1
|
Cerrada I, Leiva M, Vilao R, Peña T, Ríos J. Follicular conjunctivitis in dogs: A retrospective study (2007-2022). Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:310-317. [PMID: 37850538 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the incidence, clinical features, treatment, and outcome of canine follicular conjunctivitis (CFC). PROCEDURE Medical records of dogs diagnosed with CFC were reviewed. Data recorded included signalment, duration of clinical signs and treatment details prior to presentation, concurrent ocular/systemic diseases, ocular clinical signs, cytology, treatment, follow-up, and outcome. Blepharospasm, signs of self-trauma, hyperemia, chemosis, ocular discharge, and follicle location and severity (0.5-4) were retrospectively evaluated. Based on severity, treatment consisted of topical 0.1% diclofenac or 0.1% dexamethasone sodium eyedrops. Dogs were classified into young (YD < 18 months) and adult (AD ≥ 18 months). RESULTS One hundred and fifty-three dogs (276 eyes) were included in the study: 83YD (54%) and 70AD (46%). Males and bilateral disease were over-represented in both groups. Severity was associated with young age (p = .032) and bilaterality (p = .025), and not with dermatological diseases (p > .05). No differences in follicular location were observed except for more frequent involvement of the nictitating membrane (MN) in YD (p = .02). Response to treatment was faster in AD (p = .001), with complete resolution in 80.6% of the eyes (100/124) at 1 month. YD treated with diclofenac showed faster resolution than those treated with 0.1% dexamethasone (p = .009). CONCLUSIONS Although CFC is a bilateral ocular disease occurring at any age, the clinical presentation is influenced by age. Follicular conjunctivitis in adult dogs is less sever, less commonly affects the NM, and responds more quickly to topical treatment. One month of topical diclofenac may be adequate for mild cases, and 1 month of topical 0.1% dexamethasone is recommended as initial therapy for moderate to severely affected cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cerrada
- Servei d'Oftalmologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Leiva
- Servei d'Oftalmologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rita Vilao
- Servei d'Oftalmologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Teresa Peña
- Servei d'Oftalmologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jose Ríos
- Laboratory of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fernandes B, Alves S, Schmidt V, Bizarro AF, Pinto M, Pereira H, Marto J, Lourenço AM. Primary Prevention of Canine Atopic Dermatitis: Breaking the Cycle-A Narrative Review. Vet Sci 2023; 10:659. [PMID: 37999481 PMCID: PMC10674681 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10110659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a common and distressing skin condition in dogs, affecting up to 30% of the canine population. It not only impacts their quality of life but also that of their owners. Like human atopic dermatitis (hAD), cAD has a complex pathogenesis, including genetic and environmental factors. Current treatments focus on managing clinical signs, but they can be costly and have limitations. This article emphasizes the importance of preventing cAD from developing in the first place. Understanding the role of the skin's protective barrier is crucial, as its dysfunction plays a vital role in both hAD and cAD. hAD prevention studies have shown promising results in enhancing the skin barrier, but more research is needed to support more robust conclusions. While hAD primary prevention is currently a focal point of intensive investigation in human medicine, research on cAD primary prevention remains under-researched and almost non-existent. Pioneering effective prevention strategies for cAD holds immense potential to enhance the quality of life for both dogs and their owners. Additionally, it bears the promise of a translational impact on human research. Hence, further exploration of this crucial topic is not only relevant but also timely and imperative, warranting support and encouragement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernandes
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicine (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Alves
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
| | - Ana Filipa Bizarro
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicine (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Pinto
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicine (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hugo Pereira
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Marto
- Research Institute for Medicine (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Mafalda Lourenço
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grahn B. Blepharitis and Neoplasms of the Canine Eyelid Margin and Skin. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:455-471. [PMID: 36813395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Canine eyelid masses (tumors) should include the differential clinical diagnoses of neoplasia and blepharitis. They have many common clinical signs including tumor, alopecia, and hyperemia. Biopsy and histologic examination remains the most effective diagnostic test to establish a confirmed diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Neoplasms are typically benign (tarsal gland adenomas, melanocytomas, and so forth) with the exception of lymphosarcoma. Blepharitis is noted in 2 age groups including dogs aged less than 1.5 years and middle aged to older dogs. Most blepharitis cases will respond to specific therapy once an accurate diagnosis is established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Grahn
