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Leis ML. An Update on the Ocular Surface Bacterial Microbiota in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:299-318. [PMID: 36813387 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques have revolutionized the way we understand microbial communities in both research and clinical settings and are bringing new insights into what constitutes a healthy ocular surface (and a diseased one). As more diagnostic laboratories incorporate HTS into their technique repertoire, practitioners can expect this technology to become increasingly accessible for clinical practice, potentially becoming the new standard. However, particularly regarding ophthalmic microbiota, considerable research remains to render HTS accessible and applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Leis
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Antibiotic Recommendations for Treatment of Canine Stromal Corneal Ulcers. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020066. [PMID: 36851370 PMCID: PMC9962943 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify the aerobic bacterial isolates and determine corresponding antibiotic susceptibility profiles in vitro in canine clinical specimens with stromal corneal ulcers, with the goal of providing recommendations for first-line treatment with antibiotics. A total of 198 canine corneal stromal ulcer samples were studied between 2018 and 2021. A corneal swab was collected and cultured under aerobic conditions. Bacterial organisms were identified at the species level by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Antibiotic susceptibility testing for commonly used topical and systemic antibiotics was performed by disk diffusion. Bacterial growth was obtained from 80% of samples. A variety of bacterial species were identified wherein the most common specimens were represented by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (22%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (12%), Staphylococcus capitis (11%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10%). Based on the overall antibiotic susceptibility data, neopolybac alone (96%) or a combination of neopolybac with either ofloxacin or amikacin (each 99%) showed the best coverage for commonly isolated bacterial organisms from canine corneal stromal ulcers. Results of this study support the use of the combined antibiotics as the first-line response for the treatment of canine corneal stromal ulcers. A statically significant increase in acquired bacterial resistance was detected during the longitudinal data observation.
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Mauer AN, Allbaugh RA, Kreuder AJ, Sebbag L. Impact of multi-drug resistance on clinical outcomes of dogs with corneal ulcers infected with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1083294. [PMID: 36504873 PMCID: PMC9729527 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1083294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Compare characteristics and clinical outcomes of dogs with infectious keratitis from Staphylococcus pseudintermedius considered to be multidrug-resistant (MDR) or not. Procedures Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated as the primary pathogen from canine patients with ulcerative keratitis were considered MDR if resistant to at least one agent in three or more classes of antibiotics. Medical records were reviewed for history, patients' characteristics, clinical appearance, therapeutic interventions, and clinical outcomes. Results Twenty-eight dogs (28 eyes) were included. Compared to non-MDR cases, MDR diagnosis was significantly more common in dogs with recent (≤30 days) anesthesia (7/15 vs. 1/13, P = 0.038) and more common in non-brachycephalic dogs (8/15 vs. 2/13, P = 0.055). Clinical appearance (ulcer size/depth, anterior chamber reaction, etc.) did not differ significantly between groups (P ≥ 0.055). Median (range) time to re-epithelialization was longer in MDR vs. non-MDR eyes [29 (10-47) vs. 22 (7-42) days] but the difference was not significant (P = 0.301). Follow-up time was significantly longer in dogs with MDR keratitis [47 (29-590) vs. 29 (13-148) days, P = 0.009]. No other significant differences were noted between MDR and non-MDR eyes in regard to time for ulcer stabilization [4 (1-17) days vs. 4 (1-12), P = 0.699], number of eyes requiring surgical stabilization (7/15 vs. 7/13, P = 0.246) or enucleation (1/15 vs. 2/13, P = 1.000), success in maintaining globe (14/15 vs. 11/13, P = 0.583) or success in maintaining vision (12/15 vs. 10/13, P = 1.000). Conclusions MDR infections may prolong corneal healing time but did not appear to affect overall clinical outcomes in dogs with bacterial keratitis. Further research is warranted in a larger canine population and other bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N. Mauer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rachel A. Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Rachel A. Allbaugh
| | - Amanda J. Kreuder
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel,Lionel Sebbag
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Suter A, Schmitt S, Hübschke E, Kowalska M, Hartnack S, Pot S. The bactericidal effect of two photoactivated chromophore for keratitis-corneal crosslinking protocols (standard vs. accelerated) on bacterial isolates associated with infectious keratitis in companion animals. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:317. [PMID: 35978428 PMCID: PMC9386977 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial corneal infections are common and potentially blinding diseases in all species. As antibiotic resistance is a growing concern, alternative treatment methods are an important focus of research. Photoactivated chromophore for keratitis-corneal crosslinking (PACK-CXL) is a promising oxygen radical-mediated alternative to antibiotic treatment. The main goal of this study was to assess the anti-bactericidal efficacy on clinical bacterial isolates of the current standard and an accelerated PACK-CXL treatment protocol delivering the same energy dose (5.4 J/cm2). Methods Clinical bacterial isolates from 11 dogs, five horses, one cat and one guinea pig were cultured, brought into suspension with 0.1% riboflavin and subsequently irradiated. Irradiation was performed with a 365 nm UVA light source for 30 min at 3mW/cm2 (standard protocol) or for 5 min at 18mW/cm2 (accelerated protocol), respectively. After treatment, the samples were cultured and colony forming units (CFU’s) were counted and the weighted average mean of CFU’s per μl was calculated. Results were statistically compared between treated and control samples using a linear mixed effects model. Results Both PACK-CXL protocols demonstrated a significant bactericidal effect on all tested isolates when compared to untreated controls. No efficacy difference between the two PACK-CXL protocols was observed. Conclusion The accelerated PACK-CXL protocol can be recommended for empirical use in the treatment of bacterial corneal infections in veterinary patients while awaiting culture results. This will facilitate immediate treatment, the delivery of higher fluence PACK-CXL treatment within a reasonable time, and minimize the required anesthetic time or even obviate the need for general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Suter
