi adopts the biofilm lifestyle to persist in vivo and survive in the carrier state, ultimately leading to the spread of infections via the fecal-oral route of transmission. In the present work, we studied S. Typhi biofilms directly, applied targeted as well as genome-wide genetic approaches to uncover unique biofilm components that do not conform to the CsgD-dependent pathway established in S. Typhimurium. We undertook a genome-wide Tn5 mutation screen in a highly successful parental lineage of S. Typhi, strain H58, in gallstone-mimicking conditions. We generated New Generation Sequencing libraries based on the ClickSeq technology to identify the key regulators, IraP and RpoS, and the matrix components as Sth fimbriae, Vi capsule and lipopolysaccharide. We discovered that the starvation sigma factor, RpoS, was required for the transcriptional activation of matrix-encoding genes in vitro, and for S. Typhi colonization in persistent infections in vivo, using a heterologous fish larval model. An rpoS null mutant failed to colonize the gall bladder in chronic zebrafish infections. Overall, our work uncovered a novel RpoS-driven paradigm for the formation of cholesterol-attached Typhi biofilms, and emphasized the role(s) of stress signaling pathways for adaptation in chronic infections. Our identification of the biofilm regulators in S. Typhi paves the way for the development of drugs against typhoid carriage, which will ultimately control the increased incidence of gall bladder cancer in typhoid carriers.
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Song D, Jia A, Qi X, Dong K, Liu S, Man C, Yang X, Jiang Y. Co-culture of Cronobacter sakazakii and Staphylococcus aureus: Explore the influence of mixed biofilm formation and regulation of Cronobacter sakazakii biofilm formation genes. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113457. [PMID: 37803782 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm is a protective matrix composed of metabolites secreted by bacteria that envelop bacteria. By forming a biofilm, bacteria can considerably improve their environmental tolerance. In food-related processing environment, different types of microorganisms are often present in biofilms. The main contaminating strain in the powdered infant formula (PIF) processing environment, Cronobacter sakazakii and Staphylococcus aureus continues to pollute the PIF processing environment after biofilm production. This study selected Cronobacter sakazakii with a weak biofilm-forming ability as one of the test organisms. The coexistence of Cronobacter sakazakii and Staphylococcus aureus on the surface of production equipment was simulated to analyze the interaction. Biofilm formation in the co-culture group was significantly higher than the others. In-depth study of the effect of Staphylococcus aureus on the biofilm formation genes of Cronobacter sakazakii. Results show two bacteria can coexist on the surface of a metal device, forming a more compact hybrid biofilm structure. Under co-culture conditions, S. aureus increased bcsA and fliD expression in Cronobacter sakazakii, whereas decreased bcsC expression. Signaling molecules produced by Staphylococcus aureus (Autoinducer 2) significantly promoted the biofilm formation of Cronobacter sakazakii at the concentration of 0-500 ng/mL (0.099-0.177) and up-regulated the expression of bcsA, filD and flhD genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danliangmin Song
- Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China.
| | - Ai Jia
- Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China.
| | - Xuehe Qi
- Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China.
| | - Kai Dong
- Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China.
| | - Shiyu Liu
- Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China.
| | - Chaoxin Man
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Xinyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China.
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Raman V, Deshpande CP, Khanduja S, Howell LM, Van Dessel N, Forbes NS. Build-a-bug workshop: Using microbial-host interactions and synthetic biology tools to create cancer therapies. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1574-1592. [PMID: 37827116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Many systemically administered cancer therapies exhibit dose-limiting toxicities that reduce their effectiveness. To increase efficacy, bacterial delivery platforms have been developed that improve safety and prolong treatment. Bacteria are a unique class of therapy that selectively colonizes most solid tumors. As delivery vehicles, bacteria have been genetically modified to express a range of therapies that match multiple cancer indications. In this review, we describe a modular "build-a-bug" method that focuses on five design characteristics: bacterial strain (chassis), therapeutic compound, delivery method, immune-modulating features, and genetic control circuits. We emphasize how fundamental research into gut microbe pathogenesis has created safe bacterial therapies, some of which have entered clinical trials. The genomes of gut microbes are fertile grounds for discovery of components to improve delivery and modulate host immune responses. Future work coupling these delivery vehicles with insights from gut microbes could lead to the next generation of microbial cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Raman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA; Ernest Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Chinmay P Deshpande
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Shradha Khanduja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Lars M Howell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Neil S Forbes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA; Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA; Institute for Applied Life Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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Wong SK, Cui Y, Chun SJ, Kaneko R, Masumoto S, Kitagawa R, Mori AS, Lim AS, Uchida M. Vegetation as a key driver of the distribution of microbial generalists that in turn shapes the overall microbial community structure in the low Arctic tundra. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2023; 18:41. [PMID: 37165459 PMCID: PMC10173506 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-023-00498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the variability of microbial niches and their interaction with abiotic and biotic factors in the Arctic can provide valuable insights into microbial adaptations to extreme environments. This study investigates the structure and diversity of soil bacterial communities obtained from sites with varying vegetation coverage and soil biogeochemical properties in the low Arctic tundra and explores how bacteria interact under different environmental parameters. Our findings reveal differences in bacterial composition and abundance among three bacterial niche breadths (specialists, common taxa, and generalists). Co-occurrence network analysis revealed Rhizobiales and Ktedonobacterales as keystone taxa that connect and support other microbes in the habitat. Low-elevation indicators, such as vascular plants and moisture content, were correlated with two out of three generalist modular hubs and were linked to a large proportion of generalists' distribution (18%). Structural equation modeling revealed that generalists' distribution, which influenced the remaining microbial communities, was mainly regulated by vegetation coverage as well as other abiotic and biotic factors. These results suggest that elevation-dependent environmental factors directly influence microbial community structure and module formation through the regulation of generalists' distribution. Furthermore, the distribution of generalists was mainly affected by macroenvironment filtering, whereas the distribution of specialists was mainly affected by microenvironment filtering (species-engineered microbial niche construction). In summary, our findings highlight the strong top-down control exerted by vegetation on generalists' distribution, which in turn shapes the overall microbial community structure in the low Arctic tundra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Kuan Wong
- Research Organization of Information and Systems, National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yingshun Cui
- Division of Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Chun
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology, 1210 Geumgang-ro, Maseo-myeon, Seocheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ryo Kaneko
- Research Organization of Information and Systems, National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shota Masumoto
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryo Kitagawa
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 68, Nagaikyutaroh, Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira S Mori
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Japan
| | - An Suk Lim
- Division of Life Science and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Masaki Uchida
- Research Organization of Information and Systems, National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Polar Science, School of Multidisciplinary Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan.