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Prairie Ocular Pathology Service, Prairie Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Delgado E, Gomes É, Gil S, Lourenço AM. Diagnostic approach and grading scheme for canine allergic conjunctivitis. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:35. [PMID: 36737781 PMCID: PMC9896716 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, allergic conjunctivitis is a well described disease. In contrast, allergic conjunctivitis has not received much attention from the veterinary community so far. Canine allergic conjunctivitis (cAC) is one of the possible manifestations associated with canine atopic dermatitis (cAD), being often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Our aim is to contribute to disease characterization and clinical stagingfor cAC severity. RESULTS A retrospective observational study including 122 dogs that underwent a complete ophthalmological and dermatological examinations and diagnosed with allergic conjunctivitis was conducted. A total of six ophthalmic clinical signs were considered for disease characterization and clinical staging: conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis, ocular pruritus, epiphora, seromucoid to mucopurulent discharge and keratitis, classified from 0 (absent) to 3 (severe). Scores comprised between 1-5 were considered mild, 6-10 moderate and 11-18 severe. The majority of dogs (64%) presented with moderate cAC followed by 24% of mild stages and only 12% of severe presentations. The severity of allergic conjunctivitis was not correlated to sex or age at the time of diagnosis and all presented with a bilateral form of the disease. Chemosis (84%), hyperemia (83%) and ocular pruritus (79%) was observed in 55% of the cases. Seromucoid to mucopurulent discharge (62%) and epiphora (69%) were less frequent, with keratitis being the least encountered clinical sign (15%). The degree of keratitis showed a positive correlation with both severity and chronicity of cAC (rho = 0.21-0.29, p ≤ 0.02)). Severity of cAD and cAD were not significantly correlated (p-value = 0.4). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The triad hyperemia, chemosis and ocular pruritus, already known in human medicine to be a reliable way of diagnosing human allergic conjunctivitis, also proved to be important in cAC Mild forms of the disease may pass unnoticed, ocular pruritus being hard to assess in canine patients.The proposed standardized diagnostic approach and novel grading scheme for cAC may be of value for both veterinary ophthalmologists and dermatologists, as well as general practitioners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Delgado
- CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Vila Real, Portugal. .,HEV, Hospital Escolar Veterinário, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Érica Gomes
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263HEV, Hospital Escolar Veterinário, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Solange Gil
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263CIISA – Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal ,Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Vila Real, Portugal ,grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263HEV, Hospital Escolar Veterinário, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Mafalda Lourenço
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263CIISA – Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal ,Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Vila Real, Portugal ,grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263HEV, Hospital Escolar Veterinário, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pressanti C, Ravailhe E, Castellote-Brun J, Amalric N, Lecru LA, Kondratjeva J, Moog F, Combarros D, Douet JY, Cadiergues MC. Survey of cytokines on ocular surfaces of atopic dogs by multiplex analysis using two sampling methods - a pilot study. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:625-e167. [PMID: 34390059 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conjunctivitis in atopic dogs has already been described yet is rarely observed, and likely underdiagnosed in practice. OBJECTIVES To assay various cytokines in tears and conjunctivae from atopic and normal dogs, and to compare canine atopic dermatitis-associated conjunctivitis with controls. ANIMALS Ten atopic and ten normal client-owned dogs. METHODS AND MATERIALS Ocular surfaces were sampled bilaterally in a prospective study, using two different methods. Tear samples were obtained with a sterile swab previously moistened with saline solution (method A). Conjunctival impressions were obtained with a conjunctival impression device (method B). For each sample, the concentrations of a panel of 13 cytokines were measured by multiplex analyses. CADESI-4, pruritus (PS) and conjunctival (CS) scores were determined. RESULTS Among the measured cytokines, only granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC)-like and interleukin (IL)-8 were above the limit of quantification in most samples. Absolute amounts of each cytokine were always higher in samples obtained with method A than with method B. GM-CSF amounts were lower in atopic dogs (method A, P=0.02; method B, P=0.0005). KC levels were higher in atopic dogs, yet the differences were not significant. IL-8 amounts were higher in atopic dogs (method A, P=0.0003; method B, P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Regardless of the method, these preliminary results suggest an overexpression of IL-8 in conjunctivae and tears of atopic dogs despite subtle conjunctival symptoms. As IL-8 is commonly found in many inflammatory conditions, further studies are needed to determine its specificity in atopic conjunctivitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charline Pressanti
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 23, chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, France.,UDEAR (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, CHU Purpan - BP 3028, Toulouse, 31024, France
| | - Elodie Ravailhe
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 23, chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, France
| | - Jessie Castellote-Brun
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 23, chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, France
| | - Nicolas Amalric