- Ophthalmology Section, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Veterinary Bacteriology Section, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ella Hübschke
- Veterinary Bacteriology Section, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malwina Kowalska
- Epidemiology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Epidemiology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Pot
- Ophthalmology Section, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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McKeever JM, Ward DA, Hendrix DVH. Comparison of antimicrobial resistance patterns in dogs with bacterial keratitis presented to a veterinary teaching hospital over two multi-year time periods (1993-2003 and 2013-2019) in the Southeastern United States. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:653-658. [PMID: 34037320 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report clinical characteristics of dogs with bacterial keratitis, identify the most common bacterial isolates within this population, characterize the bacterial isolates' antimicrobial resistance patterns, and compare those resistance patterns to previously reported resistance patterns. ANIMAL STUDIED Dogs diagnosed with bacterial keratitis between 2013 and 2019. PROCEDURES Data pertaining to breed; Schirmer tear test I results; use of cyclosporine, tacrolimus, or corticosteroids at time of ulcer diagnosis; bacterial genus or species isolated; and resistance to selected antimicrobials as measured by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion were collected. Resistance patterns were compared to those reported by Tolar et al. (2006). RESULTS One hundred seventy bacterial isolates were cultured from 138 eyes from 130 dogs. Of these dogs, 45% were brachycephalic, 62% had STT <15 mm/min, and 28% were receiving a corticosteroid at the time of examination. The most common isolates were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (31%), β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. (28%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18%). Compared to the 1993-2003 study period, there were significant increases in resistance to cephalothin and polymyxin B among S. pseudintermedius isolates. β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. and P. aeruginosa isolates had no significant changes in resistance to the tested antimicrobials. CONCLUSION Isolates of S. pseudintermedius, β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp., and P. aeruginosa had minimal changes in resistance between the two study periods. In this population, monotherapy with ciprofloxacin or combination therapy of tobramycin and a first-generation cephalosporin continue to be appropriate for use in cases of suspected bacterial keratitis while awaiting results of susceptibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M McKeever
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Animal Clinic Inc. of Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA
| | - Daniel A Ward
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Diane V H Hendrix
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Nadăș GC, Novac CȘ, Matei IA, Bouari CM, Gal ZM, Tamas-Krumpe OM, Macri AM, Fiț NI. Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria from Conjunctival Flora in an Eye Infection Prone Breed (Saint Bernard). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082219. [PMID: 33921409 PMCID: PMC8070223 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The conjunctival bacterial resident and opportunistic flora of dogs may represent a major source of dissemination of pathogens throughout the environment or to other animals and humans. Nevertheless, contamination with bacteria from external sources is common. In this context, the study of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern may represent an indicator of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains exchange. The present study was focused on a single predisposed breed-Saint Bernard. The evaluated animals were healthy, but about half had a history of ocular disease/treatment. The swabs collected from conjunctival sacs were evaluated by conventional microbiological cultivation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). The most prevalent Gram-positive was Staphylococcus spp.; regardless of the history, while Gram-negative was Pseudomonas spp.; exclusively from dogs with a history of ocular disease/treatment. Other identified genera were represented by Bacillus, Streptococcus, Trueperella, Aeromonas and Neisseria. The obtained results suggest a possible association between the presence of mixed flora and a history of ocular disease/treatment. A high AMR was generally observed (90%) in all isolates, especially for kanamycin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol and penicillin. MDR was recorded in Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. This result together with a well-known zoonotic potential may suggest an exchange of these strains within animal human populations and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Cosmin Nadăș
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.N.); (C.Ș.N.); (C.M.B.); (N.I.F.)
| | - Cristiana Ștefania Novac
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.N.); (C.Ș.N.); (C.M.B.); (N.I.F.)
| | - Ioana Adriana Matei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.N.); (C.Ș.N.); (C.M.B.); (N.I.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-7-2809-6105
| | - Cosmina Maria Bouari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.N.); (C.Ș.N.); (C.M.B.); (N.I.F.)
| | - Zoltan Miklos Gal
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Pathology of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Octavia Maria Tamas-Krumpe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adrian Maximilian Macri
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Nicodim Iosif Fiț
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.N.); (C.Ș.N.); (C.M.B.); (N.I.F.)