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Becerra-Báez EI, Meza-Toledo SE, Muñoz-López P, Flores-Martínez LF, Fraga-Pérez K, Magaño-Bocanegra KJ, Juárez-Hernández U, Mateos-Chávez AA, Luria-Pérez R. Recombinant Attenuated Salmonella enterica as a Delivery System of Heterologous Molecules in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174224. [PMID: 36077761 PMCID: PMC9454573 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is among the main causes of death of millions of individuals worldwide. Although survival has improved with conventional treatments, the appearance of resistant cancer cells leads to patient relapses. It is, therefore, necessary to find new antitumor therapies that can completely eradicate transformed cells. Bacteria-based tumor therapy represents a promising alternative treatment, particularly the use of live-attenuated Salmonella enterica, with its potential use as a delivery system of antitumor heterologous molecules such as tumor-associated antigens, cytotoxic molecules, immunomodulatory molecules, pro-apoptotic proteins, nucleic acids, and nanoparticles. In this review, we present the state of the art of current preclinical and clinical research on the use of Salmonella enterica as a potential therapeutic ally in the war against cancer. Abstract Over a century ago, bacterial extracts were found to be useful in cancer therapy, but this treatment modality was obviated for decades. Currently, in spite of the development and advances in chemotherapies and radiotherapy, failure of these conventional treatments still represents a major issue in the complete eradication of tumor cells and has led to renewed approaches with bacteria-based tumor therapy as an alternative treatment. In this context, live-attenuated bacteria, particularly Salmonella enterica, have demonstrated tumor selectivity, intrinsic oncolytic activity, and the ability to induce innate or specific antitumor immune responses. Moreover, Salmonella enterica also has strong potential as a delivery system of tumor-associated antigens, cytotoxic molecules, immunomodulatory molecules, pro-apoptotic proteins, and nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells, in a process known as bactofection and antitumor nanoparticles. In this review, we present the state of the art of current preclinical and clinical research on the use of Salmonella enterica as a potential therapeutic ally in the war against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elayne Irene Becerra-Báez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Sergio Enrique Meza-Toledo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Paola Muñoz-López
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Luis Fernando Flores-Martínez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Karla Fraga-Pérez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Kevin Jorge Magaño-Bocanegra
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Uriel Juárez-Hernández
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Armando Alfredo Mateos-Chávez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Rosendo Luria-Pérez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-52289917 (ext. 4401)
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Mackie GM, Copland A, Takahashi M, Nakanishi Y, Everard I, Kato T, Oda H, Kanaya T, Ohno H, Maslowski KM. Bacterial cancer therapy in autochthonous colorectal cancer affects tumor growth and metabolic landscape. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e139900. [PMID: 34710062 PMCID: PMC8675204 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cancer therapy (BCT) shows great promise for treatment of solid tumors, yet basic mechanisms of bacterial-induced tumor suppression remain undefined. Attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) have commonly been used in mouse models of BCT in xenograft and orthotopic transplant cancer models. We aimed to better understand the tumor epithelium-targeted mechanisms of BCT by using autochthonous mouse models of intestinal cancer and tumor organoid cultures to assess the effectiveness and consequences of oral treatment with aromatase A-deficient STm (STmΔaroA). STmΔaroA delivered by oral gavage significantly reduced tumor burden and tumor load in both a colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) model and in a spontaneous Apcmin/+ intestinal cancer model. STmΔaroA colonization of tumors caused alterations in transcription of mRNAs associated with tumor stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and cell cycle. Metabolomic analysis of tumors demonstrated alteration in the metabolic environment of STmΔaroA-treated tumors, suggesting that STmΔaroA imposes metabolic competition on the tumor. Use of tumor organoid cultures in vitro recapitulated effects seen on tumor stemness, mesenchymal markers, and altered metabolome. Furthermore, live STmΔaroA was required, demonstrating active mechanisms including metabolite usage. We have demonstrated that oral BCT is efficacious in autochthonous intestinal cancer models, that BCT imposes metabolic competition, and that BCT has direct effects on the tumor epithelium affecting tumor stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M. Mackie
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Copland
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Masumi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Institute for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakanishi
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Institute for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Intestinal Microbiota Project, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Japan
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Isabel Everard
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tamotsu Kato
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Institute for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Intestinal Microbiota Project, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Japan
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Oda
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Takashi Kanaya
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Institute for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Institute for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Intestinal Microbiota Project, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Japan
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kendle M. Maslowski
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Institute for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
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Li Y, Wang Y, Li X, Liu C. Hunting field: insights on distribution pattern of bacteria and immune cells in solid tumors. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwab023. [PMID: 34691647 PMCID: PMC8288350 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xuefei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Chenli Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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8
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Targeting bioenergetics is key to counteracting the drug-tolerant state of biofilm-grown bacteria. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009126. [PMID: 33351859 PMCID: PMC7787680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Embedded in an extracellular matrix, biofilm-residing bacteria are protected from diverse physicochemical insults. In accordance, in the human host the general recalcitrance of biofilm-grown bacteria hinders successful eradication of chronic, biofilm-associated infections. In this study, we demonstrate that upon addition of promethazine, an FDA approved drug, antibiotic tolerance of in vitro biofilm-grown bacteria can be abolished. We show that following the addition of promethazine, diverse antibiotics are capable of efficiently killing biofilm-residing cells at minimal inhibitory concentrations. Synergistic effects could also be observed in a murine in vivo model system. PMZ was shown to increase membrane potential and interfere with bacterial respiration. Of note, antibiotic killing activity was elevated when PMZ was added to cells grown under environmental conditions that induce low intracellular proton levels. Our results imply that biofilm-grown bacteria avoid antibiotic killing and become tolerant by counteracting intracellular alkalization through the adaptation of metabolic and transport functions. Abrogation of antibiotic tolerance by interfering with the cell’s bioenergetics promises to pave the way for successful eradication of biofilm-associated infections. Repurposing promethazine as a biofilm-sensitizing drug has the potential to accelerate the introduction of new treatments for recalcitrant, biofilm-associated infections into the clinic. At sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations, phenothiazines have been shown to inhibit virulence as well as the formation of biofilms in a wide range of different bacterial pathogens. In this study, we analyzed the anti-bacterial effect of the FDA-approved drug, promethazine, on biofilm-grown Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We demonstrate that PMZ interferes with bacterial bioenergetics and sensitizes biofilm-grown P. aeruginosa cells to bactericidal activity of several different classes of antibiotics by several orders of magnitude. This effect was most pronounced when cells were grown under environmental conditions that induce low intracellular proton levels. Thus, it seems that a reduced proton efflux in cells that exhibit decreased respiratory activity due to their biofilm mode of growth might explain their general antimicrobial tolerance. The use of PMZ as an antibiotic sensitizer holds promise that targeting tolerance mechanisms of biofilm-grown bacteria could become a practicable way to change the way physicians treat biofilm-associated infections.