- Synelvia, 516 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Labège, 31670, France
| | - Line-Alice Lecru
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 23, chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, France
| | - Jevgenija Kondratjeva
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 23, chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, France
| | - Fabien Moog
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 23, chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, France
| | - Daniel Combarros
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 23, chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, France.,UDEAR (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, CHU Purpan - BP 3028, Toulouse, 31024, France
| | - Jean-Yves Douet
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 23, chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, France.,IHAP (INRAE), Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 23, chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, France
| | - Marie Christine Cadiergues
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 23, chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, France.,UDEAR (INSERM), Université de Toulouse, CHU Purpan - BP 3028, Toulouse, 31024, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sebbag L, Mochel JP. An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2566-2604. [PMID: 32735080 DOI: 10.1002/med.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical animal studies provide valuable opportunities to better understand human diseases and contribute to major advances in medicine. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ocular parameters in humans and selected animals, with a focus on the ocular surface, detailing species differences in ocular surface anatomy, physiology, tear film dynamics and tear film composition. We describe major pitfalls that tremendously limit the translational potential of traditional laboratory animals (i.e., rabbits, mice, and rats) in ophthalmic research, and highlight the benefits of integrating companion dogs with clinical analogues to human diseases into preclinical pharmacology studies. This One Health approach can help accelerate and improve the framework in which ophthalmic research is translated to the human clinic. Studies can be conducted in canine subjects with naturally occurring or noninvasively induced ocular surface disorders (e.g., dry eye disease, conjunctivitis), reviewed herein, and tear fluid can be easily retrieved from canine eyes for various bioanalytical purposes. In this review, we discuss common tear collection methods, including capillary tubes and Schirmer tear strips, and provide guidelines for tear sampling and extraction to improve the reliability of analyte quantification (drugs, proteins, others).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Selected cytokine expression in dogs with alergic conjunctivitis: Correlation with disease activity. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:33-40. [PMID: 32114248 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Canine allergic conjunctivitis (cAC) is described as the most frequent ocular manifestation associated with canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). OBJECTIVES Clinical and immunological characterization of cAD through IL-6, TNF-α and IL-12 mRNA expression quantification in canine conjunctivae. PROCEDURES Twenty client-owned dogs with both cAC and cAD and twenty-one healthy controls were enrolled and clinician assessed CADESI-04 and grade of ocular signs were calculated. Conjunctival biopsies were performed on all animals and relative quantification of the interleukins mRNA expression performed by qRT-PCR. The correlation between cytokine gene expression and cAC score was evaluated, as well as CADESI-04 values. RESULTS The qRT-PCR showed a significant gene upregulation of respectively 291.48 (p = 1.306e-09) and 4.85 (p = .00033) folds on IL-6 and IL-12 in dogs with allergic conjunctivitis compared to the control group. Regarding the average expression of TNF-α there were no statistical significant differences between both groups (p = .18). Higher cAC scores were associated with enhanced gene expression of TNF-α and IL-12. No correlation was found between the cytokine gene expression levels and the CADESI-04 values. CONCLUSION An increase of IL6 and IL12 in cAC was found in the studied population. These two cytokines may be potential immunotherapy targets cAC classification.
Collapse
|
8
|
Martinez PS, Pucheu CM, Liu CC, Carter RT. Cytokine tear film profile determination in eyes of healthy dogs and those with inflammatory periocular and skin disorders. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 221:110012. [PMID: 31978678 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in serum cytokine levels and profiles have been reported in association with a variety of disease conditions (e.g., allergic, immune-mediated, etc.) in both humans and animals. In comparison to serum cytokine measurements, tear cytokine measurements might be expected to more accurately reflect the inflammatory milieu associated with periocular disease. The purpose of this study was to use a multiplexed assay to compare the cytokine profile of tears in healthy dogs to those with inflammatory skin and periocular disease. We were able to detect IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in >47 % of tear samples from both healthy canine patients and those with inflammatory dermatologic disease (with or without concurrent periocular involvement). In contrast, IL-7, IL-10 and IFN-γ were rarely detected. Dogs with both dermatologic and periocular disease (but not dermatologic disease alone) had higher levels of IL-8 (P < 0.001, P > 0.05, respectively) relative to healthy dogs. Patients with concurrent dermatologic and periocular disease also demonstrated significantly greater variability in IL-8 concentrations between eyes than did healthy dogs (P < 0.0001). Our findings suggest that tear cytokine analysis may prove to be a useful tool to investigate the role and