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Evaluation of the bacterial ocular surface microbiome in ophthalmologically normal dogs prior to and following treatment with topical neomycin-polymyxin-bacitracin. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234313. [PMID: 32516320 PMCID: PMC7282667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface microbiome of veterinary species has not been thoroughly characterized using molecular-based techniques, such as next generation sequencing (NGS), as the vast majority of studies have utilized traditional culture-based techniques. To date, there is one pilot study evaluating the ocular surface of healthy dogs using NGS. Furthermore, alterations in the ocular surface microbiome over time and after topical antibiotic treatment are unknown. The objectives of this study were to describe the bacterial composition of the ocular surface microbiome in clinically normal dogs, and to determine if microbial community changes occur over time or following topical antibiotic therapy. Topical neomycin-polymyxin-bacitracin ophthalmic ointment was applied to one eye each of 13 adult dogs three times daily for seven days, while contralateral eyes served as untreated controls. The inferior conjunctival fornix of both eyes was sampled via swabbing at baseline prior to antibiotic therapy (day 0), after 1 week of treatment (day 7), and 4 weeks after discontinuing treatment (day 35). Genomic DNA was extracted from the conjunctival swabs and primers targeting the V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA genes were used to generate amplicon libraries, which were then sequenced on an Illumina platform. Data were analyzed using Quantitative Insights Into Molecular Ecology (QIIME 2.0). At baseline, the most relatively abundant phyla sequenced were Proteobacteria (49.7%), Actinobacteria (25.5%), Firmicutes (12%), Bacteroidetes (7.5%), and Fusobacteria (1.4%). The most common families detected were Pseudomonadaceae (13.2%), Micrococcaceae (12%), Pasteurellaceae (6.9%), Microbacteriaceae (5.2%), Enterobacteriaceae (3.9%), Neisseriaceae (3.5%), and Corynebacteriaceae (3.3%). Alpha and beta diversity measurements did not differ in both control and treatment eyes over time. This report examines the temporal stability of the canine ocular surface microbiome. The major bacterial taxa on the canine ocular surface remained consistent over time and following topical antibiotic therapy.
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Soimala T, Lübke-Becker A, Hanke D, Eichhorn I, Feßler AT, Schwarz S, Eule JC. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from ocular surfaces of dogs and cats suffering from ophthalmological diseases. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108687. [PMID: 32402352 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) have recently emerged as a major therapeutic challenge in small animal medicine because of their antimicrobial multidrug resistance and their role as nosocomial pathogens. This study focused on the prevalence, molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance pheno- and genotypes of MRSP isolated from conjunctival swabs of dogs and cats. Conjunctival swabs were collected from 72 dogs and 24 cats suffering from conjunctivitis/blepharitis, keratitis or uveitis and screened for the presence of MRSP. S. pseudintermedius was isolated from 38 (39.6 %) of all samples. Three (7.9 %) S. pseudintermedius isolates were confirmed as MRSP. They harboured the mecA gene and originated from dogs. One MRSP isolate was from a case of uveitis while the other two MRSP isolates originated from cases of conjunctivitis/blepharitis. All MRSP isolates were subjected to broth microdilution and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Resistance and virulence genes, multilocus sequence (MLS), spa, dru and SCCmec types were deduced from WGS data. Two of the three MRSP isolates, IMT360/16 and IMT515/16, shared the same MLS type (ST71), spa type (t02), dru type (dt9a), SCCmec type (II-III), and indistinguishable multidrug resistance pheno- and genotypes, including resistance to β-lactams (blaZ, mecA), erythromycin and clindamycin (erm(B)), streptomycin (aphA3), gentamicin (aacA-aphD), enrofloxacin (mutations in grlA and gyrA), tetracycline (tet(K)), and trimethoprim (dfrG)/sulfamethoxazole. The third isolate, IMT1670/16, differed in all those characteristics (MLST (ST1403), dru type (dt10h), SCCmec type (IVg), except the spa type (t02). In addition, isolate IMT1670/16 carried a different tetracycline resistance gene (tet(M)) and was susceptible to erythromycin and clindamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanawan Soimala
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Karnjanavanit 15, Kho Hong, Hat Yai 90110 Songkhla, Thailand; Small Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antina Lübke-Becker
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Hanke
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Johanna Corinna Eule
- Small Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Guyonnet A, Desquilbet L, Faure J, Bourguet A, Donzel E, Chahory S. Outcome of medical therapy for keratomalacia in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:253-258. [PMID: 32065393 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical and visual outcomes following intensive medical therapy for keratomalacia in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records were screened to identify dogs with corneal ulcers and keratomalacia. All patients were given the same topical treatment protocol with frequent administrations of tobramycin in combination with equine serum. Surgical treatment during the first 15 days of follow-up was considered as medical treatment failure. RESULTS We report on 57 ulcers with keratomalacia from 53 dogs. Medical treatment was successful in 31 of 57 ulcers with a median healing time of 5 days (range 2 to 15 days). At 60 days after epithelialisation, 14/15 medically-treated eyes were visual. In one case, corneal perforation was observed 1 month after healing and required surgical stabilisation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Intensive medical therapy has the potential to achieve healing of some ulcers with keratomalacia. Surgical stabilisation in response to progression of stromal loss was required in less than half of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guyonnet