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Dieltjens L, Appermans K, Lissens M, Lories B, Kim W, Van der Eycken EV, Foster KR, Steenackers HP. Inhibiting bacterial cooperation is an evolutionarily robust anti-biofilm strategy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:107. [PMID: 31919364 PMCID: PMC6952394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria commonly form dense biofilms encased in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Biofilms are often extremely tolerant to antimicrobials but their reliance on shared EPS may also be a weakness as social evolution theory predicts that inhibiting shared traits can select against resistance. Here we show that EPS of Salmonella biofilms is a cooperative trait whose benefit is shared among cells, and that EPS inhibition reduces both cell attachment and antimicrobial tolerance. We then compare an EPS inhibitor to conventional antimicrobials in an evolutionary experiment. While resistance against conventional antimicrobials rapidly evolves, we see no evolution of resistance to EPS inhibition. We further show that a resistant strain is outcompeted by a susceptible strain under EPS inhibitor treatment, explaining why resistance does not evolve. Our work suggests that targeting cooperative traits is a viable solution to the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Bacterial biofilms rely on shared extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and are often highly tolerant to antibiotics. Here, the authors show in in vitro experiments that Salmonella does not evolve resistance to EPS inhibition because such strains are outcompeted by a susceptible strain under inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Dieltjens
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kenny Appermans
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maries Lissens
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Lories
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Zoology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya street, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kevin R Foster
- Department of Zoology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Hans P Steenackers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Zoology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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10
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Mechesso AF, Yixian Q, Park SC. Methyl gallate and tylosin synergistically reduce the membrane integrity and intracellular survival of Salmonella Typhimurium. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221386. [PMID: 31490973 PMCID: PMC6730861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nymphaea tetragona Georgi (Nymphaceae) is traditionally used in Asia for the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery and fever. The plant contains various active compounds, including methyl gallate (MG) which are reported to inhibit bacterial virulence mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate the alterations on viability, membrane potential and integrity of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium exposed to MG in combination with Tylosin (Ty), which is relatively inactive against Gram-negative bacteria, but it is commonly used as a feed additive in livestock. Besides, the effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of the combination (MT) on the interaction between S. Typhimurium and the host cell, as well as on the indirect host responses, were characterized. Flow cytometry, confocal and electron microscopic examinations were undertaken to determine the effects of MT on S. Typhimurium. The impacts of sub-inhibitory concentrations of MT on biofilm formation, as well as on the adhesion, invasion and intracellular survival of S. Typhimurium were assessed. The result demonstrated significant damage to the bacterial membrane, leakage of cell contents and a reduction in the membrane potential when treated with MT. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of MT significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the biofilm-forming, adhesive and invasive abilities of S. Typhimurium. Exposure to MT drastically reduced the bacterial count in macrophages. Up-regulation of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and IL-10 cytokine genes were detected in intestinal epithelial cells pre-treated with MT. This report is the first to describe the effects of MT against S. Typhimurium. The result indicates a synergistic interaction between MG and Ty against S. Typhimurium. Therefore, the combination may be a promising option to combat S. Typhimurium in swine and, indirectly, safeguard the health of the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Fikru Mechesso
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Bukgu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Quah Yixian
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Bukgu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Bukgu, Daegu, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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11
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Gutierrez Jauregui R, Fleige H, Bubke A, Rohde M, Weiss S, Förster R. IL-1β Promotes Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms on Implants in vivo. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1082. [PMID: 31156635 PMCID: PMC6534041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Implant associated infections represent a serious health burden in clinics since some microorganisms are able to colonize biological surfaces or surfaces of indwelling medical devices and form biofilms. Biofilms represent communities of microorganisms attached to hydrated surfaces and enclosed in self-produced extracellular matrix. This renders them resistant to exogenous assaults like antibiotics or immune effector mechanisms. Little is known regarding the role of the immune system in the formation of biofilms during implant associated infections, largely due to the lack of suitable mouse models. Here we use colonized osmotic pumps in mice to study the interaction of an activated immune system with biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus encoding Gaussia luciferase. This approach permits biofilm formation on the osmotic pumps in living animals. It also allows the continuous supply of soluble immune cell activating agents, such as cytokines to study their effect on biofilm formation in vivo. Using non-invasive imaging of the bioluminescent signal emitted by the lux expressing bacteria for quantification of bacterial load in conjunction with light and electron microscopy, we observed that pump-supplied pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β strongly increased biofilm formation along with a massive influx of neutrophils adjacent to the biofilm-coated pumps. Thus, our data demonstrate that immune defense mechanisms can augment biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrike Fleige
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Bubke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,RESIST, Cluster of Excellence 2155, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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12
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Ieropoulos I, Obata O, Pasternak G, Greenman J. Fate of three bioluminescent pathogenic bacteria fed through a cascade of urine microbial fuel cells. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:587-599. [PMID: 30796542 PMCID: PMC6510811 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology is currently gaining recognition as one of the most promising bioenergy technologies of the future. One aspect of this technology that has received little attention is the disinfection of effluents and the fate of pathogenic organisms that find their way into the waste stream. In this study, three independent trials were carried out to evaluate the fate of three bioluminescent pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) introduced into the anodic chamber of a urine-fed cascade of 9 MFCs with matured, electroactive biofilms. These are common examples of enteric human pathogens, which could contaminate urine or waste streams. The results showed that the average power generation in the closed circuit cascade reached 754 ± 16 µW, with an average pathogen log-fold reduction of 6.24 ± 0.63 compared to 2.01 ± 0.26 for the open circuit cascade for all three pathogens. The results suggest that the bio-electrochemical reactions associated with electricity generation were the primary driving force for the inactivation of the introduced pathogens. These findings show that pathogenic organisms introduced into waste streams could be inactivated by the power-generating process within the MFC cascade system, thereby preventing propagation and thus rendering the effluent safer for possible reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Ieropoulos
- Bristol BioEnergy Centre, Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Oluwatosin Obata
- Bristol BioEnergy Centre, Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Grzegorz Pasternak
- Bristol BioEnergy Centre, Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
- Faculty of Chemistry Wroclaw, University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - John Greenman
- Bristol BioEnergy Centre, Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
- Biological, Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
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13
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Lorenz A, Preuße M, Bruchmann S, Pawar V, Grahl N, Pils MC, Nolan LM, Filloux A, Weiss S, Häussler S. Importance of flagella in acute and chronicPseudomonas aeruginosainfections. Environ Microbiol 2018; 21:883-897. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lorenz
- Institute of Molecular BacteriologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany
- Institute of Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE GmbHCenter for Clinical and Experimental Infection Research Hannover Germany
| | - Matthias Preuße
- Institute of Molecular BacteriologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany
- Institute of Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE GmbHCenter for Clinical and Experimental Infection Research Hannover Germany
| | - Sebastian Bruchmann
- Institute of Molecular BacteriologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany
- Institute of Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE GmbHCenter for Clinical and Experimental Infection Research Hannover Germany
- Wellcome Sanger Institute Cambridge UK
| | - Vinay Pawar
- Institute of Molecular BacteriologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Medical School Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Nora Grahl
- Institute of Molecular BacteriologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany
- Institute of Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE GmbHCenter for Clinical and Experimental Infection Research Hannover Germany
| | - Marina C. Pils
- Mouse PathologyAnimal Experimental Unit, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany
| | - Laura M. Nolan
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection (CMBI), Department of Life SciencesImperial College London London UK
| | - Alain Filloux
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection (CMBI), Department of Life SciencesImperial College London London UK
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Institute of Immunology, Medical School Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Susanne Häussler
- Institute of Molecular BacteriologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig Germany
- Institute of Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE GmbHCenter for Clinical and Experimental Infection Research Hannover Germany
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14
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Breaking the Vicious Cycle of Antibiotic Killing and Regrowth of Biofilm-Residing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01635-18. [PMID: 30297365 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01635-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-residing bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix are protected from diverse physicochemical insults. In addition to the general recalcitrance of biofilm bacteria, high bacterial loads in biofilm-associated infections significantly diminish the efficacy of antimicrobials due to a low per-cell antibiotic concentration. Accordingly, present antimicrobial treatment protocols that have been established to serve the eradication of acute infections fail to clear biofilm-associated chronic infections. In the present study, we applied automated confocal microscopy on Pseudomonas aeruginosa to monitor dynamic killing of biofilm-grown bacteria by tobramycin and colistin in real time. We revealed that the time required for surviving bacteria to repopulate the biofilm could be taken as a measure for effectiveness of the antimicrobial treatment. It depends on the (i) nature and concentration of the antibiotic, (ii) duration of antibiotic treatment, (iii) application as monotherapy or combination therapy, and (iv) interval of drug administration. The vicious cycle of killing and repopulation of biofilm bacteria could also be broken in an in vivo model system by applying successive antibiotic dosages at intervals that do not allow full reconstitution of the biofilm communities. Treatment regimens that consider the important aspects of antimicrobial killing kinetics bear the potential to improve control of biofilm regrowth. This is an important and underestimated factor that is bound to ensure sustainable treatment success of chronic infections.