interactions of the local ocular immune response in patients with inflammatory periocular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Martinez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - C M Pucheu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - C C Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - R T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sebbag L, Allbaugh RA, Weaver A, Seo YJ, Mochel JP. Histamine-Induced Conjunctivitis and Breakdown of Blood-Tear Barrier in Dogs: A Model for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:752. [PMID: 31354477 PMCID: PMC6629934 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctival inflammation disturbs the blood–tear barrier and thus affects the tear film stability and composition. We aimed to develop a non-invasive and reliable method to induce conjunctivitis in dogs, a large animal model for translational work on ocular surface disease in humans. Six beagle dogs underwent a randomized, vehicle-controlled, balanced crossover trial—on six separate days, one eye received topical artificial tears (vehicle), while the other eye received one of six concentrations of histamine solution (0.005–500 mg/ml). At sequential times after eyedrop administration, a conjunctivitis score was given to each eye based on the degree of palpebral and bulbar conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis, ocular pruritus, and discharge. Total protein content (TPC) and serum albumin were quantified in tear fluid at baseline and 20 min. Additionally, 13 dogs presenting for various ophthalmic diseases with associated conjunctivitis were examined. Experimentally induced conjunctivitis developed rapidly (<1 min) following topical histamine administration and lasted for 1–3 h (four lowest doses) to 6–8 h (two highest doses). The severity of conjunctivitis was dose-dependent. Histamine was overall well tolerated, although transient blepharitis, aqueous flare, and ocular hypertension occurred in a few dogs receiving histamine ≥375 mg/ml. TPC and serum albumin levels increased in tears of eyes receiving histamine ≥1.0 mg/ml, being significantly higher than vehicle and baseline in eyes receiving histamine ≥375 mg/ml. Lacrimal albumin levels were also increased in 13 dogs with naturally acquired conjunctivitis, up 2.7–14.9 fold compared to contralateral healthy eyes. Histamine-induced conjunctivitis represents a robust model for translational work on the ocular surface given the low cost, non-invasiveness, self-resolving nature, ability to adjust the duration and severity of the disease, and shared features with naturally occurring ocular diseases. Histamine solutions of 1, 10, and 375 mg/ml induce mild, moderate, and severe conjunctivitis in dogs, respectively. Leakage of serum albumin in tear fluid of eyes with conjunctivitis suggests a breakdown of the blood–tear barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rachel A Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Amanda Weaver
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yeon-Jung Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Weingart C, Kohn B, Siekierski M, Merle R, Linek M. Blepharitis in dogs: a clinical evaluation in 102 dogs. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:222-e69. [PMID: 30828906 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blepharitis is a common finding in many dogs with various skin diseases. OBJECTIVES To establish a definition for canine blepharitis versus periocular dermatitis (POD), to evaluate the clinical findings and underlying skin diseases of blepharitis, and to document the effects of blepharitis on tear production in dogs. ANIMALS One hundred and two privately owned dogs with clinical signs of blepharitis and a definitive diagnosis of skin disease. METHODS AND MATERIALS Prospective evaluation of clinical signs and underlying diseases in dogs with blepharitis alone compared to dogs with blepharitis and POD. RESULTS Brachycephalic dogs were significantly more likely to present with blepharitis than other breeds. Twenty five dogs had blepharitis alone [three dogs (2.9%) without and 22 dogs (21.5%) with cutaneous lesion beyond the periocular skin]. Seventy one of 102 (69%) presented with POD in addition to blepharitis. In six cases a differentiation between blepharitis and POD was not possible. Typical lesions included alopecia/hypotrichosis (97%), erythema (93%), eyelid oedema (50%) and crusts (39.2%). Allergic skin disease (52%) was the most common underlying cause of blepharitis, followed by infectious/parasitic diseases (21.5%), autoimmune disorders (17.7%) and neoplasia (4.9%). Four dogs could not be allocated to any of these disease groups. A diagnosis of parasitism was always accompanied by POD. Reduced tear production was detected in ten of the 53 dogs tested (18.8%). CONCLUSION Blepharitis occurring in the absence of other skin lesions is rare. The most common underlying cause of blepharitis is allergic dermatitis. Measurement of tear production should be recommended in all cases of blepharitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weingart
- Clinic of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19 b, Berlin, D-14163, Germany
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Clinic of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19 b, Berlin, D-14163, Germany
| | - Martina Siekierski
- Clinic of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19 b, Berlin, D-14163, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, D-14163, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Botoni LS, Torres SMF, Koch SN, Heinemann MB, Costa‐Val AP. Comparison of demographic data, disease severity and response to treatment, between dogs with atopic dermatitis and atopic‐like dermatitis: a retrospective study. Vet Dermatol 2018; 30:10-e4. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa S. Botoni
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Surgery Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 6627 Antônio Carlos Ave Belo Horizonte 31270‐901 Brazil
| | - Sheila M. F. Torres