- Unité d'Ophtalmologie, CHUVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, F-94700, France
| | - L Desquilbet
- BioPôle, Unité de Biostatistique et d'épidémiologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, F-94700, France
| | - J Faure
- Unité d'Ophtalmologie, CHUVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, F-94700, France
| | - A Bourguet
- Unité d'Ophtalmologie, CHUVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, F-94700, France
| | - E Donzel
- Unité d'Ophtalmologie, CHUVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, F-94700, France
| | - S Chahory
- Unité d'Ophtalmologie, CHUVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, F-94700, France
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Auten CR, Urbanz JL, Dees DD. Comparison of bacterial culture results collected via direct corneal ulcer vs conjunctival fornix sampling in canine eyes with presumed bacterial ulcerative keratitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:135-140. [PMID: 31328879 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare aerobic bacterial culture results between samples obtained from the corneal ulcer versus lower conjunctival fornix in eyes with presumed bacterial ulcerative keratitis. ANIMALS STUDIED Fifty five client-owned dogs diagnosed with ulcerative keratitis. PROCEDURES Ophthalmic examinations were performed on each dog including slit-lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Microbial swabs were collected by direct sampling of the infected corneal ulcer as well as the lower conjunctival fornix, of the same eye, using a sterile rayon-tipped swab. Samples were submitted to an outside reference laboratory for aerobic bacterial culture and sensitivity. RESULTS One hundred twelve samples were obtained from 56 eyes (55 dogs). Sixty-eight samples yielded bacterial growth. Positive growth from both sites was obtained in 31 eyes (55%). Six eyes yielded bacterial growth from the conjunctival fornix but not from the cornea. No bacterial growth was obtained from either sampling site in 19 eyes. Overall, 31/56 (55%) corneal samples were positive and 37/56 (66%) conjunctival fornix samples were positive. Comparison of organisms isolated from the two collection sites of the same eye revealed an exact correlation in 42/56 (75%) eyes and differed in 14/56 (25%) eyes. Twenty different bacterial isolates were obtained from 68 positive samples. Gram-positive (71%) organisms were more common than Gram-negative (29%). The most commonly isolated organisms were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (25%), beta-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. (23%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%). Methicillin-resistant organisms were isolated in 9% of samples. CONCLUSION Sampling from the conjunctival fornix may be a suitable alternative to direct ulcer sampling in eyes with compromised corneal structural integrity.
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Teixeira IM, de Oliveira Ferreira E, de Araújo Penna B. Dogs as reservoir of methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci strains - A possible neglected risk. Microb Pathog 2019; 135:103616. [PMID: 31283961 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The antibiotic resistance among coagulase - negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) species towards methicillin is rarely reported in veterinary medicine. Under the aspect/concept of One Health, those strains pose a risk to human health due to the presence in canine pets where the transfer of resistant genetic markers might occur to other staphylococci species. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance pattern among Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from asymptomatic dogs and those affected by topic infections. Swabs from 254 dogs were first seeded in Mannitol Salt Agar. Species identification was conducted by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption ionization - time of flight (MALDI-TOF ms) as previously described. The susceptibility test was performed by disk diffusion according to CLSI standards. Detection of mecA gene was performed. CoNS could be recovered from both groups of dogs and an alarming presence of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) was confirmed, in 10.2% (17/166) of the samples. Eight of those methicillin resistant strains were isolated from asymptomatic dogs whereas nine were present in dogs affected by pyoderma and otitis externa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabel Mello Teixeira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Niterói, RJ Rua Professor Hernani Melo N. 101, sala 302 (Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos), São Domingos, Niterói Rj, Cep: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Eliane de Oliveira Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Do Rio De Janeiro, Instituto De Microbiologia Paulo De Góes, Rio De Janeiro, Rj Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco I, 2 Andar, Sala 006, Cep 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bruno de Araújo Penna
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Niterói, RJ Rua Professor Hernani Melo N. 101, sala 302 (Laboratório de Cocos Gram Positivos), São Domingos, Niterói Rj, Cep: 24210-130, Brazil.