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15
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Tegtmeyer N, Wessler S, Necchi V, Rohde M, Harrer A, Rau TT, Asche CI, Boehm M, Loessner H, Figueiredo C, Naumann M, Palmisano R, Solcia E, Ricci V, Backert S. Helicobacter pylori Employs a Unique Basolateral Type IV Secretion Mechanism for CagA Delivery. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 22:552-560.e5. [PMID: 29024645 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Helicobacter pylori (Hp) type IV secretion system (T4SS) forms needle-like pili, whose binding to the integrin-β1 receptor results in injection of the CagA oncoprotein. However, the apical surface of epithelial cells is exposed to Hp, whereas integrins are basolateral receptors. Hence, the mechanism of CagA delivery into polarized gastric epithelial cells remains enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that T4SS pilus formation during infection of polarized cells occurs predominantly at basolateral membranes, and not at apical sites. Hp accomplishes this by secreting another bacterial protein, the serine protease HtrA, which opens cell-to-cell junctions through cleaving epithelial junctional proteins including occludin, claudin-8, and E-cadherin. Using a genetic system expressing a peptide inhibitor, we demonstrate that HtrA activity is necessary for paracellular transmigration of Hp across polarized cell monolayers to reach basolateral membranes and inject CagA. The contribution of this unique signaling cascade to Hp pathogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silja Wessler
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vittorio Necchi
- Pathologic Anatomy and Human Physiology Units and Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Microscopy Unit, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Aileen Harrer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tilman T Rau
- Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Isabell Asche
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manja Boehm
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holger Loessner
- Paul Ehrlich Institute, Department of Microbiology, Langen, Germany
| | - Ceu Figueiredo
- University of Porto, i3S, IPATIMUP, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael Naumann
- Otto von Guericke University, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Palmisano
- Optical Imaging Centre, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Enrico Solcia
- Pathologic Anatomy and Human Physiology Units and Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Ricci
- Pathologic Anatomy and Human Physiology Units and Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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16
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The cellulose synthase BcsA plays a role in interactions of Salmonella typhimurium with Acanthamoeba castellanii genotype T4. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2283-2289. [PMID: 29797083 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5917-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria share their natural habitat with many other organisms such as animals, plants, insects, parasites and amoeba. Interactions between these organisms influence not only the life style of the host organisms, but also modulate bacterial physiology. Adaptation can include biofilm formation, capsule formation, and production of virulence factors. Although biofilm formation is a dominant mode of bacterial life in environmental settings, its role in host-pathogen interactions is not extensively studied. In this work, we investigated the role of molecular pathways involved in rdar biofilm formation in the interaction of Salmonella typhimurium with the Acanthamoeba castellanii genotype T4. Genes coding for the rdar biofilm activator CsgD, the cellulose synthase BcsA, and curli fimbriae subunits CsgBA were deleted from the genome of S. typhimurium. Assessment of interactions of wild-type and mutant strains of S. typhimurium with A. castellanii revealed that deletion of the cellulose synthase BcsA promoted association and uptake by A. castellanii, whereas the interactions with csgD and csgBA mutants were not changed. Our findings suggest that cellulose synthase BcsA inhibits the capabilities of S. typhimurium to associate with and invade into A. castellanii.
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17
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Kocijancic D, Felgner S, Schauer T, Frahm M, Heise U, Zimmermann K, Erhardt M, Weiss S. Local application of bacteria improves safety of Salmonella -mediated tumor therapy and retains advantages of systemic infection. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 28637010 PMCID: PMC5564822 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease and a large socio-economic burden. Novel therapeutic solutions are on the rise, although a cure remains elusive. Application of microorganisms represents an ancient therapeutic strategy, lately revoked and refined via simultaneous attenuation and amelioration of pathogenic properties. Salmonella Typhimurium has prevailed in preclinical development. Yet, using virulent strains for systemic treatment might cause severe side effects. In the present study, we highlight a modified strain based on Salmonella Typhimurium UK-1 expressing hexa-acylated Lipid A. We corroborate improved anti-tumor properties of this strain and investigate to which extent an intra-tumoral (i.t.) route of infection could help improve safety and retain advantages of systemic intravenous (i.v.) application. Our results show that i.t. infection exhibits therapeutic efficacy against CT26 and F1.A11 tumors similar to a systemic route of inoculation. Moreover, i.t. application allows extensive dose titration without compromising tumor colonization. Adverse colonization of healthy organs was generally reduced via i.t. infection and accompanied by less body weight loss of the murine host. Despite local application, adjuvanticity remained, and a CT26-specific CD8+ T cell response was effectively stimulated. Most interestingly, also secondary tumors could be targeted with this strategy, thereby extending the unique tumor targeting ability of Salmonella. The i.t. route of inoculation may reap the benefits of systemic infection and aid in safety assurance while directing potency of an oncolytic vector to where it is most needed, namely the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Kocijancic
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Felgner
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Infection Biology of Salmonella, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tim Schauer
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Frahm
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Heise
- Mouse-Pathology Service Unit, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Marc Erhardt
- Infection Biology of Salmonella, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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18
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Kocijancic D, Felgner S, Frahm M, Komoll RM, Iljazovic A, Pawar V, Rohde M, Heise U, Zimmermann K, Gunzer F, Hammer J, Crull K, Leschner S, Weiss S. Therapy of solid tumors using probiotic Symbioflor-2: restraints and potential. Oncotarget 2017; 7:22605-22. [PMID: 26981777 PMCID: PMC5008385 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, virulent bacteria remain the basis of most bacteria mediated cancer therapies. For clinical application attenuation is required. However, this might result in a drastically lowered therapeutic capacity. Herein we argue that the E. coli probiotic Symbioflor-2, with a history of safe application may constitute a viable tumor therapeutic candidate. We demonstrate that Symbioflor-2 displays a highly specific tumor targeting ability as determined in murine CT26 and RenCa tumor models. The excellent specificity was ascribed to reduced levels of adverse colonization. A high safety standard was demonstrated in WT and Rag1−/− mice. Thus, Symbioflor-2 may represent an ideal tumor targeting delivery system for therapeutic molecules. Moreover, Symbioflor-2 was capable of inducing CT26 tumor clearance as result of an adjuvant effect on tumor specific CD8+ T cells analogous to the Salmonella variant SL7207. However, lower therapeutic efficacy against RenCa tumors suggested a generally reduced therapeutic potency for probiotics. Interestingly, concurrent depletion of Gr-1+ or Ly6G+ cells installed therapeutic efficacy equal to SL7207, thus highlighting the role of innate effector cells in restraining the anti-tumor effects of Symbioflor-2. Collectively, our findings argue for a strategy of safe strain application and a more sustainable use of bacteria as a delivery system for therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Kocijancic
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Felgner
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Frahm
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ronja-Melinda Komoll
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Aida Iljazovic
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Vinay Pawar
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Heise
- Mouse-Pathology Service Unit, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Florian Gunzer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Juliane Hammer
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katja Crull
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sara Leschner
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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19
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Guerrero-Mandujano A, Hernández-Cortez C, Ibarra JA, Castro-Escarpulli G. The outer membrane vesicles: Secretion system type zero. Traffic 2017; 18:425-432. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Guerrero-Mandujano
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Ciudad de México México
| | - Cecilia Hernández-Cortez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Ciudad de México México
| | - Jose Antonio Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Genética Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Ciudad de México México