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences University of Minnesota 1365 Gortner Avenue Saint Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Sandra N. Koch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences University of Minnesota 1365 Gortner Avenue Saint Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Marcos B. Heinemann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Universidade de São Paulo 87 Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Ave São Paulo 05508‐270 Brazil
| | - Adriane P. Costa‐Val
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Surgery Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 6627 Antônio Carlos Ave Belo Horizonte 31270‐901 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Saridomichelakis MN, Olivry T. An update on the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet J 2015; 207:29-37. [PMID: 26586215 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Canine atopic dermatitis is a common skin disease seen in veterinary clinical practice. Several factors appear to contribute to the cutaneous inflammation and pruritus. The therapeutic strategy should focus on control of those factors that can be identified and for which interventional measures are feasible; these include ectoparasites, bacterial/fungal infection and dietary hypersensitivity. Ectoparasites, particularly fleas, are not the cause of atopic dermatitis, but they are a confounding factor, which can exacerbate pruritus, and preventative measures are therefore indicated. Bacterial and yeast infections are frequently associated with atopic dermatitis and initial systemic and/or topical therapy should be considered, followed by regular topical treatment for preventing relapse. Concurrent dietary hypersensitivity should be investigated by undertaking an elimination/provocation trial, followed by feeding of a hypoallergenic diet where appropriate. Depending on the severity of the clinical signs of atopic dermatitis and the willingness and expectations of owners, symptomatic treatment and/or specific interventional therapy for environmental allergy (allergen avoidance, allergen-specific immunotherapy) may be implemented. Symptomatic treatment includes use of glucocorticoids (systemically or topically), ciclosporin and oclacitinib. Other treatment modalities of lower or less proven efficacy include antihistamines, dextromethorphan, fatty acids, feline interferon-omega, misoprostol, pentoxifylline, specific serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressant drugs. The therapeutic approach should be reviewed at regular intervals and tailored to the individual's needs. A successful long-term outcome can usually be achieved by combining the various treatment approaches in a way that maximises their benefits and minimises their drawbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manolis N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, Karditsa GR-43100, Greece.
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bizikova P, Santoro D, Marsella R, Nuttall T, Eisenschenk MNC, Pucheu-Haston CM. Review: Clinical and histological manifestations of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:79-e24. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Rosanna Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Tim Nuttall
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | | | - Cherie M. Pucheu-Haston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; 1909 Skip Bertman Drive Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
O′Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC. Prevalence of disorders recorded in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90501. [PMID: 24594665 PMCID: PMC3942437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purebred dog health is thought to be compromised by an increasing occurence of inherited diseases but inadequate prevalence data on common disorders have hampered efforts to prioritise health reforms. Analysis of primary veterinary practice clinical data has been proposed for reliable estimation of disorder prevalence in dogs. Electronic patient record (EPR) data were collected on 148,741 dogs attending 93 clinics across central and south-eastern England. Analysis in detail of a random sample of EPRs relating to 3,884 dogs from 89 clinics identified the most frequently recorded disorders as otitis externa (prevalence 10.2%, 95% CI: 9.1-11.3), periodontal disease (9.3%, 95% CI: 8.3-10.3) and anal sac impaction (7.1%, 95% CI: 6.1-8.1). Using syndromic classification, the most prevalent body location affected was the head-and-neck (32.8%, 95% CI: 30.7-34.9), the most prevalent organ system affected was the integument (36.3%, 95% CI: 33.9-38.6) and the most prevalent pathophysiologic process diagnosed was inflammation (32.1%, 95% CI: 29.8-34.3). Among the twenty most-frequently recorded disorders, purebred dogs had a significantly higher prevalence compared with crossbreds for three: otitis externa (P = 0.001), obesity (P = 0.006) and skin mass lesion (P = 0.033), and popular breeds differed significantly from each other in their prevalence for five: periodontal disease (P = 0.002), overgrown nails (P = 0.004), degenerative joint disease (P = 0.005), obesity (P = 0.001) and lipoma (P = 0.003). These results fill a crucial data gap in disorder prevalence information and assist with disorder prioritisation. The results suggest that, for maximal impact, breeding reforms should target commonly-diagnosed complex disorders that are amenable to genetic improvement and should place special focus on at-risk breeds. Future studies evaluating disorder severity and duration will augment the usefulness of the disorder prevalence information reported herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan G. O′Neill
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Church
- Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D. McGreevy
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter C. Thomson
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dave C. Brodbelt
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|