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12
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Banks KC, Ericsson AC, Reinero CR, Giuliano EA. Veterinary ocular microbiome: Lessons learned beyond the culture. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:716-725. [PMID: 31070001 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ocular pathogens cause many painful and vision-threatening diseases such as infectious keratitis, uveitis, and endophthalmitis. While virulent pathogens and pathobionts play important roles in disease pathogenesis, the scientific community has long assumed disruption of the ocular surface occurs prior to microbial colonization and subsequent infection. While nonpathogenic bacteria are often detected in corneal and conjunctival cultures from healthy eyes, cultures also frequently fail to yield growth of common ocular pathogens or nonpathogenic bacteria. This prompts the following question: Is the ocular surface populated by a stable microbial population that cannot be detected using standard culture techniques? The study of the microbiome has recently become a widespread focus in physician and veterinary medicine. Research suggests a pivotal symbiotic relationship with these microbes to maintain healthy host tissues, and when altered is associated with various disease states ("dysbiosis"). The microbiota that lives within and on mammalian bodies have long been known to influence health and susceptibility to infection. However, limitations of traditional culture methods have resulted in an incomplete understanding of what many now call the "forgotten organ," that is, the microbiome. With the introduction of high-throughput sequencing, physician ophthalmology has recognized an ocular surface with much more diverse microbial communities than suspected based on traditional culture. This article reviews the salient features of the ocular surface microbiome and highlights important future applications following the advent of molecular techniques for microbial identification, including characterizing ocular surface microbiomes in our veterinary species and their potential role in management of infectious and inflammatory ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla C Banks
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Carol R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Elizabeth A Giuliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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EKAPOPPHAN D, SRISUTTHAKARN A, MOONARMART W, BUDDHIRONGAWATR R, BANGPHOOMI N. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from severe corneal ulcers of dogs in Thailand. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1259-1265. [PMID: 29925698 PMCID: PMC6115253 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine the microbiological profile and risk factors associated with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in canine severe corneal ulcers. Thirty-two corneal and conjunctival swabs were collected from dogs with diagnosed severe corneal ulcers that presented to Prasu-Arthorn veterinary teaching hospital in Nakhon Pathom, Thailand from June 2015 to June 2016. Microorganisms were identified by means of genotypic and phenotypic approaches. Of 32 ulcers sampled, 26 (81.3%) yielded culturable microorganisms with 24 bacterial isolates and 7 fungal isolates. The most commonly isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. (45.8%, 11/24) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.8%, 5/24). Out of 11 staphylococcal isolates identified, 10 carried the mecA gene providing methicillin resistance. The extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) encoding genes blaCTX-M and blaVEB-1 were found in an Acinetobacter lwoffii isolate, and blaSHV was found in a P. aeruginosa isolate. Based on the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoint criteria, minimum inhibitory concentrations values showed that all bacteria, except for staphylococci, were susceptible to current ophthalmic antibiotics. More than 50% of staphylococci were resistant to all generations of fluoroquinolones and fusidic acid. Chloramphenicol was highly active against staphylococci (81.3% susceptible). The width (P=0.02) and the depth (P=0.04) of ulcers predicted greater risk of yielding resistant bacteria. The identification of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria prompts practitioners to be prudent when choosing ophthalmic antibiotics for severe corneal ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daneeya EKAPOPPHAN
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty
of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonton 4, Salaya, Phuttamonton,
Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Athicha SRISUTTHAKARN
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty
of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonton 4, Salaya, Phuttamonton,
Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Walasinee MOONARMART
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty
of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonton 4, Salaya, Phuttamonton,
Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Ruangrat BUDDHIRONGAWATR
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty
of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonton 4, Salaya, Phuttamonton,
Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Norasuthi BANGPHOOMI
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty
of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonton 4, Salaya, Phuttamonton,
Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Guyonnet A, Bourguet A, Donzel E, Bataille G, Pascal Q, Laloy E, Boulouis HJ, Milleman Y, Chahory S. Bilateral bullous keratopathy secondary to melting keratitis in a Suri alpaca ( Vicugna pacos). Clin Case Rep 2018; 6:626-630. [PMID: 29636928 PMCID: PMC5889221 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An young alpaca was evaluated for bilateral progressive melting corneal ulcers and developped secondary bullous keratopathy during hospitalization. The tragic progression of melting ulcers in both eyes observed in our case leads us to recommend a rapid intensive medical therapy in young and debilitated alpacas presenting a corneal ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Guyonnet
- CHUVA, Unité d'Opthalmologie Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort Université Paris - Est Maisons-Alfort F-94700 France
| | - Aurélie Bourguet
- CHUVA, Unité d'Opthalmologie Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort Université Paris - Est Maisons-Alfort F-94700 France
| | - Elise Donzel
- CHUVA, Unité d'Opthalmologie Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort Université Paris - Est Maisons-Alfort F-94700 France
| | - Guillemette Bataille
- Unité de Pathologie des Animaux de Production Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort Université Paris - Est Maisons-Alfort F-94700 France
| | - Quentin Pascal
- BioPôle, Unité d'Histologie et Anatomie pathologique Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort Université Paris - Est Maisons-Alfort F-94700 France
| | - Eve Laloy
- BioPôle, Unité d'Histologie et Anatomie pathologique Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort Université Paris - Est Maisons-Alfort F-94700 France
| | - Henri-Jean Boulouis
- BioPôle, Unité de Bactériologie Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort Université Paris - Est Maisons-Alfort F-94700 France
| | - Yves Milleman
- Unité de Pathologie des Animaux de Production Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort Université Paris - Est Maisons-Alfort F-94700 France
| | - Sabine Chahory
- CHUVA, Unité d'Opthalmologie Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort Université Paris - Est Maisons-Alfort F-94700 France
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Sandmeyer LS, Bauer BS, Mohaghegh Poor SM, Feng CX, Chirino-Trejo M. Alterations in conjunctival bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility during topical administration of ofloxacin after cataract surgery in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:207-214. [PMID: 28140645 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in conjunctival bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria after cataract surgery in dogs. ANIMALS 16 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES Samples for aerobic and anaerobic culture were obtained from the conjunctival fornices of both eyes of dogs 24 hours before (week 0) and 1, 3, and 6 weeks after cataract surgery. Topical administration of ofloxacin (every 6 hours) was initiated 12 hours before surgery and continued for 3 weeks. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and a commercially available test for ofloxacin. RESULTS Frequency of positive culture results was significantly higher at week 6 than at weeks 0 and 1. Bacterial load was more likely to be moderate or high at weeks 3 and 6 than at weeks 0 and 1. The most frequently cultured organism was Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (21/78 [26.9%]), followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp (19/78 [24.4%]). Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was the organism most frequently cultured at weeks 0 (5/12), 1 (4/12), and 6 (8/19), whereas frequency of this organism was lowest at week 3 (1/20). In contrast, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp were the most frequently cultured organisms at week 3 (10/20). There was a significant increase in the proportion of organisms resistant to ofloxacin at week 3, compared with the proportion at week 0. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The number of bacterial organisms increased and the population of conjunctival bacteria was altered and had a higher proportion resistant to ofloxacin during the 6 weeks after cataract surgery for dogs treated by use of this protocol.
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Leigue L, Montiani-Ferreira F, Moore BA. Antimicrobial susceptibility and minimal inhibitory concentration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from septic ocular surface disease in different animal species. Open Vet J 2016; 6:215-222. [PMID: 27928519 PMCID: PMC5133397 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v6i3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different animal species with septic ocular surface disease. Sixteen strains of P. aeruginosa were isolated from different species of animals (dog, cat, horse, penguin and brown bear) with ocular surface diseases such as conjunctivitis, keratocojnuctivits sicca and ulcerative keratitis. These isolates were tested against 11 different antimicrobials agents using the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using E-tests for two antibiotics (tobramycin and ciprofloxacin) commonly used in veterinary ophthalmology practice. Imipenem was the most effective antibiotic, with 100% of the strains being susceptible, followed by amikacin (87.5%), gentamicin, norfloxacin, gatifloxacin and polymyxin (both with 81.5%of susceptibility). MIC90 of ciprofloxacin was 2 µg/ml and the values found ranged from 0.094 µg/ml to 32 µg/ml. For tobramycin, MIC90 was 32 µg/ml and ranged from 0.25 µg/ml to 256 µg/ml. The most effective in vitro antibiotic tested against P. aeruginosa in this study was imipenem, followed by amikacin. The 3 mg/ml eye drops commercially available ciprofloxacin presentations were in vitro effective against all strains tested in this study if applied up to 4 hours after instillation. Whereas for tobramycin the 3 mg/ml eye drops commercial presentations were not in vitro effective against some strains isolated in this study. Thus for ocular infections with P. aeruginosa when using tobramycin the ideal recommendation would be to either use eye drops with higher concentrations or decrease the frequency intervals from four to a minimum of every two hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Leigue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F Montiani-Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - B A Moore