| | - Graciela Castro-Escarpulli
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Ciudad de México México
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20
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Coutermarsh-Ott SL, Broadway KM, Scharf BE, Allen IC. Effect of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium VNP20009 and VNP20009 with restored chemotaxis on 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma progression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:33601-33613. [PMID: 28431394 PMCID: PMC5464893 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of bacterial strains have been evaluated as bio-therapeutic and immunomodulatory agents to treat cancer. One such strain, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium VNP20009, which is attenuated by a purine auxotrophic mutation and modified lipid A, is characterized in previous models as a safely administered, tumor colonizing agent. However, earlier work tended to use less aggressive cancer cell lines and immunocompromised animal models. Here, we investigated the safety and efficacy of VNP20009 in a highly malignant murine model of human breast cancer. Additionally, as VNP20009 has recently been found to have a defective chemotaxis system, we tested whether restoring chemotaxis would improve anti-cancer properties in this model system. Exposure to VNP20009 had no significant effect on primary mammary tumor size or pulmonary metastasis, and the tumor colonizing process appeared chemotaxis independent. Moreover, tumor-bearing mice exposed to Salmonella exhibited increased morbidity that was associated with significant liver disease. Our results suggest that VNP20009 may not be safe or efficacious when used in aggressive, metastatic breast cancer models utilizing immunocompetent animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl L. Coutermarsh-Ott
- Virginia Tech, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Birgit E. Scharf
- Virginia Tech, Department of Biological Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Irving C. Allen
- Virginia Tech, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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21
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Broadway KM, Suh S, Behkam B, Scharf BE. Optimizing the restored chemotactic behavior of anticancer agent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium VNP20009. J Biotechnol 2017; 251:76-83. [PMID: 28433721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria, including strains of Salmonella, have been researched and applied as therapeutic cancer agents for centuries. Salmonella are particularly of interest due to their facultative anaerobic nature, facilitating colonization of differentially oxygenated tumor regions. Additionally, Salmonella can be manipulated with relative ease, resulting in the ability to attenuate the pathogen or engineer vectors for drug delivery. It was recently discovered that the anti-cancer Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain VNP20009 is lacking in chemotactic ability, due to a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in cheY. Replacing the mutated copy of cheY with the wild-type sequence restored chemotaxis to 70% of the parental strain. We aimed to investigate further if chemotaxis of VNP20009 can be optimized. By restoring the gene msbB in VNP20009 cheY+, which confers attenuation by lipid A modification, we observed a 9% increase in swimming speed, 13% increase in swim plate performance, 19% increase in microfluidic device partitioning towards the attractant at the optimum concentration gradient, and mitigation of a non-motile cell subpopulation. We conclude that chemotaxis can be enhanced further but at the cost of changing one defining characteristic of VNP20009. A less compromised strain might be needed to employ for investigating bacterial chemotaxis in tumor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Broadway
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences I, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Seungbeum Suh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kelly Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bahareh Behkam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kelly Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Birgit E Scharf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences I, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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22
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Lorenz A, Pawar V, Häussler S, Weiss S. Insights into host-pathogen interactions from state-of-the-art animal models of respiratory Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3941-3959. [PMID: 27730639 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen that can cause acute respiratory infections in immunocompetent patients or chronic infections in immunocompromised individuals and in patients with cystic fibrosis. When acquiring the chronic infection state, bacteria are encapsulated within biofilm structures enabling them to withstand diverse environmental assaults, including immune reactions and antimicrobial therapy. Understanding the molecular interactions within the bacteria, as well as with the host or other bacteria, is essential for developing innovative treatment strategies. Such knowledge might be accumulated in vitro. However, it is ultimately necessary to confirm these findings in vivo. In the present Review, we describe state-of-the-art in vivo models that allow studying P. aeruginosa infections in molecular detail. The portrayed mammalian models exclusively focus on respiratory infections. The data obtained by alternative animal models which lack lung tissue, often provide molecular insights that are easily transferable to mammals. Importantly, these surrogate in vivo systems reveal complex molecular interactions of P. aeruginosa with the host. Herein, we also provide a critical assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of such models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lorenz
- Institute for Molecular Bacteriology, Center of Clinical and Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE GmbH, A Joint Venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Germany
| | - Vinay Pawar
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Häussler
- Institute for Molecular Bacteriology, Center of Clinical and Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE GmbH, A Joint Venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Germany.,Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Medical School Hannover, Germany
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Silva-Valenzuela CA, Desai PT, Molina-Quiroz RC, Pezoa D, Zhang Y, Porwollik S, Zhao M, Hoffman RM, Contreras I, Santiviago CA, McClelland M. Solid tumors provide niche-specific conditions that lead to preferential growth of Salmonella. Oncotarget 2016; 7:35169-80. [PMID: 27145267 PMCID: PMC5085218 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic attenuated strains of Salmonella Typhimurium target and eradicate tumors in mouse models. However, the mechanism of S. Typhimurium for tumor targeting is still poorly understood. We performed a high-throughput screening of single-gene deletion mutants of S. Typhimurium in an orthotopic, syngeneic murine mammary model of breast cancer. The mutants under selection in this system were classified into functional categories to identify bacterial processes involved in Salmonella accumulation within tumors. Niche-specific genes involved in preferential tumor colonization were identified and exemplars were confirmed by competitive infection assays. Our results show that the chemotaxis gene cheY and the motility genes motAB confer an advantage for colonization of Salmonella within orthotopic syngeneic breast tumors. In addition, eutC, a gene belonging to the ethanolamine metabolic pathway, also confers an advantage for Salmonella within tumors, perhaps by exploiting either ethanolamine or an alternative nutrient in the inflamed tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A. Silva-Valenzuela
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Current address: Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prerak T. Desai
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Roberto C. Molina-Quiroz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Current address: Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Pezoa
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Steffen Porwollik
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Inés Contreras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos A. Santiviago
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Strains, Mechanism, and Perspective: Salmonella-Based Cancer Therapy. Int J Microbiol 2016; 2016:5678702. [PMID: 27190519 PMCID: PMC4848419 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5678702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, investigation of bacterial-based tumor therapy has regained focus due to progress in molecular, cellular, and microbial biology. Many bacteria such as Salmonella, Listeria, Escherichia, and Clostridium have proved to have tumor targeting and in some cases even tumor-destroying phenotypes. Furthermore, bacterial clinical treatments for cancer have been improved by combination with other therapeutic methods such as chemotherapeutic drugs and radioactive agents. Synthetic biology techniques have also driven the development of new bacterial-based cancer therapies. However, basic questions about the mechanisms of bacterial-mediated tumor targeting and destruction are still being elucidated. In this review, we focus on three tumor-therapeutic Salmonella models, the most intensively studied bacterial genus in this field. One of these Salmonella models is our Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 derived strain CRC2631, engineered to minimize toxicity but maximize tumor-targeting and destruction effects. The other two are VNP20009 and A1-R. We compare the means by which these therapeutic candidate strain models were selected for study, their tumor targeting and tumor destruction phenotypes in vitro and in vivo, and what is currently known about the mechanisms by which they target and destroy tumors.