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital of San Diego, 10435 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Hindley KE, Groth AD, King M, Graham K, Billson FM. Bacterial isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility, and clinical characteristics of bacterial keratitis in dogs presenting to referral practice in Australia. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:418-26. [PMID: 26522379 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify clinical characteristics, bacterial isolates, and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in a prospective study of dogs presenting with suspected bacterial keratitis to aid selection of appropriate therapy. ANIMALS Seventy-one client-owned dogs presenting to two referral hospitals in Australia. PROCEDURE Corneal swabs and clinical information were collected from dogs presenting with suspect bacterial keratitis from April 2012 to December 2014. Cytology and bacteriologic culture were performed on samples with in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility performed on bacterial isolates. RESULTS Positive cultures were obtained from 42 of the 71 ulcers sampled (59%), with 45 bacteria isolated. The most commonly isolated bacteria were β-hemolytic Streptococcus (14/45, 31%), Pseudomonas (14/45, 31%), and Staphylococcus species (8/45, 18%). β-Hemolytic Streptococcus spp. were resistant to neomycin, polymyxin B, gentamicin, framycetin and fusidic acid and >80% were resistant to ciprofloxacin but remained susceptible to chloramphenicol and cephalexin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, cephalexin, and fusidic acid; however, >90% were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, polymyxin B, and gentamicin. Brachycephalic breed (34/42, 81%), previous ocular surgery (15/42, 36%), prior use of a topical corticosteroid (13/42, 31%), and concurrent ocular surface disease (10/42, 24%) were common in dogs with bacterial keratitis. CONCLUSION Our study identified β-hemolytic Streptococcus and Pseudomonas spp. as the most common bacterial pathogens in canine bacterial keratitis presenting for referral. Many cases exhibited clinical factors known to influence corneal integrity that may predispose them to ulceration and infection. Based on in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and clinical outcomes, monotherapy with a fluoroquinolone may be ineffective in ulcers caused by β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Hindley
- Veterinary Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Lvl 1, 1 Richardson Place, North Ryde, 2113, NSW, Australia.
| | - Allyson D Groth
- Veterinary Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Lvl 1, 1 Richardson Place, North Ryde, 2113, NSW, Australia
| | - Martyn King
- Veterinary Ophthalmology, Rivergum Referral Services, Unit 1/26 Gympie Way, Willeton, 6155, WA, Australia
| | - Kathleen Graham
- Veterinary Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Lvl 1, 1 Richardson Place, North Ryde, 2113, NSW, Australia
| | - F Mark Billson
- Veterinary Ophthalmology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Lvl 1, 1 Richardson Place, North Ryde, 2113, NSW, Australia
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Abdollahi S, Ramazanzadeh R, Khiabani ZD, Kalantar E. Epidemiological and Inducible Resistance in Coagulase Negative Staphylococci. Glob J Health Sci 2015; 8:109-19. [PMID: 26573051 PMCID: PMC4873572 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n4p109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) are potential pathogens with the increased use of implants in hospitals. Macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin B (MLSB) are used in the treatment of staphylococcal infections. The aim of this study was to molecular detection of inducible clindamycin resistance and genetic pattern in CNS isolates and their transmission between hospitals. MATERIALS & METHODS 110 CNS strains, isolated from hospitalized patients in the intensive care unit and infectious wards of Besat and Toohid hospitals, Sanandaj. Methicillin resistance was done by agar screen test and the resistance inducible Clindamycin by the D-Test. Multiplex PCR was performed, using primers specific for erm (A, B, C, and TR) genes. Diversity of strains was determined by ERIC-PCR technique based on the similarities between DNA fingerprints by using Jaccards coefficient in the SAHN program of the NTSYS-pc software. RESULTS Of the 110 isolates, 64(58.2%) were methicillin -resistant CNS (MRCNS), 48(43.6%) were resistant to erythromycin (ERCNS). Out of 48 Erythromycin-resistant strains 5 (10.4%) were iMLS B phenotypes that 4 isolates showed genes erm by Multiplex PCR. The ERIC-PCR profiles allowed typing of the 110 isolates into 90 ERIC-types which were grouped into fourteen main clusters (C1-C14). CONCLUSION The results of this study also showed that most of CNS isolated produced different genomic fingerprint patterns, therefore, source of infection is differen t.