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Desai SK, Winardhi RS, Periasamy S, Dykas MM, Jie Y, Kenney LJ. The horizontally-acquired response regulator SsrB drives a Salmonella lifestyle switch by relieving biofilm silencing. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26880544 PMCID: PMC4769171 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A common strategy by which bacterial pathogens reside in humans is by shifting from a virulent lifestyle, (systemic infection), to a dormant carrier state. Two major serovars of Salmonella enterica, Typhi and Typhimurium, have evolved a two-component regulatory system to exist inside Salmonella-containing vacuoles in the macrophage, as well as to persist as asymptomatic biofilms in the gallbladder. Here we present evidence that SsrB, a transcriptional regulator encoded on the SPI-2 pathogenicity-island, determines the switch between these two lifestyles by controlling ancestral and horizontally-acquired genes. In the acidic macrophage vacuole, the kinase SsrA phosphorylates SsrB, and SsrB~P relieves silencing of virulence genes and activates their transcription. In the absence of SsrA, unphosphorylated SsrB directs transcription of factors required for biofilm formation specifically by activating csgD (agfD), the master biofilm regulator by disrupting the silenced, H-NS-bound promoter. Anti-silencing mechanisms thus control the switch between opposing lifestyles. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10747.001 Salmonella bacteria can infect a range of hosts, including humans and poultry, and cause sickness and diseases such as typhoid fever. Disease-causing Salmonella evolved from harmless bacteria in part by acquiring new genes from other organisms through a process called horizontal gene transfer. However, some strains of disease-causing Salmonella can also survive inside hosts as communities called biofilms without causing any illness to their hosts, who act as carriers of the disease and are able to pass their infection on to others. So how do Salmonella bacteria ‘decide’ between these two lifestyles? Previous studies have uncovered a regulatory system that controls the decision in Salmonella, which is made up of two proteins called SsrA and SsrB. To trigger the disease-causing lifestyle, SsrA is activated and adds a phosphate group onto SsrB. This in turn causes SsrB to bind to and switch on disease-associated genes in the bacterium. However, it was less clear how the biofilm lifestyle was triggered. Desai et al. now reveal that the phosphate-free form of SsrB – which was considered to be the inactive form of this protein – plays an important role in the formation of biofilms. Experiments involving an approach called atomic force microscopy showed that the unmodified SsrB acts to stop a major gene that controls biofilm formation from being switched off by a so-called repressor protein. Salmonella acquired SsrB through horizontal gene transfer, and these findings show how this protein now acts as a molecular switch between disease-causing and biofilm-based lifestyles. SsrB protein is also involved in the decision to switch between these states, but how it does so remains a question for future work. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10747.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti K Desai
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ricksen S Winardhi
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saravanan Periasamy
- Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michal M Dykas
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Jie
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Linda J Kenney
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, United States
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26
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Simm R, Ahmad I, Rhen M, Le Guyon S, Römling U. Regulation of biofilm formation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:1261-82. [PMID: 25437188 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In animals, plants and the environment, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium forms the red dry and rough (rdar) biofilm characterized by extracellular matrix components curli and cellulose. With complex expression control by at least ten transcription factors, the bistably expressed orphan response regulator CsgD directs rdar morphotype development. CsgD expression is an integral part of the Hfq regulon and the complex cyclic diguanosine monophosphate signaling network partially controlled by the global RNA-binding protein CsrA. Cell wall turnover and the periplasmic redox status regulate csgD expression on a post-transcriptional level by unknown mechanisms. Furthermore, phosphorylation of CsgD is a potential inactivation and degradation signal in biofilm dissolution. Including complex incoherent feed-forward loops, regulation of biofilm formation versus motility and virulence is of recognized complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Simm
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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27
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In Vivo Efficacy of Antimicrobials against Biofilm-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4974-81. [PMID: 26055372 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00194-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF) are commonly affected by chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infections. This is the main cause for the high disease severity. In this study, we demonstrate that P. aeruginosa is able to efficiently colonize murine solid tumors after intravenous injection and to form biofilms in this tissue. Biofilm formation was evident by electron microscopy. Such structures could not be observed with transposon mutants, which were defective in biofilm formation. Comparative transcriptional profiling of P. aeruginosa indicated physiological similarity of the bacteria in the murine tumor model and the CF lung. The efficacy of currently available antibiotics for treatment of P. aeruginosa-infected CF lungs, such as ciprofloxacin, colistin, and tobramycin, could be tested in the tumor model. We found that clinically recommended doses of these antibiotics were unable to eliminate wild-type P. aeruginosa PA14 while being effective against biofilm-defective mutants. However, colistin-tobramycin combination therapy significantly reduced the number of P. aeruginosa PA14 cells in tumors at lower concentrations. Hence, we present a versatile experimental system that is providing a platform to test approved and newly developed antibiofilm compounds.
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28
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Shivakumar V, Chakravortty D. Biofilms: Community behavior by bacteria. RESONANCE 2014; 19:1005-1016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12045-014-0119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
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29
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Yaron S, Römling U. Biofilm formation by enteric pathogens and its role in plant colonization and persistence. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 7:496-516. [PMID: 25351039 PMCID: PMC4265070 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant increase in foodborne outbreaks caused by contaminated fresh produce, such as alfalfa sprouts, lettuce, melons, tomatoes and spinach, during the last 30 years stimulated investigation of the mechanisms of persistence of human pathogens on plants. Emerging evidence suggests that Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli, which cause the vast majority of fresh produce outbreaks, are able to adhere to and to form biofilms on plants leading to persistence and resistance to disinfection treatments, which subsequently can cause human infections and major outbreaks. In this review, we present the current knowledge about host, bacterial and environmental factors that affect the attachment to plant tissue and the process of biofilm formation by S. enterica and E. coli, and discuss how biofilm formation assists in persistence of pathogens on the plants. Mechanisms used by S. enterica and E. coli to adhere and persist on abiotic surfaces and mammalian cells are partially similar and also used by plant pathogens and symbionts. For example, amyloid curli fimbriae, part of the extracellular matrix of biofilms, frequently contribute to adherence and are upregulated upon adherence and colonization of plant material. Also the major exopolysaccharide of the biofilm matrix, cellulose, is an adherence factor not only of S. enterica and E. coli, but also of plant symbionts and pathogens. Plants, on the other hand, respond to colonization by enteric pathogens with a variety of defence mechanisms, some of which can effectively inhibit biofilm formation. Consequently, plant compounds might be investigated for promising novel antibiofilm strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Yaron
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
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30
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Liu Z, Que F, Liao L, Zhou M, You L, Zhao Q, Li Y, Niu H, Wu S, Huang R. Study on the promotion of bacterial biofilm formation by a Salmonella conjugative plasmid and the underlying mechanism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109808. [PMID: 25299072 PMCID: PMC4192535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of the pRST98 plasmid, originally isolated from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), on biofilm (BF) formation, we carried out in vitro experiments using S. Typhi, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). We further explored the effects of pRST98 in vivo by establishing two animal models, a tumor-bearing mouse model and a mouse urethral catheter model. Moreover, we examined the relationship between the quorum-sensing (QS) system and pRST98-mediated BF formation. These studies showed that pRST98 enhanced BF formation in different bacteria in vitro. In both animal models, pRST98 promoted BF formation and caused more severe pathological changes. It was previously reported that Salmonella senses exogenous N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) through the regulatory protein SdiA and regulates the expression of genes including the virulence gene rck, which is located on the virulence plasmid of some serotypes of Salmonella. In this study, we confirmed the locus of the rck gene on pRST98 and found that AHLs increased rck expression in pRST98-carrying strains, thereby enhancing bacterial adherence, serum resistance and bacterial BF formation. In conclusion, the Salmonella conjugative plasmid pRST98 promotes bacterial BF formation both in vitro and in vivo, and the mechanism may relate to the AHL-SdiA-Rck signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fengxia Que
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Li Liao
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhou
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lixiang You
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hua Niu
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Rui Huang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
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31
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Pawar V, Crull K, Komor U, Kasnitz N, Frahm M, Kocijancic D, Westphal K, Leschner S, Wolf K, Loessner H, Rohde M, Häussler S, Weiss S. Murine solid tumours as a novel model to study bacterial biofilm formation in vivo. J Intern Med 2014; 276:130-9. [PMID: 24724621 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria of many species are able to invade and colonize solid tumours in mice. We have focused on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Detailed analysis revealed that such tumour-invading Salmonella form biofilms, thus providing a versatile in vivo test system for studying bacterial phenotypes and host-pathogen interactions. It appears that biofilm formation by S. typhimurium is induced as a defence against the immune system of the host, and in particular against neutrophils. Further, we extended our work to the clinically more relevant biofilm infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The induction of P. aeruginosa biofilms in neoplastic tissue appears to be elicited as a reaction against the immune system. Reconstitution experiments reveal that T cells are responsible for biofilm induction. Isogenic mutants that are no longer able to form biofilms can be used for comparison studies to determine antimicrobial resistance, especially therapeutic efficacy against P. aeruginosa located in biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pawar
- Department of Molecular Immunology, TWINCORE GmbH, Centre for Clinical and Experimental Infection Research, a Joint Venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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32
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Römling U, Kjelleberg S, Normark S, Nyman L, Uhlin BE, Åkerlund B. Microbial biofilm formation: a need to act. J Intern Med 2014; 276:98-110. [PMID: 24796496 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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33
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CsgD regulatory network in a bacterial trait-altering biofilm formation. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e1. [PMID: 26038492 PMCID: PMC3913822 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In response to the limited nutrients and stressful conditions of their habitats, many microorganisms including Salmonella form a biofilm by secreting a polymeric matrix to interweave individual cells and to build structural communities on an abiotic or living surface. The biofilm formation in Salmonella is tightly regulated by a regulatory network that involves multiple transcriptional regulators. As a master transcriptional regulator in biofilm formation, curli subunit gene D (csgD) functions by activating the biosynthesis of the extracellular polymeric matrix composed of exopolysaccharide cellulose, curli and biofilm-associated proteins (Baps), assisting bacterial cells in transitioning from the planktonic stage to the multicellular state. The expression of CsgD itself is affected by cell growth stage and environmental stimuli through the action of other transcriptional factors, bis-(3′–5′)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs) and other elements. The formation of biofilm confers new physiological characteristics on the bacteria within, especially resistance against unfavorable environmental conditions. Herein, we summarize the CsgD regulatory network of Salmonella biofilm formation and the new traits acquired by Salmonella when within biofilm.
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34
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Massa PE, Paniccia A, Monegal A, de Marco A, Rescigno M. Salmonella engineered to express CD20-targeting antibodies and a drug-converting enzyme can eradicate human lymphomas. Blood 2013; 122:705-14. [PMID: 23736700 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-474098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Escape from immune detection favors both tumor survival and progression, and new approaches to circumvent this are essential to combat cancers. Nonvirulent, tumor-tropic bacteria, such as Salmonella typhimurium, can unmask a tumor by transforming it into a site of inflammation; however, the nonspecific invasiveness of Salmonella leads to off-target effects diluting its therapeutic efficacy and making its use in human patients inherently risky. Here, we demonstrate that Salmonella tumor specificity can be significantly improved via a surface-expressed single-domain antibody directed to a tumor-associated antigen (CD20). Antibody-dependent bacterial targeting specifies the infection of CD20+ lymphoma cells in vitro and in vivo, while significantly diminishing nonspecific cell invasion. Indeed, CD20-targeted Salmonella was less generally invasive, even in organs that normally serve as physiological reservoirs. Furthermore, tumor-specific Salmonella engineered to carry the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase prodrug-converting enzyme effectively treats human lymphoma xenografts when coadministered intratumorally or intravenously with ganciclovir in mice lacking a functional adaptive immune system. Therefore, tumor-targeted Salmonella could prove effective even in those patients displaying a debilitated immune system, which is often the case with late-stage cancers. Altogether, antibody-displaying Salmonella vectors can mediate a tumor-specific response and rejection with few detectable adverse effects while specifically delivering cytotoxic payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Massa
- European Institute of Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Italian Foundation for Cancer Research-Institute for Molecular Oncology, European Institute of Oncology Campus, Milan, Italy
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35
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Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1(SPI-1) at Work. Curr Microbiol 2013; 66:582-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Exposure of Salmonella enterica Serovar typhimurium to a protective monoclonal IgA triggers exopolysaccharide production via a diguanylate cyclase-dependent pathway. Infect Immun 2012; 81:653-64. [PMID: 23230292 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00813-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sal4 is a monoclonal polymeric IgA antibody directed against the O antigen (O-Ag) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), which is sufficient to protect mice against intestinal infections from S. Typhimurium. We recently reported that the exposure of S. Typhimurium to Sal4 results in the immediate loss of flagellum-based motility, in alterations to the outer membrane (OM) integrity, and in the concomitant appearance of a mucoid phenotype that is reminiscent of cells in the earliest stages of biofilm formation. We demonstrate here that prolonged (>4 h) exposure of S. Typhimurium to Sal4 at 37 °C (but not at ambient temperature [25°C]) results in measurable exopolysaccharide (EPS) accumulation and biofilm formation on both borosilicate glass surfaces and polystyrene microtiter plates. The polysaccharide produced by S. Typhimurium in response to Sal4 contains cellulose, in addition to O-Ag capsule and colanic acid. EPS production was dependent on YeaJ, a proposed inner membrane-localized diguanylate cyclase (DGC) and a known regulator of cellulose biosynthesis. An S. Typhimurium ΔyeaJ strain was unable to produce cellulose or form a biofilm in response to Sal4. Conversely, the overexpression of yeaJ in S. Typhimurium enhanced Sal4-induced biofilm formation and resulted in increased intracellular levels of cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) compared to that of a wild-type control; this strongly suggests that YeaJ is indeed a functional DGC. Based on these data, we speculate that Sal4, by virtue of its ability to associate with the O-Ag and to induce OM stress, renders S. Typhimurium avirulent by triggering a c-di-GMP-dependent signaling pathway via YeaJ that leads to the suppression of bacterial motility while simultaneously stimulating EPS production.