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LoPinto AJ, Mohammed HO, Ledbetter EC. Prevalence and risk factors for isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus in dogs with keratitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18:297-303. [PMID: 25130050 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) isolation in dogs with naturally acquired bacterial keratitis. PROCEDURES All Staphylococcus spp. isolated from corneal samples of dogs with keratitis during a 2-year period were evaluated for methicillin resistance by bacteriologic methods. Each MRS isolate was subjected to in vitro susceptibility testing for systemic and ocular antimicrobials. Nasal swabs for culture were collected from all dogs with MRS corneal isolation to evaluate for nasal carrier status. Potential risk factors for MRS isolation were investigated by medical record review and administration of an epidemiological survey to dog owners. Collected information characterizing animal, client, and environmental variables was analyzed for association with MRS isolation. RESULTS Seventy-one Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from seventy individual dogs with keratitis during the study period. Seventeen of the Staphylococcus isolates (23.9%) were methicillin resistant. The MRS isolates included Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 10), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n = 6), and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 1). The MRS corneal isolates displayed extensive antimicrobial resistance. Four dogs (23.5%) with MRS corneal isolates had positive nasal cultures for MRS. Client occupation was significantly (P = 0.01) associated with MRS isolation, and dogs belonging to owners employed in veterinary or human healthcare fields were four times more likely to have MRS keratitis than dogs owned by clients with different professions. There were no significant associations between the other evaluated animal, client, and environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS Methicillin resistance is relatively common in Staphylococcus isolates from dogs with corneal infections, particularly among dogs belonging to healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J LoPinto
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Hussni O Mohammed
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Kang MH, Chae MJ, Yoon JW, Kim SG, Lee SY, Yoo JH, Park HM. Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of ophthalmic Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from dogs. J Vet Sci 2014; 15:409-15. [PMID: 24690601 PMCID: PMC4178142 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.3.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence, virulence potential, and antibiotic resistance of ophthalmic Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP) isolated from dogs were examined. Sixty-seven Staphylococcus species were isolated from ophthalmic samples and surveyed for species-specific sequences in the Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) nuclease gene (SInuc), exfoliative toxin gene for SIG (siet), and antibiotic resistance genes (blaZ and mecA). PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the pta gene was also performed. Fifty isolates were identified as SIG strains, all of which were found to be SP. The blaZ gene was detected in 42 of the 50 SP strains and mecA gene was observed in 18 of the 50 SP strains. The 50 SP strains were most susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (94%) and chlorampenicol (70%), and highly resistant to tetracycline (94%) and penicillin (92%). It was also found that 16 (88.9%) mecA-positive SP strains were resistant to oxacillin, tetracycline and penicillin. All mecA-positive SP were resistant to more than four of the eight tested antibiotics and therefore considered SP with multi-drug resistance (MDR). Our results indicate a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in ophthalmic SP along with a close relationship between MDR SP strains and the mecA gene. Based on our findings, judicious administration of antibiotics to companion dogs is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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Pot SA, Gallhöfer NS, Matheis FL, Voelter-Ratson K, Hafezi F, Spiess BM. Corneal collagen cross-linking as treatment for infectious and noninfectious corneal melting in cats and dogs: results of a prospective, nonrandomized, controlled trial. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17:250-60. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon A. Pot
- Equine Department; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nicolin S. Gallhöfer
- Equine Department; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Franziska L. Matheis
- Equine Department; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Katrin Voelter-Ratson
- Equine Department; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Farhad Hafezi
- Division of Ophthalmology; Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Geneva University Hospitals; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Bernhard M. Spiess
- Equine Department; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
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Spiess BM, Pot SA, Florin M, Hafezi F. Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) for the treatment of melting keratitis in cats and dogs: a pilot study. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17:1-11. [PMID: 23356663 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE UV-A/riboflavin cross-linking (CXL) of corneal collagen fibers is an established, highly promising therapy for corneal melting in physician-based ophthalmology. A prospective pilot study was conducted to demonstrate proof of principle of this novel method for the treatment of melting corneal ulcers in dogs and cats. PROCEDURES After obtaining owner consent, CXL was performed in three cats and three dogs with corneal melting, which either affected the entire corneal surface or was resistant to conventional antibiotic and anticollagenolytic therapy, and affected parts or all of the corneal surface. Medical therapy was continued in all patients. The available follow-up ranged from 2 to 22.5 months and involved slit-lamp examination, fluorescein staining, and photographic documentation during all rechecks. RESULTS Surgical stabilization of the cornea was not necessary in any case, because progression of corneal melting was arrested in all cases within 1-20 days of CXL treatment. Corneal re-epithelization occurred within 7-40 days in all eyes. At 40 days after CXL, all eyes presented a quiescent corneal state without signs of active inflammation and with beginning scar formation. The complications observed in three of the six animals included a corneal sequestrum, superficial corneal stromal pigmentation, and bullous keratopathy. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the feasibility of CXL to treat progressive corneal melting in veterinary patients. CXL may represent a cost-efficient and safe alternative therapy in the treatment for corneal melting in veterinary ophthalmology. More investigations comparing the effectivity and complication rate of CXL to those of standard medical treatment are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard M Spiess
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Garbacz K, Zarnowska S, Piechowicz L, Haras K. Pathogenicity potential of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains isolated from canine carriers and from dogs with infection signs. Virulence 2013; 4:255-9. [PMID: 23328490 DOI: 10.4161/viru.23526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Tajima K, Sinjyo A, Ito T, Noda Y, Goto H, Ito N. Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureuskeratitis in a dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2012; 16:240-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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