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37
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Römling U, Balsalobre C. Biofilm infections, their resilience to therapy and innovative treatment strategies. J Intern Med 2012; 272:541-61. [PMID: 23025745 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation of microorganisms causes persistent tissue and foreign body infections resistant to treatment with antimicrobial agents. Up to 80% of human bacterial infections are biofilm associated; such infections are most frequently caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteria such as Escherichia coli. The accurate diagnosis of biofilm infections is often difficult, which prevents the appropriate choice of treatment. As biofilm infections significantly contribute to patient morbidity and substantial healthcare costs, novel strategies to treat these infections are urgently required. Nucleotide second messengers, c-di-GMP, (p)ppGpp and potentially c-di-AMP, are major regulators of biofilm formation and associated antibiotic tolerance. Consequently, different components of these signalling networks might be appropriate targets for antibiofilm therapy in combination with antibiotic treatment strategies. In addition, cyclic di-nucleotides are microbial-associated molecular patterns with an almost universal presence. Their conserved structures sensed by the eukaryotic host have a widespread effect on the immune system. Thus, cyclic di-nucleotides are also potential immunotherapeutic agents to treat antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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38
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Bielecki P, Komor U, Bielecka A, Müsken M, Puchałka J, Pletz MW, Ballmann M, Martins dos Santos VAP, Weiss S, Häussler S. Ex vivo transcriptional profiling reveals a common set of genes important for the adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to chronically infected host sites. Environ Microbiol 2012; 15:570-87. [PMID: 23145907 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The opportunistic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major nosocomial pathogen causing both devastating acute and chronic persistent infections. During the course of an infection, P. aeruginosa rapidly adapts to the specific conditions within the host. In the present study, we aimed at the identification of genes that are highly expressed during biofilm infections such as in chronically infected lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), burn wounds and subcutaneous mouse tumours. We found a common subset of differentially regulated genes in all three in vivo habitats and evaluated whether their inactivation impacts on the bacterial capability to form biofilms in vitro and to establish biofilm-associated infections in a murine model. Additive effects on biofilm formation and host colonization were discovered by the combined inactivation of several highly expressed genes. However, even combined inactivation was not sufficient to abolish the establishment of an infection completely. These findings can be interpreted as evidence that either redundant traits encode functions that are essential for in vivo survival and chronic biofilm infections and/or bacterial adaptation is considerably achieved independently of transcription levels. Supplemental screens, will have to be applied in order to identify the minimal set of key genes essential for the establishment of chronic infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bielecki
- Institute for Molecular Bacteriology, Twincore, Center for Clinical and Experimental Infection Research, a joint venture of the Helmholtz Center of Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
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Baugh S, Ekanayaka AS, Piddock LJV, Webber MA. Loss of or inhibition of all multidrug resistance efflux pumps of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium results in impaired ability to form a biofilm. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:2409-17. [PMID: 22733653 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the contribution of multidrug efflux pump systems of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to the formation of a competent biofilm. METHODS Biofilm formation by a wild-type strain and 10 efflux mutant strains was quantified using crystal violet biofilm assays and visualized using scanning electron microscopy. Curli expression was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively by measuring binding of the dye Congo red to polymerized curli and by comparative RT-PCR. RESULTS All efflux mutants of Salmonella Typhimurium were compromised in their ability to form biofilms. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the mutants were able to adhere to a surface but were unable to form a complex three-dimensional biofilm. Congo red assays demonstrated an inability of the efflux mutants to produce curli, a proteinaceous filament present on the cell surface and an essential component of the Salmonella biofilm extracellular matrix. Mutants expressed significantly less csgB or csgD than wild-type. Chemical inactivation of efflux in wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium with the efflux inhibitors (EIs) phenyl-arginine-β-naphthylamide, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and chlorpromazine also repressed biofilm formation. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrates a link between all efflux systems of Salmonella Typhimurium and biofilm formation. Loss of functional efflux gives rise to a lack of curli expression. Biofilm formation was also inhibited by addition of a variety of EIs with differing mechanisms of action, suggesting a novel role for EIs as anti-biofilm compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Baugh
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Leschner S, Deyneko IV, Lienenklaus S, Wolf K, Bloecker H, Bumann D, Loessner H, Weiss S. Identification of tumor-specific Salmonella Typhimurium promoters and their regulatory logic. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:2984-94. [PMID: 22140114 PMCID: PMC3326293 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional cancer therapies are often limited in effectiveness and exhibit strong side effects. Therefore, alternative therapeutic strategies are demanded. The employment of tumor-colonizing bacteria that exert anticancer effects is such a novel approach that attracts increasing attention. For instance, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium has been used in many animal tumor models as well as in first clinical studies. These bacteria exhibit inherent tumoricidal effects. In addition, they can be used to deliver therapeutic agents. However, bacterial expression has to be restricted to the tumor to prevent toxic substances from harming healthy tissue. Therefore, we screened an S. Typhimurium promoter-trap library to identify promoters that exclusively drive gene expression in the cancerous tissue. Twelve elements could be detected that show reporter gene expression in tumors but not in spleen and liver. In addition, a DNA motif was identified that appears to be necessary for tumor specificity. Now, such tumor-specific promoters can be used to safely express therapeutic proteins by tumor-colonizing S. Typhimurium directly in the neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Leschner
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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